Warsaw Pact
1
Warsaw Pact
Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance
Military alliance
1955–1991
→
Emblem
Motto
Союз мира и социализма (Russian)
"Union of peace and socialism"
Member states of the Warsaw Pact:
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
East Germany²
Hungary
Poland
Romania
Soviet Union
Albania
Capital
Not specified
Language(s)
Russian, Polish, German, Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, Romanian, Bulgarian,
Albanian
Political structure
Military alliance
Supreme Commander
- 1955–60 (first)
Ivan Kornev
- 1989–91 (last)
Petr Lushev
Head of Unified Staff
- 1955–62 (first)
Aleksei Antonov
- 1989–90 (last)
Vladimir Lobov
Historical era
Cold War
- Established
14 May 1955
Warsaw Pact
2
- Hungarian crisis
4 November 1956
- Czechoslovakian crisis
21 August 1968
- German reunification²
3 October 1990
- Disestablished
1 July 1991
¹ Command and Control HQ in Warsaw, Poland. Military HQ in Moscow, USSR.
² A 24 September 1990 treaty withdrew the German Democratic Republic from the Warsaw Treaty; at reunification, it became integral to the NATO
Pact.
The Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and
Mutual Assistance (1955–1991), more commonly referred to as the
Warsaw Pact, was a mutual defense treaty between eight communist states
of Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The founding treaty was
established under the initiative of the Soviet Union and signed on 14 May
1955, in Warsaw. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic
organization for the communist states of Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact
was a Soviet military reaction to the integration of West Germany[1] into
NATO in 1955, per the Paris Pacts of 1954.[2][3][4]
Soviet philatelic commemoration: At its
20th anniversary in 1975, the Warsaw
Pact remains On Guard for Peace and
Socialism.
Nomenclature
In the West, the Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship,
Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance is often called the Warsaw Pact
military alliance; abbreviated WAPA, Warpac, and WP. Elsewhere, in
the former member states, the Warsaw Treaty is known as:
• Albanian: Pakti i miqësisë, bashkpunimit dhe i ndihmës së
përbashkët
• Bulgarian: Договор за дружба, сътрудничество и взаимопомощ
• Romanized Bulgarian: Dogovor za druzhba, satrudnichestvo i
vzaimopomosht
• Czech: Smlouva o přátelství, spolupráci a vzájemné pomoci
• Slovak: Zmluva o priateľstve, spolupráci a vzájomnej pomoci
• German: Vertrag über Freundschaft, Zusammenarbeit und
gegenseitigen Beistand
• Hungarian: Barátsági, együttműködési és kölcsönös segítségnyújtási
szerződés
• Polish: Układ o Przyjaźni, Współpracy i Pomocy Wzajemnej
• Romanian: Tratatul de prietenie, cooperare şi asistenţă mutuală
The Cold War (1945–90): NATO vs. the
Warsaw Pact, the status of forces in 1973
Warsaw Pact
3
• Russian: Договор о дружбе, сотрудничестве и взаимной помощи
• Romanized Russian: Dogovor o druzhbe, sotrudnichestve i vzaimnoy pomoshchi
Structure
The Warsaw Treaty’s organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and
the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in
Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty
Organization was also a First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, and the head of the Warsaw Treaty
Combined Staff also was a First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Therefore,
although ostensibly an international collective security alliance, the USSR dominated the Warsaw Treaty armed
forces.[5]
Strategy
The strategy of the Warsaw Pact was dominated by the desire of the Soviet Union to prevent, at all costs, the
recurrence of another large scale invasion of its territory by hostile Western powers, akin to those carried out by the
Swedish Empire in 1708, Napoleonic France in 1812, the Central Powers during the First World War and most
recently by Nazi Germany in 1941. While each of these conflicts resulted in extreme devastation and large human
losses the invasion launched by Hitler had been exceptionally brutal. The USSR emerged from the Second World
War in 1945 with the greatest total casualties of any participant in the war, suffering an estimated 27 million killed
along with the destruction of much of the nation's industrial capacity. Eager to avoid a similar calamity in the future,
the Soviet Union created the Warsaw Pact as means of establishing a series of buffer states, closely aligned with
Moscow and serving to act as a political and military barrier between Russia's vulnerable borders in Eastern Europe
and its potential enemies in the West.
History
On 14 May 1955, the USSR established the Warsaw Pact in response
to the integration of the Federal Republic of Germany into NATO in
October 1954 – only nine years after the defeat of Nazi Germany
(1933–45) that ended with the Soviet and Allied invasion of Germany
in 1944/45 during World War II in Europe. The reality was that a
"Warsaw"-type pact had been in existence since 1945, when Soviet
forces initially occupied Eastern Europe, and maintained there after the
war. The Warsaw Pact merely formalized the arrangement.
Communist Bloc Conclave: The Warsaw Pact
conference, 11 May 1955, Warsaw, Poland.
The eight member countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged the mutual
defense of any member who would be attacked; relations among the
treaty signatories were based upon mutual non-intervention in the internal affairs of the member countries, respect
for national sovereignty, and political independence.
The founding signatories to the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance consisted of the
following communist governments:
•
People's Republic of Albania (withheld support in 1961 because of the Sino–Soviet split, formally withdrew
in 1968)
•
People's Republic of Bulgaria
•
•
Czechoslovak Republic (Czechoslovak Socialist Republic since 1960)
German Democratic Republic (withdrew in September 1990, before German reunification)
Warsaw Pact
•
•
•
•
4
People's Republic of Hungary
People's Republic of Poland
People's Republic of Romania (Socialist Republic of Romania from 1965)
Soviet Union
For 36 years, NATO and the Warsaw Treaty never directly waged war against each other in Europe; the United
States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aimed at the containment of
each other in Europe, while working and fighting for influence within the wider Cold War on the international stage.
In 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact,
Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government.
The multi-national Communist armed forces’ sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in
August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's
Republic of Albania participated in the invasion.
Beginning at the Cold War’s conclusion, in late 1989, popular civil and political public discontent forced the
Communist governments of the Warsaw Treaty countries from power – independent national politics made feasible
with the perestroika- and glasnost-induced institutional collapse of Communist government in the USSR.[6] In the
event the populaces of Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Albania, East Germany, Poland, Romania, and Bulgaria deposed
their Communist governments in the period from 1989–91.
On 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from
Pact countries meeting in Hungary.[7] On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally
ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance and so
disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR. Five months later, the USSR
disestablished itself in December 1991.
Central and Eastern Europe after the Warsaw Treaty
NATO/CSTO
On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,
Romania, and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Croatia and Albania joined on 1 April 2009.
Russia and some other post-USSR states joined in the Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO).
In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National
Remembrance who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government
reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100
documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw
Treaty's nuclear war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine – a short, swift attack capturing Western Europe, using
nuclear weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war
game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s – thus why the People’s
Republic of Poland was a nuclear weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a
Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies
Warsaw Pact
5
for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.
Signs differences
Badge
Warsaw
Pact. Union
of peace and
socialism
Badge Warsaw Pact. Brothers in
weapons (1970)
Badge A
participant in
joint exercises of
Warsaw Pact
"STIT" (1972)
AIR FORCE air forces
Warsaw Pact
Badge Warsaw Pact. The
participants of the joint exercises
in Bulgaria (1982)
Jubilee badge 30 years of
the Warsaw Pact (1985)
Badge 25
years
Warsaw
Pact (1980)
Notes
[1] Yorst, David S. (1998). NATO Transformed: The Alliance's New Roles in International Security. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace
Press. p. 31. ISBN 1-878379-81-X.
[2] Broadhurst, Arlene Idol (1982). The Future of European Alliance Systems. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. p. 137. ISBN 0-86531-413-6.
[3] Christopher Cook, Dictionary of Historical Terms (1983)
[4] The Columbia Enclopedia, fifth edition (1993) p. 2926
[5] Fes'kov, V. I.; Kalashnikov, K. A.; Golikov, V. I. (2004). Sovetskai͡a Armii͡a v gody "kholodnoĭ voĭny," 1945–1991 [The Soviet Army in the
Cold War Years (1945–1991)]. Tomsk: Tomsk University Publisher. p. 6. ISBN 5-7511-1819-7.
[6] The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought, third edition, 1999, pp. 637–8
[7] "Warsaw Pact and Comecon To Dissolve This Week" (http:/ / www. csmonitor. com/ 1991/ 0226/ odate. html). Csmonitor.com. 1991-02-26. .
Retrieved 2012-06-04.
References
• Modern History Sourcebook: The Warsaw Pact, 1955 (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/
1955warsawpact.html) (full text of the treaty)
• Parallel History Project on Cooperative Security (http://www.php.isn.ethz.ch/)
• Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Soviet Union /
Appendix C: The Warsaw Pact (http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/soviet_union/su_appnc.html) (1989)
•
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Library of Congress
Country Studies (http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/).
Warsaw Pact
Further reading
• Havel, Václav (2007). To the Castle and Back (http://books.google.com/books?id=GaWwabF35Y0C&
lpg=PP1&dq=editions:kJCaIwFlq-QC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false). Trans. Paul Wilson. New York:
Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-26641-5.
• Heuser, Beatrice (1998). "Victory in a Nuclear War? A Comparison of NATO and WTO War Aims and
Strategies". Contemporary European History 7 (3): 311–327. doi:10.1017/S0960777300004264.
• Lewis, William Julian (1982). The Warsaw Pact: Arms, Doctrine, and Strategy. Cambridge, Mass.: Institute for
Foreign Policy Analysis. ISBN 978-0-07-031746-8.
• Mastny, Vojtech; Byrne, Malcolm (2005). A Cardboard Castle ?: An Inside History of the Warsaw Pact,
1955–1991 (http://books.google.com/books?id=Jm4L_b8CHycC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&
f=false). Budapest: Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-7326-07-3.
• Umbach, Frank (2005) (in German). Das rote Bündnis: Entwicklung und Zerfall des Warschauer Paktes 1955 bis
1991. Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86153-362-7.
External links
• The Woodrow Wilson Center Cold War International History Project's Warsaw Pact Document Collection (http:/
/legacy.wilsoncenter.org/va2/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=home.browse&sort=collection&
item=Warsaw Pact)
6
Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors
Warsaw Pact Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=517994165 Contributors: 48Lugur, 79039152c, A930913, AVand, Abdalla A, Academic Challenger, Accurizer, Acne m,
Acroterion, Adashiel, Addshore, Aero Kaizer, Aerocastor, Aeusoes1, Af648, Ahoerstemeier, Ai4ijoel, Aivazovsky, Alan Liefting, Alansohn, Alex S, AlexPlank, AlexiusHoratius, Allens,
Alphathon, Altenmann, AlwaysUnite, Andres, Andres rojas22, Andrwsc, Andy Marchbanks, Andy120290, Anger22, Anna Lincoln, Antandrus, Anthony Appleyard, Antonio Lopez, Appleseed,
ArCgon, Arakunem, Aris Katsaris, Arische, Attilios, Avenged Eightfold, Aymatth2, Baldhur, Bantosh, Before My Ken, Belovedfreak, BenRussell, Bencherlite, Bender235, Bennelliott, Beta
Trom, Betacommand, Between My Ken, BignBad, Bill3000, Biruitorul, Bjarki S, Bletch, Blicarea, Bogdangiusca, Bogey97, Boing! said Zebedee, Born in the USSR, Brandon, Branxton,
BrewMasterG, Brian Crawford, Brion VIBBER, Brodiac, Bryan Derksen, Buckshot06, Butros, C12H22O11, CPI-RUS, Camembert, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Capt Jim, Captain-n00dle,
CaptainFugu, CardinalDan, Catgut, Chinju, Cholmes75, Christian List, Cityhighkid09, Clam0p, Cmapm, Colchicum, Colonel Cow, Colonel Mustard, CommonsDelinker, Conversion script,
CrnaGora, Css, Cvieg, D6, DBG Heuser, DHeyward, DK4, DO'Neil, DanielCD, Dans, Darkwind, Datastat, Davedx, David Gerard, Dawn Bard, Deagle AP, Decltype, Demonquasar, Den fjättrade
ankan, Der Golem, Dhartung, Divineleft, Doc Strange, Doc glasgow, DocWatson42, Dominik92, Domino theory, Don Cuan, Don't fear the reaper, Doniago, Dori, DouglasHeld, Dr. Dan, Dr.
Floyd, DrMajestico, DragonHawk, Dreadstar, Dthomsen8, EdC, Edward, Edward130603, El C, Elbie88, Elizard16, Emax, EmreDuran, Epbr123, Eskandarany, EuropracBHIT, Euryalus,
Everyking, Everything Else Is Taken, Expertseeker90, F2f, Farkas János, Favonian, FeygeleGoy, Fil1, Filippowiki, FiveFourTwo, Fkehar, Formeruser-81, FreshBulletTime, Funandtrvl, Func,
Gamaliel, GarlicBreath, Gdarin, Gilliam, Glen, Glimz, Glogger, Glossologist, Gob Lofa, Golbez, Goldsztajn, Good Olfactory, Gotipe, Graham87, Greenshed, Griffinofwales, Grsz11, Grunt,
Guety, Guppie, Gurch, Gwgoldb, HJV, Hadal, Haham hanuka, Halibutt, Halverso, HappyCamper, Haxxx, Hayabusa future, Hcobb, Hellerick, Hemlock Martinis, HereToHelp, Heron, Hiddekel,
Hippietrail, Hmains, Howcheng, IJzeren Jan, IceUnshattered, Illegitimate Barrister, Infrogmation, InverseHypercube, Irek Biernat, IrishLad45, Ismail, Iwalters, J.delanoy, JForget, JNZ, JRWalko,
Jackiespeel, Jamesd514, Jaranda, Jason M, JayC, Jd027, Jeronimo, Jirka.h23, Jitterro, Joao Xavier, JoeBlogsDord, Joemopina, John, John Quincy Adding Machine, JohnOwens, Jojhutton,
JonathanDP81, Jonorocks, Joshua Issac, Joy, Jredmond, JuJube, Juckum, Julo, Junglecat, Juro, JustJuthan, KJS77, Kablammo, Kangaroopower, Karenjc, KarlFrei, Kartano, Kedadi, Keegan,
Kingal86, KissL, Klemen Kocjancic, KnowledgeOfSelf, Kobalt08, Koyaanis Qatsi, Kpalion, Kpjas, Kubek15, Kubigula, Kunadam, Kuralyov, Kuru, LETS BANG, Lajbi, LanternLight,
Ledsabbathstein, Lee M, Lewisskinner, Liftarn, Lightmouse, Lloyd90, Lokifer, Loren.wilton, Lotje, Lyran, Lysy, Madgreg, Madhero88, Malepheasant, Mangojuice, Marc29th, Marijne, Mark91,
Marquez, Maser Fletcher, Master of Puppets, Materialscientist, Mathiasrex, Matthead, Mav, McSly, Meaning of Lif, Meelosh, Mephistophelian, Meteor2017, Metropolitan90, Mgroten,
Mhazard9, Miami33139, Mic, Michael Dorosh, Michael Hardy, Mieciu K, Mikael Brockman, Mikael GRizzly, Mike J B, MikeLynch, Milton Stanley, Mmxx, Mnemeson, Modster, Molobo,
Moosh, Morwen, Mosedschurte, MrFish, Mrg3105, Mschel, Msmaddymax, Muriel Gottrop, Mzajac, NSR, Naddy, Nascar1996, Neo Red, Nikodemos, Nikofeelan, Nitya Dharma, Njuuton,
Nturner14, Nueni, Nv8200p, Obersachse, Oda Mari, Odetocapitalism, Ohconfucius, Ojigiri, Okapi, Olahus, Ommnomnomgulp, Oneiros, Oneliner, Orannis, P3Pp3r, PGPirate, Paedia, Palmiro,
PanAndScan, Panairjdde, PatGallacher, Patrick Lucas, Pavel Vozenilek, Pearle, Perceval, Pereleshin, Pete061783, Peterlin, Pgk, Philwelch, Pink Bull, Piotras, Piotrus, Plasticup, Pnkrockr,
PoccilScript, Pookleblinky, ProveIt, Przepla, Psychonaut, Pudeo, Pwqn, Quiddity, Qwitchibo, Qxz, Rallyemax, Ran, RandomCritic, Raviaka Ruslan, Razorflame, Rbrwr, Reskusic, Rich
Farmbrough, Riley Huntley, Rknasc, Rmhermen, Roadrunner, Rob1n, Robert Brockway, Robertson-Glasgow, Rumping, RunOrDie, RussBlau, Ruy Lopez, Ryryrules100, SMP, Saint-Paddy,
Salamurai, Sam Spade, Sanctuary7, Santiparam, Sbfw, Scientizzle, Scipius, Seabhcan, Sean Kelly, Seka'sBreathMints, Sharkb, Shoessss, Shot info, Skinnyweed, Skizzik, Sm8900, Snake bgd,
SnowFire, Snoyes, Socrates2008, Somedudefromqueens, Sophos II, Soulpatch, Speedboy Salesman, Spellmaster, SpookyMulder, Spoon!, Stefonalfaro, Stephenchou0722, Steven Zhang,
Stevertigo, Subash.chandran007, Sunderland06, Supergodzilla2090, Superzohar, Swordhunter0690, TAnthony, Tabor, Tad Lincoln, Tadas12, Talon Artaine, Tanarive, Tascha96, Taw, Tdq11,
Tec15, Thalex, The Thing That Should Not Be, The Twenty Thousand Tonne Bomb, TheDJ, TheOldJacobite, Thegreengrym, Thmars10, Thunderboltz, Tide rolls, TimonyCrickets, Timur lenk,
Tommy2010, Trajancavalous, Traxs7, Truthanado, Ttwaring, Tulandro, Tvtrojan11, Twirk88, Ultraexactzz, Uncle Dick, UserGoogol, V Debs, VI, Valip, Valliantstallion, Van helsing,
Vegetarianrage, Versus22, Vicki Rosenzweig, Weedwhacker128, Wertuose, Wetman, Whitejay251, Willhsmit, Willking1979, Wisdom89, Witkacy, WojPob, Wutzofant, Wykebjs,
XJamRastafire, Xanzzibar, Yair rand, Yasirniazkhan, Yk Yk Yk, Yunshui, Zalgo, Zsadist, Zscout370, Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason, Дмитрий Третьяков, と あ る 白 い 猫, 1066 anonymous
edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:CSTOODKB.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CSTOODKB.png License: Public Domain Contributors: russian state symbol
File:Logo The Warsaw Pact.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Logo_The_Warsaw_Pact.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:
User:Dmitry Tretiakov
File:Map of Warsaw Pact countries.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Map_of_Warsaw_Pact_countries.png License: GNU Free Documentation License
Contributors: Aivazovsky, Ch1902, David Kernow, Euriditi, Fabartus, Homo lupus, Leit, Marco Kaiser, Milosevo, Peregrine981, Quadell, R-41, Shibo77, Sinigagl, Tobias Conradi, Ævar
Arnfjörð Bjarmason, 10 anonymous edits
File:Flag of Bulgaria (1948-1967).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Bulgaria_(1948-1967).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike
Contributors: Scroch
File:Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Czechoslovakia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: (of code) cs:User:-xfiFile:Flag of East Germany.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_East_Germany.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Flaggenentwurf: unbekannt diese
Datei: Jwnabd
File:Flag of Hungary 1949-1956.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Hungary_1949-1956.svg License: unknown Contributors: Thommy
File:Flag of Poland.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie, Mifter
File:Flag of Romania (1952-1965).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Romania_(1952-1965).svg License: unknown Contributors: Alex:D
File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: A1, Ahmadi, Alex Smotrov,
Alvis Jean, Art-top, BagnoHax, Brandmeister, Counny, Denniss, Dynamicwork, ELeschev, Endless-tripper, Ericmetro, EugeneZelenko, F l a n k e r, Fred J, Fry1989, G.dallorto, Garynysmon,
Herbythyme, Homo lupus, Jake Wartenberg, MaggotMaster, Ms2ger, Nightstallion, Palosirkka, Patrickpedia, PeaceKeeper97, Pianist, R-41, Rainforest tropicana, Sebyugez, Solbris, Storkk,
Str4nd, Tabasco, ThomasPusch, Toben, Twilight Chill, Xgeorg, Zscout370, Серп, Тоны4, 61 anonymous edits
File:Flag of Albania 1946.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Albania_1946.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: AceDouble, Anime Addict AA,
Fry1989, Homo lupus, Ludger1961, Mnmazur, R-41, Schwei2, Sir Iain, TFCforever, Zscout370, Дмитрий-5-Аверин, 2 anonymous edits
File:Warsaw-stamp.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Warsaw-stamp.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Wassily at ru.wikipedia
File:Military power of NATO and the Warsaw Pact states in 1973.svg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Military_power_of_NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_states_in_1973.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:
derivative work: Alphathon /'æɫfə.θɒn/ (talk) NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg, derivative work: Alphathon /'æɫfə.θɒn/ (talk) Blank_map_of_Europe_1956-1990.svg, derivative work:
Alphathon /'æɫfə.θɒn/ (talk) Blank_map_of_Europe.svg: maix¿?
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-30483-002, Warschau, Konferenz Europäischer Länder....jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-30483-002,_Warschau,_Konferenz_Europäischer_Länder....jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0
Germany Contributors: Groupsixty, Jarekt, Julo
File:NATO CSTO.PNG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:NATO_CSTO.PNG License: Public Domain Contributors: Datastat
Image:Знак Варшавского договора.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Знак_Варшавского_договора.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0
Contributors: User:Greite
Image:Знак Варшавского договра ЮГ.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Знак_Варшавского_договра_ЮГ.JPG License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:JS9
Image:Знак Варшавского договора 1972.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Знак_Варшавского_договора_1972.JPG License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Greite
Image:Значок Варшавского договора, 25 лет.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Значок_Варшавского_договора,_25_лет.JPG License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:JS9
Image:Значок ВВС Варшавского договора.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Значок_ВВС_Варшавского_договора.JPG License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:JS9
Image:Значок Варшавского договора ЩИТ-82.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Значок_Варшавского_договора_ЩИТ-82.JPG License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:JS9
7
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
Image:Знак 30 лет Варшавского договора.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Знак_30_лет_Варшавского_договора.JPG License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Greite
Image:PD-icon.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PD-icon.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Alex.muller, Anomie, Anonymous Dissident, CBM, MBisanz,
PBS, Quadell, Rocket000, Strangerer, Timotheus Canens, 1 anonymous edits
License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
8