THE INTERWAR PERIOD
II
THE PEACE
TREATIES
THE AFTERMATH OF WWI:
THE PEACE TREATIES
BREST-LITOVSK (march-1918)
• Treaty between
Germany and Russia
– Russia lost
territories: Finland,
Baltic republics,
concessions to
Poland and Romania.
Wilson’s 14 points
• President Woodrow Wilson exposed his
famous 14 Points before de US Congress. “It is
the only truly way to keep the peace”, he said.
The 14 Points:
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1. No more secret agreements.
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be left to
develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover Alsace-Lorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to be "along
clearly recognisable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in Austria-Hungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be allowed for
the Balkan states.
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish government. Non-Turks
in the old Turkish Empire should govern themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have access to the
sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political and territorial
independence of all states.
Newspapers echoed the sign of
treaties with the Central Powers
VERSAILLES (JUNE 1919)
• Signed between Allies and Germany.
• Territorial clauses:
The War Guilt Clause
• According to article 231, Germany (and its allies)
is declared the only responsible for the war.
"The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and
Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her
allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the
Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals
have been subjected as a consequence of the war
imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and
her allies."
• Military clauses:
– Army limited to 100,000 troops.
– Nor Navy neither Air Force.
– Demilitarization of Rhineland.
– Suppression of the compulsory military service.
• Economic clauses:
– Germany must pay war reparations.
• Creation of the League of Nations:
– To preserve peace through the intervention of its
members.
– To promote international cooperation both in
social and economic issues.
Los alemanes protestan por Versalles
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7YYD3jHUj9I
SAINT-GERMAIN (1919)
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Signed with Austria.
Birth of Austria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia.
Concessions to Italy, Poland and Yugoslavia.
Anschluss (union of Germany and Austria) was
prohibited.
TRIANON (1920)
• Signed with Hungary.
• Concessions to
Romania,
Czechoslovakia and
Yugoslavia.
• Hungarian minorities in
Slovakia, Romania and
Yugoslavia.
NEUILLY (1919)
• Signed with Bulgaria.
• Concessions to Romania, Greece and
Yugoslavia.
SÈVRES (1920)
• Signed with Turkey.
• Concessions to France
(Siria, Lebanon), UK
(Irak, Palestine) as
mandates of the LoN.
• Turkey reduced to the
Anatolian
Peninsula
and the area around
Istambul.
THE SOVIET PROBLEM
• The Allied countries wanted to avoid the
spread of the Russian revolution to Europe.
• Soviet Union gave territory to Poland and
Romania.
• New countries born: Finland, Estonia, Latvia,
Lithuania.
The League of Nations
• The League would help to stop wars by finding
peaceful solutions to conflicts.
• The League was set up in 1920, and 42
countries joined.
• The US decided not to join, while Germany
and the Soviet Union were not allowed.
• This made the League quite weak.
FIN
Por Daniel Quijano Ramos
Profesor de Geografía e Historia
IES Puerta de la Axarquía