30
15 final
10 practical
5 theoretical
15
6 for reports
8 for Quizzes
1 for practical work
Report :
Student name – title – objective – principle – material and method –
result – discussion – Question
* Final
: Tue . 20-2-1434
24 -12 -2013
Experiment 1
Physical properties and detection of normal
constituents of urine
Mona AL-Harbi
Objectives:
1- The simple examination of urine.
2- To detect some of the normal organic constituents of
urine.(Qualitative)
3- To detect some of the normal inorganic ions present in
urine. .(Qualitative)
Note:
All the examination in 24 hour collection of urine
Urine formation:
In a healthy adult about
1200 ml of blood pass
through nephrone
(functioning renal
excretory tissue) every
minute, and about 125ml
of glomerular filtrate is
formed.
(125 is filtration and it
called glomerular filtrate)
**That indicate for high
filtration of nephrone .
Urine formation:
the concentration of substance which present in filtrate
depend on the molecular weight:
-substance that has molecular weight less than about
70,000 are present in the glomerular filtrate at about the
same concentration as in the plasma
substance that has molecular weight than about 70,000 do
not pass freely though the glomeruli and are present in the
glomerular filtrate at a lower
concentration than in plasma.
Urine formation:
Renal tubules conserve water and the soluble
constituents of the body by reabsorption using both
passive and active transport.
 urea are reabsorbed in the proximal portion of the
tubules
 In the distal portion of the tubules further water
and ions are reabsorbed, acidification of the urine
takes place, and ammonia may be formed (to be
excreted as ammonium).
urine that is finally excreated has an entirely
different composition
Indicate for high reabsorbtion of nephrone..
(1)Simple Examination of the Urine (physical test):
(A) Volume (urinary Output):
The normal 24 hours urine volume of an adult is between 750 and
2000 ml.
There are several Factors will affected on urinary output : (Generally
divided on two types)
1) Physiological factors
2) Pathological factors
1) Physiological :
depends on the fluid intake (which is usually a matter of habit) and on the
loss of fluid by other routes (primarily sweating which, in absence of
fever, depends on physical activity and on the external temperature).
(A)Increase concentration (amount) of salt : will lead to decrease the
volume of urine (output) , it will be low than 500 ml/day
(B)Diuretics : will lead to increase the urinary output ( more than
2000ml/day)
Like ; coffee , Beer , Cola
(c) Increase water intake : increase urinary output
(2) Pathological:
Diabetes Mellitus : hug amount of urine ( (A)
3500ml/day) .
•
•
Polyuria : If the urinary output > 2000ml/day
Oliguria : If the urinary output from 500 – 200
ml/day
• Anuria : If the urinary output from 0 – 125 ml /day ,
this condition occurs in Obstructive collected adduct
due to a stone or tumar .
Note : the polyuria and oligouria can observeing in
Physiological and Pathological condition but the
anuria only observing in Pathological condition
(B)Color:
Normally ; it is Pale to dark yellow
 the urine has yellow color due to
excretion of the normal urine pigments
(urochromas)
 there are indirect relation ship between
the yellow color and specific gravity.
(pale urine has a low specific gravity, a dark
line has a high specific gravity )
 Colored urines occur in certain diseases
or metabolic disorders, and after the
administration of many drugs
(C)Appearance:
**Normal should be Clear , The Following Appearance are not
normal:
 Casts: The tubule secrete an 1 –glycoprotein , which in the
presence of albumin, comes out of solution in gel form as casts.
 Mucus Protein: This may be from semen or from vaginal
discharge.
Pathologically, it may be due to disease of the lower urinary tract
or to
pus.
 Crystals: These are not normally . Uric acid (reddish-yellow) and
calcium oxalate(colourless) may precipitate from acid urine and
phosphate (whitish) from alkaline urine
(D) Odour or smell :
 urine which had a normal odour on arrival at the
laboratory , ( No offensive )
(E) PH :
On a normal pH between 5.5 and 8.0,
Normally : A vegetarian diet which causes a tendency to
alkalosis, thereby produces an alkaline urine.
- Important of PH of urine : The pH of the urine in
disease may reflect both the acid-base status of the
plasma, and the
function of the renal tubules.
(F) Specific Gravity (SG) :
The normal specific gravity (correctly called relative
density) of a pooled 24 hour urine sample is between
1.025 and 1.010
**There are indirect relation ship between water and SG
( Water
SG(
**There are direct relation ship between concentration
of substance in urine (Concentration of urine) and SG.
**The concentration of urine is highest in the a morning
specimen (overnight urine) and is lowest in a specimen
passed an hour after much
fluid has been taken.
**urinometer use to measure the SG
The Simple Examination of Urine
Part I: physical Proprieties of normal urine
1- Volume: Measure the volume of the 24 hour
collection of normal urine.
2- Color: Visually examine its colour.
3- Appearance: State whether it is clear, cloudy or
whether deposits or precipitates are present.
4- Odour: State whether it is normal urine like
ammonical, or not.
5- pH: Record the pH of the
sample.
6- Specific gravity;
The Simple Examination of Urine
Part II: Detect of some Organic constituent of urine
1- Creatinine:
• -Put 5 ml of urine + 1 ml of a saturated solution of
picric acid + 1 ml of 10% sodium hydroxide solution.
• A deep red color or orange due to creatinine picrate
appears. On acidification, with 2N HCl, the color
changes to yellow.
2- Uric acid:
• Put 2 ml of urine + 1 ml of Bendict reagent , then
heated in a boiling water bath for three minutes .
White precipitate indicates the presence of uric acid.
The Simple Examination of Urine
Part II: Detect of some Inorganic constituent of urine
1) Chlorides: Add 5 ml of urine+ 5 drops of 2N nitric
acid + + 3 drops of 2N silver nitrate solution.
• - A white precipitate of silver chloride is formed
which dissolves in 2N ammonium hydroxide
solution.
2) Phosphates: Add 5 ml of concentrated nitric acid
+ 5 ml of urine+ 4 ml of saturated ammonium
molybdate solution.
Heat the mixture gently. A yellow crystalline
precipitate of ammonium phospho-molybdate
appears.
• 3) Bicarbonate: Add 4 drops of concentrate HCl +
5 ml of urine. A slight effervescence occurs due to
CO2 evolution.
• 4) Sulphates : Acidify 10 ml of urine + 1 ml dilute
HCl+ 4 drops of 5% barium chloride solution.
- A white precipitate of barium sulphate is formed.
5) Ammonia: Add 1 ml of 10% sodium hydroxide
solution + 5 ml of urine. Boil. The ammonia may
be detected by its occur in confirmed by turning
moist red litmus paper to blue.
THANK YOU