-1
HISTORICAL
RISKS
GARDENS
Alm
IN
THE FEDERAL
38-
REPUBLIC
OF GERMANY
EXPERIENCES
l,iiss
Why were
historical
gardens
monuments?
Only
subject
ensemble-protection;
to
in
the
Gerda
included
past
so
years
the
in
Gollwitzer
late
in
the
protection
surroundings
addition
to
of
the
the
of
historic
buildings
châteaux
have
their
been
parks
are
a
protected.
Fbr the preservation
of
inanimate
works
transient
and perishable
monuments.
of art.
continuous
preserve
them in their
only
~
of that
later
But also
in
On the
tops
other
even
and books
important
that
has
drawn
demonstrate
reason,
directives
gardens
in
to
the
seats
no longer
are
the
populated
former
Herrenhausen,
count~
the
baroque
Garden.
changeable
3ardens
the
are
living
change because
principle
however,
is
holds
( We shall
the hedges and trees
be clearly
garden
spatial
in
to
true
see an example
have ta be trinuned.
featured
takes
effect
charge
sources
as i t is
of
many years
which
the
picturesque
of
But
representing
to
ta
be seen
the
develop
desingners
gardens
and descriptions.
difficulty
intended.
it
is
especially
spa~ial
tree-
therefore
those
effect
plans
of
designs.
Bauer,
a well
"Pa.rkwerke"
based
of
the
the
Christian
designers
densely
study
up so-called
Addi tionally
formal
picturesque
who are
he describes
thèse
principle,
This
for
most
ever-constant
form.
gardens
achieve
to
gardens
For
in
to
architects
picturesque
to
of buildings
ar ch i tecture
an English
and thus
more
well-founded.
subject
than
and engravings.
hand
landscape
formal
verdant
designs
fully
For
case of
can their
historic
the
true
to these
preservation
original
of garden;
are
hold
historians
therefore
but
For the
purest
some art
is
terminated
cri teria
on ).
in the
Only then
of
works of art
growth.
style
qui te different
The aversion
They are never
of their
for
gardens
the
for
measures
on studies
peril
of
historical
seats.
the
which
gardens
outside
Cities
Just
have
take
expert
of
have
be taken
to
his
city
e:x:panded
in
as examples
have
imagined.
boundaries
the
in
the
in
In
next
Munich,
these
fifty
years
documents.
new dangers
have
gardens
administration.
historical
not
the
historical
in
ruin
could
in
ga.rdens
available
biological
situated
areas.
of
know
last
arisen
which
The former
but
two
in
the
centuries
IYlunich-NYmphenburg
the
princely
middle
beyond
or Hanover-
of
-139-
the Bois
de Boulogne
From this
wholly
1) The terrain
altered
of the
Many gardens
others
or the
gardens
It
is
conservation
of many gardens
therefore
dangers
cut
build
streets
through
order
to find
the best
plus
intensive
property
gardens
works
of art
Qay more visi tors
is a very
gardens
were not
people
are
a restaurant
longing
english
for
Or do such facili
but
in those
ties
like,
Gardens or the
increase
a historical
garden?
Should we fulfil
the requests
the
of
detract
the
construction
from the view of the
streets
agency
to
areas.
deal
of
In
alertness
living
made by historical
in
the
set ting
it
of
always
are drawn by the
instance
and impairing
the
quiet
example,
pleasure
in the
café
Boboli
of a longer
population
stay
facili
statue
for
in the
the
instance,
of Hercules.
that
which
a café
orangery
Gardens
because
ties.
for
establish
in
are
and for
or
of
the
in Florence?
atmosphere
and how much justified
of a restaurant
famous colossal
the
Those old
and rest
to
This
pathways
the required
Is i t sacrilegious
for
their
areas
gummer
match.
are resulting.
SQn-bathing
magic
on a nice
Not only
lack
Qemands for more comfort?
The administrators
of the Kassel-Wilhelmshohe-Parc,
have been contesting
traffic
In addition
problems
also
restaurant
the
gardens,
are now the
to relax
good air.
great
gardens
gardens?
gardens
by way of
Zoo or at a famous football
to be used for
old
of
of culture".
HOwever,
the view
informed
a great
impact
to be able
in the
the
the
populated
gardens
SUffiSup the
breathing
the
and
are demanded.
such masses of visi tors.
disturbing
Hanover-Herrenhausen
ci ties,
in
old
in
concerned
Garden in r.funich for
than
the
tempts
planners
Hauszer
a piece
be allowed
in historic
our
noise
some dangers
ground
surrounding
of
are duly
grow the more the inhabi tants
so many walkers
wi thout
traffic
merely
development.
How many lawns should
playgrounds
Karl
were counted
planned
ground.
of
co-opera~g
penetrates
everybody
wi th the
reasons
in averting
of acquiring
for
absorbing
In the
gardens;
building
expansion
for
The cheap land
"To get rei'reshment,
statisfying
not made for
solution
our ci ties
gardens.
historical
wanted
intensive
The noise
instead
means more than
The more uniform
old
city.
a park
population.
means unconsciously
of the
the
succeed
became museums the
as follows:
and highly
When the ci tizens
sometimes
discussions
of the
for
to see ci tizens
them relentlessly.
3) Whereas the palaces
result
has diminished
gardens.
with
often
dangers
to the
encouraging
they
initiatives".
is expanding
through
victim
in Florence.
as fragments.
of historical
threatening
"citizens
2) Traffic
fallen
only
value
various
has become costly
have already
The recreation
of the !'ledici
environment
have survived
pollution.
gardens
of
are guch
for
several
building
years
would
-140In this
Short
facing
the
report
protection
and establiShed
some guggestions
gardens.
International
Federation
of ~scape
gardens.
the
experiences
In the report
are already
very
those
well
It
and their
in danger
falling
can be protected
in
a few years
restored
run wild
solutions
some ideas
which
should
of hanover-Herrenhausen.
garden
left
The great
after
Garden is
like
There
in the
art
fountains
of European
change put
died
Until
Elector
evaluate
main problems
groups
conderned
are
Buildings
gardens,
lost
only
however,
and cannot
century
engraving,
by a canal
garden
still
a landmark
of
be
me finally
post-war
time;
on the
the
right
the
rows of
the axes.
large
trees.
"Nouveau Jardin"
was
by the new trends
bosquets
at the
And
centre
The parterre
linked
by diagonal:
of the
is
garden
flooded
and
by sunlight
and shady.
consort
August,
but
and scientist,
walking
and three
in France;
was the
at that
splendour
Let
Park in Ranover.
was influenced
intellectuallife
while
short
cool
days.
in
was the brillant
of England
for
is
these
restoration
1714 Herrenhausen
an end to the
suddenly
part
of Duke Ernst
and his
historian
son became King
is
working
they
in
became an electorate
crossings
is
wife
a centre
philosopher,
enclosed
this
which
the bosquets
seat.
by the
i t is
that
at the
princely
This
be
1966.
which had originated
fountain
The Duchess Sophie,
abruptly
1971 the
name of the Herrenhausen
duchy of Hanover
gardening
wi th the great
the area of
garden
is no doubt
of
in
the historical
a great
added.
visi ted
has now to
gathert
Endangered
that
in an eighteenth
the restoration
1692 when the
Sophie
time
common wi th
in many cases no delay.
German garden
you see .Herrenhausen
an airphoto
only
allow
be discussed
300 year-old
smaller
in
of historical
in
now that
to such an extent
of the largest
In
Should
and restoration
by scaffolds.
show you the result
indeed
in
commit tee
fontainebleau
problems
any more.
These are merely
On the
It
the
are establiShed.
are urgent
can within
of meetings.
time
of
Gardens
This
is high
The problems
of
extent
lOOMOS realized
Historical
Archtects.
symposium in
formulated.
questions
for
in preservation
on the
of the
Those problems
Committee
above and beyond the organisation
and make public
with
give
of historical
the
the international
active
l can only
time.
by Gottfried
learned
in
beloved'
as George the First.
summer holidays
architect
stage
of
Scholars
garden,
Leibniz,
the
great
But
summer of
court,
not
well-kno~
a sudden
1714 Electress
and a few weeks la ter
For many years
and so the
this
were attracted
Wilhelm
In the
of
the Hanover
law and philology.
of Herrenhausen.
in her
ideal
heyday
Herrenhausen
her
was
of Herrenhausen
came to an end.
the
reason
why the Great
Garden did
not
fall
victim
to the
garden
revolutioJ
-141that
in
ruined
the
Great
century,
Ieft
such a lot
Garden;
of formaI
exotic
the parterre
untrirnmed
property
city
public.
a short
areas
of the
1966 the
garden
time,
third
sources
year-plan
without
the romantic
and trees
best
to preserve
the
this
garden
the
were
became the
great
was opened to
again,
castle
the
this
time
and devastate
than
before.
of
the
hleyert
the
-buildings
the
additions
and to preserve
the
area which
landscape
all
the voluminou
In
water
original
Sophi
relevant
li teraturet
t plantingt
the
i t as Electress
and engravings.
was to restore
to restore
carefUlly
contemporary
plans
ty
the
to
He began dy studying
aspects
later
Karl
was as devoted
and the old
principle
an opportuni
Professor
gardent
century.
AIl
provided
1959 a seven-
works
layout
the historical
-were
co-
of the
garder
continuity.
broderie:
The heart
of the
garden
"Luststück"
is
large
( = pleasureground
had to be designed
In order
hedges
1935, Herrenhausen
the war bombs had destroyed
of the Electress
The governing
Part~r-~-q.e
nineteenth
garden had to be restored
of Herrenhausent
was drawn up.
ordin~ted.
the
the
lawns,
of restoration
of Herrenhausen
seventeenth
archives
correspondence
its
In
in
a few changes
garden.
who was in charge
in the
into
site.
did
two years
During
centenary
had been in the
which
however,
even more thoroughly
archi tectt
the
After
because of neglect.
large
In
After
a picturesque
There were only
were pIanted
was transformed
of Ranover,
heri tage.
in Europe.
and shrubs
de broderie
architectural
not
trees
and grew into
of the
gardens
) .Since
was in
front
the original
of
plan
the
castlet
was lostt
called
the
parterr
anew.
to prevent
grass
turf
was bound by metal
soil
and half-filled
from
tape.
with
spreading
into
Where marble
sand.
Then the
the ornamental
gravel
surface
motifs
was used grooves
was spread
with
every
piece
of
were dug in
italian
the
marble
gravel.
The curving
lines
sempervirens
).
For the
to
flowers
cultivate.
plants
that
with
the
of the decorative
the rulling
Of the
three
colors
principle
great
colort
unaltered
were planted
was to select
var i et y only
shades of
remain
patterns
those
a few proved
fOrm the decorative
all
with
box
species
suitable.
( Buxus
which
were
easies
Alternantherat
patternst
thus
leaf
guaranteeing
summer.
Statua.r:v:
Statues
are important
across
the wide areas
garden
was redone
the
parterre
permeable
immortal
In Europe
in
feature
as the
there
formal
and enhan~e the
1966 that
the dazzling
to airt
of
colours
gods they
festive
restorers
appearance
that
gardens.
represent
is rouch controversy
admosphere.
were bold
they
breathet
They provide
was only
enough to give
had had in
tend
It
a visual
the Baroque
to make the
statues
connection
when the
the
age.
figures
in
Colours,
eternally
youngt
.
about
polychrome
painting
in historic
@ardens.
-142-
The painting
is
of
similar
in
sandstone
spiri
hornbeams.
In the
obtain
color
the
statues
t to the
which
exact
eighteenth
are today
pruning
century
mostly
of the natural
people
did
copies
of
the
growth
of
lindens
not hesi tate
to
originals
change
and
them to
and shape desired.
Cascade:
The east
Italian
i ts
wing of the
gardens.
careful
During
Herrenhausen
of Herrenhansen
the war the
restoration
Hedf!.e i;:rchi tecture
i t looks
has been called
nature.
Leibniz
is
near Würzburg.
the restauration
cascade
continued
as i t did
in the
a motif
extent,
of
mLt after
seventeeth
the most geometrical
garden
of Europe.
evident.
hedges
symbolize
The tri~med
for
the
trirnming
of
century.
the
trees
were nearly
gi ve a satisfactory
impression
the
trees
of the
always
carefully.
very
The impact
the
the hedges
in
300 years
alleys
old.
the
parc
man
of
h~en
In order
were replanted
of
power of
The same work had to be done at Herrenhausen.
was necess~J
clipped
by a cascade,
was damaged to a great
now exactly
Here you see Sketches
Veitshoahheim
is
:
the mathematician
over
castle
to
and are
Oranl:.e f!.arden :
Since
the original
plan
was lost
the
I.luch care was taken
to get orange
Then the
beds were laid
chessboard
the orange
tubs
the broad
paths
reservations
orange
trees
are ~~i te
the
garden
as well
the
had to be completely
as terracotta
strict
of opinion
in keeping
revives
garden
tubs
out wi th box and gravel
were put on them in
There may be some difference
orange
rule
about
wi th the
something
of
this
of
the
Italy.
marble
and
quincunx.
for
proportions.
of the beauty
from
coloured
new garden,
overall
redesigned.
instance
whether
But whatever
on an eighteenth
the
century
garden.
Theatre:
The garden
by the
is
central
like
On the
theatre
lies
on the
perspective
central
leading
axis
of the
up to the royal
Gallery.
box.
The design
is
The snape of the
enhanced
audi tarium
an amphi theatre.
left
century.
there
is
a colaured
On the right
engraving
you see i t in
The statues
in the
theatre
millimetres
thick,
then
are cast
coated
with
its
whiCh snows the
ruinous
candi tion
in plaster
gold
theatre
after
and cavered
in
the
eighteenth
the war.
wi th
lead
a few
leaf.
Graft:
The canal,
called
separating
the estate
in the
French
bulrushes
style
return.
Graft,
encloses
the Herrenhausen
as a work of art
provide
and grass
had to be cleared
could
the
the alleys
had transformed
out
the
from
its
with
points
canal
and the banks trimmed
garden
surroundings.
into
~in
de vue.
a fence,
Two airly
During
a romantic
before
like
the
pavilions
the war sedge,
wilderness.
sprinkling
The roud
waters
ter
-143~:
In the formal
and fall
garden
of the
archi tecture
castle
in
the
was always
proud
legend
Shimmering
fountains
of
1701. "Vis
the
trimmed
the
ducit
bears.
years
hedges.
in
a.ltuml!
allow
important
the
landmark
that
the
gurgling
is
water
enlivened
by a network
accompanies
the visi tor
excitting
rise
uniform
green
stiff,
on the
main axis
of
Here you see i t on a medal,
strength
the main item
fountain
and the
to the
fountain
( = Inner
ago, as we have seen i t represented
who le garden
contrast
The great
the waterwheel,
But nowadays electricity
is now the
a li vely
canal
leads
The bac~ of the medal Shows the
and in the background
It
of the
symbol of Herrenhausen.
insita
it
provide
surface
in
to rise
with
the water
250 feet
of the
in the
contemporary
of fountains.
garden
)-
the
is
the
parterre
system.
above the
creators
struck
to heights
castle
the
treetops.
intended
300
engravings.
The sound of
The
splashing,
everywhere.
Li,Q:htinf!::
Festive
celebrations
usually
take
provide
the
entire
garden wi th
parterre
is
always
an irresistible
fountain
gleam like
place
light.
at night.
The bell
A whole
fountain
magnet for
network
at the
the visitor.
of
cables
centre
Light
of
the
makes the
great
magic.
Automation:
The most expensive
labo~.
item
Therefore
all
regulated
automatically
expensive
installation
in preserving
the
watering
systewL, the
and controlled
but
in the
on labour.
can only
w~th the help
be preserved
historic
gardens
It
run
it
fall
into
wages of
In the
the power of princes
their
that
gardens
the
-we
gardens
modern technology
will
help
us to
serves
endow
and the
point.
garden
lighting
This
that
was an
it
otherwise
historic
But without
decay because
is
is
are
saves enorrnous sums which
to preserve
the
past
compelled
background
have passed into
our great
a historic
gardens
this
in
our
impossible
gardeners .
know the unfortunate
of princes
fountains
of modern equipment.
always
of
seems to be a paradox
nowadays to pay the high
age O! AbS'Olitism
past
from one central
long
would have been spent
experience
the origional
of
their
these
the possessions
great
heritage
wi th a fUture.
Gerda Gollwitzer
Federal
Republic
of
Germany
subjects
pleasure
to work
grounds.
of democratic
and keep it
alive,
in
Now
society,
and it