CHRONOLOGY OF CHEMISTRY IN PENNSYLVANIA - PART I
R. D. BILLINGER and WYNDHAM D. MILES
151st MEETING ACS, PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA, MARCH 25, I966
1643-1664
Tanning.and brewing done by Swedes and IXitch in southeastern
area, along the Delaware.
l68l
Lime kiln at Mont Joy, manor of William Penn.
1683
Tannery and glass house established by William Penn in
Philadelphia. Latter unsuccessful, but soon after a
glass house and pottery was started in Frankfort.
(1)
(1)
(l)
I685
"Brickeriea" mentioned by William Penn in Philadelphia.
I69O
First paper made in American colonies by William Rittenhouse
at Roxborough; near Philadelphia.
Two tanyards listed in Philadelphia, operated by William
Hudson and Mr. Lambert.
Earliest Pennsylvania Ironworks: Pool forge (1716),
Colebrookdale furnace (1720) near Pottstown, Redding
furnace on French Creek (1728 ?), Durham furnace (1727)
in Bucks County.
(1)
1733
Slipware pottery made in Pennsylvania.
(11)
1740
Type foundry, Christopher Saver, Germantown, Pa.
(1)
17^2
Cornwall Furnace made iron (until 1883) from adjoining mines
which are still productive.
(5)
America's oldest pharmacy, Bethlehem, Pa. Started in
Moravian Community Building by John Frederic Otto. Not
the earliest on the continent, but of longest duration,
1743-195^.
(6)
Franklin's kite experiment proving lightning an electrical
phenomenon.
(7)
Culture of silkworms, Bethlehem, Pa.
(8)
1699
1716-1728
1743
1752 '
(11)
(2)
(3) (4)
1753
Sources of clay for bricks and pottery, described by
Lewis Evans.
(10)
1754
John and Daniel Elliott, "druggists and colourmen," Phila.
1762
Bethlehem Water Works, first in Pennsylvania involving
pumps, etc.
Early charcoal iron furnaces and forges at Boiling Springs,
Cumberland County. Within a decade, others at Mount
Holly Springs and Pine Grove Furnace, between Carlisle
and Gettysburg.
Wetherill & Bro., white lead, Philadelphia.
1763
I765
1769
1770
(7)
(9)
(l6a)
First in America. (7)
Anthracite coal reported found by John Jenkins at Wyoming,
along Susquehanna River.
(12)
Grundlicher unterrlcht von dem Metallen by Alvaro Alonso
Barba. First book on chemistry in Pennsylvania,
Ephrata, Pa.
(13)
First medical school in this country founded at the College
of Philadelphia, now the University of Pennsylvania.
John Morgan, professor of medicine, delivered the first
chemistry course in the United States.
(31)
David Wheeler, Philadelphia blacksmith, makes fire engines
and lightning rods.
(l)
Benjamin Rush elected professor of chemistry in the medical
school, College of Philadelphia, becoming the first
professor of chemistry in Pennsylvania.
(31)
Hopewell iron furnace in Schuylkill Valley began operations.
Worked until 1883.
Earliest work on chemistry for teaching purposes to be printed
in America, "A syllabus of a course of lectures on chemistry for the use of students of medicine in the College
of Philadelphia," by Benjamin Rush.
(13) (31)
1772
Henry William Stiegel announced "The American Flint Glass
Manufactory." This was the development from earlier
glass houses begun in 1764 by an iron master who became
a renowned glass maker.
(14)
1775
Instructions for home manufacture of saltpeter issued by
Congress.
(15)
A small factory directed by Dr. Rush extracted and refined
"salt-petre" for gunpowder for Continental Army.
1784
1786
1787
1788
1789
(15)
Type foundry erected, Benjamin Franklin.
(7)
Coal mining privileges given by PenkB in Pittsburgh area.
(l)
"Sea coal" reported on map of John Pattin in 1750, along
Kiskiminitas River.
Gabriel Plattes writes "A discovery of subterranean
treasure . . . ." (alchemy).
(13)
Ammonium chloride and Glauber's salt manufactured by
Christopher and Charles Marshall, Philadelphia
(7)
Pennsylvania Society for the Encouragement of Manufactures
organized; Samuel Wetherill, Jr., was moving spirit.
(11)
Benjamin Rush began teaching chemistry at the Young Ladies
Academy of Philadelphia. This was the earliest chemical
instruction for girls in Pennsylvania, probably in the
United States. Rush published a syllabus of the course.
(21)
Morocco and other colored leathers made at Philadelphia.
Here leather manufacture was a major industry. Exports
of leather from the port of Philadelphia were 40,725
pounds in 1772. The fancy leathers were made in thirty
large factories employing about 1600 hands.
(1)
Vol. 1, Trans. American Philosophical Society, paper by
John de Normandie on "An Analysis of the Chalybeate
Waters of Bristol, Pennsylvania."
(25)
Calico and linen printing, John Hewson, Pennsylvania.
(l)
(16)
First chemical society in the United States organized in
Philadelphia. It lasted, apparently, about one year.
1790
First U. S. patent for a chemical process issued to Samuel
Hopkins of Philadelphia for an improved potash kettle.
(17)
First iron furnace on the Youghiogeny River by Wm.
Tumbull & Co.
(1)
1790-1791
1792
1793
179^
1795
1796
Anthracite discovered at three locations: By Nicho Allen
on Broad Mt., near Pottsville; by Isaac Tomlinson at
Shamokin; by Philip Ginter, near Mauch Chunk.
(12)
Philadelphia Chemical Society formed; lasted until about
l8l0. This was the first chemical society in the United
States to issue publications.
(18)
First iron furnace in the Pittsburgh district erected by
George Anshutz.
(19)
First U. S. mint in Philadelphia began operations; David
Rittenhouse, Director.
(19) (22)
Sulfuric acid first made in America by John Harrison,
Philadelphia. This, and the preparation of nitric and
muriatic acids, was small-scale production. Harrison,
a druggist, turned his entire attention to chemical
production in l8o4 "to the supply of the whole United
States."
,
(20)
Joseph Priestley arrived in America; welcomed first in
New York and Philadelphia, then took permanent residence
in Northumberland, Pa.
(7)
General James O'Hara and Isaac Craig built the first glaBS
works in Pittsburgh.
(1)
Priestley (Dec. 1795) sends two papers to the American
Philosophical Society relating to the analysis of air,
and generation of air from water.
(23)
Samuel Jackson and Jonathan Sharpies erect first paper
mill west of the Alleghenies, Brownsville, Pa.
(7)
Gas lights exhibited by Peter Ambrose, Philadelphia.
1799
1800
Priestley obtained an inflammable air (carbon monoxide)
by heating smithy scale with charcoal.
Oliver Evans invents the "luminous" grate stove for coal,
with talc lights.
1801
(24)
(1)
Robert Hare invents oxyhydrogen blowpipe.
(23)
Mercurials produced by Adam Seybert.
(7)
- 51802
Illuminating gas from fuel patented, Benjamin Henfrey
(7)
Potato starch process, John Biddls, Philadelphia
l804
American Philosophical Society encourages
with a gold medal award. Experiments
arts conducted by the Harmony Society
tanning, brewing, distilling, dyeing,
expressing oil, making soap, etc.
dye studies
with chemical
in Phila. leaching potash,
(7)
Dr. Joseph Priestley died February 6 in Northumberland, Pa.
1807
1808
First white lead works in the U. S. erected by Samuel
Wetherill and Son, Samuel Wetherill Jr. Christopher
Wetherill. father of Samuel, imported white lead from
1783 to I8O9. First plant burned down. New works
built in L808.
(20)
Carbonated water manufactured by Joseph Hawkins, Phila.
(7)
First successful flint glass factory in America founded
by Bakevell & Page in Pittsburgh.
(19)
Commercial manufacture of oilcloths started in Phila. by
John Dorsey.
(19)
James Cutbush, Phila., published "The Application of Chemistry in The Arts and Manufactures."
1809
1810
(7)
Queensware, Columbia Pottery Co., Philadelphia.
(7)
First geological survey of U. S., Wm. Maclure.
(7)
Oliver Evans applies steam engine to grist mill, Pittsburgh.
Evans credited with first effective application of the
high-pressure steam engine on land and water. Began
1773J given exclusive right to make and sell them in
Pennsylvania in 1787.
(19)
(l)
One of the first trusts - builders & lime quarry owners formed.
(la)
Pennsylvania had 715 tanneries.
U. S. total, '4316.)
(1)
(New York had 867;
1811
Colombian Chemical Society formed, Philadelphia.
Published one volume of Memoirs, 1813.
(26)
Thomas Cooper (judge, author, educator) became Professor
of Chemistry at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa.
1812
1813
1814
Tench Coxe makes systematic survey of American chemical
industries.
(7)
First effective industrial use of anthracite by White and
Hazard at Falls of Schuylkill.
(19)
Pittsburgh Chemical and Physiological Society formed. This
was the first chemical society inland from the
Atlantic Coast.
(27)
Salt shortage led to first production on Conemaugh and
Kisklminetas Rivers (western Penna.). Salt-drilling
process.
(19)
Platinum still first used in U. S. for concentrating
sulfuric acid by John HarriBon, Philadelphia.
1815
Fort Pitt Iron Works for cannon, Joseph McClurg, Pittsburgh.
(7)
Copper plating, platinum working, and porcelain glazing,
Eric BoUman, Philadelphia.
Congress petitioned for protection by manufacturers of
(7)
chemicals.
Dry colors developed by C. Schrack & Co., Philadelphia.
1816
(7)
Robert Hare invents calorimotor (electric battery for
obtaining high temperatures).
Gas lighting employed on large scale, Philadelphia. First
theatre in the continent illuminated, Nov. 25 (New
Theatre).
Dr. J. R. Coxe, professor of chemistry (U. of Pa.), proposes an electric telegraph based on signals resulting
from color changes produced by decomposition of water
and metallic salts.
First steam paper mill.in U.S., Pittsburgh, based on
principle of 0. Evans.
(7)
(7)
(7)
(28)
(28)
(28)
-7 181J6
Thomas Gilpin patented first cylinder machine (for
paper making) in this country.
1817
Patents: To Genet Troost, Philadelphia, alum from
lignite; to George F. Hagner, Philadelphia, manufacture
of verdigris and white lead.
(28)
Farr & Kunzi begin manufacture of sulfuric acid; later
known as Farr, PowerB and Weightman, a firm which
fifty years later vas among the largest general
manufacturing chemists in the world.
(29)
First American lithographic printing done by B. Otis,
Philadelphia.
(28)
Lead pigments, Mordecai Lewis (later John T. Lewis &
Bros.), Philadelphia.
(7)
1818
1819
1820
Lehigh Coal & Navigation Co. ship 325 tons of anthracite
from Mauch Chunk to Philadelphia by artificial
navigation.
1821
1822
1824
(28)
Bleachery operated by H. W. Butterworth & Son, Philadelphia.
(7)
First college of pharmacy established (1821) as the
Philadelphia School of Apothecaries in Carpenter's Hall.
This was the first American institution of its kind;
now the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science.
Horricks & Bro., dye works, Philadelphia.
(19)
(19)
Cyanogen produced by James Cutbush.
(19) (30)
B. Douredoure, oils, fats, candles, soaps.
(19) (30)
Zeitler & Rosengarten (later Rosengarten & Sons),
mediclnals, Philadelphia.
(19) (30)
Franklin Institute incorporated; the Institute gave the
first course of instruction in mechanical science in
United States. Soon after formation, regular lectures
were given by four professors 1 subjects, Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and Mineralogy, Architecture and
Mechanics.
(19) (28)
- 8 1825
American J o u r n a l of Pharmacy founded, P h i l a d e l p h i a .
This was t h e f i r s t pharmacy J o u r n a l i n thie U. S . ,
and i s s t i l l In p u b l i c a t i o n . This J o u r n a l p u b l i s h e d
much of t h e e a r l y American work on p h a r m a c e u t i c a l
chemistry.
(7)
Patents: Isaac Macauley, Philadelphia, for an improvement
in oil cloth. He had a factory in I808, probably
the first in this country.
(28)
The Harmony Society, under George Rapp, returned to
sylvania from Indiana. Operated at Economy, 18
below Pittsburgh; had a large cotton and woolen
large steam mill, brewery, distillery, tanyard,
commenced the culture and making of silk.
Pennmiles
factory,
and
Manufactures from Pittsburgh estimated worth $2,500,000 in
1825 from seven steam rolling mlllB making bar and
sheet iron, nails, axes, shovels, etc.; eight air
foundries and a cupola furnace making iron castings
from •£• pound to 4 tons; a boring mill for rolls and
shafts; six steam engine factories; a wire factory;
eight blast furnaces north of the Allegheny River
sending metal to Pittsburgh (from nearby counties).
There were nine paper mills in Western Pennsylvania;
seven glass works, which could undersell imported
glass, and received a premium award this year from
Franklin Institute.
1826
(28)
Mauch Chunk anthracite furnace erected for iron ore reduction;
some 200 charcoal blast furnaces in U. S.
(28)
Journal of the Franklin Institute founded; for many years
the only record of American Patents as they were issued.
Oldest periodical devoted to theoretical and practical
papers in mechanics and the useful arts.
(28)
A report indicated 35 salt works upon the Connemaugh and
Kiskiminetas Rivers, 3 on the Alleghany, and many more
in preparation. An estimated 1,200,000 bushels of salt
per year.
(28)
Manual for growth and manufacture of silk prepared by Dr.
Jas. Mease for distribution by U. S. Treasury.
(28)
1826
Mulberry (Morus multicaulis) imported from Philippines.
(28)
1827
Grates and furnaces introduced for burning anthracite coal.
(28)
Mauch Chunk railroad built for anthracite transport; muledrawn rail cars used in coal mines.
(28)
Large textile industry develops in Philadelphia and vicinity.
Some 4500 weavers made almost four million dollars worth
of cotton goods annually. Over two hundred dyers used
about a ton of indigo weekly.
(28)
American china or porcelain made in Philadelphia by Wm. E.
Tucker; another company of china makers at Pittsburgh.
(28)
Premiums offered for silk culture and mulberry tree raising.
Messrs. Weiss and Youngman raised two crops of silk
worms per season in Bethlehem. Silk culture commenced
at Economy by George Rapp and associates.
(28)
Steam locomotive first used in U. S., Carbondale & Honesdale
Railroad, a trial run for coal transport from coal mines
in Luzerne County to canals of the Delaware and Hudson
Canal Company.
(28)
Pig lead (1000 pigs) made from perkiomen mines by S. P.
Wetherill & Co., Philadelphia.
(28)
Iron manufacture in Pennsylvania; 22,600 tons of bar and
rolled iron, and 14,000 tons of castings.
(28)
1828
Wm. Magaw, Meadville, started paper-making from straw and hay;
and obtained patent for the process.
(28)
1829
1830
Charles Lennig, first large-scale producer of sulfuric acid,
introduced continuous operation, Philadelphia.
(31A)
Dr. J. K. Mitchell makes an improvement in manufacture of
caoutchouc (a rubber cementing process), Philadelphia.
(28)
Paper made in western Pennsylvania from lime and aspen fibres.
Parchment manufactured at Pottsville. Patent to Lewis
Wooster and J. B. Holmes, Meadville, for making paper
from wood.
(28)
1831
Jos. Elkinton starts manufacture of soap and candles (origin
of Philadelphia Quartz Co.).
(32)
Charles Lennig, heavy chemicals, Philadelphia.
(7)
1831
1832
1833
1834
Of Fourteen steel furnaces in operation in U. S., six were
in Pennsylvania: two in Pittsburgh, three in Philadelphia, one in York County.
(28)
Of thirty-eight sugar refineries in U. S., eleven were in
Philadelphia.
(28)
American Porcelain manufactory (outgrowth of Tucker's
American Queensware, 1825) established by Wm. E. Tucker
and Judge Hemphill, Philadelphia.
(28)
Of twenty-three cylinder window glass plantB in U. S., four
were at Pittsburgh and four at Burnsville, Pa. Dyott
in Philadelphia had largest manufactory of green bottles,
demijohns, etc.
(28)
Patent to Moses Isaacs for making coke from anthracite.
(28)
Patents: Felix Fossard,.Pittsburgh, dyeing with alkaline
prussiates (specimens shown - broadcloth dyed with
prussiate of potash, mordanted with sulphate of iron).
(28)
Edward Evans, Salem Township, Pa., tanning without the use
of lime, or sweating hides (previously known and used).
(28)
First attempt to UBe coke in iron manufacture made by Penna.
Coke and Iron Co.
(28)
Penna. General Assembly passed an "Act to promote the
Culture of Silk.."
(28)
Berks County had eleven iron furnaces and twenty-two forges.
At Reading, anthracite stoves (Dr. Nott's invention)
were cast.
(28)
Morphone Baits made by Rosengarten & Sons, Philadelphia.
(7)
First Baldwin Locomotive delivered in January to Philadelphia
and Germantown Railroad. Lightweight (4-5 tons) gave
it poor traction, so horses attached on rainy days.
(22) (28)
Lime-sulfur insecticide and piperine manufactured by
Rosengarten & Sons.
(7)
Nitric, muriatic, citric and tartaric acids, made in Philadelphia by John Carter and Joseph Scattergood
- 11
1836
J. C. Booth, commercial industrial chem. lab. established,
Philadelphia.
1837
(7)
Henry D. Rogers, Geological Survey of Pennsylvania.
(33)
Public use of gas has its inception in Philadelphia, Feb. 8.
Pennsylvania Legislature (June 16) passed an "Act to encourage the manufacture of iron with coke or mineral coal,
and for other purposes."
(19)
(28)
First Coinage by steam power in the U.S. Mint (March 23).
(28)
More chemicals and medicinals made by Rosengarten & Sons,
Philadelphia: in 1834, strychnine; in 1835, veratrine;
in I836, iodides, codeine, bismuth, and silver salt6.
(7)
Experiments in smelting iron with anthracite coal reported
successful by Baughman, Gulteau & Co., Mauch Chunk.
Consumption of anthracite in U. S., or the trade in it,
amounted to 881,026 tons (1735 percent increase in
ten years).
(28)
Anthracite first
in hot-blast
this furnace
Perry, aided
used in iron making by Wm. Lyman, Pottsville,
steam-furnace. Known as the Pioneer,
was managed by Mr. Lyman and Benjamin
by David Thomas.
(1)
This furnace, blown in early in October
1839, operated with a continuous blast for
ninety days, using pure anthracite and argillaceous iron ore. This operation secured a
premium of $5,000 to the proprietor, the sum
being subscribed by citizens of the State.
Potassium and ammonium alums, manufactured, by Charles Lennig,
Philadelphia.
(7)
1839
At Germantown, Mr. Physic had 400,000 mulberry trees growing
and one million silkworms; largest cocoonery in the
world. Speculation in mulberry trees reached its
height and reaction expected.
(28)
Rubber vulcanizing discovered by Charles Goodyear, Phila.
(34)
- 12 1841
Coke manufacture begun, Connellsville, Pennsylvania.
(7)
Earlier accounts of converting "stone coal into coak,"
by John Beal, l8l4.
1842
Farr, Powers & Weightman (medicinals), Philadelphia
(35)
J. Bishop & Co., First refiner of platinum in U. S.,
Malverne, Pennsylvania.
J. C. Booth, first use in U. S. of polariscope for testing
(35)
sugar; beet sugar and gelatin studied, Philadelphia.
1844
1845
1847
(35)
Mcllvane Bros., crude drugs,
(35)
Smith, Kline & French, Pharmaceuticals, Philadelphia.
(35)
Petroleum discovered in salt borings, Tarentum, Pennsylvania.
Refining efforts fall. Not developed, except as
LS50
(19)
Bromine, found in salt brines, Freeport, Pennsylvania.
(35)
Manufacture of steel rails begun at Danville.
(19)
Bromine manufactured, David Alter, Freeport, Pennsylvania.
(7)
Potassium ferricyanide made, Carter & Scattergood, Phila.
Bleaching powder, manufactured (firBt in U.S.), Charles
Lennig, Bridesburg, Pennsylvania.
Zinc ore (calamine, zinc hydrosi lieate) discovered in Lehigh
(7)
County, Pa., by Prof. Wm. T. Roepper, Bethlehem, Pa.
1849
(35)
Goodyear patents for rubber vulcanization perfected.
earlier (e.g. 1820 on) by "medicine men" as cure-all.
1846
(16)
(7)
(36)
J. C. Booth appointed melter and refiner, U.S. Mint, Phila.
(7)
John Lucas & Co., paint pigments, Philadelphia.
(7)
J. C. Booth, Encyclopedia of Chemistry, Philadelphia.
(35)
Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Co. organized in Phila.
(35)
Smokeless powder first made in the U.S., Charles Lennig,
Philadelphia.
(35)
13 1851
1852
1853
Converter with pneumaxic blast for malleable iron and
steel, William Kelly (experimental).
Trials in Johnston, Cambria plant, by Kelly in 1857
and 1858.
(7)
(30)
Smithsonian Institution report, "Recent Improvements
in the Chemical Arts," J. C. Booth and Campbell
Morfit.
(7)
At mid-century the total U. S. annual production
was ten hundred and nineteen millions of dollars, of
which New York made twenty-three percent; Massachusetts
and Pennsylvania next in rank, having made fifteen percent. Pennsylvania produced eighty percent of the coal
and one-third of the iron, one-half of the hosiery and
two-thirds of the perfumery.
(2o)
Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster; merger, Franklin
College (eBt. 1787) with Marshall College (est. 1836). (19)
Samuel Wetherill made zinc oxide in South Bethlehem.
Production began Oct. 13 at Zinc Metal Works of
Gilbert, Wetherill, Baxter & Co. Location on south
side of Lehigh River in Section called Augusta.
(37)
Beginnings of Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.; first named
The American Rolling Mills.
(38)
1854
Illuminating gas research, C. M. Wetherill.
(7)
1855
Martin Nixon made paper from straw, Flat Rocks Paper Mill,
along Schuylkill.
Horsecars operated for first time in Philadelphia.
(2)
(19)
Hugh Burgess, of England, came to U. S. and employed his
chemical method (developed by vH)n and Charles Watt)
of disintegrating wood with caustic soda at high
temperatures. Several mills were built in southeastern Pennsylvania. Burgess built and operated a large
mill at Royersford, on the Schuylkill River, in 1855
and managed it until 1895.
(2)
Pennsylvania petroleum studied by Benjamin Silliman, Jr.
(7)
American Iron & Steel Association organized, Philadelphia,
March 6, 1855 •
(30)
- 14
1856
1857
Nickel ores of Pennsylvania investigated, J. C. Booth.
(7)
Bessemer steel made, Phillipsburg, N. J. (across the
Delaware from Easton, Pa.)
(7)
Sugar-coated pills first made by Dr. Wm. R. Warner,
Philadelphia.
(7)
Rolled zinc sheet exhibited at Northampton County Fair
by Sam. Wetherill, from metal reduced in Bethlehem.
From Oct. 1853 to Sept. 1857, GiLbert-Wetherill made
4725 tons of white oxide of zinc. New workmen from
Belgium made zinc profitably thereafter.
(2.8)
8aucona Iron Co., Bethlehem - origin of Bethlehem Steel
Co. - incorporated.
First railroad bridge across the Allegheny River; wooden
structure, Ohio & Penna. R. R.
1858
1859
(39)
Susquehanna University founded, Selinsgrove, Pa.
(19)
Henry D. Rogers, Geology of Pennsylvania, 2 vols.
(40)
Samuel Kier set up his still to refine oil; in drugstore
basement, Pittsburgh.
Kloman Brothers start forge works, Millvale, which led
to Carnegie Steel organization.
(39)
First tin plate made by C. G. Hussey & Co. (iron coated
with tin).
(39)
E. & S. Drake struck oil; well of Seneca Oil Co.,
Titusville, Pa., Aug. 29. ThlB event, 75 miles north
of Pittsburgh gave birth to the petroleum industry.
(39)
James Laughlin builds two blast furnaces with beehive
coke ovens, north side of Monongahela River,
Pittsburgh.
(39)
Second blast furnace in Pittsburgh district (first to use
coke) began operation, Graff Bennett & Co.
(39)
Cold rolling of iron and steel was Invented and patented,
Bernard Lauth, partner of BenJ. F. Jones.
(39)
(39)
JO -
looO
J. C. Eooth tried to induce iron masters of eastern
Pennsylvania to apply chemical analyses of ores to
control the work of their furnaces. Unsuccessful
attempt to raise the annual sum of $1200 for this
service.
(41)
Joseph Wharton develops and improves zinc
Bethlehem.
(7)
production,
Jones and L a u g h l i n ' s American I r o n Works; o r g a n i z a t i o n
name a f t e r James Laughlin bought t h e i n t e r e s t of
r e t i r i n g B. Lauth.
1861
(39)
About t h i s period seven o i l r e f i n e r i e s s t a r t in P i t t s burgh a r e a and o p e r a t e for e i g h t - y e a r p e r i o d .
Oldest p r e t z e l b a k e r y , L i t i t z .
(42)
(local claim.)
"Soluble g l a s s , " Bodium s i l i c a t e , made by E l k i n t o n ,
Philadelphia.
'
(43)
F i r s t s t e e l c o n v e r t e r , Johnstown.
(19)
1862
I l l u m i n a t i n g o i l s t u d i e d , J . C. Booth, P h i l a d e l p h i a .
(7)
1863
F i r s t b l a s t furnace of Bethlehem I r o n Company l i g h t e d ,
J a n . 4; r o l l i n g m i l l s t a r t e d . F i r s t r a i l s for
Lehigh Valley R. R. r o l l e d , S e p t . 26.
Moravian CoD.ege and T h e o l o g i c a l Seminary i n c o r p o r a t e d ,
A p r i l 3, 1863. Beginnings of the men's c o l l e g e
s t a r t e d i n Nazareth i n 1807. In IB38 i t was t r a n s f e r r e d t o Bethlehem. The Moravian Seminary and
College for Women ( f i r s t boarding school for g i r l s
in America) d a t e s from May 2, 1742; s t a r t e d by
Countess Benigna vcn Zinzendorf, i n Germantown, i t
was t r a n s f e r r e d t o Bethlehem i n 1743Muhlenberg C o l l e g e , Allentown ( c h a r t e r e d as Allentown
C o l l e g i a t e I n s t i t u t e and M i l i t a r y Academy).
1864
1865
(8)
(8)
(19)
Andrew Carnegie, a t 29, entered the i r o n i n d u s t r y , I r o n
C i t y Forge Co., with Andrew Kloman and Henry Phipps,
Pittsburgh.
(39)
F i r s t l a r g e - s c a l e p r o d u c t i o n of chemical wood p u l p ;
Hugh Burgess, American Wood-Paper Co., Manayunk, P a . ,
used p a t e n t p e r f e c t e d i n 1854 by Watt & Burgess.
(2)
- 16 l8o5
i860
Cyclops Mill completed; Thomas Miller and Carnegie
enterprise.
(39)
Keystone Bridge Co. organized; to use iron from Union
Iron Mills (new name for merged Cyclops and Iron
City companies), Pittsburgh.
(39)
George Westinghouse, at 19, receives his first patent
for rotary steam engine.
(39)
Lehigh University, founded by Judge Asa Packer, opened
Sept. 1.
(44)
Andrew Carnegie acquired c o n t r o l l i n g i n t e r e s t in Union
Iron M i l l s .
(39)
References
CHRONOLOGY OF CHEMISTRY IN PENNSYLVANIA - PART I
1.
J. L. Bishop, A History of American Manufactures, vol. 1 (Phila., 1868)
la. Norma J. Silk, "America'6 First Lime Kilns, in Pennsylvania," Pa. Dept.
Internal Affairs Bull., vol. 19, No. 8, pp.20-21, 23 (July 1951)
2.
R. D. Billinger, "Early Pennsylvania Paper Making," J. Chem. Educ. 26,
154-159 (March 1949)
3.
R. D. B i l l i n g e r , "Early Ironworks of Pennsylvania: The Durham F u r n a c e s , "
I n d u s t r i a l and Engineering Chem. 30, 428(1938)
4.
A. C. Bining, " P e n n s y l v a n i a ' s I r o n and S t e e l I n d u s t r y , " Pennsylvania
H i s t o r y S t u d i e s : No. 5, Penna. H i s t o r i c a l Assoc. ( G e t t y s b u r g , 195*0
5.
R. D. B i l l i n g e r ,
6.
7.
R. D. B i l l i n g e r , "America's OldeBt Pharmacy," American J . Pharmacy 111,
234 (June 1939)
Williams Haynes and L. W. Bass, "American Chemical Chronology, Part II,
Our Chemical Heritage," Amer. Chem. Soc, 89th Meeting, New York,
N. Y. (1935)
8.
J. M. Levering, "A History of Bethlehem, Pa., 1741-1892" (Bethlehem, 1903)
9.
R. D. Billinger and R. W. Woodring, "Two Hundred Years of Water Works
Development in Bethlehem, Penna.," News Ed., Amer. Chem. Soc, 18,
1132 (1940)
10.
"The Cornwall F u r n a c e , " I r o n and S t e e l Engineer 15, 68-
(1933)
L. H. Gipson, "Lewis Evans - A Brief Account of Pennsylvania," The
Historical Soc of Pa., (1939), p. 106.
11.
R. D. Billinger, "Early Pennsylvania Pottery," J. Chem. Educ 17, 407-
12.
R. D. Billinger, "Pennsylvania's Coal Industry," Penna. Hist. Assoc,
Penna. History Studies, No. 6 (Gettysburg, 1954), 54pp.
Wyndham D. Miles, "Notes on Some Early Chemistry Books Published in Pennsylvania," Isis 40, 313-316 (1949)
13.
14.
R. D. Billinger, "Henry William Stiegel - Pioneer Iron and Glass Maker,"
J . Chem. E d u c 30, 356-362 (1953)
15.
Wyndham D. Miles, "Chemistry Confronts The Continentals," Armed Forces
Chemical Journal 8, 18-22 (1954)
(19^)
lo.
H. N. Eavenson, "The First Century and a Quarter of American Coal
Industry," (Pittsburgh, 1942)
16a. E. B. Wiestling, "Old Iron Works of The Cumberland Valley," Kittochtinny
Historical S o c , vol. X, No. 1, May 25, 1922, Chambersburg, Pa.
17.
Communication from J. F. Curran, Research Analyst, Dept. of Commerce,
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Harrisburg, Pa.
18.
Wyndham D. Miles, "John Redman Coxe and the Founding of the Chemical
Society of Philadelphia in 1792," Bull, of the History of Medicine,
No. 5, pp.469-472 (Sept.-Oct. 1956)
19.
Pennsylvania, A Guide to the Keystone State, W.P.A. Writers (1940)
20.
S. P. Sadtler, "Early Chemical Manufacturing in Philadelphia," J. Ind.
Eng. Chem. 8, 1153(1916)
21.
Wyndham D. Miles and Harold J . Abrahams, "America's F i r s t Chemistry
Syllabus-and-Course for G i r l s , " School Science and Mathematics 58,
111-118 ( F e b . , 1958)
22.
F. A. Godcharles, "Daily S t o r i e s of P e n n s y l v a n i a , " (Milton, P a . , 1924)
23.
E. F. Smith, The Life of Robert Hare, an American Chemist ( I 7 8 I - I 8 5 8 ) ,
J . B. L i p p i n c o t t ( P h i l a d e l p h i a ,
1917)
24.
J . R. P a r t i n g t o n , A Short H i s t o r y of Chemistry (London, 1937)
25.
F. J . Moore, A H i s t o r y of Chemistry (New York, 1939)
26.
Wyndham D. M i l e s , "The Columbian Chemical S o c i e t y , " Chymia 5, 145-154 (1959)
27.
Wyndham D. M i l e s , unpublished i n v e s t i g a t i o n
28.
J . L. Bishop, A H i s t o r y of American Manufactures, v o l . 2 ( P h i l a d e l p h i a , 1868)
29.
Ibid., vol. 3
30.
H. T. Warshow, Representative Industries in the United States (1928)
31.
Wyndham D. Miles, "Benjamin Rush, Chemist," Chymia 4, 37-77 (1953)
3 -
31a. James F. Curran, Bur. of Business Services, Dept. of Commerce, Harrisburg_,
Pennsylvania (Communication)
32.
For P Q, A 125th Birthday, C. & E. News, 1532, March 26, 1956
33.
Bradford Willard, "Pioneer Geologic Investigation in Pennsylvania "
Penna. Historical Assoc, Quarterly Jour. 32, 236-253 (1965)
34.
James G. Vail, "An Introduction to Chemical Industry in The Philadelphia
Area," Trans. A. I. Ch. E., 3^, 603-626 (1938)
35.
Williams Haynes, American Chemical Industry, Background and Beginnings,
vol. 1 (L509-1911), (Nev York, 1954)
36.
B. L. Miller, Lead and Zinc Ores of Pennsylvania, Penna. Geological Survey,
Fourth Series, Bulletin M5, pp.54-85.
437.
R. D. Billinger, "Early Zinc Works in The Lehigh Valley,"
J. Chem. Educ 13, 60-62 (1936)
38.
Admiral Ben Moreell, "J & L, The Growth of An American Business,"
Bulletin of The Newcomen Society, 1953
39-
M. Seidenberg, L. Mulkearn and J. W. Hesa in Two Hundred Years of
Pittsburgh's HiBtory, Stefan Lorant, Ed. (Garden City, N. Y.,
1964)
40.
Bradford Willard, "Pioneer Geologic Investigation in Pennsylvania,"
Penna. Historical Assoc 32, 237-253 (1965)
41.
Chem. & Eng. News, Vol. 27, 2798 (1949)
42.
A. M. Sulman, "The Short Happy Life of Petroleum in Pittsburgh,"
Penna. Historical A S B O C (Quarterly Journal) 33, 50-69 (1966)
43.
Chem. & Eng. NewB, Vol. '34, 1532 (March 26, 1956)
44.
Raymond Walters, Bethlehem Long Ago and Today (Bethlehem, 1923)
d->- z.
CHRONOLOGY OF CHEMISTRY IN PENNSYLVANIA - PART II
R'. D. BILLINGER and WYNDHAM D. MILES
/f^(/^/f7C
..." .
153rd MEETING ACS, MIAMI..BEACH, APRIL 11, 1967
1866
The Bessemer and Kelly interests settled conflicting claims over their steel
converter. Larger quantities of steel at lower cost resulted.
(l)
Natural cement production continued along Lehigh River (started 1826).
(2)
Lehigh Zinc Co. operating in South Bethlehem.
Ore from Friedensville
zinc mines, three miles south, worked 1853-76 without interruption.
(3)
C M . Wetherill, Prof.'" Chemistry, at'opening of Lehigh Univ.>, Bethlehem.
(4)
Kutztown State Teachers College (Normal School); Thiel College, Greenville; Lebanon Valley College, Annville - chartered.
(5)
Benj. C. Tilghman, Phila. - Sulphite process to convert wood pulp into
paper;"-Patent 70-,485.
'
•.
(6)
_M.~ Carey,Lea,_Ehila.—Studied-effect-of light- on-silver" iodide; .
'(TVJ. M. Maisch, Phila. - Reports on brandy, whiskey, wine.
(8)
1867 J. A. Emmons" and A. S. Saxon, Crawford County. - Acetate of lime and
methanol.
(9)
Steel rails rolled at Johnstown; formerly wrought iron.
(lO)
First consignment of-pig iron sold on a laboratory basis, Steelton.
. (ll)
First practical production of Bessemer steel in America, Steelton.
(12)
M. C. Lea, Phila. - "A Theory of Photo-Chemistry."
(13)
M. C. Lea, Phila. - "Experiment on the Influence of Various Organic and
Inorganic Bodies upon Germination and Vegetation."
(l4)
J. E. Lbughlin, Phila. - ."On Fluorescence."
:•
(15)
C. M. Wetherill. Lehigh-Univ., Bethlehem. - "Experiments on Itacolumite
(Articulite)."
- ."
(16)
M. C. Lea, Phila. -' "On a New Test for Hyposulphites."
(17)
C. M. Wetherill, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem. - "Syllabus of Lectures on
•" "Chemical Physics."
.
.
.
(18)
Geo. F.' Barker, U. of Penna., Phila. - "On Normal and Derived Acids."
(19)
Geo. F. Barker,
"
"
- "Formic Acid versus Carbonous Acid." (20^
J. M. Maisch, Phila. - "Pyrophosphate of Soda and Iron."
...
(2l)
J. M. Maisch,
"
- "Solution of Citrate of-Magnesia."
(22)
J. M. Maisch,
"
- "Solution of Acetate of Iron."
(23)
J. M. Maisch,
"
- "On Colchicia."
..
.
'
(24)
Cedar Crest College, Allentown; Clarion State Teachers College (Normal
School) - chartered.
.
(25)
Chemical manufactures in Philadelphia total $7,370,000 for I867 from
firms including: John T. Lewis & Bros.; Powers & Weightman;
Rosengarten; Harrison; Tacony Chemical Works (est. by Chas. Lennig,
I83I); Frankford Chemical Works; Wetherill.
(26)
1868
M. C. Lea,.Phila; - "Manual of Photography," 1st ed.
(26a)
_
_ J ^ M . Mai sch/ Phila. - "Decomposition of Pure Chloroform." . ,
(27)
J;-LT'LeC6nte,"~PhalaT:^^"Source_^f-HCl iiv~Gastric—JulceT"~~r~ - -^ ^—•(-28-)
J. L.. LeConte,
"
- "Constituent of Butter.-"
•
'.
"
.
(28)
J. L. LeConte^' "
- "Phosphoric Acid, Iron and Potassium, ..
Constituents of Chlorophyll." "
(28)
First law relating to coal mines in Pennsylvania passed; applied to..-draining of mines in Westmoreland County. , •
(29)
Merger: Bethlehem Iron Co. with Northampton Iron Co.
(30)
Saucon Iron Co. built one- iron furnace at Hellertown. A second furnace
put in blast in 187O. Sold to Thomas Iron Co. in J.884._ Thomas C o ^
_
"a^Hokendau^ua, along LefflLgh-River sin"ce"l855, operated four
, "~*~
furnaces over 70 years.
-•
•
• .
C. M. Wetherill; "Lecture Notes on Chemistry," Bethlehem, 1868.
1869
First law' in anthracite coal region - pertaining to- ventilation, safety
lamps and mine inspectors.
. - .
(33)
Heinz Co. has origin in Pittsburgh.
(34)
Wilson College, Chambersburg; Penna. College for Women (now Chatham),
Pittsburgh; Ursinus College, Collegeville.- chartered (1869).
(35)
New blast furnace at Redington, along Lehigh River, by Coleraine Iron
Co. - organized by W. T. Carter Co;, Phila... This company owned 4
iron mines-in Northampton County, 3 in Lehigh .and 3 in Berks County.
(36)
G. F. Barke.r, U. of Penna., Phila. - "Papers in .Physical Chemistry."
(37)
J. H. Corbin, Lehigh U., Bethlehem. - "Certain Compounds of Chromium
. with Iron."
(38)
I
1869
-2 -
C. A. Wolle^ Lehigh U., Bethlehem. - "Exam, of a supposed Hercynite,
(a magnesia-iron spinel)."
(39)
W. H. Chandler, Bethlehem. - "The Economical Purification of Z i n c "
(4o)
Jos. Wharton, Phila. - "Observations upon Autumnal Foliage."
(4l)
1870 Between I86O-I87O, Oil City, on the Allegheny River, became the oil
exchange center. Some 17 million bbls. of oil were shipped from
Oil City to Pittsburgh. Aggregate clearings in 1885 were nearly
l| billion dollars.
(42)
. Lock Hsv-n State Teachers College (Normal School) started.
(5)
Jos. Wharton, Phila. - "On Two Peculiar Products in the Nickel
Manufacture."
(43)
J. M. Silliman, Lafayette College, Easton. - "Examination of Bessemer
Flame, with Colored Glasses, and Spectroscopic Examination."
.
(44)
J. B. Britton, Iron Master's Lab., Phila. - "Method for quickly and
. . accurately determining Chromium and Iron in Chrome Iron Ores."
(45)
J. B. Britton, Phila. - "Mounted Burettes for Volumetric Analysis.":
(46)
J. B. Britton,
"
- "Determination of Combined Carbon in Iron
and Steel."
'.
(1^)
J. M. Maisch, Editor of Amer. J. Pharmacy, Phila. - "Solubility of
=
" ~ Glue^in^Glyeeri-n-;-1 - -—--—-,—,-^
_^^. __^_. _^ ^_
.
. • (47)
F. A. Genth, U. of Penna., Phila. - "North Carolina's Mineral Resburces7,'°w(~48)='=
Sam. P. Sadtler, U. of Penna., Phila. - "On Potassio-cobaltic Nitrites,
with analogous and related compounds."
(49)
Andrew S. McCreath regularly employed chemist at Steelton plant of
(H)
-Pennsylvania Steel Co. McCreath founded an analytical laboratory
in Harrisburg for appraisal of minerals, alloys and metals.
(Expanded and has international interests.)
(5C)
Anthracite coal production (1870) = 15,662,437 tons.
(51)
Patents listed in The American Chemist as "chemical":
1870 101,600 A. A. Player and H. McAllister, Phila. - Utilizing Slag from
Iron and Glass Furnaces.
(52)
104,220 J. Y. Smith, Pittsburgh. - Purifying and Reducing Magnetic Iron
Ores. 104,434 and 105,431 Jas. Cuddy, Pittsburgh, and'G. S. Selden,
Phila. - Manufacture of White Lead.
(53)
104,937 Thos. Cummings, Lancaster. - Composition for Photographic Uses.
(54)
Re-issues: 4,052; 4,053 D« A- Ter Hoeron, Phila. - Manufacture of
Fertilizers.
(5*0
106,347 W. Ennis, Phila. -"Manufacture of Iron and Steel.
(55).
106,488 W. Adamson, Phila. - Manufacture of Glue.
(55)
106,918 B. R. Crcasdale, Phila. - Fertilizer.
(56)
107,322 J . E . Atwood, Pittsburgh. - Refining and Steel.
(57)
107,942 J. W. Middleton, Phila. - Mfg. Purified Cast Iron from Ore.
(57^
108,030 S. Kepner, Pottstown. - Comp. for Destroying Fruit Tree.Worms.
(58^
108,084 J. E. Atwood, Pittsburgh. - Crucible for Melting Iron and Steel. (58)
108,138 A. J. Hindemeyer. - Comp. for Welding, Brazing and Puddling
Metals.
(58}
108,177 H. Pemberton, Allegheny. - Manufacture of Paper.
(58)
108,615 C. Mellvain, Phila. - Copying Ink for Printing..
(58)
109,021 S. W. Kirk, Phila. - Flux for Working Metals and Minerals.
(58)
EXl^nsTonT~!>rl??7957^&7~^^
Alkali'^-=r-(^8-):- -Report on U. S. Pharmacopeia, Phila.
(59)
L. P. Ashmead, "Analysis of Zinc Ore from Sinking Valley, Blair County,
Pa." (Done at Lehigh Univ.- under direction of Prof. C. M. Wetherill.) (59a)
1871 New colleges: West Chester and Shippensburg State Teachers (Normal
Schools), Chestnut Hill College, Phila.
(5)
Jos. Wharton, Phila. - "Memoranda Concerning'the Introduction of the
Manufacture of Spelter into the United States." (Relates to
______^_^_Bethlehm i ^Pa JL )
.
'
(60)
Sam. P. Sadtler,-U7 of Terina." -'" "On~Some—Iridium^Sait ST7--—Ab s tract - o ^ - = ^ . w _ ^ ,
his Inaugural Dissertation at Gottingen, April 1871.
(6l)
M. C. Lea, Phila. - "Manual of Photography," 2nd ed., 1871.
(26a)
K. S. Drinker, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem.. - "Mines and Works of Lehigh
Zinc Co.," Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. 2, p.57-75, 1671.
(62)
Steel Castings made from Crucible Steel, Pittsburgh.
(34)
First open hearth steel production in Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh.
(12)
David 0. Saylor, Allentown. - Manufactures first Portland cement in U.S. (63)
News under "Brevities" in July I87I The American Chemist: "W. H.
Chandler, our editorial colleague, who is now in Europe, has been elected
- to the chair of chemistry in the. Lehigh University of Bethlehem, recently
made vacant by the death of Prof. C. M. Wetherill."
(64)
Dr. Wetherill had a-fatal heart attack, Sunday, March 5, 1871.
(4)
(See also "Charles Mayer Wetherill" ir. Amer. Chem. 1, 468 (June 1871)
3 1871
1871
(64a)
The American Chemist, July 1870-April. 1877, A Monthly Journal of
Theoretical, Analytical, and-Technical Chemistry, edited by Charles
F. Chandler and W. H. Chandler, New York, William Baldwin & Co.,
Publishers. At its inception the Chandler brothers were both on.
the chemistry staff of Columbia College,- School of. Mines, East 49th .
St., New York. It is included"in this Chronology because the
younger brother, William,' came' to Lehigh University in". Bethlehem,Pa., in 187L Pennsylvania also has claim to it's production through
the work of some Of its abstractors:.. Frederick Prime, Lafayette
College, Easton; G. F. Barker, U. of Penna., Phila.; and-J. P..
Kimball,-Waldron Shapleigh, E.'. H. S. Bailey, E. H. Williams of,
Lehigh University.. For several • years- the journalwas published in
Philadelphia; vols. 3 and 4 by H. C. Lea and vol..5 by Collins
Printers. Vols. 6 and 7 were published in New York. Vol. 6 was .
done by John F. Trow & Son, July 1875 to June 1876. /Vol. 7 bearB .
no publisher's name (last issue April i877).
C. M. Wetherill, "On the Existence of the (so-called) Ammonium Amalgams." [65)
E. J. Houston, Phila. - "On the Change of Color Produced in.Certain •
Chemical Compoundsbj'iJIeat^"
..
•• • . :._
. .__
Patents in American Chemist:
109,420 J. Kayer Jr.; Setzler's Store, Pa. -. Preserving Eggs.
[67)
110,345 F. J. DeLker, Ashland. - Compound for Purifying Mine Water.;68)
110,364 C. Houlker, Frankford. - Purifying Oils which have been used
[68)
in Lubricating Machinery.
110,516 S. Van Syckel, Titusville. Still for Petroleum and Other
[68)
Oils.
110,662. J. J. Juhler, Natrona. Apparatus for Manufacture of Bromine.
[68)
110,666' W. Middleton, Phila..- Purification of Cast Iron.
[68)
110,907 T. M. Drown, Phila..- Apparatus for Dyeing Fabrics. .
[69)
110,990" J. W. Middleton, Phila. - Producing Refined Cast Iron, Steel,
Malleable IrOn.
[69)
111,045- B. H. Detwiler andS. G. Van Gilder, Williamsport..Preserving Wood.'
'...-.
[69)
111,305 R. D. Birch, Phila. - Manufacture of Copperas.
[69)
111,851 W . B . Johns, Phila. - Treating Bones, Horns, Hoofs, etc.,
for Manufacture of Fertilizers.
•• .
[10)
112,068 C. M. Nes, York." - Manufacture of Silicon Steel. .
;TD
112,153 S.W. Kirk,- Phila. - Separating Metals from Ores.
[71)
112,558 J. D. Grey, Pittsburgh. - Coating Sheet Iron with Zinc "
:7i)
112,606 G. T..Lewis, Phila. - Process of Refining and Whitening the
- Products from Sulphurets of Lead and Zinc.
71)
112,608 G. T. Lewis, Phila. - Manufacture of Carbonate of Lead.
112,703 E. A. Goodes, Phila. - Staining Glass.
71)
112,848 E. A. L. Roberts, Titusville. - Manufacture of Nitroglycerine.
71)
11
11
. 1 1
n
112,849
72)
112,850
"
"
-.Electric and Other Fuse-Heads.
72)
113,228 S. Weaver,-Potsdam, Pa. - Composition for Treating..Iron. .
72)
113,^54 A. S. Schmidt, Pittsburgh. - Treating Paper and .Vegetable
^3T
— Fibrous Substances... ^- .-^_^_-_^.^^_^ - _...
. L _ • ___ _
.;
[73)
113,526 E. A. Johnson, Phila. - Soap for Polishing Metals. "; j . ' ~ T ~
73T
114,911 D. Brooks, Phila. - Galvanic Battery.
174)
H6,142 C. F» Binder, Phila. - Purifying Pyroligneous,.Acid.
T5)
Il6,604 G. T. Lewis, Phila. - Desulphurizing and Volatilizing Lead _
and Silver Ores.
''
•..-."•
'Jo)
116,763 W. C. Shaw, Phila.- - Apparatus and Process for Separating,
i
Concentrating and Amalgamating Ores.
'
.•'•_•.76)
116,933 C. M. Corsson, Phila. - Manufacture of Paper Pulp .from.-Straw.
-H7yi34, -W..M8mson,_PMla.i^^,Manufactur.e^^^^p^r_Stpck.
:i6)
117,135
•I
- Extracting .Resin and Gum from Wood, etc. CJ6)_
117,136. "
" - ; ". -Process.of,Obtaining Paper Stock from Wood. : T 6 )
117,256 J. W. Campbell, Phila. - Preserving Cranberries; r
:T6)
117,313 C. Mcllvaine, Phila. - Printer.1 s.Ink.
;T6)
117,214 ".
""
- Copying Ink.for Ruling and. Printing.
:T6)
117,426 J. J. Johnston, Alleghany. - Process and Apparatus for..
,76)
Treating Hydrocarbon Oils.
: "-.;
[76)
117,576''F. D. .Taylor, Brady's Bend„ - Blast Furnaces. ''.77)
117,836 W. H. Hare, Phila. - Rectifying Spirits.. .
[77)
117,891 S. B.-Johnson, Phila. -.Fire Extinguisher.
[77)
Rerissues:- 4,508 C. F. A. Simonin, Phila., and E. W. Coffin,-.
Glendale, N.*J.r - Extracting Fat.
:78)
i,515 C. Lockhart and J. Gracie, Pittsburgh. - Still for
Hydrocarbons. Patent 80,294 dated July 28, 1868.
:78)
1871
,
(79)
118,440 R. Eastman, Media. - Composition of Soap.
118,903 J. K. Caldwell, Phila. - Apparatus for Vaporizing
Hydrocarbons.
(79)
119,000 W. Adamson, F. A. Simonin, Phila. - Treating Flesh, Offal, e t c (79)
119.186 F. A. Simonin, Phila. - Treating! Tarred Rope, Cordage and
the like, for Manufacture of Paper Stock.
(79)
119.187 C. F. A. Simonin, Phila. T Process for"Treating Textile
Fabrics with. Hydrocarbons. I
• j|
(79)
119.188 C. F. A. Simonin, Phila. - Process and^Apparatus for • .
Extracting Fatty Substances.
I
(79)
119,238 Wm. Morris, Phila. - Apparatus and Process for Tanning.
(79)
119,242 A. I. Pleasanton, Phila. - Accelerating the Growth of
Plants and Animals.
|
(79)
119,663 T. G. Springer, Fayette City. - Gas Machine.
(80)
119,761 J. P. Hayes, Phila. - Gas HeaterJ
•)
(80)
119,883 E. A. L. Roberts, Titusville. - Preventing the Clogging of
Oil Wells.
I . J
(80)
119,884- E. A. L. Roberts, Titusville. - Process of Preventing the
- Clogging of Oiljfells...
____^ _ _ \ . . ,( _.
(80)
119, 955 J« C Weldon, Pittsburgh. - Hot Air Furnace. '
'
(80)
120.005 J. Y. Smith, Pittsburgh. - Metallurgic Pomace.
(So)
120.006 " "
"•
"
- Lining for Metallurgic Furnace.
(80)
120,074 Jos. Keiser, York. - Medical Compound for Cure of Rheumatism. (80)
120,099 Wm. Quann, Phila. - Flux for Reducing Ores and Refining Metals. (80)
120,136 F. A. Wenderoth, Phila. - Photography. "
(80)
120,165 Wm. Quann, Phila. - Furnace for Roasting and Smelting Ores.
(8l)
120,349 H. W. C. Twaddle, Pittsburgh. - Refining Hydrocarbon Oils.
(8l)
Re-issue: 4,609 H.-Ross and J. H. Clemen's, Pittsburgh. - Furnace
for the Manufacture of Iron and Steel.
.
( )
120,380 D. W. Hanna, Pittsburgh. - Method of Utilizing the Waste
Chloride of Zinc in Treating Paper.
(8l)
120,556 C L. Wheeler, Pittsburgh. - Process of Making White Lead.
(8l)
120,579 W. A. Fisher, Allegheny City. - Composition for Making
Crucibles, Glass Melting Pots, etc. |
'
(8l)
120,776 E. A. L. Roberts, Titusville. - Explosive Compounds.
(8l)
121,118 Jas.'McKenzie and J. M. Stebbins, Phila. - Cement, and
Appliances for Preparing arid Using the Same.'
(82)
121,130 J. A. Rothe, Phila. - Manufacture of Paper-Pulp from
Straw, etc;
(82)
121,226 Chas. Adams, Phila. - Process for the Manufacture of I r o n .
(82)
121,679 T. G. Springer, Fayette City. - Manufacture of Illuminating
Gas.
1872
_, _^
I
(82)
121.798 Alfred Monnier, Phila. - Separating Metals from a Mixture of
Metallic and Alkaline Sulphates.
(82)
121.799 Alfred Monnier, Phila. - Treating Metallic and Alkaline
Sulphates to Separate Copper, etc.
(82)
121,889 C. M. Nes, York. - Manufacture of Steel in Crucibles.
.
(82)
121,898 E. A. L. Roberts, Titusville. - Manufacture of Nitroglycerine. (82)
L21,930_D._^erdulJ^,_TJ.£usville..^-_Mquidj.Soap.-4——L.-• ;-=. —
(-82)
121,948 ' Chas. Lennig, Phila. - Removing Tin from Tin Scrap.
(82)
122,052 J. B. Pearse, Swatara Township. - Plant?for Manufacture of
Bessemer Steel.
(82)
122,094 J. B. Wilson, Phila. - Fluid for Extracting Grease.
(82)
A student chemical society was organized in 1871, shortly after
Prof. Wm. H. Chandler arrived at Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa. (83)
Jigging (agitation of raw coal with water to separate impurities)
was introduced in anthracite collieries;
(84)
Frederick=.Prime_Jr,.,, ,Prof..^of_Mineralogy_and_MetallurgyT-Lafayette- •-—.-- ---.=*&---.
College, Easton, reports data (ore types, locations and analyses)
of many mines in eastern Pennsylvania. Analyses were credited to
Jemes Gayley, Crane Iron Co., F. A.Genth, U.': of Penna., David
McCreath and A. S. McCreath.
(85)
C. A. Brinley, Midvale Steel Works, near Phila;. - Notes on a
Charcoal Furnace. '
.- •
• (86)
Largest pumping engine in the world, "The President," installed in
zinc ore mines of Saucon Valley, near Bethlehem, Jan. 29, 1872.
Ran continuously to Oct. 28, 1876. See (2) p.86.
( )
John Attfield, "Chemistry - General, Medical and Pharmaceutical,
including the Chemistry of the U. S. Pharmacopeia," 552p.; Henry
C. Lea, publ. l871,_Phila. (Review of a British text, publ.
in U.S.)
'
.
(87)
- 51872
Priestley Memorial in Birmingham, England; statue and prize suggested. (88)
Note on "great suit of Wetherill vs. the"New Jersey Zinc Co.
(89)
Report on number of grain and molasses distilleries in Penna. "in
1872,: total 46; exceeded by Kentucky (94); Ohio (57); Illinois (47). :(90)
Pittsburgh oil refineries were using about 10,000 barrels of crude
oil daily from the Oil Creek and Allegheny River fields. '
•
(91)
Allegheny County had 32'glass works from-which came products worth
$5,832,492.
!
.
..-" .
(92)
Pittsburgh was creditedj.with 68 glass factories which produced onehalf of the nation's total; 60 petroleum refineries with capacity
of 30,000 barrels per day; 11 blast furnaces producing 144,000
tons of pig iron annually; 7 large steel- works from which came
30,000 tons, of steei in 1870 and cast steel valued at'$3,4^5,413.
(92)
•In Allegheny County 33 rolling mills produced rolled iron worth" ' $20,101,664,in I870:
- (92)
' The Isabella blast furnace, of Spang, Chalfant Co., Pittsburgh, was
put in operation injl872. It produced 50 tons of pig iron per
day. The Lucy furnace, a rival, named for the wife of Thomas M.
__ . __' Carnegie, ,set_a^record of 5.00 tons a week r^
"
"
' (93) ~
The Towne Scientific School, U. of Penna., inaugurated.(94)
Article: J. M. Maisch,jPhila. - "Monobromated Camphor."
(94a)
First chemist (?) employed before 1872 by-Carnegie at Lucy Furnace,
Pittsburgh.
(94b)
Patents (listed as "Chemical" in The American Chemist):
1872 122,44-7 F. T. Epting, Schuylkill Haven. - Artificial Fuel.
- (95)
122,651 Abram Reese, Pittsburgh. - Furnace for Manufacture of Iron. • .(95)
122,731 David Morgan,
"
- Puddling Furnace.
{96)
122,912 Wm. Rogers, Apollo, Pa. - Manufacture of-Sheet Iron. -r(96)
123,009. H. W. Fawcett, .Titusville, and T.. McGowan, Meredith. Preserving Wood.
(96)
123,109 Isaac Kendrickj Phila.' - Apparatus for-Burning Hydrocarbons.
(96)
123,452 A. G. Buzby, Phila. - Hydrocarbon-Burning Steam Boiler.
(96)
1 2 3 , 5 ^ J. H.. Seibert, Phila." -Package for Caustic Alkalies, Acids
and Salts.
(96)
Re-issue: 4,743 J. K.. (Caldwell, Phila. - Burning Hydrocarbon.
. (96)
123,860 V. S. Bloomhall, Conshohocken. - Machinery for Puddling
Iron, etc.
- : • . . :
(97)
123,97^ H. Bradford, Reading. - Apparatus for Separating-Slate from
Coal.
•-•.....- (97)
124,059 J. R. Hayes, Phila. - Composition Pavement.(97)
124,190 -Wm. McConway,-Pittsburgh.-- Composition-Metal Brake-Shoe
=
for Railroad Cars.,, |
.
(97)
124,224 Wjfi. Sellers, Phila. •- Apparatus for Puddling Iron.-"
(98)
124,254 B. R. Croasdale, Phila. - Bag for-Phosphate, etc.
(98)
124,509 Thomas Price, Pittsburgh. - Composition Pavement,
.(98)
124,688 and 124,689 George Lander, Irwin. - Mode of Coking Fossil Coal.. (98)
124,700 Wm.-Sellers, Phila. - Manufacture of Cast Steel and Refined
- Metals.
' • • • • • • (98)
- 124,859 J. :H-.^Sei-berty4PMla.---Package^for-Alkalies,.Acids>"-etc. ,-,^-(,98)-- 124,873 C D. Wyckoff, Oil City. - Apparatus for Amalgamating Ores ;
and Precious Metals.
(98)
124,964 M. B. Manwaring, N£ Y. and R. D, Birch, Phila. - Manufacture
of Potash and Phosphate of Lime.
. (98)
125,017 Sam. Brown,..New Oxford. - Preparing Fertilizing Materials
from Earth, etc.
! •
.
'
(98)
Re-issue: 4,817 A. B. Tipler.,:;Phila. -: Preserving Wood for
Railroad Ties. ,.
.
(98)
-125yl38—Mchard-I^ngj^P-i-t-t-sburghir--^Hot---Blast^Oven^—
—;—
r———-(-9c
125,144 J. M. Reid, Pittsburgh. - Manufacture, of Bricks,. Tiles, etc.
(99)
125,212 Chas. Motier, York.--"Manufacture of Iron from Mill Cinder.
,(99)
125.247 Wm. Adamson and.F. A. Simonsen,* Phila.'. - Treating Vegetables
for Food.
(99)
125.248
"
"' " ..'•': . " .•" :-• Preserving Meat
for Food.
!
,•.,-..••..••
(99)
125.249
"
• " •"..
" "
"
- Extracting Sugar
: V,
from Sweet Potatoes !and Other'Vegetable Substances-.. .
(99)
125,874 Fred,Zai.ss, Phila. -Parlor Match. ,.,'.(100)
125,897 Jos. Lea, Phila., and Jonah Bernhard,' Conshohocken. - '
Apparatus, for Bleaching, Dyeing and Finishing Textile Fabrics.
(101)
. -6 1872
=• — —
126,006 Wm. Adamson, Phila. - Process for Obtaining Vegetable Fibers. (101)
126,592 A. B. Tripler, Phila. - Process for Preserving Wooden
Pavements from Rot..
'
(101)
126,663 and 126,664 T. T. Woodruff, Phila. - Process and Apparatus
for the Manufacture of Indigo.
(102)
126,665 T. T. Woodruff, Phila. -.Manufacture of Indigo.
(102)
126.708 J. J. Johnston, Columbiana, Ohio. - Manufacture of Steel,
Assignor to S. D. Hubbard and Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. •
-.(102)
126.709 J. J. Johnston,, - Manufacture of Iron, Assignor to
S. D. Hubbard Co.
(102)
126.710 J. J. Johnston. - Puddling Iron, Assignor to S. D. Hubbard Co. (102.
126,717 W. T. Kosinski, Phila.. - Purifying Gas.
(102)
126.922 T.--S. Blair, Pittsburgh. - Process and Apparatus for
Reducing the Ores of Iron.
(102)
126.923 T. S. Blair, Pittsburgh. - Manufacture of Wrought Iron and
Steel from Iron Sponge.
(102)
126.924 T. S. Blair. - Iron Sponge.
(102)
226,989
David 0. Saylor, Allentown. - Manufacture of Hydraulic
Cements.
- ---•
-
-- —~r~
-. -^-^
..-- -
.
_ .^(.102)
127,039 J. B. Fish, Providence, Pa. - Carburetor.(102)
127,250 W. H. Laubach, Phila. - Ammoniacal Gas Engine.
(102)
127,395 C. H. Wheeler, Pittsburgh. - Apparatus for the Manufacture
of White Lead.
(102)
Note: Dr. F. A. Genth elected Prof, of Chemistry and Mineralogy at
U. of Penna.
"
(103)
127,580 W. 0. Davis, Pittsburgh. - Apparatus for Coating Sheet Iron
and Tin.
(104)
127,635 C. M. Nes, York. - Manufacture of Steel.
(104)
127,723 S. J. Whiting, Phila. - Apparatus for Vaporizing and Burning
Hydrocarbons.
• (104)
127,807 Wm. F. Simes, Phila. - Preparing Crude Camphor for
Preserving Furs, etc.
(104)
127,858 J. M. Dorian, East Brandywine Township. - Sizing Paper..
(104)
127,923 W. \1. Reeves, Braddock's Field. - Artificial Stone.
' (104)
127,953 J. F. -Bennett, Pittsburgh. - Process for Purifying Iron,
-Steel and Other Metals.
- -• • • (104)
128,042 E. F. Houghton, Phila. - Converting Iron into Steel.
(104)
(Uses bone carbon with hydrocarbon oils.
128,176 J. J. Seibert, Phila. - Package for Putting Up Caustic
Alkalies. (Cast from plastic materials at one operation and
(104)
coated with a resinous or other protective coating.)
128,199 Chas. Gearing, Pittsburgh, and F. A. Gearing, Houston, Texas. Apparatus for the Manufacture of Gas from Oils.
(104)
128,342 Geo. W. Waitt, Phila. - Preparing Wheat and Other Cereals
for Food.
(104)
128,587 W. S. Burgess, Norristown. - Blowing-Pipe Mechanism.
(105)
128,656 A. C. Rand, Aurora, 111., assignor of \ his right to John
H. Adams, Titusville, Pa. - Burning Petroleum.
(105)
_ 128,752. N.. A....Pratt.,.-Charleston,- S.-C.-and-Geo.-T-.-Lewis-,--Phila. -' - - • .
Treating Phosphate Rock, etc.
(106)
129,208 H. N. Bruner, Phila. - Preparing Yarn for the Manufacture
of Shawls. (Stamping, printing, or rolling white lead or other
pigments upon the yarn.)
( )
129,243 J. W. Middleton, Phila. - Process and Apparatus for the.
Manufacture of Iron and Steel.
'
(106)
129,261 Geo. Whitney, Phila. - Metal for Castings. (Wrought iron
and pig iron, or of wrought iron, pig iron, and steel.
(106)
.. _^_.. •. 129,-417—D.- McDaniel,--W.-=Br=Spear7-and- Joseph-W-~Richards. - --Method- -~ r---~
of Utilizing Waste Tin-Scrap and Galvanized Iron.
(106)
129,463 S. H. Crocker, Pittsburgh. - Purification of Paraffine.
(107)
129,517 E . P. Baugh and D. Baugh, Phila. - Treatment of Horns, Hoofs
and Other Organic Matter.
(107)
129,645 E. B. Benedict,. Susquehanna Depot. - Calcimine.
(107
129,681 Joshua Posey, Phila. - Hydrogen Lamp.
" '
(107)
Re-issue: 5,0l£ B. H. Light-foot, Phila. - Treating Tanned Leather.
(107)
129,835 M. H. Pollock, Phila. - Preparing Wheat for Food.
(107)
130,245 J. S. Rosenthal, Phila. - Treatment of Asbestos for the
Production of Textile Fibers.
(108)
130,380 T. S. C. Lowe, Norristown. - Apparatus for Refining Ironand Making Steel.
. .
(108)
- 7
1872
1873
1874
130,381" T. S. C. Lowe, Norristown.- Apparatus for Generating Gas
;io8)
and Heating Dwellings.
;ios)
130,382 T. S. C. Lowe, Norristown. Manufacture of Gas: - ;.
130, 383 T.; S. - C.. Lowe,. Norristown. Process and Apparatus for;io8)
Making Gas.
130,578 J. M. Eaxtraan, Phila." - Treating Slag from Iron Furnaces
;io8)
for Reduction.
i
130,663 J.. S. Rosenthal, Phila. - Treating Asbestos and Obtaining
'108)
Useful Products therefrom.
•-'
' ."•
"• -••
130,894 and130,895 Edw. Brown, Phila. - Pyrometer.
:io9)
131,634 .A.*H. Siegfried, Lewisburg. - Process for Rendering Cast .
Iron Malleable.
!'
[no)
132.264 H6 A. Eames, P h i l a . , and C. J . Eames. - Treating Ammoniac a l
[110)
Liquor of Gas Works, E t c . '"'/ \.
- - - : ^ '"-'"- •
132.265 H. A. Eames and C. J . Eames,; P h i l a . - Manufacture of
[no)
Illuminating Gas from Hydrocarbons.
132,379- . Jos. .Williams, Sharpsburg. - Lubricating Compound..[in)
133,399 H. .M.. Baker, Williamsburg, N". Y., assignor to H..-P. *. .
Dangvorthy and N. ;F. Hilton, Oil City, Pa." - Process .for Re'fining
Petroleum.
. '
•
132.439 Josephus Chandler, Pioneer, Pa. - Compound and Apparatus;for
the Removal of Incrustations in Steam Boilers.
..
[111)
132.440 J V Chandler and D. A. V/ray, Peionnr, Pa. - Burning .-.
Hydrocarbons.
!
' .[in)
132,744 Chas. Adams,|Pittsburgh. -"Alloy or, Metallic Compound for
;ii2)
Bearings.
. ,j
132,800 Wm.. H. Burr,jPhila. - Apparatus for Vaporizing Hydrocarbon
Liquids. ...
i
'
-•' - . • V, .
[112)
132,839 Isaac Kendrick, Phila. - Apparatus'for. "Burning Hydrocarbons. [112)
[113)
132,993 Arthur Towne^ Phila.- Bronzing Compound. .
;n4)
133,688 J." Westerman^ Sharon. - Reverberatory Furnace.
\
133,690 S. M. Wickersham,. Pittsburgh. - Refining Iron and Steel in
[114)
Ron Ways.'
" ' '. (
.•
-. ">
[114)
133,937, N. B. Hatch, Pittsburgh. - Refining Iron and Steel.
134,108 T. G." Springer, Fayette City. - Manufacture>of.Illuminating
;n4)
i
Gas.
'
' :.'
134,714 John W. Ware; and Maria L . Ware, Phila.- - Process for
Bleaching Dried Flowers.
'":
. '
[115)
135,455 H. H. Wainwright, Phila. - Gas Apparatus.
[115)
135,512 Ogden Bolton Jr. and John Pedler, Pittsburgh. Manufacture of Irpn and Steel. •
.[115)
137,157. J. K. Truaxy Pittsburgh. - Oil for Lubricating from
Petroleum.
[l!S)
137,279' Henry Aiken,1 Phila. - Alloy for Producing Ornamental
;n6)
Coatings on Metals (Antimony, Zinc, Tin,' Copper).
137,^rO. A. Hamer, Phila. - Manufacture of Nitroglycerine.
'115)
138,023 D. C. Heller, Reading. - Composition Pavement.
[117)
j
138,138 James Davis and John Armstrong, Pittston. - Process for
Tinning. ~~ "~ "1""--*'"-—-—'
--— -._-.
.' ..-. _,__;
[-117-)—-. .j
138,780 J. E. Atwood, Pittsburgh. - Compound-for Lining Bottoms of
[117)
Bessemer or Kelly Converters.
138,781 J. E. Atwood, Pittsburgh. - Compound for Tuyeres..
[117)
[118)
139,167 Wm. H. Lewis, Phila. - Artificial Stone.
139,192 Edw..A. S. Roberts, Titusville. - Treating.Explosive Com[118)
pounds, to render;them safe for Blasting and Other Purposes.
139,910 T. M. Miller,. Pittsburgh. - Manufac ture b f, I lluminating. Gas. [118)
141,732 R. H. Smith;
_
Pittsburgh. - Manufacture of Illuminating Gas
from Petroleum, etc.
(-3^9)——
141,117 E. F. Prentiss, Phila. - Composition for Coating. Wood and
Iron.
[119)
1
142,571- J. H. Lang,;Pittsburgh. - Furnace for Manufacture, of Oxide
[119)
of Z i n c . • , .
•'• -.
•.....-. ...
[119)
142,601 S. J. .Whiting, Phila. - Composition for Pavements.
143,202 E. Thompson;.arid W. H. Greene, Phila.-- Manufacture of\
[120)
- - Sulphuric Acid.': *"
' •-•
144,403- C. Marshall, "Phila. - Coating Iron arid Other Metals with
[121)
Protecting ..Alloys.
- .<: •
:
[121)
144,737 H. Burgess, Royer's Ford. - Purifying Water from Mines.
[121)
144,772 S. W. Kirk,, Phila. - Separating Precious. Metals from Ores.
-6 1874
146,493 C.--L. Vasquez and Sam. Crowther, Phila. - Carbureter.
146,742 Jos. Anderson, Mt. Pleasant. - Tanning Process.
146,789 John Vikers and Henry Holmes, Phila. - Bating Process
for Hides and Skins.
;
147,455 P. L. Weimer, Lebanon, Pa. - Apparatus for Utilizing
Waste Gases in Metallurgic Furnaces.
147,664 E. F. Luiseau, Mauch Chunk. - Manufacture of Artificial
Fuel from Coal Waste.
148,250 Wm. Sellers, Phila. - Burning Gaseous Fuel' in Metallurgic
and Other Furnaces.
148,795 Enoch Ward, Pittsburgh. - Coating Iron and'Steel.
149,097 Hugh Burgess, Royer's Ford* - Compound for Purifying Water
Preventing Corrosion.
149,228 E. Kirk, Sharon. - Compound for Treating Iron - Iron,
Saltpetre, Cone Potash, Borax, Sal Ammoniac
149,701 W. Adamson and C. F. A. Simonin, Phila. - Extracting Oil .
from .Cotton and Other Seeds. '
1^9,979 0. Bolton Jr., Allegheny. - Manufacture of Homogeneous Steel.
150,042 W. W. Kubell, Phila."- Forcing Pulverized borax and nitrate
of potash into the melted iron.
150,303 : E. F.- Dieteriche, Phila. - Water Repellant Dubbing for
Leather.
"
150,405 E. F. Dieteriche, Phila. - Process of Double Tanning.
150,537 S, H. Daddow, St. Clair. - Artificial Fuel.
•_
150,548 L. G. Ehrardt, Phila. - Method of Preventing Alterations
of Checks, etc
1-50,576 W. W. and R. H. Hubbell, Chester. - Purifying Iron.
150,6l4 J. Reese, Pittsburgh. - Treating Refined Petroleum Wells.
150,698 E. Metzger, Pittsburgh. - Making Parchment Paper.
151,623 N. Root, Franklin. - Refining Petroleum.
152,8l4 J. Stackhouse, Allegheny. - Surfacing Sheet Iron to
resemble Russian Iron.
.152,898 R. B. Coulter and Jeff Pratt, Pittsburgh. - Cleaning Carpets.
153,057 N. H. Edgerton, Phila. - Self-Condensing Gas Generator.
154,438 J. E. Atwood, Pittsburgh. - Process of Decarbonizing and
Annealing Iron and Steel.
15^,575 J« Avil and Wm. Pugh, Phila. - Composition for Sizing and
Waterproofing Paper.
15^,758 C. H. Johnston, New Brighton, Pa. - Apparatus for Applying
Ozone .for Purifying Oils, etc.
154,767 J. M. Reid, Alleghany City. - Preserving Wood.
154,772 S.. Van-Sykel, Titusville. - Apparatus for Distilling
Hydrocarbon Oils.
155,136 T. S. Blair, Pittsburgh. - Manufacture of Steel by the
Open Hearth Process.
155,559 S. J. Whiting and J. K. Blyler. - Fuel from'Coal-dust.
155,575 W. S. Gillen, Pittsburgh. - Gas Furnaces for Manufacture
of Iron and Steel.
- -- 155,990 -W. R.-Smith, Phila.. --Methods for Preparing Flag for Use
• in the Manufacture of Artificial Stone.
156,009 J. E. Atwood, Pittsburgh. - Chemical Compounds for Facing
Metals.
157,7^9 'W. W. Goodwin, Phila. - Apparatus for Determining Specific
Gravity of Gases.
157,873 G. C. J. Schneider, Erie. - Safety-match Compositions..
1875
l£l,148 R. C. Oehmler, Allegheny. - Bronze Liquids.
l6l,320 J. E. Bennett, Pittsburgh. - Manufacture of Iron.
"=M=«"^ ~l6l7388-HTos.---H.- Connelly-,-.New-Brighton._.-^Apparatus for Ihrtinguishing
Fires.
161,672 Henry Dobbs, Franklin. - Compounds for Decolorizing .
Petroleum.
.'
162,212 Jas. Anderson, Alleghany. - Soda Water Generator. 162,851 Jos^.D. Patton, Trevorton. - Gas Purifier.
164,478 Ira M. Phelps, Phila. - Permanent Flour of Camphor.
165,189 H. W. C. Tweddie, Pittsburgh. - Manufacture of'Gas.
•Re-issue: 6,562 A. E. Carpenter, Phila. - Converting Iron into Steel.
165,246 David Miles, Kingston. - Fluxes for Welding.
••' 165,378 Sarah Slater, Phila. - Compounds for Welding, Hardening
and Tempering Steel. .
(122)
(122)
(122)
(123)
(123)
(124)
(124)
(125)
(125)
(125)
(
)
(125)
(126)
(126)
(126)
(126)
(126)
(126)
(126)
(126)
(127)
(
)
(128)
(129)
(129)
(130)
(130)
(130)
(130)
(130)
(133)
(133)
(134)
(135)
(136)
(136)
(136)
(136)
- 9 1875
165,680
166,285
John M i l l e r , J P h i l a . - Leather D r e s s i n g .
Thomas McGowan, M e r e d i t h , P a . - D i s t i l l a t i o n ' of Hydro- .
(136)
carbon Oils.
!
(137)
166,645 E. H." Smith and J. Goldthorp, Pittsburgh. - Apparatus for
the Manufacture of Illuminating Gas.
(138)
l66,9l4 " J. M.-Clark,jLancaster. - Portable Carburetted Hydrogen. .
Gas Machines.
•
" . .
. "".
(138)
167,569 Albert Rieder, Alleghany. - Compounds for Lining Oil Barrels. (139)
167,684 J. W. Nys'trom, Phila. - Burning Hydrocarbons..
• .- T ... (139)
167,847. T. S..C. Lowe, Norristown. - Process and Apparatus for.the
Manufacture of Illuminating' or Heating Gas.
'
.,- (139)
169,385 L. P. Teed, Erie. - Roofing Compositions. -. ,." .
(l40)
170,352 S. B. Dorian;, Chester County, Pa. - Compositions for Sizing. (l40)
170,791 J. E. Weaver; and-W. S. Colwell, Pittsburgh. - Processes and
Apparatus for Manufacture of Salt or Sugar.
(l^l)
170,940 E.' F. Dieteriche, Phila. - Processes of Treating Leather to '
make.it Water Repellent.
(l^l)
1873 Bessemer steel made, in Bethlehem, and used for rolling steel rails.
This was the tenth Bessemer "plant in the U.S. -It was installed
___
under direction of John Fritz, Supt., with Alexander Holley as
consulting engineer.
(1^2)
Books: Fred Overman,! "The Manufacture of Steel,": F. A. Fesquel,
Pub., Phila., I873.'
(1^3)
F. A. Genth, U. ojf Penna., Phila., "Corundum, its Alterations
and Associated Minerals," 1873.
(l^)
H. B. Nason and c[. F. Chandler, editors, "Elderhorst's Manual of
Qualitative Blowpipe Analysis and Determinative Mineralogy."
. (1^*0
Article: Fred Prime,! Lafayette College, Easton, "The Chilian Method
of Amalgamation."!
.
.
(1^5)
Steel production, Johnstown, Pa. In 154 heats-with two converters
. 843 tons of steel were made in six days and five nights. Reported
as "an extraordinary product for such a plant."
"
(1^5)
Article: J. M. Maisch, Phila. - "Acid Reactions of Chloral Hydrate." (l46)
" "
."';
"
- "Chloride of Mercurethyl."(rev[ of literature.)
•:.-,, (1^7)
Book: J. T. Henry, "'The Early and Later History of Petroleum;" with
Authentic Facts in regard to its Development in Western Penna.,"
Phila. pp.607. I
(1^8)
Carnegie, McCandless '& Co. was organized to build a steel rail mill
at Braddock (near Pittsburgh). Andrew Carnegie had one-third •
interest.
' j
."
(34)
Article: Jas. P. Kimball, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, "An Aluminous
Magnetite (Emery) and its Uses in Iron Metallurgy."
(1^9)
The Edgar Thompson Steel Works was founded by'A. Carnegie (1873).
(93)
It was named for;its biggest customer, Edgar Thompson, Pres. of PRR.
(Posthumous) C..M. Wetherill, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, "New .-.-.Apparatus for Determination of Carbonic Acid."
(Posthumous) C. M." Wetherill, "Examination of Fusel Oil from .
'•'-''
- Indian Corn. .,J
.
__ 1874 Wampum Ceinent and Lime Co. founded at Wampum^and" York, Ba..~~~t'La.ter^—'
the Medusa Portland Cement Co.)
,
North Penna. Iron Coi, at Bingen, near Bethlehem, reported 10,777'
tons production 1 their largest output. Limonite ore was mined.
Cooper and Hewitt built the last of the Durham furnaces, below Easton,
.along the Delaware River. In this area iron, was made intermittently
for 181'years from 1727 to 1908.
(151)
. Water'gas Introduced j by Thaddeus Lowe,' Phoenixville.
(9)
- - -" U.S. Patents_130.,.38lLl30-,382;_130.J383..__^___^_1_' ._ ^ _ _ __ - ^ J ^ ^ L .
Gold and Silver manufactures in Philadelphia (l873) were $9,038/r55.~
Largest firm was!Hagstoz and Thorpe. (152)
Dr. T. M. Drown appointed Prof, of Analytical Chemistry at Lafayette
College", Easton. i
...
(153)
Dr. Drown was Secy, of Inst. Min. Engineers (1873-1883). Vol..1,
Trans. Inst. Min•. Eng. appeared -in 1873•
". ..- .; • -.
(153)
"Dr. Traill Green, who occupied the chair of chemistry for forty
years, will probably retain the professorship of general chemistry."(153a)
Articles: T. M.-Drown, "Estimation of Sulphur in Pig Iron and-Steel." (154)
...
." "
"!
"Conditions of Carbon in Gray, and White Pig
:
" '
Ironl
.
.' ,...-",.
(15^)
F. A. Genth, U. of Penna. "Corundum, Its Alterations and
Associated Minerals.
(155)
J. M. Maisch, Phila., "On Resin of Podophyllum Solubility
in Boiling Water."
(156)
- 10 1874
Articles: J. M. Maisch, Phila., "Balsam of Liquidambar Styraeiflua
and Orientals."
(157)
F. A. Genth, Phila., "On American Tellurium and Bismuth
Minerals." ,
(158)
Note in Amer. Chem: "The Lehigh Univ. Chemical and Nat. History Soc.
has dispatched Robt. G. Bechdolt, Curator, to W. Indies and
Brazil for 5 months."
.
(159)
> M„ Carey Lea, Phila.. "On a Combination of Silver Chloride with
Mercuric Iodide.
(l6o)
Sam. P. Sadtler, Gettysburg, Penna. College, "Analytical Notices"
(on Bargta, Strontia, Lime, Antimony and Lead).
(l6l)
M. C. Lea, Phila., "On the Influence of Color Upon Reduction by Light." (l£>2)
11
"
"
"
"Solubility of Certain Silver Salts in Solutions
containing Sodic Citrate, etc."
(l63)
'" " "
"
"On the Nature of the Action of Light upon Silver
Bromide."
(164)
C. F. Himes, Dickinson College, Carlisle, "Preparing Photographic
' ••
Dry-Plates by Daylight, by de-sensitizing and re-sensitizing
the Silver Compounds."
" • (li>5)
Books: The Iron Works of the U. S. Prepared by the Amer. Iron &
Steel Assn., Phila., 1874; 106pp.
(166)
F. W. Pavy, M.D., F.R.S., "A Treatise on Food and Dietetics,"
Phila., 1874.
(167)
Prof. H. Will, "Tables for Qualitative Chemical Analysis,"
2nd Amer. ed. from 9th German fed. Ed. by C. F.
Himes, Phila., 1874.
(l68)
Paper: R. E. Rogers, U. of Penna., "A Direct Vision Spectroscope."
(I69)
Notice: Samuel P. Sadtler, Ph.D., elected Prof, of General Chemistry
in the University of Pennsylvania.
(153a)
Peak year (1874) in Penna. oil production: 10,910,303 barrels.
This was reported for the 1859-1874 period, during which period
the total value, at the wells was $245,904,880.- This came from
10,490 wells, only 3250 of which were pumping at start of 1875.
(170) "
Letters to the Editors of the American Chemist, suggesting a Centennial
' Celebration in 1874, from H. Carrington Bolton, and from E. N.
Horsford, S. Dana Hayes, A. R. Leeds, A. H. Elliott, Rachel L.
Bodley, B. Silliman, T. Sterry Hunt. One writer, H. Endemann,
wrote in opposition.
(172)
Further letters from H. C. Bolton, School of Mines, Columbia College,
New York City, and Prof. Rachel L. Bodley, Woman's Medical
College, Phila., Pa. (who suggested Northumberland, Pa., the
location of Priestley's grave and home, as the place for Centennial
Meeting); a circular to the Chemists of America, inviting them to
• come to Northumberland on July 31, 1874; this was signed by 37
chemists, five from Pennsylvania.
(173)
Report of Centennial of Chemistry conclave at Priestley's home in
Northumberland, Pa. A local committee of 34 men included two
bearing the Priestley name. Joseph Priestley, M.D., was Chairman.
~~The list of ~77= chemists" who attended the "celebration included 16
from Pennsylvania.
(174)
Efforts to form a national chemical society which should, date its
origin from this Centennial Celebration. Proponents: Persifor
Frazer, U. of Penna. and Wm. H. Chandler, Lehigh University.
Opponents, who favored greater cooperation with the American
Scientific Association or A.A..A.S.: F. W. Clarke, E. N. Horsford,
E. T. Cox, B. Silliman and P. H. Vander-Weyde. The official
,-- ~s^=&ssr— -a££i0-n w a s %9 "establish a chemical section on a firmer basis with
the AmeFicah A¥s~6"cTatibn'f6f" "tne"'~"Aavancemeat of 'SclenceT"—=~=-*?"=~ '("175")^
Prof. Henry H. Croft, Univ. College, Toronto, Canada, read a paper
on "A Sketch of the Life and' Labors of Joseph Priestley."
(176).
E. N. Horsford, Cambridge, Mass., read portions of seventeen letters
. written by .Priestley.
,
(177)
Henry Coppee, LL.D., Pres. Lehigh Univ., delivered the address at the
grave of Joseph Priestley; stressing his contributions in fields
other than chemistry - religion, politics, education, etc.
(178)
T. Sterry Hunt, Mass. Inst. Techn., read "A Century's Progress in .
Chem. Theory." .
(179)
J. Lawrence Smith, Louisville, Ky., read "The Century's Progress in
Industrial Chemistry."
'
(l80)
-11-
}
Benj.-" Silliman, Yale College, presented,"American Contributions to- .r^- '.-<:Chemistry."-; This is-.an .extensive list, of: major contributions to
- science; ^biographies; bibliographies of American chemists '- over
30- from Pennsylvania. , - . . • . ; ' .
. •'••*•••..:•
(l8l)
Edwin J. 'Houston, Phila., "On a Supposed.Allotropic-Modification, of
''""'. .Phosphorus.".;.Paper.read, before Amer-. Phil. Soc^/Jan. 1874.
(182)
Edw. Hart,. Lafayette College,, Easton,-"."New Experiment .for-Showing ..- c.
• "the Gas"'in the Interior of-.a Flame." - •'• ,. -.(l83)
T. T. Morrell, Cambria!-Iron:Works-, Johnstown, Pa., "Estimation
---of "Manganese.".
:•-',,.'
(l84)
1875- Natural gas first usedj in:manufacturing,'Pittsburgh..
• ..
(185)
Bessemer process-.used .to-make steel for rails.: First rails rolled
. '
at Edgar Thompson Steel Works,- under supervision of Capt. Wm.
~ v -'Ri- Jones,-'-'Pittsburgh. • •. • . r
. . -;..;
(185)
Indiana'; State-Teachersi College, Indiana, Pa., chartered.: .-.-. -..-,
(5)
F.-1 A. Genth -and S.. P. Sadtler,. Phila. ,• "Preliminary Report, on Jbhe
Mineralogy of Pennsylvania." 2nd Geol. Survey,. pp .-206/Harrisburg,
-'I875'r '
•;
-',-...•..
...
......
(186)
J.-E.-Loughlin,- Jefferson.-Med. College, Phila., ''Manufacture-, and
'• : Purification of Sulphate-of Ammonium from Gas Liquors.". * •-, j
(187)
T.' M.- Morgan, "Paraffins existing in Pennsylvania petroleum."- (l88)
New Chemistry laboratory for women students opened-at Woman's. Medical
Col lege of Penna. (Phila.). Sixteen ladies pursue a course--in
-"-.' •'"* analytical chemistry under Prof. Rachel Bodley. - .. ....
(l89)
The Priestley Memorial; Album; Description of a red leather, bound ._:...,
book of pictures, autographs and cartes de visite from .the ;. ,;,..->•
''-•'rCent'ennial of Chemistry inNorthumberland, 1874; forwarded-to .-..v
Dr. Joseph Priestley (April 1875) to commemorate the 100th.anniversary of the discovery of oxygen by-his illustrious ancestor. .-, •< (190)
Annual Report of • the Chief-Engineer of the Water. Dept. of ."Phila.- for;--.
"•-the year I874.-' 126pp.-:if: plates. -^Phila., Pa.., 1875.; - "'-<•,. _•:
(191)
M . C Lea,- Phi-la."--On!- theDetection of Hydrocyanic Acid." ' :-j , . •. (192)
:0 >
-" "
"
" . "On the Influence of Color upon Reduction.of.Light." (193)
•'-' '' " "
"
"
''"Explosive Properties of Methyl Nitrate;"-.•/•" ,
(194)
T. 'M. Morgan (under direction of C. Schorlenmer), "On Paraffins of. ....
Penna. Petroleum, "i "=•-."
'-.
.
.,..-.••-•
(195)
Bergen Point-Zinc • Co.' of Bergen Point, Nl J., begin mining" zinc ores;
.'at -Friedensville. j In "1875 they produced 500 tons' of-spelter and
1000 tons-bf zinc 'oxide from ores of the Correll mine.- Nearby
the Lehigh Zinc Co', produced 1505 tons of-spelter.
-'.-. ,.-_ ..: (195a)
David-Alter,-M.D., Freeport, Pa., "Early Indications of Spectroscopy^
...- » "•••-- in America.^" (.Reprint of papers of.l854, 1855 in Amer. J, Soc.
xvili, 55 andxix,! 2134.) The paper title is given with a foreword
:
. '•'•'.
' •' -by-Henry Wurtz,'- who states that Alter1 s papers were • "three or ' /
-'-four years-before-..the discoveries of Bunsenand Kirchof f." -:_-;-y\
(196)
J. E. Loughlin, Phila.1, "Preparation of Urea."
. .";'
"
' (197)
" '^-•" -.'" -" , ."Preparation and Testing of Potassium Cyanide." (198)
Reports: Chas. M. Cres'son, M.D., "Results: of Examination of Water from
' '. •--"
' the "River-(Schuylkill. V l 6 p p . Phila., 1875 (no.details).
'" •-"•• SOme-analyses-by Dr.*Cresson forrri8.72 on pil745,^VO.i... H i ,
•.-: -'•-•"••' '-'-• -Scharf--& Westcott's History, of.Philadelphia, .1884.
Report on the Water Supply for.the City of Philadelphia,
- Comm'. of Engineers,.l43pp. Phila;,.Pa.,. 1JB.72. Approved
l875i contains Report on Pollution of .Rivers.by J. W.
•" •'- "*- -Adams, C.E.',-and Chemical Reports/by Booth/.and Garrett and
Charles M.< Cresson, M.D.
-••:-••;:-. ..--.
• (200^
Research Reports^from Lehigh;University, Bethlehem, Pa;---.^ .-.
. • (201;
-.*-'--rF.-'G. Degenhardt, "On the'Blue Color of Refuse^Zinc .Retorts, "
-•-'• '-'-'-' Gl~-H^P~Stearn^r"0n t a i ^ ^
•" - "•"'•v'W."'fl.^Baker, ''Analysis, of An.Acid Mine Water, Luzerne..,Co., Pa."
'-•"'•
Vol. II, Trans. Amer. ilnstl Min; Erig. (May..l873-Feb;; 1874) praised
by Prof. Fred Prime, Lafayette College, Easton. Pa".
(202)
1876 American Chemical Society founded, April 6, 1876, New York, N-. Y.
Thirty-five chemists from New York and vicinity met in rooms of
the N. Y. College!of Pharmacy in response to invitations announcing
proposals for organizing a society. Chairman of the meeting was
Profl Charles F. Chandler. Constitution and by-laws approved.
(203)
1874
- 12 1876
Organization meeting of ACS, April 20. Twenty-seven resident members'
attended. Seventy-four non-residents had requested membership.
" Officers elected: President, John W. Draper; Vice Presidents,
J. Lawrence Smith, Frederick A. Genth, E. Hilgard, J. W. Mallet,
Charles F. Chandler, Henry Morton; Corr. Secy., George F. Baker;
Recording Secy., Isidor Walz; Treas., W. M. Habirshav;
(204)
Seven, regular meetings were held in I876, with average attendance
about 30 or less. V. Pres. Chandler served as Chairman. Technical papers"were delivered at all these sessions; A special
(reunion) dinner was held in Phila., June l£, to. honor foreign
chemists attending the 1876 Centennial Exhibition.
(205)
Enrollment in the ACS (1876): 226 members; 71 associates. Pennsylvania accounted for: 23 members; 2 associates.
(206)
Centennial Exposition of I876, Philadelphia. Included first extensive
exhibit of American chemical industries. This was: a national- .
and international exhibition; .located in Phila. because in that
city 100 years before these States, were declared "free and
independent," and because Phila. is "the industrial capital of
America."
Philadelphia's exhibits numbered 2,366; of which the
distribution was: mining and metallurgy, 87; manufactures, 710;
education and science, 203; art, 218; machinery 400; agriculture,
677; horticulture, 71. Alex. Graham Bell's new telephone
exhibited.
(2O7I
Dr. A. E. Foote, Bryn Athyn, Pa., exhibits minerals; wins first prize. (208)
Concentrated alum made, Penna. Salt Mfg. .Co.
C209)
Natural gas pipe line, Titusville. (209)
New colleges: Grove City College, Venango County Pine Grove Academy
started; Juniata College, Huntingdon, opened.
(5)
Edw. Hart, "Volumetric Estimation of Sulphuric Acid."
(210)
Edw. Hart, Lafayette College, Easton, "Volumetric Estimation of iron.'-' (210}
J. B. Britton, Phila., "Improved Mounted Burettes for Vol. Analysis."
(21l)
S. P. Sadtler, -"
"On the Composition of Natural Gas from Certain
Wells in Western Pennsylvania."
(212)
A. Bourgougnon, New York, "Pennsylvania Petroleum."
(213)
G. A. Koenig, U. of Penna., predicts "new metal highly probable" in
mineral resembling schorlamite, from Arkansas.
(214)
A. S. McCreath, Harrisburg, "Report of Progress in the Laboratory,"
2nd Geol. Survey of Pa., 1874-75. Contains analyses of coals,
coke, iron ores, limestone, fire clays, etc. 105pp.
(215)
F. A. Genth, U. of Penna., "On Some American Vanadium Minerals."
(2l£)
S. P. Sadtler, U.'of Penna., "On a nev occurrence of Tartronic Acid,
- with same Researches on the Molecular Structure of Glyceric Acid." (217)
M. C. Lea, Phila., "Notes on the Sensitiveness of Silver Bromide to
the Green Rays as modified by the Presence of other Substances."
(218)
Chemistry papers from Pennsylvanians at the AAAS Meetings in Buffalo,
N. Y., Aug. 23, L376:'
,
W. H. Chandler and Frank Johnston, "Disposition of Phosphorus
in the Blast Furnace."
. .
(219)
W. H. Chandler and E. H. S. Bailey, "Determination of Nitric Acid."(219)
s rW. Hr Chandler and'E.~H. "S. Bailey,."Nitrates in Natural-Waters,"
and in'Lechauweki Spring Water. (Chandler and co-authors,
Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, Pa.).
(219)
J. W. Langley, U. of Penna., "The Relationship of Structure,
Density and Chemical Composition in Steel."
(219)
• S. P. Sadtler, U. of Penna., "On the Chemical Composition of
Pa. Petroleum."
(219)
These foregoing were part of a total of 20 papers. Chairman of the
^__^
__ -Chemistry- Subsection was Dr. Geo. F. Barker, of U. pf Penna.,
- ^ — t who^delivefedTn^
—•——and explained "the.conception which the science of today holds
concerning the molecule and the atom."
(220)
'
REFERENCES
'".,•_-..
CHRONOLOGY OF CHEMISTRY IN PENNSYLVANIA - PART II . '
l
1.
A. C. Birring, "Pennsylvania's Iron and Steel Industry;" Penna. Hist. A s s o c ,
Penna. History Studies, No. 5 (Gettysburg, 195*0, *<2pp; P.21.
2. B. L. Miller, "Topographic and Geol. Atlas of Penna., No", 206, Allentown Quadrangle, Penna. Geol. Survey, 1925, pp.190; p.99«
3. Ibid., p.73, 74.
V
4;" E. F. Smith, "Charles Mayer Wetherill, 1825-1871," J. Chem. Educ. 6, IO76, 1215,
1461, 1668, 1916, 2l£0 (1929).
5. Information Please Almanac (i960), McGraw Hill Co., New"York, N. Y.; 912pp.
Accredited colleges arid universities, p.362-376. '"
6.
P.. D. Billinger, "Early Pennsylvania'Paper Making," J. Chem.'Educ. 26, 158 (1949).
J.
M. C. Lea, "On the Nature of the Action of Light upon Iodide of Silver," Amer. J.
Science-& Arts (ref.( to as Sill. Journ. - Benj. Silliman, Editor) £~2_J,
xlii, 198.
'"
j
'.•'., "'.
8. J. M. Maisch, Amer. JournjSj Pharm. (I866), p.267, 269; "Assay of French Brandy
and Whiskey," "Quality and Assay of Sherry Wine."
9. Williams Haynes and Lawrence W. Bass, "American Chemical Chronology;" Part II .
of "Our Chemical Heritage," ACS 89th Meeting, New York, April 1935.. •
10. Ibid. I, p.22.
11. Quincy Bent, "75 Years of Steel," The Newcomen S o c , p. 11 (1939). An address,
Nov. if, 1939, Bethlehem, Fa.
12. Pennsylvania, A Guide to ,the Keystone State, W.P.A. Writers, p.621 (1940).
13.
Sill.Chronology,
Journ. f ~ 2 jpp.615-622.
xliv, -91.
14.
"
" 13:
" xliii,' 197.
15.
"
" "
" xliii, 23916.
"
" "
" xliv, ;68.
17. American Chemist, vol. 1, 222, 1867.
18. Printed for the Lehigh. Ur.ive.rsity students, Allentown, Pa., 1867.
19. Amer. J. Sci., November X067.
20. Ibid., 19, September 1867. .
21. Amer. J. Pharm., p.388, 1367.
'
22. Ibid., 21, p.l, I867. 1
23.
"
" . P.7, ". .
24.
"
" -o;97^ " -•"'•.
'
'
" ' 25.
" 5 "
-.
26.
J. T. Scharf and T. Westcott, "History of Philadelphia, vol.. 3, 2272-2277 (l8#4);
L. H. Everts & Co., Philadelphia^
26a. The American Chemist, vol. 5, Dec". 1874, 198. (Also titles, dates of 47 papers by M. G. Lea.)
•
27. Amer. J. Pharm., p.289, 1868.
28. Proc. Amer. Pharm. Assn. 'xvii, 178, 114, l4"7 (1868).
.
29. R. D. Billinger., ."Pennsylvania's Coal.Industry," Penna. Hist. A s s o c , Penna.
History Studies, No. 6 (Gettysburg,' 1954), 54pp; p.43.
-.
30. B. L. Miller, ibid. 2 y pb31.
- - - 31.
" "
"
" " Pi 32.
'
... -- '•--••; . . '32. R. D. Billinger, "Seventy-Five Years of Chemistry at' Lehigh University-,"--.
J. Chem. Educ 19, "82 (Feb. 1942).
'
.33. Ibid. 29, P£43.
.
.\
....
34. M. Seidenberg, L. Mulkeafn and J.'W. Hess in "Two Hundred Years of Pittsburgh's
History," Stefan Lorant, ed."(Garden City, N. Y., 1964), p.466.
35. Ihid. 5.
*
•
-36.
" 2, p.32.
;
. . .
:
37.
Sill. Journ. f~2J}
xlviii, 49-65.
' '
,,J
-38."
"
""^
346-350^
'
— - -—
-77~
39.
"
"
"
"; 350-351.
"40.
Supplement to Chem. News; Sept.-1869, 193.'
41. Amer. Journ. Sci., xcvii, p.251 (I869).
•
42. Ibid. 12, p.585.
-i
. '"* "[.
43.
Sill. Journ., xcix, p.365 (l870). " (i.e. Am-. Journ. Sci.)
44.
Ibid, c, p.297-307.
-•
.".-'. ..'•'"45. J. -Franklin Inst., March'1870'^ .'"..'
46. Ibid., May 187O.
'
47. Amer. J. Pharm., 1870, p.513.
48. J. Franklin Inst., 1871/ 1872.
49.
Sill. Journ., March 1870.
" 50. Industrial Research and Testing Laboratories, Dept. of Commerce, Commonwealth
of Pennsylvania, 80pp; Research Div., Bur. Ind. Development, 1963.
251.
52.
53 o
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59 o
59&.
6o.
6l.
62.
6364.
64a.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
7^.
75.
76.
77»
78.
79 o
80.
" 81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
9h.
94a.
94b.
95.
96.
The American Chemist IV, No. 7, 280 (1874), edited by C. F. Chandler,
Columbia College, New York, W. H. Chandler, Lehigh University,
Bethlehem, Pa.
Ibid., vol. 1, P.39.
P.79.
p.80.
p.158.
p.159.
P.197.'
P.237.
P.238.
Describes 96pp« report in Amer. J. Pharm., Jan. 1870)
October
1870)
P. 134
Sill. Journ. (Amer. Journ. Sci.) CII, p.l68.
(Also Amer. Chemist V, 207, Dec. IB74)
Ibid., Nov. lB71.
B. L. Miller, ibid. 2, p.93-94. (Bibliography on Zinc, Allentown Quadrangle)
R. D. Billinger, "Early History of Cement in Pennsylvania," Bulletin of
Dept. Internal Affairs,"Commonwealth-of Pa., vol. 19, No. 8, 27-32
July 195L
Saylor's Cement Patent: 119,413 - Sept. 26, 1871.
The American Chemist II, 40, July I87I.
"
I, 1 and 239.
Sill. Journ. 3, i, pp.369, 371 (1B71), 3rd Series.
J. Franklin Inst., vol, CXEI, No. 2, Aug. 1871.
The American Chemist, vol. 1, 275 (Jan. 1871).
Ibid.
316 (Feb. I87I).
S
356
357
397
435
(Mar.
(Mar.
(Apr.
(May
I87I).
I871}.
I87I).
1871}.
436 (May I87I).
477 (June 187I).
vol. 2, 39 (July L371).
76 (Aug. 1871).
117 (Sep. 1871).
H 8 ' (Sep. 1871).
158 (Oct. 1371).
198 (Nov. 1871}. .
.'..,238 (Dec. I87I).
278 (Jan. 1872).
Catherine Drinker Bowen, "History of Lehigh University," 1924; 105pp.
Ibid., 29, p.22.
2, p.52.
The American Chemist, vol. 3, 1 (July 1872).
2, 398 (April 1872),
2, 320 (Feb. 1872)
2, 319 (Beb. IB72J
2, 475 (June 1872)
Ibid. 3^, P.468.
J-. Cutler Andrews, Chap. 4 - "Pittsburgh" - Ibid. 34, pp.l48, l60-l64.
S. K. Stevens, Chap. 5 - "Pittsburgh" "
", pp. 198, 199.
Ibid. 26, p.1940 - "History of Philadelphia."_
Amer. J. Pharm. 1872, p.357*
Peter Temih, "lron.& Steel in 19th Century," The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.,
1964, p.156.
The American Chemist, vol. 2 318 (Feb. 1872).
11
ti
11
358 (Mar. 1872). ,
97.
980
99."
LOO.
LOir^- ^ • = 1 1 - . , - ^ .
11
L02.
11
L03.
11
L04.
11
L05.
11
L06.
11
L07.
it
L08.
11
109.
11
HO.
11
396 (Apr. I 8 7 2 ) .
11
397 (Apr. 1872).
11
438 (May
11
II
39 (July 1 8 7 2 ) . .
40 (July 1 8 7 2 ) .
II
tl
II
II
II
II
II
II
LH.
11
II
JL2.
11
II
1872).
439 (May_ I872U
474" "(June 1872).
>
79
80
U7
118
157
158
197
238
(Aug.
(Aug.
(Sep.
(Sep.
(Oct.
(Oct.
(Nov.
(Dec
1872).
1872). •
1872)."
1872).
1872).
1B72).
1872).
1872).
239 (Dec. 1 8 7 2 ) .
'..
.
- •
---,.^._
- 3
H3.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120 „
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
l4o.
141.
142.
143.
144.
1^5.
146.
147.
148.
l49o
149a.
149b.
150.
151.
152.
153.
The American Chemist, vol 3, 279. (Jan. 1873).
ti
n
II3, 317 (Feb. I873).
"'
" -' "
.3, 438 (May 1873).
(?) 3, 39.(July 1873).
4; 79 (Aug. 1873).
4,.159 (Oct. 1B73).
4,-238 (Dec. 1873).
4,"279 (Jan. 1874).
4, 319-(Feb. 1874).
4,!398 (Apr. 1874).
4, 439 (May I874).
: 4, 479 (June 1874).
5, 33 (July 1874).
5, 152.(Oct. 1874).
II
5, 232 (Dec 1874).
11
5, 233 (Dec 1874).
. . .
11
5, 272 (Jan. 1875).
". ' J '"
11
5, 273 (Jan. 1875).
11
5, 313 (Feb. 1875).
11
5, 35^ (Mar. 1875).
•1
.5, 463 (June 1875).
'' "
ti
6, 79 (Aug. 1375).
it
6, 199 (Nov. 1875).
11
6, 240 (Dec. 1875).
' '
.
11
6, 278 (Jan. 1876).
it
6, 279 (Jan. I876).
11
6, 320 (Feb. I876).
6, 400 (Apr. I876).
6, 440 (June I876).
•'-'•'•'."
R. D. Billinger, "Beginnings of Bethlehem Iron'and Steel,"1'Dept. of Internal
Affairs Bulletin, Commonwealth of"Pa., vol. 20, Feb. 1952, 3-7; " :
March, 7-10; April, 13-18. '
The American Chemist^ vol. 4, 159 (Oct. 1873).
" ;
• 4. 279 (Jem. 1874).
"
'
3', ^ (June 1873).
Amer. J. Pharm., 1873, p.621.
...
po9#
.
The American Chemist, vol. 5. 464 (June 1875).
" -! .'• 4', 321 (Mar.'1874).
Journ. Franklin Inst. XXX, 333 (May 1873). •
..
11
1.
f
ti
QRS
11
11
R. D. Billinger, ibid. 63, vol. 19, No. 9, 10 (Aug.' 1957).-.
R. D. Billinger, "Early Ironworks of Pennsylvania, The -Durham Furnaces,"
Ind. Eng. Chem,;, vol„ 30, 428 (Apr. 1938).
Ibid., 26, p.2335. : •
',.....:.,
R. D. Billinger. "Thomas Messinger Drown," J. Chem. Educ, vol. 7,
2875-2886 (.Dec 1930).
..
The American Chemist, vol. 5, 34 (July 1874).
Trans. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. .4,, 422 (May lBjk). ..
Proc. Am. Phil. Soci, Sept. 19, 18-74, p.56.
— '
Amer. J. of Pharmacy, 1874, p.231.
153a.
154.
155.
156.
157.
"
"
"
"... p.163.
""" '. •"•
158.
'Amer. Phil." Soc, Aug. 21, 1874.
. ' '..
159.
The American Chemist, vol. 5, 234 (Dec. 1874).
.
160.
Sill. Journ. /~3_7,< vli, -34.
161.
"
*- "
"
180-184.
162.
200, 376, 483J
11
it
11 163.
'164.
16.
165.
The American Chemist, vol. 5, 234 (Dec. 1874).
166.
" ;
5, 153 (Oct. 1874).
l£>l.
5,
193 (Nov. 1874).
168.
Paper
read
at
23rd
Meeting
of
A.A.A.S.,
Hartford, Conn., Aug. 12-19, 1874,
169.
reported in American Chemist, vol. 5, 159 (Nov. 1874).
C. F. Chandler (quoting Pa. Geol. Survey and other sources), Amer. Chem.,
170.
vol. 6, 251 (Jan. 1876).
- 4 -
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
1B4.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
195.
195a.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
21£>.
211.
212.
213.
214.
215.
216.
217.
218.
219.
220.
The American Chemist, vol.
362 (Apr„ 1874).
41-43 (June 1874).
35-37 (Aug., Sept., 1874).
37-38 (
).
41
( "
)•
43-47 ( "
).
47-53 ( "
53-56 ( "
56-61 ( "
).
61-71 ( "
).
70-ll4( "
).
195-209(Dec 1874).
208 (Dec. 1874).
209 (Dec 1874).
213-214 (Dec 1874).
1:
Ibid. 3^, p.468.
The American Chemist, vol.
78 (Aug. 1875).
170 (Nov. 1875).
J. "Chem. Soc, March 1875, P 147.
466 (June 1375).
The American Chemist, vol.
465 (June 1875).
464 (June 1875).
Sill. Journ.
121, 1875. "
*^
11-^
.1
11
11
355,
22,
(Also, J. Chem. Soc 11, xiii, 301 (Apr.
52,
1875).
B. L. Miller, ibid. 2, p.75The American Chemist, vol 1, 410-412 (May 1875).
5, 362
(Apr. 1875).
5, 396
(May 1875).
5, 434
(May 1875)..
6, 471
(June 1876).
5, 355
(Feb. 1875).
5, ^33
(May 1875).
6, 401-406 (May 1876).
6. 406
(May 1876).
441
7', 41 81, 121, 205, 245.
Journ. A.C.S., vol. 1 6-10 (1879).
Ibid. 26, p.2239, 213*.
Bull, of Penna. Dept. Internal Affairs, Harrisburg, vol. 20, No. 1,
Dec. 1951.
Ibid. 9, P.43.
The American Chemist, vol. 6, 284 (Feb. L376).
7, 43 ("Aug. I876).
7, 50 (Aug. I876).
7, 97 (Aug. 1876).
7, 81 (Sep. I876).
7, 120 (Sep. I876)."
Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng. I876 p.440.
Sill. Journ., vol. xii (3rd series), 32-36.
114-119. (Paper for Amer. Phil. Soc
xi.
Sept. 17, 1875.
Sill. Journ., vol. xi (3rd series), 459-464.
The American Chemist, vol. 7, 162 (Nov.. 1876).
"
"
"
' 7, 164-174 (Nov. 1876).