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T H E
Page vii
L A N D M A R K
A R R I A N
T HE CAMPAIGNS OF ALEX ANDER
Anabasis Alexandrou
A New Translation by Pamela Mensch
with Maps, Annotations, Appendices, and Encyclopedic Index
Edited by James Romm
Series Editor Robert B. Strassler
With an Introduction by Paul Cartledge
PA N T H E O N B O O K S
•
NEW YORK
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Frontispiece: fourth-century ivory bust usually assumed to represent Alexander as a young man, found
in Tomb II of the royal burial complex at Aigeai.
Copyright © 2010 by Robert B. Strassler and James Romm
All rights reserved. Published in the United States by Pantheon Books, a division of Random House,
Inc., New York, and in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto.
Pantheon Books and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc.
Grateful acknowledgment is made to Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., for permission to reprint
excerpts from Alexander the Great, edited by James Romm, translated by Pamela Mensch and James
Romm, copyright © 2005 by Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted by
permission of Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Arrian.
[Anabasis. English]
The Landmark Arrian : the campaigns of Alexander : a new translation / by Pamela Mensch ; with
maps, annotations, appendices, and encyclopedic index ; edited by James Romm ; with an introduction
by Paul Cartledge.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978–0–375–42346–8
1. Alexander, the Great, 356–323 B.C. 2. Alexander, the Great, 356–323 B.C.—Military leadership.
3. Greece—History—Macedonian Expansion, 359–323 B.C. 4. Greece—Kings and rulers—Biography.
5. Generals—Greece—Biography. I. Mensch, Pamela, 1956– II. Romm, James S. III. Title.
IV. Title: Campaigns of Alexander.
DF234.A77313 2010 938.07—dc22
2010029650
´
Designed by Kim Llewellyn
Maps by Beehive Mapping
Photo research by Ingrid MacGillis
Index by Cohen Carruth, Inc.
www.pantheonbooks.com
Printed in the United States of America
First Edition
987654321
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Page xi
CONTE NTS
Introduction by Paul Cartledge
xiii
Editor’s Preface by James Romm
xxix
Series Editor’s Preface by Robert B. Strassler
xxxv
Acknowledgments
Chronological Outline of Events in the Anabasis Alexandrou
Key to Maps
xli
xliii
l
B OOK O NE
The Campaigns in Europe and Western Asia (I)
B OOK T WO
The Campaigns in Western Asia (II) and Phoenicia
1
2
55
56
B OOK T HREE
The Egyptian Sojourn and the Campaign Against Darius
99
100
B OOK F OUR
The Campaign in Bactria and Sogdiana
151
152
B OOK F IVE
The Indian Campaign (I)
195
196
B OOK S IX
The Indian Campaign (II) and the Return from the East
235
236
B OOK S EVEN
The Return to Babylon
271
272
Epilogue
Appendix A
Appendix B
The Breakup and Decline of Alexander’s Empire
James Romm, Bard College
317
Arrian’s Sources and Reliability
Elizabeth Baynham, University of Newcastle
325
Greek and Macedonian Ethnicity
Eugene N. Borza, The Pennsylvania State University
333
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CONTENTS
Appendix C
Alexander the Man (and God?)
Richard Stoneman, University of Exeter
337
Appendix D
Alexander’s Army and Military Leadership
James Romm, Bard College
343
Alexander’s Inner Circle
Waldemar Heckel, University of Calgary
James Romm, Bard College
352
Appendix F
Money and Finance in the Campaigns of Alexander
Frank L. Holt, University of Houston
358
Appendix G
The Persian Empire and Alexander
Richard Stoneman, University of Exeter
361
Alexander at Persepolis
Eugene N. Borza, The Pennsylvania State University
367
Appendix I
Alexander in Central Asia
Frank L. Holt, University of Houston
371
Appendix J
The Indian Campaign
Richard Stoneman, University of Exeter
375
Appendix K
Alexander’s Policy of Perso-Macedonian Fusion
James Romm, Bard College
380
Appendix L
The Alexander Romance
Richard Stoneman, University of Exeter
388
Alexander and the Greeks
James Romm, Bard College
393
Appendix N
Alexander’s Geographic Notions
James Romm, Bard College
399
Appendix O
Alexander’s Death: A Medical Analysis
Eugene N. Borza, The Pennsylvania State University
404
Appendix P
Alexander’s Death: The Poisoning Rumors
A. B. Bosworth, Macquarie University
407
Appendix Q
The Royal Macedonian Tombs at Aigeai
Eugene N. Borza, The Pennsylvania State University
411
Arrian’s Life and Works
James Romm, Bard College
417
Appendix E
Appendix H
Appendix M
Appendix R
xii
Ancient Sources
421
Bibliography for the General Reader
424
Figure Credits
426
Index
427
Reference Maps and Directory, including the Route of Alexander’s Campaigns
489
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I N T RO D U C T I O N
Paul Cartledge
Arrian’s Literary Models
§1.1. The book you are about to read is a history of the career—especially the
expedition to conquer the Persian empire—of Alexander III, king of Macedonia, who
became known posthumously and inseparably as “the Great” (b. 356, r. 336–323).
The author was a second-century C.E. historian whom we call Arrian but whose
given name was Lucius (or Aulus) Flavius Arrianus. Although he was an ethnic
Greek from Nicomedia, in Bithynia in northwest Asia Minor, he was also—proudly
and successfully—a Roman citizen. Indeed, he achieved the very rare double distinction of attaining the top office of the consulship at Rome and being appointed an
archon (a member of the chief board of officials, a purely honorific appointment by
this time) at Athens.a Both attainments bespeak high imperial favor, and indeed
Arrian enjoyed that of the strongly philhellenic emperor Hadrian (r. 117–138
C.E.)—a Roman of Italian descent from colonial Spain and so principally a Latin
speaker by upbringing, whereas Arrian was a native Hellenophone for whom Latin
was a second language. Like all good high-ranking Romans, Arrian was given three
names—a forename, a family name (which he shared with a former imperial dynasty,
that of Vespasian and his sons, emperors from 69 to 96 C.E.), and an aftername.
However, on top of those three, he seems to have greedily added a fourth—a very
personal choice, and by no means an obvious one: Xenophon. This he took in
homage to one particular Greek forerunner and adopted role model: Xenophon of
Athens (c. 428–c. 354).
§1.2. Why did Arrian choose to make a history of Alexander the Great the
object of his principal literary work? We shall never know for sure, since he didn’t
write an autobiography or even, despite his philosophical bent, a philosophical
reflection in autobiographical form, like the Meditations of his younger contemporary emperor Marcus Aurelius (r. 161–180 C.E.). But the adopted name Xenophon
is a rather heavy clue. Arrian flourished in the midst of a remarkable Hellenic literNOTE:
All dates in this volume are B.C.E. (Before the
Common Era), unless otherwise specified. Most
locations mentioned in the Introduction can be
found in the Reference Maps section.
Intro.1.1a For more detail on Arrian’s background, see
Appendix R, Arrian’s Life and Works.
xiii
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C H RO N O LO G I C A L O U T L I N E
OF EVENTS
by Book/Chapter/Section in Arrian’s Anabasis Alexandrou
Book 1: The Campaigns in Europe and Western Asia (I)
Preface
Arrian identifies his chief sources, Ptolemy and Aristoboulos.
1.1.1–3
Philip II is assassinated, Alexander becomes king.
Autumn 336
MACEDONIA
Spring 335
BALKANS
1.1.4–1.2
Alexander puts down revolts of subject peoples.
DANUBE
1.3–1.4.5
Alexander crosses the river, defeats Getae.
DANUBE
1.4.6–8
Triballoi offer surrender; Celts send envoys.
ILLYRIA
1.5–1.6
Rebellious Taulantians and other Illyrians are subdued.
GREECE
1.7–1.10
Alexander destroys Thebes, receives submission of Greek cities.
Autumn 335
MACEDONIA
1.11.1–2
Alexander presides over athletic games at Aigeai.
Spring 334
HELLESPONT
Second Preface
1.11.3–1.12.1
1.12.2–5
Alexander leads his army into Asia and visits Troy.
Arrian proclaims himself equal to recording Alexander’s story.
GRANICUS RIVER
1.12.6–1.17.2
The Macedonian army defeats Persian forces led by western satraps.
WESTERN ASIA
1.17.3–1.18.2
Alexander takes control of Sardis and Ephesus.
MILETUS
1.18.3–1.20.1
Alexander takes Miletus by siege and disbands his navy.
HALICARNASSUS
1.20.2–1.23.6
Halicarnassus is captured, except for its citadel.
Autumn 334
CARIA-LYCIA
1.23.7–1.24.4
Alexander arranges new administrators, sends for new recruits.
Winter 334/3
LYCIA
Summer 334
NOTE:
1.24.5–6
Cities of Lycia surrender to Alexander.
Dates in italic type indicate where Arrian’s sequence by
book/chapter does not follow chronological sequence.
xliii
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Page l
Key to Maps
Typography
Map Configurations
AS I A
BOEOTIA
Locator map
Main map
Athens
Large city
Cyropolis
Town, village, or other location
Agrianians
Inset map
Indus R.
MT. ORBELOS
Cultural Features
Continent or major region
Region
People, tribe
Body of water; island; promontory
Mountain
Natural Features
Mountain
Mountain range
Settlements
Temple
River
Battle site
Marsh
Road
Sea or lake
(approximate extent in Classical Period)
City walls and fortifications
Battle Maps
Macedonian army
Troop movements
Opposing forces
Pre-battle deployments
Units
Past action and initial movements
Phalanx and other infantry
Major movements during battle
Cavalry and mounted units
Chariots
Elephants
Water
Land
Elevated terrain
Dates
All dates in this volume and its supporting materials are B.C.E. (Before the Common Era), unless otherwise specified.
l
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Page 151
BOOK FOUR
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AS I A
INDIA
EGYPT
0
1000 km 1000 mi
Tanais/
Iax
ar
tes
R
.
Alexandria Eschate
Cyropolis
Gaza
329
329
s R.
imeto
Polyt
Marakanda
Nautaka
328
EN
E
SOGDIANA
PAR
EIT
AK
Sogdian
Rock?
.
328
Oxus
R
Drapsaka
Bactra/Zariaspa
Gouraios R.?
Aornos
Aornos Rock
BACTRIA
Choes R.?
32
8
C
IN
isa
da
C
N
SU
S
Embolima
Dyrta
Alexandria in
the Caucasus
Arigaion
en R.
Koph
32
7
PEUKELAOTIS
Route of Hephaistion
and Perdikkas?
i
us
Ind
ro
Pa
m
pa
D
IA
A
U
A
Ora
Massaka
R.
0
200 km
200 mi
BOOK FOUR: THE CAMPAIGN IN BACTRIA AND SOGDIANA
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N
ot many days later, envoys reached
Alexander from the Scythians known as the Abii,1a the same tribe whom
Homer praised in his poetry, saying they are supremely just.1b The Abii
dwell in Asia and retain their independence, mainly as a result of their
poverty and upright ways. Envoys also arrived from the European Scythians, the largest tribe in Europe.1c [2] Alexander sent some of the Companions 2a back with these men, ostensibly as a deputation to make a pact of
friendship, though the escort’s larger purpose was to spy out the nature of
the Scythians’ land, the size of their population, their customs, and the
equipment they carried into battle.
[3] Alexander intended to found a city near the River Tanais and to name
the city after himself. For the place seemed suitable for a city that would
rise to greatness; it would also prove advantageous should an invasion of
Scythia ever take place, and would serve as a defensive outpost for the
country against raids by the barbarians who dwelt beyond the river. [4] He
imagined that the city would become important by virtue of the number of
those who would settle there and the brilliance of its name.4a
At that point, the barbarians who dwelt by the river seized and killed the
NOTE:
Most locations in the text not identified by
a footnote can be found in the Reference
Maps section.
4.1.1a The Abii (location of territory: Map 4.8,
inset) Homer wrote about were a mythic
people, but the name became attached,
probably first by Alexander himself, to a
real tribe dwelling in northern Sogdiana.
4.1.1b Homer talks of “the mare-milking, milkdrinking Abii, most just of men” in Iliad
13.4–6.
4.1.1c Scythia: Map 4.8. Arrian here subscribes to
the general belief he cites in the previous
chapter (see 3.28.8 and n. 3.28.8a,
3.30.7–8 and n. 3.30.7a) that the river he
calls the Tanais, but was more widely
known to Greek writers as the Iaxartes
(Map 4.8, inset; modern Syr Darya), forms
the boundary between Asia and Europe,
which he thinks stretches far to the east.
4.1.1–2
Summer 329
NORTHERN SOGDIANA
Alexander receives envoys
from the Scythians dwelling
on either side of the river
Arrian calls Tanais.
4.1.3–5
TANAIS/IAXARTES RIVER
Alexander orders the founding of another Alexandria
as an outpost on the river.
The local tribes rise in revolt
against Macedonian rule and
are joined by the Sogdians
and some Bactrians.
Though Arrian himself knew that this eastern Tanais was a separate river from the
Scythian one (Map 4.8; modern Don), he
nonetheless treats it as a continental
boundary, the role many Greeks had earlier
assigned to the Scythian Tanais. Thus
“European” and “Asian” Scythians would
inhabit the same longitudes but dwell on
opposite banks of the river; see Appendix
N, Alexander’s Geographic Notions, §4–6.
4.1.2a Alexander kept a formal list of his Companions, the intimates who were invited to
dine and drink with him, offer their counsel, and fight beside him in the Companion
cavalry. See Appendix E, Alexander’s Inner
Circle, §4.
4.1.4a The city Alexander would found here
would become known as Alexandria
Eschate (“Farthest Alexandria”); see Map
4.8, inset.
153
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Alexander confronts a Sogdian revolt
4.2.1–4
Autumn 329
TANAIS/IAXARTES RIVER
Alexander orders Krateros
to mount siege operations
against the largest of seven
rebel strongholds, Cyropolis,
while he himself captures
Gaza and two other forts
and metes out a harsh
punishment.
4.2.5–6
TANAIS/IAXARTES RIVER
Two other rebel strongholds
are put under close guard by
the Macedonian cavalry, and
their inhabitants are slaughtered as they attempt to flee.
154
TANAIS/IAXARTES RIVER
Autumn 329
BOOK FOUR
Macedonian soldiers garrisoned in their cities.4b They also took steps to
strengthen the cities’ fortifications. [5] Most of the Sogdians, incited by the
party that had arrested Bessos,5a joined in the revolt, and as a result some of
the Bactrians also took part in it. It may be that they truly feared Alexander;
on the other hand, they may have given as a pretext for their revolt the fact
that he had summoned the governors of the country to Zariaspa,5b the
largest city, to a meeting, and that meeting seemingly portended nothing
good for them.
[1] When this had been reported to Alexander, he ordered the infantry
companies to make ladders—each company was instructed to make a certain
number—while he himself, setting out from the camp, advanced against the
first city, Gaza;1a the barbarians of the region were reported to have fled for
refuge to seven cities. [2] Alexander sent Krateros to the city known as
Cyropolis,2a the largest of the seven and the place where the greatest
number of barbarians had gathered. Krateros had been instructed to camp
near the city, surround it with a trench and a palisade, and assemble as many
siege engines as he needed, so that the city’s inhabitants, their attention
diverted by Krateros and his men, would be unable to aid the other cities.
[3] Alexander himself proceeded against Gaza and upon arrival gave the
signal to assault the wall, an earthen structure of no great height, and to
place the ladders against it on all sides. As the infantry attacked, his slingers,
archers, and javelin men hurled their missiles 3a at the wall’s defenders and
fired projectiles from siege engines. The rain of missiles soon cleared the
wall of defenders. The ladders were put in place at once, and the Macedonians climbed up onto the wall. [4] Obeying Alexander’s instructions, they
killed all the men there and made off with the women, children, and other
plunder. Alexander then led his men straight to the second city, captured it
in the same manner on the same day, and dealt with the captives in the same
way. He then led his men to the third city and captured it the next day on
the first attempt.
[5] While he was engaged in these exploits with the infantry, he sent the
cavalry to the two nearby cities with orders to keep close watch on those
within the walls, lest they learn of the capture of their neighbors’ cities and
4.1.4b These “barbarians,” the tribes of northern
Sogdiana (Map 4.8, inset), here begin a
major uprising against Macedonian rule.
Their anger seems to have been touched
off by the founding of the city on the
Iaxartes, Alexandria Eschate, which
signaled to them that the Macedonians
intended a permanent occupation, not
just a plundering raid. (The term Sogdians has been adopted in this text for the
inhabitants of Sogdiana, in keeping with
common modern usage. The more
correct term would be Sogdianians.)
4.1.5a This party was led by Spitamenes, who was
about to become a determined leader of
the anti-Alexander insurgency. Why he had
4.1.5b
4.2.1a
4.2.2a
4.2.3a
collaborated with the Macedonians in the
arrest of Bessos but then turned against
them is unclear.
Zariaspa and Bactra (Map 4.8, inset) are
two different names for the capital city of
Bactria.
This Gaza (Map 4.8, inset) should be
distinguished from the Phoenician port of
the same name, captured by Alexander at
2.26–27.
Cyropolis: Map 4.8, inset.
“Missile” is used in this volume to translate
the Greek word belos, encompassing all
hurled or fired projectiles (stones, arrows,
javelins, and the lead bullets or stones used
by slingers).
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APPENDIX D
Alexander’s Army and Military Leadership
§1. Perhaps the only thing all scholars of Alexander are agreed on is the brilliance
of his generalship and the devastating effectiveness of his army. In his thirteen years
as king and commander, he led this army to victories over forces many times its size,
overcame a huge range of strategic challenges and perils, marched at astounding
rates through rough or unfamiliar terrain, and almost never ran short of supplies
(until he met with a set of logistical failures on his last great march, see §14). These
phenomenal achievements were only in part the result of Alexander’s own prodigious talents, however. The groundwork for them was laid by his father and predecessor, Philip, who, with a series of profound innovations in the 350s B.C.E., changed
the face of organized land warfare forever. Alexander’s brilliance is beyond dispute,
but his success was in large part determined by the remarkable inheritance he
received from Philip.
§2. Before Philip’s time the Macedonians had always been strong in cavalry, the
corps dominated by the horse-owning nobility, but had lacked an effective infantry.
On coming to power in 360, Philip quickly built up his infantry by recruiting
strong, vigorous youths from the lower classes and equipping them with a new
kind of spear, the sarisa, sixteen or more feet in length. The advantage of this long
spear in an infantry clash, where two phalanxes jabbed at each other at close range,
was obvious; the downside was that, since the fifteen-pound weapon had to be held
with both hands, the heavy, arm-mounted shield that protected most Greek
infantry soldiers had to be abandoned. Thus Philip’s new infantryman—generally
referred to by modern historians as a “phalangite” to distinguish him from the
Greek hoplite, with his shorter spear and larger shield—had greatly increased
offensive power but almost no defense. He had some kind of protective armor but
carried only a small, light shield that could be slung around the neck. The infantry
corps as a whole was given (probably by Philip) the collective name “infantry companions” (pezetairoi) as a parallel with the terms used to describe the king’s aristocratic inner circle, the Companions (hetairoi), and the elite cavalry unit in which
many served, the Companion cavalry.
§3. It may also have been Philip who created a new corps of infantry soldier, the
hypaspists, or shield-bearers, to help cover the phalanx’s flank and keep a connection
343
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Page 421
A N C I E N T S O U RC E S
Cited in This Edition of Arrian’s Anabasis Alexandrou
Aelian (c. 170–235 C.E.): Roman author and teacher of rhetoric, author of Varia Historia, a collection of anecdotes.
Aristoboulos (c. 380–301), a Greek who accompanied Alexander’s campaign as an engineer or
technical expert of some kind. It is not clear what became of him after Alexander’s death or
what prompted him to write his historical narrative, now lost but regarded by Arrian as one of
the two best sources (the other was Ptolemy). Aristoboulos is known to have admired Alexander and to have defended him against criticisms, especially regarding alcohol consumption.
Aristotle (384–322), philosopher, pupil of Plato, teacher of Alexander the Great, and founder of
the Lyceum (Lykeion) at Athens c. 335. Much of his work survives, on subjects including logic,
natural sciences, politics, and poetics.
Arrian (c. 85–c. 160 C.E.), a Greek from Bithynia and a Roman citizen who rose to high office in
both the Greek and Roman political worlds. His literary output was huge and varied, including
principally the Anabasis Alexandrou, his sole surviving long work and the subject of this volume. He based his account of Alexander on the writings of Ptolemy and Aristoboulos, with
anecdotes selected from other sources.
Athenaios (fl. beginning of the third century C.E.), Greek writer from Naukratis, Egypt. His only
extant work, Deipnosophistae (Banquet of the Sophists), a collection of excerpts from some eight
hundred ancient authors (many of whose works are now lost) provides information on many
aspects of the ancient world.
Diodorus Siculus (first century), Greek author of a universal history, of which large sections survive. His Book 17, concerned almost entirely with Alexander, is broken in places but nearly
complete. Diodorus based his account of Alexander largely on the writings of Kleitarchos, and
so is considered one of the vulgate sources.
Eratosthenes (c. 276–195), librarian of Alexandria, geographer, scientist, and literary critic. He
was known for debunking mythic accounts of distant travels, including those of the Alexander
historians.
Eumenes (c. 360–319), a Greek from Kardia, employed by both Philip and Alexander as court secretary, and finally by Alexander as a minor military officer. After Alexander’s death he became a
major rival for power in the fragmenting empire. He supposedly wrote most of the
Ephemerides, or Royal Journals, perhaps including the portion Arrian supposedly relied on in
his account of Alexander’s final illness (7.25–26). But there is no certainty about whether this
document survived Alexander’s death, or if it did, which later authors had access to it.
Euripides (c. 485–406), great Athenian tragedian. Eighteen (possibly nineteen) of his plays survive.
421
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B I B L I O G RA P H Y
for the General Reader
BACKGROUND WORKS
AND
GENERAL HISTORIES
Adcock, Frank. The Greek and Macedonian Art of War. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of
California Press, 1957.
Billows, R. Kings and Colonists: Aspects of Macedonian Imperialism. Leiden: Brill, 1995.
Borza, Eugene N. In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990.
Briant, Pierre. From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Translated by Peter
Daniels. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 2002.
The Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd ed. Vol. 6, The Fourth Century B.C. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1994.
Errington, R. Malcolm. A History of Macedonia. Translated by Catherine Errington. Berkeley and
Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990.
Hammond, N. G. L. The Macedonian State: Origins, Institutions, and History. Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1989.
——— and F. W. Walbank. A History of Macedonia. Vol. 3, 336–167 B.C. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988.
ALEXANDER BIOGRAPHIES
AND
STUDIES
Bosworth, A. B. Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1988.
Carney, Elizabeth. Olympias: Mother of Alexander the Great. New York and London: Routledge, 2006.
Cartledge, Paul. Alexander the Great: The Hunt for a New Past. Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press, 2004.
Cawkwell, G. L. Philip of Macedon. London and Boston: Faber and Faber, 1978.
Green, Peter. Alexander of Macedon, 356–323 B.C.: A Historical Biography. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1991.
Hammond, N. G. L. Alexander the Great: King, Commander, and Statesman. Park Ridge, NJ:
Noyes Press, 1980.
Lane Fox, Robin. Alexander the Great. London: Allen Lane in association with Longman, 1974.
Mossé, Claude. Alexander: Destiny and Myth. Translated by Janet Lloyd. Baltimore, MD: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 2004.
Stoneman, Richard. Alexander the Great. New York and London: Routledge, 2004.
Tarn, W. W. Alexander the Great. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1948.
Wilcken, Ulrich. Alexander the Great. Translated by G. C. Richards, with Introduction by Eugene
N. Borza. New York: Norton, 1967.
——— and Eugene N. Borza. Alexander the Great. New York: Norton, 1967.
Worthington, Ian. Alexander the Great: Man and God. Harlow, England: Pearson Longman, 2004.
———. Philip II of Macedonia. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.
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INDEX
In cases where Arrian does not distinguish clearly between different people with the same name,
the index of names compiled by Francesco Sisti and Andrea Zambrini has been used as a guide
(Arriano: Anabasi di Alessandro, Vol. 2 [Milan: Fondazione Lorenzo Valla, 2004], 673–699).
Abastanes, subdued by Alexander on voyage to Indus River,
6.15.1
Abdera, on his route to Asia, Alexander passes through,
1.11.4
Abii, Alexander receives envoys from, 4.1.1–2
Abisares, reportedly sends forces to Ora, 4.27.7; Indians flee
to, 4.30.7; sends envoys to Alexander in Taxila, 5.8.3;
sends envoys to Alexander east of Hydaspes River,
ordered to present himself to Alexander, 5.20.5, 5.20.6;
unable to subdue autonomous Indians in Sangala region,
5.22.2; sends representatives to Alexander at Akesinos
River, is appointed satrap of his own country, 5.29.4–5
Aboulites, appointed satrap of Susiana, 3.16.9; executed by
Alexander for abuses of power in Susa, 7.4.1
Abreas, follows Alexander in scaling of wall at Mallian city,
6.9.3; jumps inside Mallian wall, struck in face by arrow,
6.10.1, 6.11.7
Achaean harbor, Alexander performs rituals on arrival at,
1.11.6–7
Achilles (mythic hero), Alexander places wreath on tomb of,
1.12.1; Homer’s preservation of fame of, 1.12.1–2;
Alexander’s emulation of, 7.14.4; and Patroklos, 7.16.8
Achilles (Athenian ambassador), sent to Alexander in Tyre,
3.6.2
acropolis, Athenian, Alexander sends Persian armor as dedicatory offering to Athena on, 1.16.7; statues recovered
from Susa stand near, 3.16.8
Ada, installed as satrap of Caria after surrendering Alinda to
Alexander and making him her adopted son, 1.23.7–8
Adaios, defenders at Triple Gate of Halicarnassus defeated by
battalions of Timandros and, 1.22.4; perishes at Halicarnassus, 1.22.7
Admetos, serves on ship sent to lay gangway across breach in
Tyrian wall, 2.23.2, 2.23.4; death of, 2.23.5, 2.24.4
Adrestae, Alexander comes to terms in Pimprama with,
5.22.3–4
Aegean Sea, as boundary of Asia, 5.6.2; island of Ikaros in,
7.20.5
Aegyptus River, as ancient name for Nile River, 5.6.5; as
Homer’s term for Nile River, 6.1.3; see also Nile River
Aeolis, Alexander establishes democracy in, 1.18.1; Darius’
loss of, 3.22.3; Smyrna as city in, 5.6.4; Alexander
reminds Macedonians at Opis of conquest of, 7.9.7
Aeschylus, appointed overseer of Companions in Egypt,
3.5.3
Aetolians, Alexander fears joining of Theban revolt by, 1.7.4;
Alexander’s forgiveness for revolt, 1.10.2
Africa, see Libya
Agamemnon, in Trojan War, 1.11.5
Agathon (son of Tyrimmas), commands Thracians at the
Granicus, 1.14.3; in command of Odrysian cavalry at
Gaugamela, 3.12.4
agema, infantry, in Mount Haemus battle against the Thracians, 1.1.11; kept outside the palisade in Thebes, 1.8.3;
archers at Thebes flee back to, 1.8.4; arrayed for battle at
Issus, 2.8.3; in Macedonian phalanx at Gaugamela, 3.11.9;
accompanies Alexander on visit to Dionysian sites on
Mount Meros, 5.2.5; accompanies Alexander on voyage
from Susa to Persian Sea, 7.7.1
agema, cavalry, Alexander advances through western India
with cavalry, 4.24.1; Companion, accompanies Alexander
on crossing of Hydaspes River, 5.12.2; arrayed for battle
after crossing Hydaspes River, 5.13.4; posted on Alexander’s right wing at Sangala, 5.22.6; under Alexander’s
command for voyage to Great Sea, 6.2.2; accompanies
Alexander on well-digging expedition and attack on
Oreitae, 6.21.3; accompanies Alexander on march from
Oreitae territory to Gedrosia, 6.22.1; Macedonians upset
at Alexander’s inclusion of foreigners in, 7.6.4–5
agema, royal, arrayed for battle after crossing Hydaspes
River, 5.13.4; Macedonians upset by inclusion of Persians
in, 7.11.3, 7.29.4; see also bodyguard(s)
Agesilaos, receives money and ships obtained from Persians
by Agis, 2.13.6
Agis (Spartan king), requests money and military support
from Persians at Siphnos, joins Autophradates at Halicarnassus, 2.13.4–6
Agis (of Argos), flatterer of Alexander, 4.9.9
Agrianians, in Mount Haemus battle against the Thracians,
1.1.11; Alexander receives support from, 1.5.1–2; Autariatae attacked by, 1.5.3–4; in rescue of Philotas, 1.5.10;
occupy hill near Pelion, 1.6.6; cross the Eordaikos, 1.6.7;
in night raid on the poorly defended camp of the Taulantians and Illyrians, 1.6.9–11; sent inside the Theban palisade, 1.8.3; stationed alongside Alexander on the right
wing at the Granicus River, 1.14.1; start for Miletus with
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RE F E RE N C E M APS
Directory
Sites that are listed in this directory but, due to inappropriate scale or crowding of map labels, could
not be placed on the Reference Maps are identified as located on the text map on which they appear.
Abdera, Ref.3, AZ
Abii, Ref.2, BZ
Abydos, Ref.4, AX
Acarnania, Ref.3, BX
Adrestae, Ref.7, BZ
Aegean Sea, Ref.3, BZ
Aeolis, Ref.4, BX
Aetolia, Ref.3, CY
Agenor, Shrine of (Tyre),
2.23
Agrianians, Ref.2, AX
Aigeai, Ref.3, AY
Aigospotamos, Ref.4, AX
Akesinos River, Ref.7, BZ
Albania, Ref.2, BY
Aleion Plain, Ref.5, BY
Alexandria, Ref.5, DX
Alexandria in the Caucasus,
Ref.7, AY
Alexandria Eschate, Ref.2,
AZ
Alinda, Ref.4, CY
Amanic Gates, Ref.5, BZ
Ambracia, Ref.3, BX
Ammon, Shrine of, Ref.2,
CX
Ampheion (Thebes), 1.8
Amphilochia, Ref.3, BX
Amphipolis, Ref.3, AZ
Anchialeia, Ref.5, BY
Ancyra, Ref.5, AY
Antilibanus Mountains,
Ref.5, CZ
Aornos, Ref.7, AX
Aornos Rock, Ref.7, AY
Apollonia, Ref.4, BX
Arabia, Ref.2, CY
Arabian Gulf, Ref.2, DY
Arabis River, Ref.7, DY
Arabitai, Ref.7, DY
Arachosia, Ref.7, BX
Arados, Ref.5, CZ
Araxes River (Caspian Sea),
Ref.6, AX
Araxes River? (Persia), Ref.6,
CZ
Arbela, Ref.6, BX
Arcadia, Ref.3, CY
Areia, Ref.2, BZ
Argos, Ref.3, CY
Ariaspians, Ref.2, CZ
Arigaion, Ref.7, AY
Arisbe, Ref.4, AX
Armenia, Ref.2, BY
Artakoana?, Ref.2, BZ
Asia, Ref.2, BX
Asia Minor, 1.19
Askania, Lake, Ref.4, CZ
Aspasians, Ref.7, AY
Aspendos, Ref.5, BX
Assakanians, Ref.7, AY
Assyria, Ref.2, BY
Athens, Ref.3, CY
Atlas Mountains, Ref.2, BW
Attica, Ref.3, CZ
Autariatae, Ref.2, AX
Babylon, Ref.6, CX
Bactra/Zariaspa, Ref.7, AX
Bactria, Ref.7, AX
Bazira, Ref.7, AY
Bel, Temple of (Babylon),
7.17
Bithynia, Ref.4, AZ
Black Sea, Ref.2, AX
Boeotia, Ref.3, CY
Bottiaia, Ref.3, AY
Boukephala, Ref.7, AZ
Boumelos River?, Ref.6, BX
Britain, 7.2, AX
Bruttians, Ref.2, BX
Byblos, Ref.5, CZ
Byzantium, Ref.4, AZ
Caicus River, Ref.4, BX
Canopus, Ref.5, DX
Cappadocia, Ref.5, AZ
Caria, Ref.4, CY
Carmania, Ref.2, CZ
Carthage, Ref.2, BW
Caspian Gates, Ref.6, BZ
Caspian Sea (Hyrcanian
Sea), Ref.2, BY
Caucasus Mountains, Ref.2,
BY
Caunus, Ref.4, DY
Cayster River, Ref.4, CY
Celts?, Ref.2, AW
Chaeronea, Ref.3, CY
Chalcis, Ref.3, CY
Chios, Ref.4, BX
Choaspes River?, Ref.6, CY
Choes River?, Ref.7, AY
Cilicia, Ref.5, BZ
Cilician Gates, Ref.5, BY
Colchis, Ref.2, BY
Cos, Ref.4, DX
Cossaeans?, Ref.6, CY
Crete, Ref.2, BX
Cyclades, Ref.3, DZ
Cydnus River, 2.5, Cilicia
inset
Cyme, Ref.4, BX
Cyprus, Ref.5, CY
Cyrene, Ref.2, BX
Cyropolis, Ref.2, AZ
Dahae, Ref.6, AZ
Damascus, Ref.5, CZ
Danube River, Ref.2, AX
Daskyleion, Ref.4, AY
Dindymos, Mount, Ref.4,
BZ
Dion, Ref.3, BY
Displaced Carians, Ref.6, CY
Drapsaka, Ref.7, AX
Dyrta, Ref.7, AY
Ecbatana, Ref.6, BY
Egypt, Ref.5, DX
Egyptian harbor (Tyre), 2.23
Elaious, Ref.4, AX
Elephantine, Ref.2, CX
Eleusis, Ref.3, CY
Eleutherai, Ref.3, CY
Elimeia, Ref.3, BY
Elis, Ref.3, CX
Embolima, Ref.7, AY
Eordaia, Ref.3, AY
Eordaikos River, Ref.3, AX
Ephesus, Ref.4, CX
Epidauros, Ref.3, CY
Epirus, Ref.3, BX
Erigon River, Ref.3, AY
Ethiopia, Ref.2, DX
Euboea, Ref.3, CZ
Eulaios River?, Ref.6, CY
Eulaios River canal?, Ref.6,
CY
Euphrates River, Ref.2, CY
Euripos, Ref.3, CY
Europe, Ref.2, AX
489
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Page 492
W
X
Celts?
A
E U RO P E
IB ER IA
Iazyges
Da
nu
be
R.
Autariatae
T ARTESSOS
Tyrrhenians
Gadeira
AT
Agrianians
Tr i b a l l
o
Ge
i
ta
e
ITA LY
Pillars of
Herakles
S C YTHIA
MT.
HAEMUS
Black Sea
I APYGIA
MTNS.
LAS
Sinope
Lucanians
Bruttians
Carthage
Sicily
Athens
AS I A
B
Mediterranean Sea
3
4
Crete
Cyrene
Paraetonium
L I BYA
5
Shrine of Ammon
N
R
ile
C
.
Elephantine
ETHIOPIA
D
0
1000 km
W
REF. MAP 2
1000 mi
X