Contents
Chapter 2
Safety in Your Chemistry Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
2.1
Diversity of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Launch Lab: Crystalline Columns . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Three-Dimensional Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Investigation 2.A: Building Ionic Crystals. . . . 51
Introducing Inquiry into Chemistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi
Investigation 2.B: Soap Bubble Molecules . . . 56
UNIT 1
2.2
Investigation 2.C: Dipole Balloons . . . . . . . . . . 64
THE DIVERSITY OF MATTER
AND CHEMICAL BONDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
Unit 1 Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Chapter 1
Chemical Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Launch Lab: Chemistry Recall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.1
Forming and Representing Compounds . . . . . 16
Connections (Nature of Science):
Ionic Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Thought Lab 1.1: Lewis Structures . . . . . . . . . . 27
Investigation 1.A: Modelling Molecules . . . . . 30
1.2
Intermolecular Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
The Nature of Chemical Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Investigation 2.D:
Investigating the Properties of Water . . . . . . . . 66
2.3
Relating Structures and Properties . . . . . . . . . . 71
Investigation 2.E: Properties of Substances . . 78
Connections (Nature of Science):
Mane Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Chapter 2 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Chapter 2 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Career Focus: Ask a Nanotechnologist . . . . . . . 84
Unit 1 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Chapter 1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Chapter 1 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
v
UNIT 2
Chapter 4
Launch Lab: Changing Gas Temperature,
Pressure, and Volume at the Same Time . . . . . 127
FORMS OF MATTER: GASES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Unit 2 Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Chapter 3
4.1
Launch Lab: Balloon in a Bottle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Gases and Kinetic Molecular Theory . . . . . . . . 98
3.2
Gases and Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Investigation 3.A: The Relationship between
the Pressure on and the Volume of a Gas. . . . . 106
Connections (Nature of Science): Technology
and the Development of Barometers . . . . . . . . 108
3.3
Gases and Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Investigation 3.B: The Relationship between
Temperature and Volume of a Gas . . . . . . . . . . 114
Thought Lab 4.1: Molar Volumes of Gases . . . 137
4.2
Ideal Gas Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Investigation 4.A:
Finding the Molar Mass of a Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Connections (Social and Environmental
contexts): Chinook Winds and The
Gas Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Investigation 4.B: Finding the Value of the
Universal Gas Constant, R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Chapter 4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Thought Lab 3.1: The Importance
of the Kelvin Temperature Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Chapter 4 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Chapter 3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Unit 2 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Chapter 3 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
vi
The Combined Gas Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Connections (Nature of Science):
Technology of the Process of Discovery. . . . . . 131
Properties of Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3.1
Exploring Gas Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Career Focus: Ask an Exercise Physiologist . . 154
UNIT 3
MATTER AS SOLUTIONS,
ACIDS, AND BASES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Chapter 6
Launch Lab: The Colour of Your Breath . . . . . 207
6.1
Investigation 6.A: An Empirical
Definition for Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Investigation 6.B: Testing the Arrhenius
Theory of Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Launch Lab: Sink or Float? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Classifying Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
6.2
Solubility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Investigation 5.B:
Plotting Solubility Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
5.3
The Concentration of Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Thought Lab 5.1:
Expressing Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Connections (Social and Environmental
Contexts): Biomagnification and
Bioaccumulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
5.4
Preparing and Diluting Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Investigation 5.C: Pollution of
Waterways: A Risk-Benefit Analysis . . . . . . . . . 199
Investigation 5.D: Preparing and
Diluting a Standard Solution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Chapter 5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Strong and Weak Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Investigation 6.C: Differentiating
between Weak and Strong Acids and Bases. . . 221
Investigation 5.A: Classifying Solutions . . . . . 174
5.2
Theories of Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Unit 3 Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Chapter 5
5.1
Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Thought Lab 6.1: Risks and Benefits of
Transporting Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
6.3
Acids, Bases, and pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Investigation 6.D: Determining the pH of
an Unknown Solution with Indicators . . . . . . 232
Investigation 6.E: The Effect of Dilution
on the [H3O+(aq)] and pH of an Acid . . . . . . . 234
Connections (Science and Technology):
Drain Cleaners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Chapter 6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Chapter 6 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Career Focus: Ask a
Marine Conservationist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Unit 3 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Chapter 5 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
vii
UNIT 4
8.3
Acid-Base Titration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Investigation 8.C: Standardizing a
Hydrochloric Acid Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIPS
IN CHEMICAL CHANGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Thought Lab 8.2: Plotting a Titration Curve . . 319
Unit 4 Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Connections (Science and Technology):
Sulfur from Sour Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Stoichiometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Investigation 8.D: Titrating a
Strong Base with a Strong Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Chapter 7
Launch Lab: The Thermal Decomposition
of Baking Soda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Chapter 8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
7.1
Reactions in Aqueous Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Chapter 8 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Thought Lab 7.1: Identifying
Unknown Aqueous Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Career Focus:
Ask a Pharmaceutical Chemist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Investigation 7.A: Qualitative Analysis. . . . . . . 268
Unit 4 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
7.2
Stoichiometry and Quantitative Analysis . . . . 271
Connections (Science and Technology):
Waste Water Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Investigation 7.B: Determining the
Concentration of a Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Investigation 7.C:
Analyzing Industrial Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
UNIT 5
THERMOCHEMICAL CHANGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Unit 5 Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Chapter 9
Launch Lab: Hot Packs and Cold Packs . . . . . . 339
Chapter 7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Chapter 7 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Chapter 8
Applications of Stoichiometry . . . . . . 294
Launch Lab: The Model Air Bag . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
8.1
Limiting and Excess Reactants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Thought Lab 8.1: The Limiting Item . . . . . . . . 296
Investigation 8.A: The Limiting Reactant . . . . 300
8.2
Predicted and Experimental Yield . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Investigation 8.B: Determining the
Percentage Yield of a Chemical Reaction. . . . . 309
viii
Energy and Chemical Reactions. . . . . 338
9.1
Enthalpy and Thermochemical Equations . . . 340
9.2
The Technology of Energy Measurement . . . . 351
Investigation 9.A: Determining the Enthalpy
of a Neutralization Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Investigation 9.B: Molar Enthalpy
of Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Connections (Nature of Science): Energy for
Living: How Food Fuels You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Chapter 9 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Chapter 9 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Connections (Science and Technology):
Car Pollution Solution? Inside a Catalytic
Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Investigation 11.A: The Effect of a Catalyst
on the Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide,
H2O2(aq) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Chapter 11 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Chapter 11 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Career Focus: Building Up and
Breaking Down Bitumen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Unit 5 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
UNIT 6
ELECTROCHEMICAL CHANGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Unit 6 Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
Chapter 10 Theories of Energy and Chemical
Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Chapter 12 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions . . . . 432
Launch Lab: Penny Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Launch Lab: Bake a Cake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
12.1 Characterizing Oxidation Reduction . . . . . . . . 434
10.1 Hess’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Investigation 12.A: Testing Relative
Oxidizing and Reducing Strengths of Metal
Atoms and Ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
Investigation 10.A: Hess’s Law and the
Enthalpy of Combustion of Magnesium . . . . . 375
10.2 Energy and Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Investigation 10.B: Build a Heating Device . . 387
Thought Lab 10.1: Improving
Energy Efficiency at Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
12.2 Redox Reactions Involving Ionic
Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Investigation 12.B: Redox Reactions and
Balanced Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Connections (Science and Technology)
Efficient Home Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
12.3 Redox Reactions Involving Molecular
Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
10.3 Fuelling Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Thought Lab 12.1: Oxidation Numbers and
Lewis Structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Investigation 10.C: Fossil Fuels as Energy
Sources: A Risk-Benefit Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Connections (Science and Technology):
How Green Is White Paper? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Investigation 10.D: Fuelling Thermal Power
Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
12.4 Quantitative Analysis of Redox Reactions . . . 467
Chapter 10 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Chapter 10 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Investigation 12.C: Measuring
the Concentration of Vitamin C in
Orange Juice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
Chapter 11 Activation Energy and Catalysts . . . . 402
Chapter 12 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Launch Lab: Does it Gel? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Chapter 12 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
11.1 Reaction Pathways. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
11.2 Catalysts and Reaction Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
ix
Chapter 13 Cells and Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
Chapter 14 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Launch Lab: What Determines Voltage? . . . . . 477
Chapter 14 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
13.1 Voltaic Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
Thought Lab 13.1: Assigning Reference
Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Investigation 13.A: Measuring Cell Potentials
of Voltaic Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Chapter 15 Reactions of Organic Compounds . . 586
Launch Lab: Comparing the Reactivity of
Alkanes and Alkenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
15.1 Types of Organic Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
13.2 Applications of Voltaic Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Thought Lab 15.1: Fossil Fuels and Climate
Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
13.3 Electrolytic Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
Connections (Social and Environmental
Contexts): Trans Fats in the Diet . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
Investigation 13.B: Electrolysis of Aqueous
Potassium Iodide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
13.4 Stoichiometry and Faraday’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . 514
Investigation 13.C: Electroplating . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Chapter 13 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Investigation 15.A: Preparing Esters . . . . . . . . . 597
Thought Lab 15.2: Problem Solving with
Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
15.2 Polymers and the Petrochemical Industry . . . 603
Chapter 13 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
Investigation 15.B: Modelling and Making
Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
Career Focus: Ask a Pipeline
Corrosion Expert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
Chapter 15 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
Unit 6 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
Chapter 15 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616
Career Focus: Ask a Chemical Safety Expert . . 618
UNIT 7
CHEMICAL CHANGES
OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
Unit 7 Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532
Chapter 14 Structure and Physical Properties
of Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
Launch Lab: Familiar Organic Compounds . 537
14.1 Introducing Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . 538
Thought Lab 14.1: Nanotubes, Buckyballs,
and Allotropes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Investigation 14.A: Comparing Organic and
Inorganic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
14.2 Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
Investigation 14.B: Modelling Organic
Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
14.3 Hydrocarbon Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
14.4 Refining and Using Organic Compounds. . . . 575
Connections (Social and Environmental
Contexts): Tar Sands and Bitumen . . . . . . . . . . 576
Investigation 14.C: Separate an
Organic Mixture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
x
Unit 7 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620
Chapter 17 Acid-Base Equilibrium System . . . . . . 678
Launch Lab: Buffering Groundwater:
A Delicate Balance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
17.1 Acid Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680
17.2 Understanding Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684
17.3 Acid-Base Equilibriums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
Investigation 17.A: Determining Ka for Acetic
Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694
17.4 Titration Curves and Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705
Thought Lab 17.1: Analyzing a Weak
Acid-Strong Base Titration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709
Investigation 17.B: Preparing a Buffer and
Investigating Its Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710
Connections (Nature of Science):
Buffers in the Blood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
Chapter 17 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719
Chapter 17 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720
Career Focus: Ask a Dairy Farmer . . . . . . . . . . . 722
UNIT 8
Unit 8 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM FOCUSSING
ON ACID-BASE SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624
Appendix A Answers to Practice Problems . . . . . . . 728
Unit 8 Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
Appendix C Alphabetical List of Elements and
Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765
Chapter 16 Chemical Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632
Appendix B Supplemental Practice Problems . . . . 750
Launch Lab: The Chemical Blues . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
Appendix D Math and Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768
16.1 Chemical Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634
Appendix E Tips for Writing the
Diploma Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776
Investigation 16.A: Modelling Equilibrium . . 635
16.2 Equilibrium Expression and Le Châtelier’s
Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Appendix F Designing and Reporting Scientific
Investigations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778
Appendix G Chemistry Data Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780
Connections (Nature of Science):
The Development of Equilibrium Theories . . 645
Appendix H How to Titrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784
Investigation 16.B: Disturbing Equilibrium. . 652
Appendix I How to Prepare and Dilute a Standard
Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786
16.3 Equilibrium Calculations for Homogeneous
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788
Thought Lab 16.1:
Finding an Equilibrium Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801
Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811
Investigation 16.C: Using Experimental Data to
Determine an Equilibrium Constant . . . . . . . . 662
16.4 Applications of Equilibrium Systems . . . . . . . . 666
Chapter 16 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
Chapter 16 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676
xi