EFFECT OF AN ALGAE-CLAY BASED BIOCATALYST ON THE DIGESTIVE
AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF NILE TILAPIA Oreochromis niloticus
FED TWO DIETS WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF FISHMEAL
Maarten Jay van Schoonhoven1, Dr Jintasataporn Orapint2
1 Aquaculture manager, Olmix SA., France
2 Kasetsart University, Faculty of fisheries, Thailand
Algae-clay biocatalyst
• Common uses of clay: mycotoxin binding capacity
• Studies have shown other applications:
…such as increased activity of digestive enzymes
• E.g. suggesting:
• higher pancreatic lipase activity in rats,
• increased digestive enzymatic activities in small
intestine in broilers
• increased protein and energy retention coefficients
for growing pigs
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Algae-clay biocatalyst
• Montmorillonite type depends on impurities present when it was formed
• Physico-chemical reactivity
• Substitution phenomenon (Aluminum & silicon)
• Compensation cations (interspace layer)
• Provides inorganic cofactors
• Clay’s improvement in digestibility is associated with three mechanisms (Reichardt, 2008):
1. Transit time
2. Contact between enzymes and feed substrates
3. Cofactors
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Algae-clay biocatalyst
1. Clays slow digestive transit time:
• Allows for more time to digest
A. Mechanical slowing down through water absorption
B. Activation of chemosensors that slow down intestinal motoricity (a consequence of
water absorption which concentrates nutrients)
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Algae-clay biocatalyst
2. Favouring contact between enzymes and feed substrates:
• Allows for more enzymatic hydrolysis = more nutrients to be
absorbed
A. Physico-chemical properties of clay particles favour the
contact between enzymes and feed substrates
(Reichardt, 2008; Habold et al 2009)
B. Stable complexes increase the amount of active
enzymes (Cabezas et al, 1991)
C. These active stable complexes are resistant to
proteolysis
Favoring enzymesubstrate contact
Cabezas et al, 1991; Habold et al, 2009; Parsini et al,
1999; Reichardt, 2008; Xia et al, 2004
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Algae-clay biocatalyst
3. Providing cofactors for enzyme activation
• Cofactors are helper molecules required for enzymes to
be active.
Organic: most commonly vitamins
Inorganic: most commonly metallic ions
• Mode of action:
A. Metallic ions present in clay act as cofactors for
enzyme activation
B. Metallic ions present in algal extracts
Activating enzymes
with cofactors
Jondreville et al, 2002; Niederhoffer, 2000; Williams, 1960
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Algae - clay biocatalysis
1.
2.
3.
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Slowing down the transit
Favoring contact between enzymes and feed substrates
Providing cofactors to enzymes
Algae-clay biocatalyst
• MFeed+ is based on the patented technology OEA: Olmix
Exfoliated Algoclay
• Micronized and exfoliated: fine dispersion and much
larger surface area (up to 800m2/g)
• More support sites for enzyme
• More access to metallic ions
• Synergy between clay and seaweed
• More and more diverse metallic ions as
cofactors (e.g. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ti, Mn, Mo, Pd, W, V,
Co, Ni, Pt, Au, Ag, …)
• Biocatalysis
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Algo – Clay Biocatalyst Trial
• The present study consisted in evaluating the capacity of a commercial feed additive,
Mfeed+, based on clay (Montmorillonite) and algae extracts, to improve the digestive
efficiency of tilapia fed diets with two different inclusion levels of fishmeal
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MFeed+ - University trial with Nile Tilapia
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
• 720 mono-sex tilapia randomly divided among 36 tanks
•
(6 treatments, 6 replicates)
• Fed two basal diets 5% and 20% FM inclusion
• Mfeed+ inclusion at 0%, 0.1% and 0.2%
• Duration of the trial was 12 weeks
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MFeed+ - University trial with Nile Tilapia
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Material
Fishmeal,tuna
STDF
0%
20
CHALF
0%
5
STDF
MFeed+
0.1%
20
CHALF
MFeed+
0.1%
5
STDF
MFeed+
0.2%
20
CHALF
MFeed+
0.2%
5
Soybean meal
20
20
20
20
20
20
Poultry meal
0
15
0
15
0
15
Soy concentrate
5
5
5
5
5
5
Rapeseed meal
10
10
10
10
10
10
Rice bran
10
10
10
10
10
10
Wheat
10
15
10
15
10
15
Tapioca
18
12.5
17.9
12.4
17.9
12.4
Fish oil
0
2
0
2
0
2
Soy oil
4
1.5
4
1.5
4
1.5
Dicalcium phosphate
0
1.5
0
1.5
0
1.5
lime stone
0.5
0
1
0.5
1
0.5
MFeed+
1
0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
Premix
2
2
2
2
2
2
100
100
100
100
100
100
Total
Isonitrogenous (32%CP) and Isocaloric (2,550 KcalDE/Kg)
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MFeed+ - University trial with Nile Tilapia
RESULTS – GROWTH RATES (grams)
Diet with 20% Fishmeal and two inclusions
of MFeed+
Diet with 5% Fishmeal and two
inclusions of MFeed+
90
80
80
70
70
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
12
0
0 MFeed+
0.1%
MFeed+
0.2%
MFeed+
0 MFeed+
0.1%
MFeed+
0.2%
MFeed+
MFeed+ - University trial with Nile Tilapia
RESULTS – GROWTH RATES (grams)
Tilapia Growth Trial comparing to levels of Fishmeal inclusion
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
13
FM 20%
FM 5%
FM 5% +
FM 5% +
MFeed+ 0.1% MFeed+ 0.2%
MFeed+ - University trial with Nile Tilapia
Effects of MFeed+ on Survival
Effect of MFeed+ on FCR
1.22
100
1.2
98
96
1.18
94
1.16
92
1.14
90
1.12
88
1.1
86
1.08
1.06
84
0 MFeed+
0.1% Mfeed+
20% FM
•
•
14
5% FM
0.2% Mfeed+
82
0 Mfeed+
0.1 Mfeed+
20% FM
0.2 Mfeed+
5% FM
Decreasing trend in FCR
Only feed with 5% FM inclusion showed lower survival
MFeed+ - University trial with Nile Tilapia
RESULTS
In vitro Protein digestibility
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
pH 3
pH 7
pH 8.5
0% MFeed+ 20% FM
0% MFeed+ 5% FM
0.1% MFeed+ 20% FM
0.1% MFeed+ 5% FM
0.2% MFeed+ 20% FM
0.2% MFeed+ 5% FM
Enzyme assay following the Hans Bisswanger (2004) and Rungruangsak-Torrissen, et al (2002) protocol
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MFeed+ - University trial with Nile Tilapia
RESULTS
In vitro Carbohydrate digestibility
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
pH 3
pH 7
pH 8.5
0% MFeed+ 20% FM
0% MFeed+ 5% FM
0.1% MFeed+ 20% FM
0.1% MFeed+ 5% FM
0.2% MFeed+ 20% FM
0.2% MFeed+ 5% FM
Enzyme assay following the Hans Bisswanger (2004) and Rungruangsak-Torrissen, et al (2002) protocol
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MFeed+ - University trial with Nile Tilapia
•
•
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20%FM
+ 0%
Mfeed+
5%FM +
0%
Mfeed+
20% FM +
0.1%
Mfeed+
5% FM +
0.1%
Mfeed+
20% FM +
0.2%
Mfeed+
5% FM +
0.2%
Mfeed+
Red Blood cells (x106 cell/ml)
3,04ab
2,77b
3,72b
2,82b
4,44a
3,42bc
Hemoglobin (g/dL)
7,67abc
6,46c
8,11ab
6,64bc
8,9a
6,88bc
Haematocrit (%)
21,3c
18,53d
27b
19,9d
31,57a
20,8c
Serum protein (mg/dL)
6,23b
3,95c
6,89ab
4,12c
7,17a
4,4c
Immunoglobulin (IgM, g/L)
0,09c
0,033d
0,212b
0,113c
0,32a
0,198b
MFeed+ significantly increased haematological parameters
This strongly suggests that MFeed+ can improve the fish’s
efficiency in dealing with challenges such as health and diseases
Algo – Clay Biocatalyst Trial
Conclusion
• Improved growth performance
• Improved FCR
• Suggesting a better digestive efficiency
• A potential for using ingredients, other than fishmeal, without
affecting performance
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Thank you
Olmix booth #17
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