Partition of
Antarctica (2050)
“Antarctica is otherworldly,
like nothing I’ve ever seen
before. Stark, cold, beautiful
desolation.”
-Mark Hoppus
!
Contents
Committee Background………………………………………..…………. 1
Topic A: Colonialism and Commerce…………………………..……. 3
Topic B: Environmental Concerns……….…..…………..….………. 5
The World in 2050………………………………………………………….. 6
Committee Mission…………………………………………………………. 7
Delegate Positions…………………………..…….……………………….. 7
Committee Procedures.….…….…….…….…….…………………...…. 19
Bibliography…….…….…….…….…….…….……………………………... 20
Committee Background
Since first being sighted during a Russian voyage in 1820, Antarctica has
remained completely free of civilian settlements for over a century due to its
bleak and unforgiving climate.1 At the time of its discovery, 98% of the continent
was covered by thick continental ice sheets.2 Not much has changed since, and
with temperatures recorded as low as -130 degrees Fahrenheit, winds of up to
200 miles per hour, and average precipitation of only 6.5 inches per year,
Antarctica remains the harshest continent on the planet in 2050.3
The first claim on Antarctica was made in 1908 by the United Kingdom
based on discovery and the presence of British vessels in the region.4 In the
following forty years, six other nations: New Zealand, Australia, Norway, France,
Argentina, and Chile also made official claims on the continent.5 Among these
seven nations, the United Kingdom, Chile, and Argentina had conflicting stakes.6
Most other nations do not recognize the sovereignty over the region asserted by
the seven claimant nations.7 Between these seven nations, nearly all of Antartica
had been claimed and, due to the signing of the Antarctic Treaty in 1959, any
further claims on the continent are banned.8
The Antarctic Treaty neither recognizes nor denies any claims made by
nations on Antarctica. Since 1959, the number of signatory countries on the
treaty has increased from 12 (including the seven claimant nations) to 50.9!
Additional stipulations were added in 1991, banning mineral and oil exploration
on the continent for 50 years and introducing regulations to protect the Antarctic
environment.10 The main points of the Antarctic Treaty are as follows:
•
•
•
Image Credit:
webdiscover.ru
The treaty neither recognizes, establishes, nor rejects any claims made by
nations; no new claims will be made while the treaty is in effect.11
Antarctica is to be used for peaceful purposes only; any and all military
activity - from military bases and maneuvers to weapons testing - is
prohibited. In addition, nuclear testing and depositing of radioactive
waste in Antarctica is forbidden.12
Signatory nations to the treaty have free access to all of Antarctica,
including aerial observations, and may inspect all stations and equipment
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
CIA World Factbook, CIA
Ibid.
3 ”Katabalic Winds,” American Museum of Natural History
4 Claiming Territorial rights in the Antarctic,” Domaas
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 ATS – The Antarctic Treaty,” ATS
10 Ibid.
11 Ibid.
12 ATS – The Antarctic Treaty,” ATS
1
2
!
1
•
•
in Antarctica. Presence of military personnel must be given advance
notice, and are only allowed on the continent under peaceful missions.13
All personnel in Antarctica are under the jurisdiction of their respective
nations.14
Disputes between signatories under the jurisdiction of the treaty will be
resolved peacefully, or be resolved through the International Court of
Justice as a last resort.15
Since the signing of the Antarctic Treaty, 30 different nations have set up
scientific bases on the continent to study subjects ranging from biology to climate
change. As interest in Antarctica has grown, the number of personnel on the
continent has increased considerably. This has coincided with the advance of
global warming; current global sea levels in the year 2050 are almost a foot
higher than the levels from year 2010.16 In addition, the rapid melting of the ice
in the polar regions of the warming planet has revealed land, and with it the
tantalizing possibility of riches available for commercial exploitation. Such
temptations are particularly alluring in a world with depleted reserves of oil and
precious minerals.!
Competing Claims to
Antarctica
Image Credit: Domaas
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Ibid.
Ibid.
15 Ibid.
16 “Polar ice sheet mass loss is speeding up, on pace for 1 foot sea level rise by 2050,” Romm
13
14
!
2
Topic A: Colonialism and Commerce
Though various nations were sealing and whaling in the waters
surrounding Antarctica throughout the 19th century, the first claim on its land
was not made until 1908 by the United Kingdom to ensure the preservation of
whaling rights for its lucrative businesses.17 Six other nations have since made
claims for both economic and political reasons. However, further claims were
then banned by the Antarctic Treaty in 1959.18 While whaling is no longer the
primary economic activity of concern for the nations interested in Antarctica, the
desire for a slice of Antarctica’s riches remains just as strong now in 2050 as it
did in 1908.
As the ice has continued to recede in response to rising global
temperatures, the economic potential of Antarctica has grown. Historically, the
waters around the continent have been valuable for fishing, sealing, and whaling,
among other resources.19 Millions of seals were killed for their skins in the mid1780s, and the species was hunted to near extinction within a century.20 Whales
suffered a similar fate until quotas were imposed in the 1970s and whaling was
banned in the southern waters surrounding Antarctica.21 This has allowed whale
populations to flourish and partially recover by the year 2050. However, whale
population levels still remain far below the levels that were observed in the 1800s
before hunting reached its peak. Even as seal and whale populations around
Antarctica have resurged under environmental protection, commercial fishing
has continued to expand in the Antarctic waters, and is essential to supporting a
global population nearing 10 billion people. Though concerns about sustainability
and declining fish populations were first raised in the early 2000’s, the looming
consequences of overfishing have been ignored in a rush to feed the growing
population.
Though petroleum exploration has been banned until now under the
Antarctic Treaty, the continent may hold oil reserves that could be commercially
exploited.22 In addition, the possible presence of oil reserves offshore near
Antarctica could be feasible targets for offshore drilling.23 With the world's supply
of oil critically depleted and without a feasible replacement yet in sight, the value
of additional oil reserves has reached record levels.24 This high demand for oil has
the potential to drive oil prices to record highs, overcoming the considerable cost
of operating in Antarctic conditions.
Similarly, mineral resources in Antarctica have not been confirmed by
commercial exploration, but similar geographic features found in South America
have yielded rich mineral deposits, giving a strong indication of similar riches on
the southern continent.25 Valuable metals such as gold, platinum, copper, iron,
and lead may be among those present.26 Discoveries in the early 2010’s have also
indicated a very strong likelihood of diamonds being buried within the frozen
continent, further increasing the value of having a stake in Antartica.27 The value
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
”Claiming Territorial rights in the Antarctic,” Domaas
Ibid.
19 Ibid.
20 ”Antarctica,” Encyclopedia Britannica Online!
21 ”Antarctica,” Encyclopedia Britannica Online
22 Ibid.
23 Ibid.
24 ”BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013,” British Petroleum
25 ”Antarctica,” Encyclopedia Britannica Online
26 CIA World Factbook, CIA
27 ”New findings hint at diamond deposits in Antarctica,” BBC
17
18
!
3
of these minerals has been exponentially increased by the depletion of many of
their other reserves, leaving the world hungry for new sources in the year 2050.
Currently, the fastest growing industry in Antarctica is tourism, which has
flourished as people have rushed to see the shrinking ice caps and the recovering
wildlife, fearing that global warming will melt away the remaining ice on the
continent. The increasing number of tourists in Antarctica has created a lucrative
industry that includes travel services and luxury hotels and restaurants on
surrounding islands. Though, due to its remote location and currently limited
availability, Antarctic tourism remains an expensive vacation available only to the
wealthy. The industry continues to lobby for permission to build large tourists
attractions on the main continent, rather than the surrounding islands, to lower
the costs of travel and cater to a greater range of customers. Tourism continues to
be the primary medium through which civilians interact with the Antarctic
continent.
Antarctica’s surrounding waters also play host to valuable global shipping
lanes, which remain outside the control of any single nation. In addition, the
uninhabited Antarctic landscape provides an ideal place for weapons testing,
without any of the complications of possible harm to the civilian population.
However, such practices will almost certainly damage the natural environment.
More Antarctic
Claims
Image Credit: Domaas
!
4
Topic B: Environmental Concerns
As mentioned earlier, the 1970 ban on whaling in the Southern Ocean has
allowed whale populations to recover significantly, and the ban was consequently
lifted in 2048, though several restrictions and quotas remain in place to ensure
the security of the whale populations. The lifting of the ban has been
controversial, with many environmental scientists and environmentalists
protesting the action. Global whale populations remain far below the levels
observed before large-scale whaling began in the late 1800s and drove whales to
near extinction, and opponents of lifting the ban argue that the whale
populations are not ready yet to handle the impact of commercial whaling.
Proponents of commercial whaling continue to assure the international
community that the remaining quotas and restrictions will be sufficient to protect
the whale populations alongside a sustainable and monitored whaling industry.
The prohibition of mineral and petroleum exploration in Antarctica was
originally put in place to protect the continent's sensitive environment. A diverse
group of plants and animals use the continent and its surrounding waters as
breeding grounds and habitat.28 Fears of large oil spills, like the BP oil spill in the
Gulf of Mexico in 2010, as well as the large amount of industrial waste produced
by commercial mining, continues to cast a shadow over the lucrative opportunity
to utilize Antarctica’s natural resources. Such natural disasters could shatter the
environment by destroying the natural ecosystem. The large number of species
that depend on the Antarctic environment will be severely harmed in the event of
environmental damage, and there is even risk of driving several species
indigenous to Antarctica to extinction. This includes the fish populations that are
essential as a global food source. The loss of the Antarctic fish as a food source
would be disastrous to a substantial part of the global population.
The continued growth of the global population to nearly 10 billion people
has necessitated additional food sources as population growth has outstripped
the current agricultural capacities of many nations.29 More and more frequently
fish from the world’s oceans has been used to make up the difference. Waters
around Antarctica are no exception, and have provided a large number of fish
through large-scale commercial fishing operations.30 Recently, however, the
levels of fish caught have been slowly dropping. Environmental scientists from
around the world are warning of overfishing and citing the recent drop in fish
populations as a glimpse of the consequences if current practices continue.
Even tourism in Antarctica creates environmental issues that must be
dealt with. The tourism industry creates large amounts of waste that must be
somehow removed or safely disposed of. In addition, increasing numbers of
tourists will require more energy to satisfy their needs, the production of which
will further pollute the continent.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
”Antarctica,” Encyclopedia Britannica Online
World Population to 2300, United Nations
30 ”Antarctica,” Encyclopedia Britannica Online
28
29
!
5
The World in 2050
Presently in 2050, the world is in a time of transition. The global
population is higher than ever, with rising uncertainties about whether the
population will continue to grow or stabilize.31 Current farming methods are
struggling to keep up with growing food demands. Most of this strain has been
felt in poorer nations, while the United States, China, and European Union
nations have been able to avoid food shortages for the time being.
In addition to food shortages, the world’s known oil reserves have been
almost completely depleted.32 Despite the high levels of optimism in finding an
alternative energy source, cheap and abundant sources of energy, such as
sustainable nuclear fusion, remain a thing of science fiction. Energy sources such
as solar power and wind power remain too inconsistent to take over the vast
vacuum left behind by the depleted oil. Estimates give the world 5 to 10 more
years of oil at current consumption levels. Because of the dwindling supply of oil,
its price has skyrocketed, causing oil-importing nations to ration fuel. The rising
sea levels, almost a foot higher than half a century ago, have put greater pressure
on nations to come up with a long-term solution for global warming.33
Map of Antarctica
Image Credit
Maps of the World
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
World Population to 2300, United Nations
”BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013,” British Petroleum
33 ”Polar ice sheet mass loss is speeding up, on pace for 1 foot sea level rise by 2050,” Romm
31
32
!
6
Committee Mission
With the recent expiration of the Antarctic Treaty, the nations gathered
here must tackle the many issues that come with the new accessibility of
Antarctica. First, the committee must decide how to divide up Antarctica:
whether the claims made previously by the seven nations will be honored, or if
the continent will be divided in an entirely different manner. They must draw up
a plan that not only divides up Antarctica, but also lays out how a claim is given
recognition, all the while attempting to avoid military conflict between the
involved nations. In addition, the committee must decide how the different
partitions of Antarctica will interact with one another.
Secondly, the committee will decide the extent of commercial activity
allowed in the Antarctic region, and whether it will be decided individually by
nations or by an overarching international body. This must be done while
considering the environmental effects such activities will have.
Lastly, the committee must decide if military activity of any sort in
Antarctica is appropriate, or if such activity will continue to be banned as it was
under the Antarctica Treaty. If military activity should be approved, the
committee must set boundaries on the actions that can be carried out.
Questions to Consider
•
•
•
How will Antarctica be divided among nations?
What will be the military’s role, if any, in Antarctica?
What restrictions should be placed on Antarctica and its surrounding
waters to protect the environment? Should there be any restrictions at all?
Delegate Positions
Argentina
Argentina disputed the claim of the United Kingdom in 1925 by writing a
letter to the UK claiming nearly the same area.34 Their basis for the claim over the
British claim lies in their geographical proximity and the lack of United
Kingdom's effective occupation of their claimed territory.35 Argentina maintains
three bases on the continent and another base on the South Orkney Islands
within the Antarctic continent's waters. It recognizes no other claims other than
its own.
A century and a half ago, Argentina was one of the richest countries in the
world, richer than many European nations such as Italy and France, and far
richer than Japan.36 Many compared its potential with that of another rising
power, the United States.37 Its economic prowess dwarfed that of its poor
neighbor, Brazil.38 However, the past hundred fifty years have not been kind to
Argentina. Two world wars, the Great Depression, and domestic instability
followed by military rule have been disastrous to the economy, causing Argentina
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
”Claiming Territorial rights in the Antarctic,” Domaas
Ibid.
”Cry for Me, Argentina,” Cohen
37 Ibid.
34
35
36
38
!
”Cry for Me, Argentina,” Cohen
7
to plummet from its wealthy position.39 This economic downfall culminated in
the embarrassing default of all foreign debts by the Argentinian government in
2002.40 Since then, rising demand for Argentinian exports such as soy beans have
helped the economy to somewhat recover. However, the economy remains fragile
due to mismanagement by the government and uncontrolled inflation, and
Argentina remains dwarfed by its neighbor Brazil.
The Argentinian claim in part has political motives, in an attempt to foster
nationalistic sentiments among its citizens. Argentina’s government has claimed
that the Falkland Islands and their Antarctic claims should be considered as part
of Argentina’s national borders due to the proximity of these territories to
Argentina. It considers the UK’s claim invalid and invasive. They argue that,
while the United Kingdom claimed the territory in 1908, Argentinians had
already built and was using a fully operational base in the disputed territory by
1904.41 In addition, Argentina argues that it was the only nation to have an
Antarctic base in the disputed area for 40 years, the British base on the same area
being built much later.42
Argentina and its fragile economy would benefit from the economic
stability brought by the wealth of Antarctic resources. Additional sources of goods
to be exported would boost the country’s overall and per capita GDP, which has
plunged since its relative peak one hundred and fifty years ago.
The disputed area mirrors the situation in conflicting claims over the
Falklands by the UK and Argentina. Argentina failed in its attempt to seize the
Falkland Islands from the United Kingdom by force in 1982 and has since agreed
to avoid settling territorial issues between the two nations by force.43 The UK,
however, continues to reject the Argentinian request for talks to discuss
sovereignty, to the extreme frustration of the Argentinians.44 This makes the
upcoming partition of Antarctica a chance for Argentina to recover face for the
quick defeat it suffered at the hands of the British in 1982, as well as to solidify its
geopolitical position in the Southern Hemisphere.
Australia
Australia claimed a large portion of the continent between 1929 and
1938.45 Its claim is recognized by the United Kingdom, New Zealand, France, and
Norway.46 Like New Zealand, it first gained its claim as a part of the British
Empire, and retained the claim when it gained independence from the UK. As
India and China have grown hungry for resources in the region, especially in the
Australian territory, the Australian government fears that it is losing control of
territory it has administered for over a century.47
Following the alarming drought Australia faced between the years 2001
and 2012, Australia enjoyed nearly a decade of abundant precipitation. Similarly,
prosperity boomed during this period causing Australia to ignore warnings by
environmental groups that its population was growing faster than the Australian
climate could support. However, climate change and unchecked population
growth finally caught up in the 2020’s. The fears of environmental groups
became a reality when one of the longest droughts in Australian history began.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Ibid.
”Argentina on the Brink,” The New York Times
41 International Politics of Antarctica, Beck
42 Ibid.
43 ”Falkland Islands War,” Encyclopedia Britannica Online
44 Ibid.
45 ”Claiming Territorial rights in the Antarctic,” Domaas
46 Ibid.!
39
40
47
!Emerging Politics of Antarctica, Brady!
!
8
The drought, lasting until the late 2030’s, crippled the Australian economy,
sharply cutting off population growth, and forced Australia to become a major
food importer, as many of its crops failed. Though precipitation levels have
returned to normal for now, the Australian government fears another drought is
inevitable, and looks to augment its ability to continue to import food.
Large protests have broken out. Citizens are requesting that the
government give greater aid to its citizens in tackling the problems caused by
droughts. Water rationing, enforced during the drought, is extremely unpopular,
and faces strong public opposition. The lack of water and the consequent food
shortages have sparked small pockets of hunger, but aid from the UK and US
have managed to curb any widespread starvation for now.
The Australian claim on Antarctica could be exactly what the nation needs
to continue its ability to import food without unbalancing its export and import
levels. The possible economic resources lying dormant in Antarctica would be a
boon to Australia, since the development and export of these resources would
ease the economic burden posed by importing a greater portion of its food.
Besides the resources hidden within the land, the waters surrounding Antarctica
are particularly appealing to Australia, since the large schools of fish that are
available for harvest would be under Australian control. The reduction in whaling
restrictions, which were implemented in 2048, pose an exciting economic
opportunity. Whale meat’s status as an exotic and luxury item has pushed the
prices to record heights.
Like New Zealand, Australia seeks to eliminate illegal Chinese fishing in
the waters surrounding Antarctica and Australia, as it is committed to both the
Australian fishing industry and the health of the ocean environment.
Brazil
The largest economy in South America, and one of the largest in the world
in 2050, Brazil dominates the region in the way China dominates Asia and the US
dominates North America. Its growing population has avoided food shortages
due to its fertile environment, but deforestation and poor management of soil is
beginning to become evident. The high rates of economic growth, while beneficial
towards the development and modernization of Brazil, has left many in its
population poor and discontent. Next to the gleaming cities, like Rio, lie
sprawling slums occupied by the poorest citizens. As a large wealth gap between
the wealthy and the rest of the population continues to grow, protests of
economic inequality are growing both in intensity and frequency. These protests
oppose both the wealth inequality and the government’s inability to control
soaring costs of living, which are what have forced so many of its citizens into the
slums.
Brazil, though not as close to Antarctica as nations like Chile and New
Zealand, is proximate enough to benefit from economic activities in the
continent, especially given its position as an economic powerhouse in the region.
A Brazilian territory in Antarctica could give the government the revenue boost
needed to set up programs to make housing more affordable, enabling it to
appease protestors.
Chile
Chile also claimed an area overlapping with the claims of the United
Kingdom and Argentina in 1940, basing their claims on geographic proximity and
!
9
greater polar activity than the United Kingdom.48 It maintains a base on an island
near the main continent, as well as a base on the continent itself.
Following the 17 year military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet that
ended in 1990, Chile has struggled to deal with the violent legacy left behind.49
Though Pinochet and his actions no longer spark heated debates, his impact on
Chile’s economy is clear; the foundations his dictatorship laid down for the
modern Chilean economy helped to fuel its enviable economic growth since the
1980s, helping it become one of the wealthiest Latin American nations along with
Brazil. The stable democratic government that followed the dictatorship fostered
consistent economic growth.50 Despite such desirable conditions, Chile has and
continues to experiences large income inequality, and the inability of the
government to address the issue has fueled protests by citizens who feel that the
elite have gained all the benefits of the economic growth.51
In years approaching 2050, Chile began to see slower rates of growth as
the spike in oil prices and costs of rising sea levels took a toll on the economy.
This recent slowdown has further caused discontet among its middle and lower
class citizens, who complain that they will suffer while the wealthy remain
unaffected in the event of an economic recession. Chile must gain a part of
Antarctica as an economic resource if they are to assuage the fears of its citizens
and continue to fuel economic growth.
As the last nation to make a claim on Antarctica before the Antarctic
Treaty, Chile feels great pressure to justify its claim over the two previous claims
made by the UK and Argentina. It has remained active through its scientific
personnel and its bases, and the nation of Chile, given its geographic proximity,
has played a similar role to New Zealand, providing a port for Antarctic
expeditions run by other nations.
China
Following its economic success and its rapid modernization, China has
continued to spend greater and greater amounts of money on its military, and by
2050 is second only to the US in military expenditures. Under the leadership of a
new, energetic party leader Lin Sen, China has aggressively defended its political
stakes in East Asia, keeping a firm hold on Tibet and continuing to pursue the
Japanese occupied Senkaku (Diaoyu) Islands. Its desire to possess the Senkaku
Islands persists even after skirmishes with American-backed Japanese selfdefense forces in the early 2020s pushed the Chinese military back. The
Communist party remains the only party allowed to legally participate in
elections, and the People’s Congress remains a rubberstamp legislative body.
Political dissent, though still banned, continues to spread through social media.
After recently becoming the largest consumer of oil in the world just as
the world’s supply of it is nears depletion, China is desperate to continue to
power its economic growth and its population of 1.4 billion people that has grown
slowly after the relaxation of the one child policy.52 It has managed to avoid any
food scarcity in its country thanks to the government control of the market, but
the future will be bleak if population growth increases above current low levels.
China, in its haste to fuel its economic growth, has continued to ignore pollution
issues, and smog from burning coal and petroleum to generate electricity is a
large problem for almost every major Chinese city.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
”Claiming Territorial rights in the Antarctic,” Domaas
”Memories of Chile,” Cohen
50 "Chilean Voters Return a Former President to Power,” New York Times
51 Ibid.!
52 World Population to 2300, United Nations
48
49
!
10
Since 2003, China has increased its Antarctic expenditures, investing in
new ice breakers and equipment to make its presence and influence in the
Antarctic evident.53 It does not have any previous claims to the continent, but
considers itself a legitimate participant in talks for the division of Antarctica,
given its large presence there. Its increased investment in the continent is evident
in the four bases it updates and maintains on the continent, as well as its large
network of polar scientists both in China and in Antarctica.54 In the past, China
has mentioned that it will protect its “polar rights.”55 However, a lack of Chinese
presence among the governing bodies of Antarctica remains a mark on the
Chinese ambition for influence.56
Public opinion in China remain largely supportive of a Chinese territory in
Antarctica, and a plethora of articles and journals have been published in support
of a Chinese Antarctic territory.57 However, China faces significant opposition
from the West and its allies due to the restrictive nature of its government and its
blind eye to illegal Chinese activities. China has repeatedly expressed, implicitly
and explicitly, its desire to partake in the division of Antarctic resources, a
division it sees as inevitable.
A Chinese possession of Antarctic territory would allow Chinese vessels to
legally fish in the waters surrounding its territory in the Antarctic. China
currently turns a blind eye to illegal Chinese fishing vessels in the Antarctic. The
idea of resources available in Antarctica is also a hot topic in China, where many
eagerly look forward to the possibility of discovering oil and other sources of
energy as well as valuable minerals on the unexplored continent.
France
France claimed a part of the continent in 1933, and its claim is recognized
by the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia, and Norway.58 Just like the
United Kingdom, France has given up most of its once vast empire, retaining only
a few small territories around the world.
France’s pattern of cooperation with Germany and other European
nations within the European Union has continued through the year 2050, and
the European Union is closer than ever to becoming a united political entity. Free
trade and open borders between the member states have encouraged continued
economic growth, and have given the smaller European nations a competitive
edge in a global economy that increasingly favored large economies like those of
China and the United States. The growing idea of a “European” identity has been
evident in the rise of European Union citizens without any national citizenships
starting in the late 2020’s. France, however, has been resistant to the practice
and European Union citizens within France remain a small minority.
Following a greater level of unification among its member states, the EU
has expanded its armed forces for the defense of its member states, staffed by
soldiers from its member nations and under direction of the EU governing body.
France, along with all other members of the EU except for the UK, has
abandoned its military programs save for a small security force, depending on the
overarching European military for its common defense. France, along with
Germany, remains a leading member of the EU.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Emerging Politics of Antarctica, Brady
Ibid.
55 Ibid.
56 Ibid.
57 Ibid.
58 ”Claiming Territorial rights in the Antarctic,” Domaas!
53
54
!
11
Despite the growing integration of France to the rest of Europe, French
patriotism remains strong, and many French consider the French claim in
Antarctica as rightfully belonging to France, as it does for the remainder of
French territories spread throughout the world.
Germany
As part of the Third Reich in 1939, Germany claimed the same area as
Norway only a few days after Norway had made their claim, and therefore the
German claim was not considered valid.59 However, Germany retains a scientific
base on the continent.
Though the days of Nazi Germany are long over, German ambitions for a
slice of Antarctica’s resources remain, especially since the rise of developing
economies such as India and Brazil have overtaken Germany in size by the year
2050, and Germany struggles to remain a top ten economy.60 Just like its close
ally France, Germany has chosen to abandon most of its military in favor of a
European military for the common defense of EU member states, keeping only a
small security force. To this end, Germany actively contributes to the EU, both
militarily and economically. Germany remains the largest economy in the
European Union, followed by France and the UK, and has a significant amount of
influence on the direction of the European Union.61
With its high per capita GDP, Germany has avoided most of the problems
plaguing many of the other nations in the committee. European nations have
managed to avoid any food shortages, and most Germans do not yet feel the
effects of rising sea levels. However, Germany does feel the constraint of rising
fuel prices, as an increasingly uncertain relationship with Europe’s main energy
provider Russia, along with a general shortage of petroleum, has fueled an
alarming growth in living costs. The relative wealth of the average German citizen
has managed to cope with the price increases, but complaints from its citizens
about the possibility of further increases in energy costs has put pressure on
Germany to find alternative sources of fuel or to find means to subsidize the
energy bought from Russia.
Despite its greater integration into the EU, Germany is experiencing a
recent surge in German nationalism, and popular opinion is supportive, even
demanding, of a German territory in Antarctica to counterbalance the ambitions
of nations such as China and Russia. The possession of a part of Antarctica would
provide an opportunity for energy independence from an increasingly hostile
Russia, as well as winning the political support of a majority of its citizens back
home.
India
Having finally overtaken China as the most populous nation in the world,
India still faces the massive problem of caring for its large minority of citizens
who continue to live in abject poverty. Its lack of effective population limiting
polices like China’s one child policy has left India with a population it cannot feed
indefinitely. Food shortages have been a rampant problem in recent years, and
unrest among the poor, to the alarm of the government, is growing.
With the largest population in the world, India has managed to grow its
economy to be the third largest in the world, but per capita GDP remains
relatively low due to the large population, and the result has been the spread of
slums in urban areas, which are unsanitary and increasingly dangerous.62
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
”Claiming Territorial rights in the Antarctic,” Domaas
World in 2050, PwC
61 Ibid.!
62 World Population to 2300, United Nations
59
60
!
12
India, like China, looks towards partaking in the division of Antarctic
resources in order to fuel its energy hungry nation and fund its expanding efforts
to rapidly raise its citizen’s quality of life. To this end, it has expanded its
presence in Antarctica through the building of bases and the presence of scientific
personnel.63 Though it avoids the stigma China’s government provokes, India,
given the current state of its poor, still faces doubts from the Western nations in
terms of its capability to effectively administer a portion of Antarctica.
Iran
The last forty years have not been kind to Iran. While the nation profited
from sharp increases in oil prices across the past few decades, state mandated
subsidies and controls have stagnated economic growth and stifled the
emergence of a competitive private sector. To make matters worse, Iranian oil
supplies have been rapidly depleted, and the nation only controls a small fraction
of the resources it did at the turn of the millennium.
Iran’s economic woes have fueled longstanding dissent among the
population, whose calls for a more democratic government continue to grow in
number and vigor each day. Standoffs between protesters and government forces
have become an everyday occurrence, with no end in sight. The sources of most
Iranian citizens’ discontent go beyond the nation’s economic struggles; an
unpopular war with ISIS that lasted until the late 2010’s that ended in a
humiliating Iranian defeat, as well as the lack of a credible democratic election,
have chipped away at the Iranian government’s ability to command the loyalty of
its people. However, the current regime retains a tight grip on the military, and
maintains sufficient forces to quell protests for now.
The controversial nuclear program that Iran pursued throughout much of
its modern existence was reluctantly and quietly dismantled in 2025 after
continued lack of success and the growing pressure of continued sanctions by the
West. Despite ending its nuclear program, Iran’s relationship with the West
remains tenuous, as Iran’s support of certain Islamist groups continues to anger
the U.S. and its allies. Recently, the Iranian government announced plans to
restart its nuclear program, to ensure that the nation would continue to have
abundant and cheap energy even after the depletion of petroleum. This has
obviously elicited warnings from the West and the UN, though Iran has largely
ignored those threats as it has in the past.
Iran is in a dire position as it comes to participate in this committee. Not
only does it a means of bringing life to its ailing economy, it also thirsts for
worldwide political recognition, as well as support for the restart of its nuclear
program. Fostering greater international backing for the current regime would
not only aid the government in achieving these goals, but also help to lend greater
legitimacy to the regime in the eyes of the Iranian population.
Japan
Though Japan no longer enjoys the position of being the world’s second
largest economy, a dwindling population and continued economic growth has
allowed Japan to avoid food shortages like many of its western allies. In response
to an assertive China, Japan has rebuilt its military to counter the Chinese
spheres of influence and ensure the sovereignty of its possessions in the Pacific,
namely the Senkaku Islands. The rebuilding of the Japanese military, while
having the support of the US, has raised alarms in China, Russia, and Korea,
which all fear a militaristic, aggressive Japan reminiscent of WWII.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
63
!
Emerging Politics of Antarctica, Brady!
13
Despite these misgivings and a delicate shared history, Korea has
continued to cooperate with Japan through both military exercises and economic
investment in the region in order to counter Chinese influence. Japan has
continued to receive American financial and military support throughout the
revival of its military, as the US attempts to curb China’s influence in the region
with a revitalized Japan.
The lifting of the ban on whaling in 2048 has been a boon for Japan.
Demand for whale meat is very high, making the industry extremely profitable.
The profitability of the industry has fueled the growth of Japanese whaling ships,
over the protests of environmentalists who argue that the whale populations are
not ready for commercial whaling. A Japanese Antarctic territory will allow
Japanese ships to exclusively access the waters near Japanese territory for fishing
and whaling purposes, all the while allowing Japan to take advantage of resources
present on land. Like many nations in East Asia, Japan does not have a domestic
source of oil, and has suffered from recent spikes in oil prices. A large gas and oil
reserve has been found under the Senkaku Islands, but an aggressive China
promising retaliation has so far kept Japan from daring to drill and utilize this
resource. To this end, Japan must gain an Antarctic territory not only to secure
fishing and whaling grounds, but also to use as a bargaining chip when dealing
with China.
Korea
New Zealand
With the fall of North Korea and the consequent reunification of the two
Koreas in 2041, the newly united nation of Korea faces harsh economic hurdles as
its developed southern half attempts to quickly modernize the north and bring its
people into the 21st century.
Korea rapidly increased its Antarctic funding in the early 2000’s, and has
since continued to demonstrate its commitment through personnel and
funding.64 It has cultivated its presence and influence through collaboration with
more established nations from the West and by addressing environmental
problems in the Antarctic.65
Like many other nations interested in the Antarctic, Korea will be able to
benefit greatly from the abundant fisheries surrounding the southernmost
continent. It lacks any significant energy resources and remains an energy
importer that would eagerly welcome any sources of energy in the Antarctic.
Beyond the resources, Korea seeks to increase its overall international
political influence in the wake of the economic burden placed by the reunification
of the two Koreas.66 An Antarctic territory, along with the diplomatic clout
needed to achieve it, would increase Korea’s geopolitical influence in the world.
New Zealand first made its claim on Antarctica in 1923, and has since
established a scientific base.67 Its claim is recognized by the United Kingdom,
Australia, France, and Norway.68 New Zealand first gained the territory while it
was part of the British Empire, and gained the territory after it acquired
independence from the UK. As part of the Commonwealth, it remains in good
standing with the UK and other Commonwealth nations.
New Zealand has a rich history with regard to Antarctica; many of the
expeditions to Antarctica were launched from New Zealand, and the nation has
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Emerging Politics of Antarctica, Brady
Ibid.
66 Ibid.
67 ”Claiming Territorial rights in the Antarctic,” Domaas
68 Ibid.!
64
65
!
14
committed to a presence on the continent since the signing of the Antarctic
Treaty.69 It enjoys wide international support for its presence in Antarctica,
mainly from western nations such as the US, UK, and the Commonwealth
nations.
Much like its larger neighbor Australia, New Zealand has much to gain
from its claim on Antarctica. Their geographic proximity allows for easy transport
and processing of any natural resources discovered on the continent itself, while
the Antarctic waters would be an extensive addition to New Zealand’s fishing
industry. The skyrocketing price of whale meat and other whale products is a
strong incentive to gain a foothold in the Antarctic waters. The rising Antarctic
tourism industry is an appealing economic opportunity to New Zealand, since its
geographical proximity makes it a prime destination for those wishing to tour
Antarctica.
New Zealand also seeks to eliminate illegal fishing in the waters
surrounding the country as well as within its claim, notably by Chinese fishing
vessels, which are hurting New Zealand’s own fishing industry.70 An
internationally recognized possession of its territories would allow New Zealand
to effectively eliminate illegal fishing in its waters by enforcing its maritime
borders.
The geographical proximity to Antarctica is as much a boon as it is a risk
to New Zealand. Should commercial activity commence in high levels? The
environmental impact of such actions could have negative impacts on New
Zealand’s own natural environment as well.
Nigeria
After the first successful civilian transfer of power between ruling parties
in 2007, Nigeria has continued to transition peacefully from one ruling party to
another for the last 43 years. However, all is not well for the country, as it
continues to be plagued by levels of corruption within government unseen in
developed western nations. Mismanagement of the nation’s resources and wealth
has left Nigeria with only a small part of the lucrative petroleum revenue that the
government has leaned on heavily since the 1970’s, and sources of oil in Nigeria
appear to be nearly depleted. Despite the looming exhaustion of oil, other parts of
the Nigerian economy remain robust; in particular, the agricultural and
telecommunications sectors have grown significantly in recent years.
With nearly 450 million people, Nigeria has replaced the United States as
the third most populous country in the world. While a burgeoning population has
allowed rapid economic growth through the sheer manpower it has made
available, the huge number of people leaves Nigeria with a huge logistical
problem. The state must efficiently manage and provide for an enormous
population with a territory less than 1.5 times that of Texas. Though Nigeria’s
agricultural sector remains strong, other basic necessities and infrastructure
remain woefully inadequate and far below the standards of wealthier states.
This lack of adequate infrastructure is reflected in the Nigerian economy - the
largest in Africa - by per capita earnings lower than those of wealthier African
nations such as South Africa. The economic growth and diversification Nigeria
experienced in the last 50 years has done little to alleviate the extreme poverty
that a majority of Nigerians continue to live in. Recently, more and more
Nigerian citizens have become discontent, complaining of pervasive economic
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
69
70
!
Emerging Politics of Antarctica, Brady
Ibid.
15
inequality and increasing costs of fuel as domestic production has slowed to a
halt.
The Nigerian government sees the impending discussion over Antarctica
as a chance for it to take a greater role in world affairs and gain political
recognition as the world’s third most populous nation. Though its economy lacks
the technological resources to fully take advantage of the resources that may be
present in Antarctica, Nigeria nonetheless hopes to leverage its political clout to
partake in the wealth of Antarctica and shore up the economic problems brewing
back home.
Norway
Norway made its initial claim in 1929 by claiming Bouvet Island, but no
continental claim was made until 1939, when it learned of Germany's plans to
claim the same area, and officially claimed the area a few days before the German
claim was made.71 Its claim is recognized by the United Kingdom, New Zealand,
France, and Australia.72 While initially reluctant to make a claim on Antarctica, it
nonetheless considers its claim as legitimate and the claimed land as Norwegian.
After the popular referendum to join the EU failed twice, Norway remains
separated from the European Union, one of the few European nations that have
continued to voluntarily remain outside the transnational organization. Its lack of
EU membership however has not significantly impaired the government's
activities, and the nation's extensive social safety net continues to ensure one of
the highest quality of life standards in the world for every Norwegian citizen, to
great popular support.73
Norwegian fishermen and whalers have recently increased pressure on
the government to allow fishing and whaling activities in the rich waters
surrounding the Antarctic. The additional economic activity by these such
practices would add to Norway’s primary exports of petroleum and natural gas.
However, this has been met with strong opposition from environmentalists, who
argue that allowing whaling would be completely contradictory to current
Norwegian policy of requiring all Norwegian activity to follow international
environmental law for Antarctica.74
Russia
Russia, like the United States, has historically not made any formal claims
on Antarctica, but reserves the right to do so.75 Their reserve to make a claim is
based on the sightings and circumnavigation by a Russia expedition in 1820.76
Russia also remains active on the continent even without a formal claim, having
more bases than any other nation. It has continued to remain active on the
continent through both personnel and funding, though it has fallen behind the
UK and the US in terms of amount of activity recorded.77
Following the exit of Vladimir Putin from political life in the early 2020’s,
Russia has continued to be governed by strong leaders, with more and more
restrictions being placed on civil liberties. The current regime, essentially an
extension of the regime established by Putin, has increasingly used Soviet era
imagery reminiscent of Russia’s former status as a world superpower.
This resurgence of nostalgia for the USSR’s former prominence has led
Russia to take a more confrontational stance with Western Europe and the
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
”Claiming Territorial rights in the Antarctic,” Domaas
Ibid.
73 CIA World Factbook, CIA!
74 Emerging Politics of Antarctica, Brady
75 ”Claiming Territorial rights in the Antarctic,” Domaas
76 Ibid.
77 Emerging Politics of Antarctica, Brady
71
72
!
16
United States; Moscow has attempted to increase its influence over its Eastern
European neighbors, such as Poland. By leveraging its large reserves of oil and
natural gas, which fuel much of Europe, Russia maintains an iron grip on
Europe’s power supply. The increasing price of oil and natural gas has in turn
funded Russia’s increasing military budget, to the alarm of Western Europe and
United States, who fear of having to deal with Russian aggression, such as that
seen in the Crimean crisis in 2014.
Despite having increased revenue with its energy exports, Russia has
suffered from the global trend of food shortages due to unpredictable weather
and a recent population surge that has outpaced domestic food production. This
has drawn criticism from dissidents who blame the government for increasing
military spending even as its poorest citizens suffer from food shortages.
Russia’s attempt to restore its status as a superpower, while moderately popular
under Putin, has found more and more resistance from the population in the
2040’s as civil liberties are being curtailed and food shortages have gained
national attention. While the number of dissenters remains a minority in 2050,
their numbers are growing fast through various social networks, despite
government attempts to stifle opposition.
The partition of Antarctica is a chance for Russia to reassert its global
relevance by flexing both its diplomatic and military muscles. Russia has much to
gain from a diplomatic victory at the conference; a diplomatic success in
Antarctica will not only better the international image of Russia, but can also
calm possible domestic unrest by demonstrating Russia’s political competence
and invoking nationalistic emotions. Should Russia succeed in Antarctica, the
continent would become a very powerful political and economic leveraging tool
when dealing with other nations. Beyond the political benefits to be reaped from
Antarctica, Russia looks to continue and expand its lucrative energy industry by
securing parts of Antarctica with possible oil reserves, as well as possible valuable
minerals that remain to be discovered.
South Africa
Over the past 50 years Africa has experienced explosive population
growth even as population growth in most other regions around the world has
slowed down or even become negative, like in Japan. South Africa has been no
exception to the African trend, with its population growing rapidly as it
attempted to move past the dark legacy of the apartheid era. Still the most
developed economy in Africa, South Africa commands respect and presence
amongst its western allies even as it struggles to deal with remnants of social
issues and a broadening wealth gap between its citizens of European and African
descent. The strength of the South African economy has begun to be tested in
recent years as the explosive population growth has placed growing pressure on
South Africa’s domestic food production, fueling fears that soon South Africa will
be forced to become a food importer.
Along with population growth, the AIDS problem in South Africa has also
increased, with treatment remaining expensive and out of reach for most of the
afflicted, the majority of who are poor. This persistent problem is something that
sets South Africa apart from many of its peers in the committee, as most of the
nations have quickly clamped down or managed to avoid the problem of AIDS.
The social and economic tolls of the epidemic are taking hold as the nation
struggles to deal with the global trends of food shortages and petroleum
depletion.
!
17
South Africa seeks a territory in Antarctica in order to provide an
economic boost to its overstrained economy and to raise the quality of life for its
poorest citizens. Its proximity to Antarctica as the southernmost nation in Africa
is a strong argument for its relevance to Antarctica, and like other nations close to
Antarctica such as New Zealand and Chile, South Africa would benefit from
robust economic activity in Antarctica, serving as a port to ships heading to and
from Antarctica.
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom was the first nation to make a claim on Antarctica,
claiming a significant portion of the Antarctic mainland in 1908 to ensure the
stability of their lucrative whaling and sealing industry.78 Their claim, based on
discovery and presence, set off the series of claims made by other nations.79 Like
many of the claimant nations, it also retains a scientific base on the continent. Its
claim is recognized by Norway, France, New Zealand, and Australia.80 The area
claimed by the UK is also contested by both Chile and Argentina.81
Though the whaling industry is no longer of great importance to the
United Kingdom or to its economy, its claim on Antarctica remains as important
as ever. While it does not hold the grand imperial ambitions of the British Empire
from the past, the UK still retains land holdings across the world, most famously
the Falkland Islands, over which the UK forces confronted and successfully drove
back Argentinean forces. Similar to the Falkland Islands, which remain claimed
by both the United Kingdom and Argentina, the British and Argentinean claims
on Antarctica are nearly identical.
Similar to the US, the UK has avoided getting involved in any additional
prolonged conflicts since the decade after the September 11 attacks, and has
turned a greater part of its attention to domestic issues. Consequently, the
military spending of the United Kingdom significantly decreased in the years
from 2020 to 2040; it instead increased spending on improvements in
infrastructure. This has coincided with the expansion of a European military run
by the EU, whose purpose is to act for the common defense of all its member
states. The UK, following its pattern of maintaining a degree of separation from
continental Europe, has opted to maintain its separate military, though it
continues to contribute to the EU’s defense force.
The increased domestic investment by the United Kingdom has allowed
its food production to continue to keep up with the moderate population growth,
and has allowed it to decrease its usage of oil by increasing the availability of
public transportation. Although it does not require as much energy as countries
like the United States and China, it remains an energy importer, and would
eagerly jump at the chance to claim any available reserves of oil on Antarctica.
The United Kingdom looks to retain its claim on Antarctica, while keeping out
Argentina and Chile, who have claimed the same portions as the UK. Its large
presence in the Antarctic, one of the largest among any nations, is a strong factor
in this argument. In addition to being a possible source of highly demanded raw
products, an Antarctic territory would bolster the legitimacy of the Falkland
Islands and other British holdings in the Southern Hemisphere, whose
sovereignty continue to be contested by nations like Argentina. The issue of
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
”Claiming Territorial rights in the Antarctic,” Domaas
Ibid.
80 Ibid.
81 Ibid.!
78
79
!
18
Antarctica has suddenly made the Falkland Islands much more appealing due to
its proximity to the southernmost continent.
United States
Several claims in Antarctica in the name of the United States were
originally made by Richard E. Byrd and Lincoln Ellsworth in the 1930s.82
However, a lack of funding in 1946 stopped any ideas of claiming land in
Antarctica.83 Instead, the US has adopted a policy of not recognizing any other
claims made by other nations.84 Even though it has not made any claims on the
continent, the US reserves the right to make claims.85
Even without an active claim, the United States remains active on the
continent through scientific research with three bases on the continent, along
with the continuous presence of American scientists and personnel. The
American position remains prominent in the discussions concerning the
uncertain future of Antarctica, since it is yet to declare an official position on
whether it will attempt to claim a part of the continent.
Since pulling out of Afghanistan in mid-2010, the United States has
avoided any long, draining conflicts, choosing instead to turn much of its focus
towards domestic affairs to the relief of its war weary citizens. Still, the United
States retains premiere military power, with the most technologically advanced
weaponry in the world. Though the US remains the world’s sole superpower,
American military dominance is no longer unquestioned as it was in the
immediate decades after the fall of the USSR. The aggressive rise of China has left
many Americans alarmed and wary, while a resurgent Russia casts a growing
shadow over American allies in Europe. By 2050, the unchecked growth of these
nations has convinced an increasing number of Americans of the need for the
expansion of American spheres of influence. However, many Americans remain
opposed to American involvement in long and draining foreign issues.
The United States is no stranger to holding territories, as it continues to
retain the islands of Guam and Puerto Rico as United States possessions.
However, should it choose to pursue a territory in Antarctica, it will be the first
time in almost a century that the US has officially and openly attempted to
incorporate additional land under its control. The idea of the United States
pursuing a claim in Antarctica has been met with mixed reactions domestically,
with protests among Americans who wish for the US to remain uninvolved and
with enthusiastic support by Americans favoring a more aggressive foreign
policy. There are even citizens who are petitioning the US government to turn
parts of Antarctica into a natural reserve to protect the wildlife that inhabits the
continent.
By 2050, the United States is no longer the largest consumer of oil, having
recently been overtaken by China. American demand for oil has nonetheless
remained high and has continued to grow, still closely trailing the consumption
levels of China. Discovering and exploiting oil reserves, both inland and offshore,
are high priorities for the US, whose citizens have become more and more
discontent with the recent spike of oil prices.
Though its population does not suffer from food shortages like those in
many parts of the world, the United States has much to gain from the economic
potential of Antarctica - not only in the value of the natural resources dormant in
the continent, but also in the large number of jobs needed for the commercial
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
”Claiming Territorial rights in the Antarctic,” Domaas
Ibid.
84 Ibid.
85 Ibid.!
82
83
!
19
development of Antarctica. In addition, a claim in Antarctica would give the US a
significant presence in the southern hemisphere and ensure the stability of
shipping lanes for its ships passing through southern waters. Through the year
2050, the US continues to maintain bases in Antarctica, and remains one of the
largest presences in the continent.
!
20
Committee Procedure
As members of the committee to decide the future of Antarctica, delegates
will have to tackle the issues presented by attempting to preserve international
peace and avoiding conflicts. As you discuss these topics with other delegates, a
series of crises will also be presented, which must also be responded to in an
adequate fashion. To effectively respond to these crises while staying on track to
respond to the main issues presented, delegates will not write rigid resolutions,
but instead react flexibly in the form of directives.
Since each delegate represents a nation, they are entitled to personal
powers that are associated with the country they represent. These powers will be
revealed to you on the day of the conference. If you have any questions about the
crises introduced, your country's position on certain issues, or desire to utilize
your personal powers, you can communicate with crisis staff throughout the
conference using notes.
!
21
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