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Crash Course 14: Age of Jackson
State legislatures removed voting requirement of owning land- ​Market Revolution
Era of good feelings​- agreement on most domestic policies
○ Internal infrastructure improvements like roads, etc
○ Taxes protecting factories and industries
○ New BUS
John Calhoun ​and ​Henry Clay ​main supporters
○ Jeffersonian Republicans
Nationalism stretched into foreign affairs
○ Speech by Monroe threatening European countries if they tried to take back
colonies in Western hemisphere- ​Monroe Doctrine
○ US agreed to stay out of European wars
John Quincy Adams​ last president in era and writer or doctrine
3 areas of disagreement
○ Federal government shouldn’t invest in infrastructure
○ Second BUS
○ Slavery
Missouri 1819 became state w/ 100,000 slaves already there
○ James Tallmadge suggested prohibiting more slaves
○ Entered Union as slave state
○ Maine created from MA for balance
○ Missouri Compromise​- states about 36° 30’ line couldn’t have slavery
Martin Van Buren​ invented ​Democratic Party
○ Argued parties could be beneficial
Andrew Jackson
○ Won Battle of New Orleans
○ Fought Indians in Florida and became popular
○ Decided to run for president
Election of 1824 ​was close w/ John Quincy Adams who won in the HOR
Jackson won 1828 w/ aggressive campaign
Democrats
○ Typically lower/middle class farmers
○ Suspicious of widening gap between classes
Whigs
○ Strongly against monarchy
○ Supported American System’s active federal government
○ Wanted government to promote moral character
Nullification​- 1828 Congress passed ​Tariff of 1828
○ Jackson supported
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○ Raised prices on imported manufactured items made of wool/iron
○ Angered SC- all money put in slaves not industries, threatened to nullify
○ Northerners benefited
Tariff of 1832​ lowered taxes
○ Palmetto State nullified
Force Act​ allowed Jackson to collect taxes using army/navy
The Compromise Tariff​ 1833 supported claims that Jackson was tyrant
Indian Removal Act of 1830​ relocated various tribes from homes
○ Sued government
○ Supreme Court decided Cherokees violated treaties and GA had a right to the land
Trail of Tears ​1838-1839
○ Forced march to Oklahoma
○ ¼ died
Nicholas Biddle​ convinced Congress to pass bill giving second BUS 20 years
○ Vetoed
Expired 1836
○ Jackson wanted money in local banks- “​pet banks”
○ Printed money causing inflation
○ Economic depression for 6 years
○ Democrats joined Whigs or looked to slavery
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Crash Course 15: 19th Century Reforms
Utopian communities
○ Separate from changing world
○ Shakers​- celibate, could only expand by recruitment
○ Latter Day Saints ​(Mormons)- persecuted to Utah
○ Brook Farm​ 1841 mixed manual labor and intellectual engagement
Utopia, OH and Modern Times, NY
○ Josiah Warren
○ Everything unregulated
2nd Great Awakening
○ Revival meeting
○ Made US religious country in 1820s and 1830s
○ Concentrated in NY
○ Promoted individual relationship w/ Jesus
○ Influenced by market revolution
Overwhelmingly Protestant
Believed in perfectionism
Believed freedom came from self-discipline
Temperance
○ Protestants supported limit/ban of alcohol- freedom was being free from
sin/opportunity to sin (asylums)
○ Controversial for Catholic immigrants
State-funded schools
○ Common schools
○ Goals to give poor students moral character and knowledge to compete w/
upper-class
○ All states had public schools by 1860- less common in South w/ fear of education
falling into wrong hands
Abolitionism
○ Largest reform movement in early 1800s
○ Colonists began supporting w/ slaves, free blacks, and Quakers
○ Wanted to ship former slaves back to Africa
○ American Colonization Society ​created homeland in Liberia- most free blacks
opposed, Jackson and Clay supported
Philadelphia 1817 free blacks assembled to declared they deserved same rights as whites
○ Movement became radical- Lloyd Garrison’s ​The Liberator ​1831
Preached slavery was a sin and talked off freedom and equality for all
Violent resistance
Gag rule ​1836 prohibited Congress from discussion of emancipating slaves
● Frederick Douglass
○ Former slave and leading abolitionist
○ Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave
● Josiah Henderson- basis for ​Uncle Tom’s Cabin
● ​1852 Independence Day Address
○ Frederick Douglass
○ Eloquence of leaders greatly benefited abolitionist movement
Crash Course 16: Women in the 19th Century
● Inferior to men
○ High class meant less equality
○ Expected to perform household tasks
○ Left out of political process
● Republican Motherhood
○ Raising children as future voters
○ Allowed access to education
● Cult of Domesticity
○ Economy shifted from homes to factories
○ Said woman's place was in home- enable husbands
○ Idea of man/woman equality was extremely radical and accepted by few
● Worked in reform movements
○ Asylums for mentally ill
○ Sobering men- ​Carry Nation ​attacked bars w/ hatchet
○ Frances Willard ​founded ​Women’s Christian Temperance Union ​1874
○ Temperance lectures- stories of men finding comfort in alcohol and spending all
their money, leaving families suffering
● Fueled want to vote
○ Close saloons
○ Own property/control financial security
○ Right to divorce
○ Arrest for domestic violence to protect themselves/children
● Involved in abolitionism
○ Maria Stewart​ first African American women to lecture mixed gender audiences
○ Harriet Beecher Stowe ​wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin humanized slaves
○ Sarah and Angelina Grimke ​converted to Quakerism and criticized slaveryLetters of the Equality of Sexes ​1838
● Some feared women's rights would overpower abolitionist movement
● Declaration of Sentiments ​1848 at ​Seneca Falls Convention
○ Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Susan B Anthony
○ Spoke of women's suffrage
● International movement
● Primarily middle/upper-class effort
● Faced strong resistance
Chapter 8: Varieties of American Nationalism
Banking, Currency, and Protection (pg. 216)
Postwar Issues
● Chaos in shipping/building
● Revealed issues in transportation/financial systems
○ Reestablished BUS- charter expired in 1811
○ Added roads and waterways
● State banks had emerged in place
○ Issued notes whose value depended on reputation of bank
○ Business hard, counterfeit easy
Second Bank of the United States
● Congress chartered ​second BUS 1816
○ Same as first but w/ more funds
○ Couldn’t prevent states from making currency
○ Size/power allowed domination
● Scarce manufacturing during war enabled new factories to be profitable
Growth of the Textile
● 1807-1815 number of cotton spindles hugely increased
● Previously factories only made yarn/thread
○ Family operated
● Francis Cabot Lowell​ developed power loom
● Boston Manufacturing Company​ 1813 Lowell
○ Waltham first mill in US to do spinning and weaving
○ Revolutionized American manufacturing
● British ships surrounded US ports- unloaded cargo of manufactured goods
○ Underpriced
○ US said they needed protection until they were strong enough to compete
A Protective Tariff
● 1816 Congress passed law limiting foreign competition
○ Range of items including cotton cloth
● Agricultural community disliked
○ Higher priced for manufactured goods
Transportation (pg. 217)
Government-Funded Roads
● Ohio joined Union 1803
● Secretary of treasury Albert Gallatin suggested revenue fund ​National Road ​from
Potomac River to Ohio River
○ Construction started 1811 finished in VA 1818
○ PA gave $100,000 for expansion of road from Lancaster to Pittsburgh
Steamboats
● Robert Fulton​ helped develop steamboat before war to use in rivers and Great
Lakes
● 1816 journeys began in Mississippi and Ohio Rivers
○ Could carry more cargo
○ Helped agricultural economy by making access to markets easier
● British blockade shut off Atlantic shipping
○ Traffic on roads
○ Price of foodstuffs went up
○ Hurt military
● 1815 Madison called Congress to make constitutional amendment allowing more
construction
○ John C Calhoun​ introduced bill to use BUS funds
Vetoing Internal Improvements
● President Madison vetoed bill on last day in office
○ Supported idea
○ Said Congress didn’t have authority to fund improvements w/o
constitutional amendment
● Remained responsibility of states and private companies to build
The Great Migrations (pg. 219)
Reasons for Westward Expansion
● Increase in population drove people out of East
○ Agricultural lands were exhausted
○ Large plantation system w/ many slaves in South limited settlement
The Factor System
● Native American opposition was still strong
○ Federal government continued to push tribes farther West
● Treaties in 1815 took more land
○ Chain of barrier forts along Great Lakes and Mississippi as protection
● Factor system​ government gave goods to tribes
○ Got rid of Canadian traders
○ Made Native Americans dependent on US government
● Settlers from East poured into Old Northwest (Midwest today)
○ Erie Canal​ 1825
The Plantation System in the Southwest (pg. 220)
Cotton and the Expansion of Slavery
● Cotton lands in Old South were losing fertility
○ Market was still growing
○ Cotton thrived in ​Black Belt​- central Alabama and Mississippi
● Small farmers arrived first followed by wealthy planters
○ Bought land pushing small farmers farther west
● Large planters moved in parade of caravans w/ livestock, wagon loads of
household goods, lines of slaves, and the family in carriages
○ Replaced cabins w/ mansions
● 4 states joined Union
○ Indiana 1816
○ Mississippi 1817
○ Illinois 1818
○ Alabama 1819
Trade and Trapping in the Far West
Astor’s American Fur Company
● Mexico won independence from Spain 1821
○ Opened trade w/ US
○ Americans poured into region replacing Indians as dominant trader w/
Mexico
● William Becknell ​1821 began selling US manufactured goods at lower price than
Mexican goods
○ Mexico lost markets
○ Commercial wagon trains on ​Santa Fe Trail ​between NM and MO
● Fur traders created new trade in West
● John Jacob Astor’s ​American Fur Company​ made Oregon a trading post
○ Sold to Britain’s ​Northwestern Fur Company ​in Canada during war
○ Centered operations in Great Lakes after war
● Whites began hunting beavers on their own- used to be Indians only
○ Established themselves in what’s now Utah
● Andrew Henry and William Ashley founded ​Rocky Mountain Fur Company
1822
○ Hired trappers to permanently move to Rockies
○ Given supplies in exchange for furs/skins- some got salary
○ Arrival of supply train allowed gathering during mostly isolated lives
The Fur Trade and the Market Economy
● Mostly lived peacefully w/ Native Americans and Mexicans
● Jedediah S Smith​ led attacks into Mexican territory
○ Battles w/ tribes
○ Killed in NM by Comanches 1831
Eastern Images of the West (pg. 221)
Stephen Long’s Expedition
● Stephen Long ​1819 led expedition of soldiers
○ Instructed by War Department
○ Failed to find headwaters of Red River
○ Wrote report on trip and potential for settlement in region
The End of the First Party System (pg. 222)
The ​Virginia Dynasty
● Virginians held presidency since 1800
○ North became impatient
● Republican ​Monroe​ won 1816
○ Fought in Revolution, diplomat, cabinet officer
○ Barely opposition due to decline of Federalists
○ No international threats after war
● Made a diverse cabinet
Monroe’s Goodwill Tour
● Columbian Centinel Boston Federalist newspaper said “era of good feelings” had
arrived
● Reelected 1820
○ Federalist Party no long existed
John Quincy Adams and Florida (pg. 223)
The ​Seminole War
● Secretary of state, diplomat, nationalist, promoted US expansion
● West Florida already annexed
○ 1817 Adams began negotiating w/ Spanish minister for entire territory
● Secretary of War Calhoun ordered Jackson to stop Seminole Indian raids
○ Invaded FL, seized Spanish forts, hung British subjects supplying Indians
Adam-Onis Treaty
● 1819 knowing they had no choice, gave US Florida and territory claims north of
42nd parallel in Pacific Northwest
● US government gave up claims to Texas
The ​Panic of 1819​ (pg. 224)
Boom and Bust
● Economic crisis following high foreign demand for farm goods
○ Land prices raised in west
● New management of national bank started giving less loans and foreclosing
mortgages
○ Failure of state banks
○ 6 year depression
The Missouri Compromise (pg. 225)
Tallmadge Amendment
● Slavery already in MO when they applied to be in Union 1819
○ James Tallmadge Jr​ suggested amendment prohibiting allowing more
slaves for a gradual emancipation
○ Would upset balance
Missouri Compromise
● Senate agreed to combine bill for Maine (free state) and Missouri (slave state) to
both be admitted
● Senator Jesse Thomas suggest prohibiting slavery in rest of Louisiana Purchase
territory
○ Thomas Amendment ​and ​Maine-Missouri bill ​passed
Marshall and the Court (pg. 225)
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
● Fletcher v. Peck 1810 decided Georgia legislature couldn’t repeal act granting
land to yazoo Land Companies
● Dartmouth College v. Woodward 1819
○ Republicans tried to change Dartmouth College’s charter from a private
college to a state university
○ Remained private
○ Restricted state ability to control corporations
● Cohens v. Virginia 1821 Marshall confirmed right for SC to review state court
decisions
Confirming Implied Powers
● McCulloch v. Maryland 1819 decided states couldn’t tax BUS
● Gibbons v. Ogden 1824 Congress gained power to regulate interstate trade
Establishing Federal Primacy
● Marshall Court established power of federal government over states in
regulating economy
● Protected private companies
The Court and the Tribes (pg. 226)
Worcester v. Georgia
● Johnson v. McIntosh 1823 declared Indians had right to their tribal lands which
only the federal government could buy
● Worcester v. Georgia 1832 made Georgia law invalid- now only federal
government could access Cherokees
● Defined place for Indians in American political system
○ Basic property rights
○ Sovereign
○ Federal government must handle affairs
○ Didn’t stop westward expansion
The Latin American Revolution and the Monroe Doctrine (pg. 227)
Revolution in Latin America
● US declared neutrality in 1815 about Spanish colonies rebelling
○ Sold ships/supplies to revolutionaries
● 1822 President Monroe made diplomatic relations w/ Chile, Peru, Colombia,
Mexico, and La Plata (Argentina)
The ​Monroe Doctrine
● 1823 European colonization in American continents would be an “unfriendly act”
American Fears
● Spain’s allies in Europe would help them reclaim territory
● Britain would claim Cuba which they wanted to eventually take
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The “Corrupt Bargain” (pg. 229)
End of the Caucus System
● Until 1820 candidates were nominated by 2 caucuses (assemblies) of parties in
Congress
● 1824 “King Caucus” overthrown
○ Republicans nominated William Crawford
○ Opposition nominated by state legislatures- Adams, Clay, Jackson
Election of 1824
● Adams won in HOR
● Jackson supporters angry
○ He was most popular
○ Clay secretary of state
○ Called it a “corrupt bargain”
The Second President Adams (pg. 229)
Tariff of Abominations
● Adams faced bitterness in Congress and diplomacy frustrations during presidency
○ Southerners opposed white and black delegates mixing so US couldn’t
attend Panama conference in 1826
○ Treaty enforced w/o agreement to remove Indians from Georgia
● 1828 New tax on imported goods
Jackson Triumphant (pg. 229)
Jackson Triumphant
● Two-party system reemerged
○ National Republicans supported Adams and economic nationalism
○ Democratic Republicans supported Jackson
● Jackson won 1828 election
○ “Era of the common man”