Ch. 9: Defining the Nation,
1801–1823
• Disagreements between DemocraticRepublicans & Federalists intensify over how
US should develop
• Louisiana Purchase extend USA westward
• US sovereignty (citizens, commerce) tested
in Mediterranean, and by England
• War of 1812 reaffirm independence; also affect
Indians, foreign policy, industry, & nationalism
• Problems by 1819: economic instability &
emerging sectional conflict over slavery
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I. Political Visions
• After bitter election, Jefferson try to unify nation
with appeals to republicanism in Inaugural
• Jefferson’s vision for US future stress
limited/“frugal” US Gov’t & an agrarian republic
• By contrast, Federalists envision strong US
Gov’t to promote economic development
• Jefferson call for separation of church & state
• Religious revivalists/egalitarians praise this, but
Federalists disparage excesses of democracy
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II. Political Mobilization & the
Partisan Press
• A time of political engagement as many
non-elites seek to make their ideas known
• Voting usually limited to men with
property
• But non-voters express themselves via
marches, petitions, & symbolism (e.g.,
mammoth cheese)
• Newspapers = key forum for political
conversation & almost all quite partisan
• Each party have an official newspaper
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III. The Jefferson Presidency (180109)
• Extend Democratic-Republican control over
executive branch through appointments
• Repeal internal taxes, cut military budgets,
& reduce national debt
• Let Alien & Sedition Acts expire because
Jefferson’s vision also incl. individual liberty
• Repeal 1798 Naturalization Act (14-year
residency)
• Replace it w/ 1802 Act (5-year residency) =
basis for US naturalization into 1900s
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IV. Judicial Politics
• Last stronghold of Federalists, esp. with
appointment of Marshall by Adams
• Jeffersonians see judiciary as
undemocratic
• Federalist judges also not oppose
Sedition Act
• Congress repeal Judiciary Act of 1801
and impeach some Federalist judges
• Failure to remove Supreme Court Justice
Chase preserve judicial independence
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V. John Marshall (Chief Justice,
1801–1835)
• Build Supreme Court into equal branch of
gov’t
• Stress supremacy of US Gov’t & protect
commerce/capital (= Federalist vision)
• Marbury v. Madison (1803) = astute
decision that avoid conflict w/ president
• Void section of Judiciary Act of 1789 (so
no help for Federalist Marbury)
• Assert power of judicial review by
implication from Supremacy Clause
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VI. Election of 1804
• Jefferson easily defeat Federalist
Pinckney
• Both had North-South balance on ticket
• Political disagreements intense,
personal, & violence (Hamilton-Burr
Duel, 1804)
• Burr tried for treason because of
secession scheme
• Flee to Europe after acquittal under
Marshall
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VII. National Expansion Westward
• Many people move to Ohio & Mississippi
valleys
• Whitney’s cotton gin (1793) key to economic
change in South; boom to cotton/slave
economy
• South’s shift to cotton extend plantation slavery
to Mississippi & beyond (Texas)
• Northwest farmers specialize in large-scale
grain production
• Northwest & Southwest depend on MS River
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VIII. Louisiana Purchase (1803)
• Spain claim Louisiana after 1763, but cede it to
France (1800–01)
• Threaten US expansion & vital trade on
Mississippi
• Western farmers & eastern merchants call for
war, but Jefferson able to buy territory
• Popular purchase double size of USA (Map
9.1)
• Fit Jefferson’s vision of an agrarian republic as
best for republican virtue; Federalists oppose
• Bring into USA a # of diverse peoples, esp. in
LA
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IX. Lewis & Clark Expedition
(1804–1806)
• Jefferson assert implied powers to justify
deal; then create group to explore area
• Journey to Pacific coast to learn about
West and assert US interests in Far West
• Corps of Discovery = diverse group, and
their reports encourage expansion west
• Sacagawea & York vital to group, but
receive no pay or freedom for their efforts
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X. Division Among Indian Peoples
• Whites continually shrink Indian lands
• Indians divide between
“accommodationists” (adopt white
customs, accept loss of land, & move
west) v. “traditionalists”
• Tenskwatawa (Prophet) lead
religious/cultural revival among
Shawnees in Ohio (post-1805)
• Other displaced Indians like his message
and opposition to whites
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X. Division Among Indian Peoples
(cont.)
• With Tecumseh (brother), shift revival toward
armed resistance to whites (post-1808)
• Begin pan-Indian federation of tribes from Old
Northwest to South
• Many young join to block US expansion west
• At Tippecanoe (1811) US Army defeat Prophet
to weaken attempt at Indian unity
• Tecumseh enter alliance with British in Canada
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XI. The Nation in the Orbit of Europe
• Foreign trade & shipping key to US economy
• USA fight Tripoli over “freedom of seas”
concept in First Barbary War (1801-05)
• Renewal of French-British war (1803) create
problems for world’s largest neutral carrier &
main food supplier to Europe
• Military stalemate cause France & England to
war on each other’s trade (search/seizure)
• US also angered by British impressment &
Chesapeake affair (1807)
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XII. Embargo Act (1807);
International Slave Trade
• US not prepared for war; Jefferson avoid
war by embargo on all US exports
• Well intentioned, but unpopular because
hurt US economy more than belligerents
• Boost domestic manufacturing because
commerce disrupted & merchants shift
investments
• 1807, Congress vote to end slave trade
in 1808, but still treat slaves as property
• Ban result in extensive illegal slave trade
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XIII. Election of 1808; Women &
Politics
• 1808 election intense, incl. nomination contest
• Democratic-Republicans win with Madison
• But Federalists gain in Congress by opposing
embargo
• Wives of elected & appointed officials play key
role in bridging political divisions
• Provide social settings for discussions (e.g.,
Dolley Madison)
• Both parties appeal to women over embargo
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XIV. Failed Policies
• Embargo collapse because of domestic
opposition
• Non-Intercourse Act (1809) reopen US
trade except with belligerents
• Madison retreat from embargo, but USA
still hurt by British & French interference
• Most Americans more angry at British as
England dominate Atlantic with large navy
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XV. “Mr. Madison’s War”
• Democratic-Republicans demand war to assert
US independence and neutral rights
• War-Hawks (frustrated by failure of economic
pressure) also want expansion west & maybe
north (Canada)
• War-Hawks strong in South & West
• Coastal areas and Federalists oppose war
• Madison reelected in 1812, but Federalists
perform better than had done in 1808
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XVI. War of 1812
• War = series of scuffles & skirmishes,
Map 9.2
• Neither Army nor Navy prepared for war:
lack equipment, officers, & enlistees
• Lack of state support (esp. from New
England) hamper land operations
• Invasion of Canada (1812–13) = disaster
• By 1814, England blockade most of coast
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XVI. War of 1812 (cont.)
• USA score win in Great Lakes (1813),
and Harrison secure Old Northwest
• Tecumseh ally with England, but die at
Thames (1813)
• British burn US capital (1814) in
retaliation for destruction of York (1813)
• But British land offensive stall
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XVI. War of 1812 (cont.)
• Final campaigns in South
• Jackson defeat Creeks at Horseshoe
Bend (1814), then English at New
Orleans (1815)
• Jackson initiate southern Indian removal
in Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814) with
Creeks
• New Orleans make Jackson national
hero, even though peace treaty already
signed
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XVII. Treaty of Ghent (1814)
• Ignore neutral rights, but with European
war over, no more actions against US
trade
• Victory strengthen US independence and
desire to avoid European politics
• Encourage US to expand south & west,
not north into Canada
• 1815 victory in 2nd Barbary War also
affirm US sovereignty & freedom of seas
concept
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XVIII. Domestic Consequences
• War destroy Federalists; they opposed
war
• Some talk of secession & government
change at Hartford Convention (1814–15)
• Rising nationalism (inspired by New
Orleans win) paint Federalists as traitors
• US victory = disaster for many Indians
• Lose potential ally (British), effective
leader (Tecumseh), and much land
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XVIII. Domestic Consequences
(cont.)
• War also raise white fears over slavery
as British offer freedom to slave enlistees
• USA make same offer to slaves in
Canada & Old Northwest, but not in deep
South
• War accelerate key trends:
• (1) westward expansion; (2) industrial
takeoff; & (3) entrenchment of slavery
• Even Democratic-Republicans decide US
Gov’t should stimulate economy
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XIX. National Program
• Goal of “American System” = promote
economic growth to unify nation via
trade/commerce
• 1816: re-charter US Bank & pass protective
tariff, but Madison veto US-funded
roads/canals (1817)
• Congress later extend National Road, but most
roads/canals funded by states/private
investment
• Monroe (last founder as president) win in 1816
and continue Madison’s policies
• With decline of Federalists, “Era of Good
Feelings”
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XX. Government Promotion of
Market Expansion
• Supreme Court spur economic growth &
nationalism in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
• Void state tax on US Bank
• Assert supremacy of US Gov’t over states &
doctrine of implied powers (Hamilton)
• Supreme Court later void state monopoly on
steamboat trade, Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
• Court prevent state interference with contracts
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
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XX. Government Promotion of
Market Expansion (cont.)
• Court spur competition by supporting
new corporations, Charles River Bridge
(1837)
• Governments help corporations by
limiting liability and w/ routine formation
procedures
• Post Office circulate information
• Patents encourage inventions
• Tariffs protect US industries
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XXI. Boundary Settlements & John
Quincy Adams
• Secretary of State also assert US power
• Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817) disarm Great
Lakes
• Convention (1818) settle border with
Canada
• In Adams-Onis Treaty (1819), US get
Florida and recognize Mexico’s claim to
Texas
• USA already occupy Florida with 1st
Seminole War (1817-18) under Jackson
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XXII. Monroe Doctrine
• Much of Spanish empire declare
independence (1808–1822)
• US & England fear French intervention
there
• Adams reject joint statement with British
because he wants to avoid European
entanglements (tradition of Washington’s
Farewell Address)
• Adams also an ardent expansionist
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XXII. Monroe Doctrine (cont.)
• An independent statement by USA (1823)
• No European colonization in Western
Hemisphere
• No European intervention in Western
Hemisphere
• No American interference in Europe
• Popular in US, and foundation of later US
policy in Western Hemisphere
• No force behind it; upheld by British navy
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XXIII. Early Industrial Development
• War of 1812 advance northern textile factories
• Boston Manufacturing Co. (1813) transform US
textiles by centralizing production
• Early northern industry linked to slavery
• Use South’s cotton; early capital come from
slave trade, & South = a market (e.g., shoes)
• Easy credit = base for post-war economic
boom, but financial panic & downturn
(1819–23) devastate many
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XXIV. Missouri Crisis &
Compromise (1819-1820)
• Missouri try to enter as slave state (1819)
• Tip Senate balance of slave/free states:
11 each
• Also = movement of slavery northward
• Clay craft compromise (1820): balance
entry of MO w/ entry of ME; ban slavery
in LA Territory north of MO’s southern
boundary
• Compromise = a temporary fix to
contentious issue of slavery’s westward
expansion
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Summary: Discuss Links to the
World & Legacy
• Industrial piracy & first US textile factories?
• Slater brothers? Lowell & Manchester,
England?
• US industrial revolution start with foreign links
• Hartford Convention = legacy of ambiguity in
Constitution on states-US Gov’t relationship?
• Nullification: VA/KY Resolves, SC on tariffs,
Civil War, Brown (1954), environmentalism
• Legacy of dissent via states to acts by US Gov’t
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