UNIT 10 LESSON 1LASERS
Expressing opinions
Writing a report
Infinitive. Forms. The bare Infinitive. Functions in the sentence
1. a) Look at the photos and say what technology or devices you can see. What do you know about the functions of these devices? What are their applications?
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________________
________________
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laser hardening
laser printer
laser-guided missile
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laser cutting
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high-speed photography
laser beacon
laser gyroscope
fire detection system
holography
laser range finder
intrusion alarm system
b) What should the humanity know to discover the secrets of laser?
c) Do you know the scientists who won the Nobel Prize in laser physics?
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2. Work in groups of three. Render the texts below. Use the words in the boxes to help you.
Be ready to answer a couple of questions to your fellow students.
laser drilling
лазерное сверление
workpiece, n
заготовка
beam, n
луч
vaporization, n
испарение
Laser drilling is a process in which a laser is used to make holes, instead
of conventional drilling.
Laser drilling of cylindrical holes generally occurs through melting and
vaporization (also referred to as "ablation") of the workpiece material
through absorption of energy from a focused laser beam.
The energy required to remove material by melting is about 25% of that
needed to vaporize the same volume, so a process that removes material
by melting is often favored.
Manufacturers are applying results of process modeling and experimental
methods to better understand and control the laser drilling process. The
result is higher quality and more productive processes that in turn lead to
better end products such as more fuel efficient and cleaner aircraft and power generating turbine
engines.
Bandwidth n,
cabling duct
interference, n
пропускная способность
канал для прокладки
воздействие/помеха
кабелей
flammable adj,
to be spliced, v
to ignite, v,
воспламеняющийся,
соединен (внахлест)
воспламеняться
огнеопасный
Optical fibres (fibre – Eng., fiber – US) started to replace some
uses of copper cables in the 1970th. They are made from glass and
are usually about 120 micrometres in diameter. Some of the most
common everyday uses are in telecommunications, close-circuit
television (CCTV), and cable television.
Optical fibres carry signals more efficiently than copper cable and
with a much higher bandwidth. This means that fibres can carry
more channels of information over long distances.
Optical fibre cables are much lighter and thinner than copper cables with the same bandwidth.
This means less space is needed in underground cabling ducts.
It is difficult to steal information from optical fibres. They are not harmed by electromagnetic
interference, for example from radio signals or lightning. They don’t ignite so they can be used
safely in flammable atmospheres, for example in petrochemical plants.
Optical fibres are more expensive per metre than copper. However, one optical fibre can carry
many more signals than a single copper cable and the longer transmission distances mean that
fewer expensive repeaters are required. Also, copper cable uses more electrical power to deliver
the signals.
Optical fibres can’t be spliced as easily as copper cable. Employees need special training to
handle the expensive splicing and measurement equipment.
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projectile [prəˈdʒektaɪl], n
снаряд
countermeasures
меры противодействия
target designator
целеуказатель
heat-seeking
с тепловым самонаведением,
самонаведение по тепловому
излучению
laser pointer
лазерное устройство
наведения,
лазерная указка
anti-aircraft missile
зенитная ракета
There are a variety of military laser applications. In relatively few cases, lasers are used as
weapons; the “laser sword” has become popular in movies, but not in practice. Some high-power
lasers are currently developed for potential use as directed energy weapons on the battle field, or
for destroying missiles, projectiles and mines.
In other cases, lasers function as target designators or laser sights
(essentially laser pointers emitting visible or invisible laser beams), or as
irritating or blinding (normally not directly destroying) countermeasures
e.g. against heat-seeking anti-aircraft missiles. It is also possible to blind
soldiers temporarily or permanently with laser beams, although the latter is
forbidden by rules of war.
two-dimensional picture
двумерное изображение
Lasers make impressive visual effect possible. In light shows it is
common to use lasers emitting few wavelengths. Prisms are used for
separating each colour. This results in producing many laser beams of
different colours. The application of small vibrating mirrors controlled
by a computer provides the possibility of moving each laser beam very
rapidly thus creating moving coloured images. Since our vision is
based on seeing the image a little time after it has disappeared, we are
capable of observing a full picture created by a laser beam in spite of its being illuminated in each point
for a very brief period of time. The first devices were used for making two-dimensional moving pictures
on screens, but the latest developments are designed with the view of producing three-dimensional
moving sculptures in free space – an impossible task to be performed by other means. Without the laser,
the unique three-dimensional imaging properties of holography would not exist.
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Grammar
3. Lookattheexamplesbelow.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenthefiniteandnon-finiteformsof
theVerb?
the
Verb
Thenon-finiteforms
Thefiniteforms
* HehasneverdrivenaPorschebefore.
* Iconsiderbuyinganadapter.
Theyaskedtokeepquiet.
ThelasttimeIcalledherwastwodays
*
* ago.
Beingwritteninpencil,the
* letterwasdifficulttohead.
Iwillhavefinishedmyexamsbythe
* endofJune.
Active/passive,simple/perfectInfinitives
active
Simple
Continuous
Perfect
Perfect Continuous
to draw
to be drawing
to have drawn
to have been drawing
passive
to be drawn
to have been drawn
Our aim is to develop the design of the parachute.
He pretended to be watching.
We are surprised to have found the solution so easily and fast.
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to be glad, to be happy, to be sorry, to be surprised
I was sorry to have said it.
He looks tired. He seems to have been studying for the test all night.
Some launch vehicles are designed to be used only once.
The biggest challenge in space exploration was developing a pen for astronauts to use in
orbit.
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NB! Only two forms of the Infinitive (the Simple Active (to prove) and Passive (to be proved) can be
directly translated into Russian. There are no corresponding forms for the Continuous, Perfect and Perfect
Continuous
Infinitive; hence they can be translated only in a context.
4.ParaphrisethefollowingsentencesusingtheInfinitive.
e.g. I`mgladI`vemetyou.
Iamgladtohavemetyou.
a) Herearesomemorefactswhichwillprovethatyourtheoryiscorrect.
b) IwassorryIhaddisturbedhim.
c) Hereissomethingwhichwillwarmyouup.
d) IwasdisappointedthatIhadmissedtheparty.
e) Hereisanewbrushwhichyouwillcleanyourteethwith.
f) Herearesomescrewswithwhichyoucanfastentheshelvestothewall.
g) Soonwefoundthattherewasanothercomplicatedproblemthatweweretoconsider.
h) Whohasapenorpenciltoshare?IneedsomethingIcouldwritewith.
i) Isthereanybodywhowillhelpyouwithyourspelling?
j) IhaveanexaminationwhichImusttakesoon.
5.TranslatethesentencesbelowintoRussian/Englishpayingparticularattentiontotheformsofthe
Infinitive.
a) Isn`titnaturalthatweliketobepraisedanddon`tliketobescolded?
b) Naturehasmanysecretstobediscoveredyet.
c) Tobeinstructedbysuchagoodspecialistwasagreatpleasure.
d) Sorrytohaveplacedyouinthisdisagreeablesituation.
e) Iamveryhappytohavehadthepleasureofmakingyouracquaintance.
f) Янеожидал,чтоменяостановят.
g) Онвспомнил,чтоужевстречалеегде-товОгайо.
h) Онбылсчастлив,чтовернулсядомой.
6.UsethecorrectformoftheInfinitiveinthesentencesbelow.
a) Heseizedeveryopportunity(toappear)inpublic:hewassoanxcious(totalk)about.
b) Isanythingelse(totell)her?
c) Afterteammembershavereceivedadrawing,theycan(tocomment)onitandmayaskforthe
design(tochange).
d) Weneed(touse)whatwecallsafetygas.
e) Isadiamonddrillreallyneeded(togo)throughreinforcedconcrete?
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