Chapter 14
North and South
LESSON 1
THE INDUSTRIAL NORTH
THREE PHASES OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
1.
2.
EMPLOYERS DIVIDED JOBS INTO SMALLER STEPS
–
ONE SPUN THREAD, ANOTHER WOVE CLOTH
–
SPECIALIZED IN ONE STEP
BUILT FACTORIES TO BRING SPECIALIZED WORKERS TOGETHER
–
3.
ALLOWED THE PRODUCT TO MOVE QUICKLY FROM ONE WORKER TO THE NEXT.
WORKERS USED MACHINES TO COMPLETE TASKS
–
MACHINES WORKED MUCH FASTER
–
JOB CHANGED FROM WEAVING TO TENDING THE MACHINE
MASS PRODUCTION
•
ELIAS HOWE INVENTED THE SEWING MACHINE IN 1846
•
WORKERS COULD MAKE CLOTHING IN MASS QUANTITIES
•
USED MACHINE-MADE FABRICS AND SEWING MACHINES.
•
THE NORTHEAST'S FACTORIES MADE TWO-THIRDS OF THE COUNTRY'S MANUFACTURED GOODS (1860)
TRANSPORTATION
•
CREWS BUILT THOUSANDS OF MILES OF ROADS AND CANALS
•
CANALS OPENED NEW SHIPPING ROUTES
•
ROBERT FULTON LAUNCHED HIS FIRST STEAMBOAT, THE CLERMONT, ON THE HUDSON RIVER (1807)
–
•
MADE FAST UPSTREAM TRAVEL POSSIBLE
CARRIED GOODS AND PASSENGERS MORE CHEAPLY AND QUICKLY
SHIPS
•
3,000 STEAMBOATS TRAVELED THE COUNTRY'S MAJOR RIVERS AND CANALS (1860)
•
ENCOURAGED THE GROWTH OF CITIES
•
CLIPPER SHIPS FEATURED TALL SAILS AND SLEEK HULLS
–
COULD SAIL 300 MILES PER DAY
•
VOYAGE FROM NEW YORK TO GREAT BRITAIN WOULD TAKE 21 TO 28 DAYS
•
CLIPPER SHIP COULD CUT THAT TIME IN HALF
RAILROADS
•
FIRST RAILROADS RAN ALONG SHORT STRETCHES OF TRACK THAT CONNECTED MINES WITH NEARBY RIVERS
–
HORSES PULLED THESE EARLY TRAINS
•
BRITAIN HAD FIRST STEAM-POWERED PASSENGER LOCOMOTIVE IN 1829
•
PETER COOPER BUILT THE FIRST AMERICAN STEAM-POWERED LOCOMOTIVE – “TOM THUMB”
•
1840, STEAM LOCOMOTIVES WERE PULLING TRAINS IN THE UNITED STATES
•
1860, THE NATION'S TRACKS TOTALED 31,000 MILES
RAIL LINES
•
THEY CONNECTED MANY CITIES
–
NEW YORK AND BUFFALO
–
PHILADELPHIA AND PITTSBURGH
•
RAILWAY BUILDERS CONNECTED THESE EASTERN LINES
•
BY 1860 THE NATION'S RAILROADS FORMED A NETWORK THAT UNITED THE MIDWEST AND THE EAST.
MOVING GOODS AND PEOPLE
•
ALLOWED GRAIN, LIVESTOCK, AND DAIRY PRODUCTS TO MOVE DIRECTLY FROM THE MIDWEST TO THE EAST
•
MOVE GOODS FASTER AND MORE CHEAPLY
•
CONSUMERS COULD PURCHASE THEM AT LOWER PRICES
•
AFFORDABLE TRAIN TRAVEL BROUGHT PEOPLE INTO OHIO, INDIANA, AND ILLINOIS
•
NEW TOWNS AND INDUSTRIES DEVELOPED
SS CENTRAL AMERICA
•
IT WAS A 270-FOOT STEAMER
–
CARRYING A FULL LOAD OF PASSENGERS AND A LARGE AMOUNT OF GOLD
–
STEAMED INTO A HURRICANE
–
SANK OFF THE COAST OF THE CAROLINAS
–
HUNDREDS OF PEOPLE DROWNED
GREAT TRAIN WRECK OF 1856
•
HAPPENED BETWEEN CAMP HILL AND FORT WASHINGTON, PENNSYLVANIA (JULY 17, 1856)
•
TWO TRAINS SLAMMED HEAD-ON INTO EACH OTHER
•
60 PEOPLE WERE KILLED, MORE THAN 100 WERE INJURED
•
ONE OF THE WORST ACCIDENTS IN RAILROAD HISTORY
•
TRAGIC NEWS HORRIFIED THE NATION
TELEGRAPH
•
USED ELECTRIC SIGNALS TO SEND MESSAGES
•
SAMUEL MORSE DEVELOPED A SYSTEM FOR SENDING CODED MESSAGES INSTANTLY
•
SUCCESSFULLY TESTED THE SIGNAL BETWEEN WASHINGTON, D.C., AND BALTIMORE
•
CODE USES DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENTS OF SHORT AND LONG SIGNALS
–
DOTS AND DASHES THAT REPRESENT LETTERS OF THE ALPHABET
BENEFITS
•
ALLOWED INFORMATION TO BE COMMUNICATED IN MINUTES
•
PEOPLE QUICKLY LEARN ABOUT NEWS AND EVENTS FROM OTHER AREAS OF THE UNITED STATES
•
BUSINESSES BECAME MORE EFFICIENT WITH PRODUCTION AND SHIPPING
FARMING
•
FEW FARMERS WERE WILLING TO SETTLE IN THE TREELESS GREAT PLAINS
•
PRAIRIE WEST OF OHIO AND KENTUCKY SEEMED TOO DIFFICULT FOR FARMING
•
OLD PLOWS COULD NOT BREAK THE PRAIRIE'S MATTED SOD
•
WORRIED THAT THE SOIL WOULD NOT BE FERTILE ENOUGH
AGRICULTURE ADVANCEMENTS
•
STEEL-TIPPED PLOW DEVELOPED BY JOHN DEERE IN 1837
–
ALLOWED FARMERS TO CUT THROUGH THE HARD-PACKED PRAIRIE SOD
•
MECHANICAL REAPER SPED UP THE HARVESTING OF WHEAT
•
THRESHER QUICKLY SEPARATED THE GRAIN FROM THE STALK
•
THESE INNOVATIONS REDUCED THE LABOR REQUIRED FOR FARMING
MCCORMICK'S REAPER
•
BEFORE THIS FARMERS HAD HARVESTED GRAIN WITH HANDHELD CUTTING TOOLS
•
GREATLY INCREASED THE AMOUNT OF CROP A FARMER COULD HARVEST
•
THEY COULD PLANT MORE WHEAT AND BE PROFITABLE
•
BECAME THE MAIN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ON THE MIDWESTERN PRAIRIES
FARM / INDUSTRY
•
NEW MACHINES AND THE EASE OF ACCESS TO RAILROADS ALLOWED FARMERS TO PLANT MORE ACRES WITH CASH CROPS
•
GREW WHEAT AND SHIPPED IT EAST BY TRAIN AND CANAL BARGE
•
NORTHEAST FARMERS INCREASED THEIR PRODUCTION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
•
AGRICULTURE IN THE REGION WAS GROWING
•
INDUSTRY WAS GROWING FASTER
LESSON 2
PEOPLE OF THE NORTH
FACTORY WORKERS
•
EMPLOYEES WORKED LONG HOURS
•
BY 1840, THE AVERAGE WORKDAY WAS 11.4 HOURS
•
LOTS OF INJURIES FROM TIRED WORKERS
•
MACHINES HAD RAPIDLY MOVING BELTS AND OTHER PARTS WITH NO SHIELDS FOR PROTECTION
•
IN SUMMER FACTORIES WERE HOT (NO AIR-CONDITIONING)
•
MOST FACTORIES HAD NO HEATING IN THE WINTER
CHILD LABOR
•
CHILDREN IN FACTORIES WORKED SIX DAYS A WEEK AND 12 HOURS A DAY
•
WORK WAS DANGEROUS AND HARD
•
–
TENDED MACHINES IN MILLS
–
WORKED UNDERGROUND IN COAL MINES
REFORMERS CALLED FOR LAWS TO REGULATE CHILD LABOR
–
SHORTEN WORK HOURS, AND IMPROVE CONDITIONS
WORKERS ORGANIZE
•
IN 1830S, THEY BEGAN ORGANIZING INTO UNIONS
•
SKILLED WORKERS FORMED TRADE UNIONS
–
GROUPS OF WORKERS WITH THE SAME SKILL
•
UNION MEMBERS WOULD HAVE MORE POWER THAN INDIVIDUALS
•
WANTED TO RECEIVE HIGHER WAGES AND LIMIT THEIR WORKDAY
•
WORKERS STAGED A SERIES OF STRIKES IN THE MID-1830S
–
REFUSING TO WORK, PRESSURE EMPLOYER
STRIKES
•
GOING ON STRIKE WAS ILLEGAL IN THE EARLY 1800S
•
WAS THE THREAT OF LOSING THEIR JOBS
•
STRIKERS FACED PUNISHMENT FOR BREAKING THE LAW
•
1842 A MASSACHUSETTS COURT RULED THAT WORKERS DID HAVE THE RIGHT TO STRIKE
AFRICAN AMERICANS
•
FACED RACIAL PREJUDICE
–
•
AN UNFAIR OPINION OF A GROUP
ALSO FACED DISCRIMINATION
–
UNFAIR TREATMENT OF A GROUP
•
FEW AFRICAN AMERICANS COULD VOTE
•
COULD NOT ATTEND PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN MANY TOWNS
•
COULD ONLY GO TO “COLORED” HOSPITALS
AFRICAN AMERICANS AND JOBS
•
A FEW AFRICAN AMERICANS FOUND SUCCESS
•
SAMUEL CORNISH AND JOHN B. RUSSWURM FOUNDED FREEDOM'S JOURNAL
–
THE FIRST AFRICAN AMERICAN NEWSPAPER (1827)
•
1845 MACON B. ALLEN BECAME THE FIRST AFRICAN AMERICAN TO PRACTICE LAW
•
MOST AFRICAN AMERICANS WERE POOR IN THE MID-1800S
WOMEN WORKERS
•
WOMEN ALSO FACED DISCRIMINATION
•
WERE PAID WOMEN HALF AS MUCH AS MEN
•
STOPPED FROM JOINING UNIONS AND
•
MEN WANTED THEM KEPT OUT OF THE WORKPLACE.
SARAH G. BAGLEY
•
STARTED THE LOWELL FEMALE LABOR REFORM ORGANIZATION
•
PETITIONED FOR A 10-HOUR WORKDAY
•
LEGISLATURE DID NOT CONSIDER THE PETITION
–
•
BECAUSE THEY WERE WOMEN
SHE PAVED THE WAY FOR LATER MOVEMENTS TO HELP WORKING WOMEN
URBAN POPULATION
•
MAJOR CITIES DEVELOPED BETWEEN 1820 AND 1840
•
STEAMBOATS FROM NORTH AND SOUTH LINED UP ALONG THE DOCKS OF ST. LOUIS
•
PITTSBURGH, CINCINNATI, AND LOUISVILLE ALSO PROFITED FROM THEIR LOCATIONS
•
CITIES BECAME CENTERS OF TRADE THAT LINKED MIDWEST FARMERS
IMMIGRATION
•
GREATEST NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS CAME FROM IRELAND
•
A POTATO BLIGHT, DESTROYED MOST OF THE IRISH FOOD SUPPLY
•
A MILLION PEOPLE DIED DURING THE GREAT IRISH FAMINE
•
1.5 MILLION IRISH LEFT FOR THE UNITED STATES BETWEEN 1846 AND 1860
•
GERMANS FLED TO ESCAPE POLITICAL PROBLEMS AT HOME
LESSON 3
SOUTHERN COTTON KINGDOM
THE SOUTH
•
HAD AN ECONOMY BASED ALMOST ENTIRELY ON FARMING
•
BY 1850, THE SOUTHERN POPULATION HAD SPREAD INLAND TO THE DEEP SOUTH
•
ECONOMY OF THE SOUTH WAS THRIVING
–
DEPENDED ON SLAVERY
•
SLAVERY GREW STRONGER THAN EVER IN THE SOUTH
•
PRETTY MUCH DISAPPEARED IN THE NORTH
KING COTTON
•
GREW MAINLY RICE, INDIGO, AND TOBACCO IN COLONIAL TIMES
•
EUROPEAN MILLS NOW WANTED SOUTHERN COTTON AFTER THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR
•
COTTON CROPS TOOK A LARGE AMOUNT OF TIME AND LABOR
•
WORKERS HAD TO CAREFULLY SEPARATE THE PLANT'S STICKY SEEDS
ELI WHITNEY
•
INVENTED THE COTTON GIN IN 1793
•
QUICKLY AND EASILY REMOVED SEEDS FROM COTTON FIBERS
•
PRODUCTIVITY ROSE QUICKLY
•
WORKERS PROCESSED 50 TIMES MORE COTTON EACH DAY
CONSEQUENCES OF COTTON
•
SOUTHERN PLANTERS RELIED ON ENSLAVED WORKERS TO PLANT AND PICK COTTON
•
DEMAND FOR SLAVE LABOR INCREASED
•
SLAVERY SPREAD ACROSS A LARGER AREA OF THE SOUTH
CHANGES IN SOUTH
•
SOUTH REMAINED AGRICULTURAL BY 1860
•
UPPER SOUTH GREW MORE TOBACCO, HEMP, WHEAT, AND VEGETABLES
•
DEEP SOUTH PRODUCED MORE COTTON, AS WELL AS RICE AND SUGARCANE
•
SALE OF ENSLAVED AFRICANS BECAME A BIG BUSINESS
•
UPPER SOUTH BECAME A CENTER FOR THE SALE AND TRANSPORT OF SLAVES (DOMESTIC SLAVE TRADE)
SOUTHERN INDUSTRY
•
INDUSTRY DEVELOPED SLOWLY IN THE SOUTH
•
PLANTERS WOULD HAVE HAD TO SELL SLAVES OR LAND TO GET MONEY FOR FACTORIES
•
CHOSE INSTEAD TO INVEST IN PROFITABLE AGRICULTURE
•
MARKET FOR MANUFACTURED GOODS IN THE SOUTH WAS SMALL
•
LIMITED LOCAL MARKET DISCOURAGED INDUSTRIES FROM DEVELOPING
SOUTHERN FACTORIES
•
WILLIAM GREGG OPENED HIS OWN TEXTILE FACTORY
•
GEORGIA’S AUGUSTIN CLAYTON OPENED A COTTON MILL
•
JOSEPH REID ANDERSON MADE TREDEGAR IRON WORKS ONE OF THE NATION’S LEADING IRON PRODUCERS
•
ALABAMA IRON WORKS INCLUDED A SAWMILL FOR PRODUCING LUMBER
SOUTHERN TRANSPORTATION
•
RELIED ON NATURAL WATERWAYS TO TRANSPORT THEIR GOODS
•
TOWNS WERE LOCATED ON COASTS OR ALONG RIVERS
•
RAIL LINES WERE SHORT, LOCAL, AND NOT LINKED TOGETHER
–
SOUTHERN CITIES GREW SLOWER THAN NORTH
•
ONLY ABOUT ONE-THIRD OF THE NATION’S RAIL LINES LAY WITHIN THE SOUTH
•
SHORTAGE WOULD HURT THE SOUTH IN THE FUTURE
•
LESSON 4
PEOPLE OF THE SOUTH
SMALL FARMERS
•
MOST WHITE PEOPLE IN THE SOUTH WERE YEOMEN
–
DID NOT PRACTICE PLANTATION-STYLE AGRICULTURE
–
GREW CROPS TO TRADE WITH LOCAL MERCHANTS
–
OWNED FEW OR NO SLAVES
•
ANOTHER GROUP WORKED AS TENANT FARMERS
–
RENTED LAND FROM PROPERTY OWNERS
RURAL POOR
•
LIVED IN SIMPLE HOMES – LOG CABINS
•
WERE PROUD OF THEIR ABILITY TO PROVIDE FOR THEIR FAMILIES
•
A FEW FREE AFRICAN AMERICANS ALSO HAD SLAVES WORKED THEIR ENSLAVED WORKERS IN THE SAME MANNER
PLANTATION OWNERS
•
LARGER PLANTATIONS COVERED SEVERAL THOUSAND ACRES
•
OWNERS MEASURED THEIR WEALTH BY THE NUMBER OF SLAVES THEY HAD
•
PLANTATION OWNERS TRAVELED A LOT IN ORDER TO ENSURE FAIR DEALINGS WITH TRADERS
•
WIVES OFTEN LED DIFFICULT AND LONELY LIVES
SLAVES
•
SOME WERE MAIDS OR BUTLERS
•
OTHERS WERE TRAINED AS BLACKSMITHS, CARPENTERS, SHOEMAKERS, OR WEAVERS
•
MOST ENSLAVED AFRICAN AMERICANS WERE FIELD HANDS
–
WORKED FROM SUNRISE TO SUNSET
–
PLANT, TEND, AND HARVEST CROPS
–
PLANTATION MANAGERS SUPERVISED THEM
HARDSHIP
•
SLAVES WORKED HARD AND EARNED NO MONEY
•
LITTLE HOPE OF FREEDOM
•
SLAVEHOLDER COULD SELL THEM OR MEMBERS OF THEIR FAMILY WITHOUT WARNING
•
DEVELOPED A CULTURE ALL THEIR OWN
FAMILY LIFE
•
LAW DID NOT RECOGNIZE SLAVE MARRIAGES
–
STILL DID MARRY AND RAISE FAMILIES
–
UNCERTAINTY AND DANGER WERE ALWAYS PRESENT
•
FAMILIES COULD BE AND OFTEN WERE SEPARATED
•
SET UP A NETWORK OF RELATIVES AND FRIENDS
–
TOOK CARE OF CHILDREN SEPARATED FROM PARENTS
–
SOURCE OF STRENGTH FOR SLAVES
CULTURE
•
1808 CONGRESS BANNED THE IMPORT OF SLAVES
•
TRIED TO PRESERVE AFRICAN CUSTOMS
•
PASSED TRADITIONAL AFRICAN FOLK STORIES ON TO CHILDREN
•
FORMED THE WORK SONG OR FIELD HOLLER
RELIGION
•
KEPT TRADITIONAL AFRICAN RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND PRACTICES
•
SOME ACCEPTED CHRISTIANITY
•
GAVE PEOPLE A RELIGION OF HOPE AND RESISTANCE
•
EXPRESSED THEIR BELIEFS IN SPIRITUALS
–
HELPED SLAVES EXPRESS JOY AND SADNESS
–
ALSO A SECRET WAY OF COMMUNICATING
SLAVE CODES
•
ALSO CALLED BLACK CODES OR NEGRO LAWS
•
LAWS IN THE SOUTHERN STATES THAT CONTROLLED ENSLAVED PEOPLE
•
LAWS HAD EXISTED SINCE COLONIAL TIMES
•
WANTED TO PREVENT A SLAVE REBELLION
RESTRICTIONS
•
PROHIBITED SLAVES FROM GATHERING IN LARGE GROUPS
•
COULD NOT LEAVE PROPERTY WITHOUT A PASS
•
TEACHING SLAVES TO READ OR WRITE WAS ILLEGAL
–
EDUCATED SLAVES MIGHT START A REVOLT
TURNER’S REBELLION
•
TURNER TAUGHT HIMSELF TO READ AND WRITE
•
1831 HE LED A GROUP OF FOLLOWERS ON A VIOLENT RAMPAGE
•
KILLED AT LEAST 55 WHITES
•
TWO MONTHS LATER THEY CAPTURED AND HANGED TURNER
•
WHITES KILLED DOZENS OF SLAVES THAT WERE INNOCENT
RESISTANCE
•
RESISTED SLAVERY BY WORKING SLOWLY
•
PRETENDING TO BE ILL
•
SET FIRE TO A PLANTATION BUILDING
•
BREAKING TOOLS
•
THEIR WAY OF GETTING BACK AT SLAVE OWNERS
ESCAPING
•
RESISTED BY RUNNING AWAY FROM THEIR OWNERS
•
MOST WANTED TO FIND RELATIVES ON OTHER PLANTATIONS
•
OTHERS TRIED TO RUN AWAY TO FREEDOM (NORTH)
UNDERGROUND RAILROAD
•
A NETWORK OF "SAFE HOUSES" OWNED BY PEOPLE OPPOSED TO SLAVERY
•
ROUGH TRIP, MOSTLY AT NIGHT AND ON FOOT
•
MOST RUNAWAYS WERE CAUGHT AND RETURNED
•
OWNERS PUNISHED THEM SEVERELY
–
USUALLY BY WHIPPING
SOUTHERN CITIES
•
BALTIMORE AND NEW ORLEANS BECAME IMPORTANT
•
CHATTANOOGA, MONTGOMERY, AND ATLANTA GREW ALONG RAILROAD LINES
•
FREE AFRICAN AMERICANS FORMED THEIR OWN TOWNS
–
FORMED CHURCHES AND SCHOOLS
–
RIGHTS WERE LIMITED
–
COULD NOT MOVE OUT OF STATE
SCHOOLS
•
NO STATEWIDE PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS
•
RICH SENT THEIR CHILDREN TO PRIVATE SCHOOLS
•
LAGGED BEHIND OTHER PARTS OF THE COUNTRY IN LITERACY
•
SMALL POPULATIONS MADE IT HARD FOR PARENTS TO GET KIDS TO SCHOOL
•
THOUGHT EDUCATION WAS A PRIVATE MATTER