The Symbol of Jātaka Stories in Indian Buddhist Art
by
Professor Upul Ranjith Hewawitanagamage
Head, Dept. of Hindi Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
Abstract
Jātaka Stories have been played a significant role
for a long period of time in the field of Buddhist
art of India. When these narratives came to the
hands of Indian artists, then one of the excellent
art traditions prevailed in various forms in the field
of Indian art. Oral tradition of the Jātaka narratives
converted into new art tradition i.e. carvings and
paintings in which Monoscenic, Synoptic,
Conflated, Sequential, Continuous and Network
narratives can be seen. This article deals with the
fact that how Indian artists have converted the
tradition of narrative telling and listening into a
tradition of carvings and paintings, a form of
reading and viewing, after which religious
communication has reached a new era.
Ndr;Sh fn!oaO l,dfõ cd;l l:d ,l=K
uydpd¾h Wmq,a rxð;a fyajdú;dk.uf.a" wxY m%Odk" yska§ wOHhkdxYh" le,‚h úYajúoHd,h
udkjhd NdIdj kue;s wmQre fuj,u ksmojd .;a miqj Tyq uq,ska u lf<a Tyq ;u mßirfha ÿgq
oE" ;uka w;aú¢ w;aoelSï hkdÈh ;j;a lsisfjl=g mejiSu jkakg mq¿jk' l:dka;r wdrïN jkakg
we;af;a fu;eka mgkah' ñys;,h u; Ôj;ajk iEu ck iudchl u mdfya fï l:dka;r iïm%odh
meje; tk whqre meyeÈ,s jYfhka u olakg ,efnkakls' ckl:d hk fmdÿ kduhlska ye¢kafjk
fï l:dka;r iïm%odh bkaÈhdkq wd.ñl b;sydih yd iïnkaO mßirfhys ,d úfYaI jeo.;alula
Wiq,hs' jir 400lg wêl ld,hla mqrd bkaÈhdkq wd.ñl iïm%odhka úiska ;u b.ekaùï m%p,s;
lsÍfï,d l:dka;r" .d:d fyda lú hk udOHhka Ndú; lrk ,È' f,dalfha wkH wd.ñl iïm%odhka
úiska o Ndú; fldg we;af;a fï l%ufõoh u nj mj;sk idCIsj,ska fmkS hhs' fï l%shdoduhg wod<
j;aufkys o oelsh yels meyeÈ,s kso¾Ykhla jkafka wdÈjdiS ckiudc ;u ixialD;sl iïm%odhhka
ms<sn| oekqu l:dka;r udOHfhka kj mrmqr fj; fnod yeÍuhs'
bkaÈhdkq wd.ñl iïm%odhka ;=< ffjÈl iïm%odh we;sùug fmr isg u Y%uK iïm%odh fyj;a
Y%uK ixialD;sh ms<sn| f;dr;=re olakg ,efnkafkah' B' fÊ' f;dauia woyia lrk wdldrhg lsisÿ
úfYaI wd.ñl b.ekaùulg iïnkaO fkdjQ Y%uK iïm%odhka Ndr;Sh iudcfha wdrïNl wjia:dfõ
isg u mdfya we;s ù ;sfí' Y%uK ixialD;shg wh;a lemS fmfkk iïm%odhka folla f,i i,lkq
,nkafka fn!oAO yd ffck iïm%odhkah' fuu iïm%odhka foflys u l:dka;r u.ska O¾uh yd
iïnkaO lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍu lemS fmfkhs'
fn!oaO iïm%odhg wkqj cd;l l:d u.ska uQ,slj u ksrEmKh flfrkafka nqÿka jykafiaf.a
mQ¾j ckauhka ms<sn| f;dr;=reh' cd;l l:dj,g uq,a nqÿiufha § o w;sYh jeo.;a ;ekla ,eî we;s
nj meyeÈ,s jkafka f:rjdo iïm%odfhys kjx. i;a:qidik ^iq;a;" f.hH" fjhHdlrK" .d:d"
Wodk" b;sjq;a;l" cd;l" wíN+;Oïu" fõo,a,& kñka il, nqoaO jpkh j¾. lsÍfï § o 7jeks
ia:dkfhys cd;l hkak o we;=<;a ù ;sîu ksidh' uydhdk iïm%odfhys fï j¾. lsÍu isÿ flfrkafka
oajdoYdx. ^iQ;%" f.ah" jHdlrK" .d:d" Wodk" ksodk" b;sjq;a;l" cd;l" ffjHmq,H" wíN+;Oïu"
wjodk" WmfoaY& kñka jk w;r" tys § 8jeks ia:dkh cd;lj,g ysñ ù we;' fuys § wmf.a
wjOdkhg fhduq flfrk ldrKh jkafka j¾.SlrK foflys u ms<sfj<ska 7 iy 8 hk ia:dkhkays
cd;l hkak msysgqjd ;sîuhs' thska fmkS hkafka iïm%odhka foflys u cd;l hkakg iudk
;;a;ajhla § we;s njh' miqld,Skj o iQ;%msglfhys §>" uÊCêu" ixhq;a;" wx.=;a;r ksldhka i;rg
wu;r j tk Lqoaol ksldfhys cd;l ^oijk .%ka:h& we;=<;a fjhs' iuyr úoaj;=kaf.a woyig
wkqj fuu Lqoaol ksldh fyj;a miajeks ksldh cd;l ksldh hk kñka ye¢kaù ;sfí'
nqÿka jykafia Ôjudkj jevisá ld,fha isg u meje; t;ehs ie,flk cd;l l:d iïm%odh
j¾;udkfha o úúO fn!oaO iïm%odhkays úúO wdldrfhka iÔù l:d iïm%odhla f,i Ndú; jkq
olakg ,efnhs' f:rjdo iïm%odfha cd;l 548lska hq;a cd;lÜGl:d" uydhdk iïm%odfha tk wd¾hY+r
úiska iïmdÈ; cd;l 34lska hq;a cd;lud,d" .sksfldKÈ. wdishdfõ ;dhs,ka;h" ldïfndach"
ñhkaudrh jeks fn!oaO rgj, cd;l 50lska hq;a mCoaCodi cd;l" cd;l 540lska iy ;j;a wu;r
cd;l 8lska iukaú; jqj;a mkaishmKia cd;l fmd;a jykafia hkqfjka ye¢kafjk isxy, cd;l
fmd;" cmdkfha l;d 32lska hq;a fldkacl= fudfkd.;ß cd;l fmd; wdÈ jYfhka fuka u Ök"
,d´áhka jeks NdIdj,ska ix.%y fldg we;s cd;l fmd;a o i,ld n,k úg cd;l idys;Hfhys we;s
jeo.;alu biau;= ù fmfkhs'
fn!oaO l,dlrejka w;g m;a cd;l l:dj úYsIag l,d ks¾udK ìys lrñka úYsIag l,d iïm%odhka
ìys lsÍug odhl jQfha uqL mrïmrd.;j f.kd l:dka;r iïm%odhg kj uqyqKqjrla ,nd foñks'
nqÿoyu werUqKq Ndr;fha isg nqÿoyfuys n,mEu ,enQ iEu fmrÈ. rgl u cd;l yd ne÷Kq l:d
iïm%odhka muKla fkdj l,d iïm%odhka o ìys ù we;s nj meyeÈ,sj fmkS hk lreKls'
2
iïnqoaO mßks¾jdKfhka jir 218lg miq ke;fyd;a l%s' mQ' 264 § rdcH;ajhg m;a jk wfYdal
wêrdchdf.a ld,fha isg cd;l yd iïnkaO f;dr;=re mqrdúoHd;aul idOl jYfhka olakg ,efnk
nj ms<.
s efkhs' wfYdal wêrdchd úiska ia:dms; Ys,d ia:ïN w;ßka 3jekafkys i|yka jk zñksik
q f
a .a
fyd|--krl l%shdZ ms<sn| woyia" nqÿoyfï flakaøSh isoaOdka;hla jk l¾uh yd M,h iïnkaO
woyiaj,g ke;fyd;a Rcqj u cd;l l:dj,g iïnkaO;djla olajk nj fmkS hhs'
l%'s mQ' fojeks fyda m<uqjeks ishjfiys ia:dmkh lrk ,oehs ie,flk Nd¾yq;a ia;+mfhka ,enqKq
mqrdúoHd;aul idCIs cd;l yd iïnkaO mer‚ u f;dr;=re f,i ie,flhs' fuu ia:dkh idxÑhg
ie;mqï 200la muK jhU È.ska msysá uOHu Ndr;fhys msysgd we;' tys Wkak; leghï f,iska
bÈßm;a jk zflaj, o¾Yk jD;a;dka;Zj, (Monoscenic Narrative) olakg ,efnkafka wod< l:dfõ
f;audj fyj;a uQ,sl yrhhs ^wxl 01&' iuyr cd;l l:djla ixCIsma; jD;a;dka;hla (Synoptic
Narrative) f,iska úYd, molalul wdldrfhka bÈßm;a fjhs ^wxl 02&' l:djl fldgia lsysmhla
fyda o¾Yk lsym
s hla bÈßm;a flfrk zixl,s; jD;a;dka;Z (Conflated Narrative) ixCIsm;
a jD;a;dka;j,
u úldikhla hehs ie,fla ^wxl 03&' iuyr cd;l l:djla ksrEmKh flfrk leghul tys
ud;Dldj f,iska wod< md,s .d:dfõ wdrïNl jpkh i|yka fldg we; ^wxl 04&' úoHd foayaðhd
i|yka lrk wdldrhg .d:dfõ uq,a jpkh igyka fldg ;eîfuka fmkS hkafka" fï jk úg;a
md,s ;%smsglh uqL mrïmrd.;j ;sîu;a" b;d by< idCIr;d w.hla fï hq.fha fkd;sîu;a hk
ldrKd flfia jqj o fuys meñ‚ ckhdg fï iïnkaOfhka ukd mßphla ;snQ njhs'
wxl 01 fjiaika;r cd;lh ^547&
fla j, o¾Yk jD;a;dka;hla
(Monoscenic Narrative) f,iska'
Nd¾yq;a ia;+mh
wxl 02 uyd lms cd;lh ^407&
ixCIs m a ; jD;a ;dka ;hla (Synoptic
Narrative) f,iska'
Nd¾yq;a ia;+mh
wxl 03 ,gq ls l cd;lh ^357& ixCIsma;
jD;a ;dka;hla (Conflated Narrative) f,iska'
Nd¾yq;a ia;+mh
wxl 04 iq j Ka K lla l g cd;lh ^389&
flaj, o¾Yk jD;a ;dka ;hla (Monoscenic
Narrative) f,isk a' fuys rEmhg by<s ka
l:dfõ ku i|yka fldg we;'
Nd¾yq;a ia;+mh
fï hq.hg u wh;a hehs ie,flk idxÑ ia;+m mßY%fhys o cd;l yd iïnkaO fujeks l,d ks¾udK
olakg ,efnhs' m<uqjeks idxÑ ia;+mfhys ol=Kq f;drfKys Poaoka; cd;lh ^514& wúÉýkak
jD;a;dka;hla (Continuous Narrative) f,iska bÈßm;a ù we;s w;r ^wxl 05&" tys u W;=re f;drfKys
tu l:dj u flaj, o¾Yk jD;a;dka;hla f,i o bÈßm;a fjhs' fjiaika;r cd;lh ^547& o m<uqjeks
idxÑ ia;+mfhys kef.kysr f;drfKys wúÉýkak jD;a;dka;hla (Continuous Narrative) f,iska
olajd we; ^wxl 06&'
3
wxl 05 Poaoka; cd;lh ^514& wúÉýkak jD;a ;dka;hla (Continuous Narrative) f,iska' idxÑ ia;+mh 1" ol=Kq f;drK
wxl 06 fjiaika;r cd;lh ^547& wúÉýkak jD;a ;dka;hla (Continuous Narrative) f,iska' idxÑ ia;+mh 1" kef.kysr f;drK
oCIsK Ndr;fha f.da,s kue;s ia:dkfhka yuq jQ Wkak; leghul fjiaika;r cd;lh
oelafjkafka ud,d jD;a;dka;hla (Sequential Narrative) f,ih' fuh wúÉÂkak jD;a;dka;hlg
(Continuous Narrative) iudk jqj o" thska fjkia jkafka ks;r u úúO ld,hkays yd ia:dkj, §
l:d kdhlhdf.a m%fõYh iksgqyka lsÍu fuys § m%Odk wruqK ù we;s neúks' fuys § l:dj
úldikh jkafka jfï isg ol=Kg jk w;r" o¾Yk fjka lsÍu isÿ fldg we;af;a ukd f,i ksu
jQ l=¿Kq" jDCI fjk;a isria oE fhdod .ksñks ^wxl 07&' pïuidgl cd;lh ^324& o ud,d jD;a;dka;hla
f,i Nd¾yq;a ia;+mfhys ksrEmKh fldg we; ^wxl 08&'
wxl 07 fjiaika;r cd;lh ^547& ud,d jD;a ;dka;hla (Sequential Narrative) f,iska' f.da,s" oCISK Ndr;h
wxl 08 pïuidgl cd;lh ^324& ud,d jD;a ;dka;hla (Sequential Narrative) f,iska' Nd¾yq;a ia;+mh
4
oCIsK Ndr;fhys .sksfldKÈ. wdkaO% l,dmfha l%sIaK .x.d ksïkhg wh;a m%foaYh fn!oaO
flakaøhla njg m;a ù ;snqKq w;r" wurdj;S ^l%s' j' 1 iy 2& iy kd.¾cqkfldKav ^l%s' j' 3 iy 4&
hk ia :dkj, o cd;l l:d yd iïnka O fn!oa O l,d ks ¾ udK oel .; yels h ' fuys § ud,d
jD;a;dka; (Sequential Narrative)" wúÉýkak jD;a;dka; (Continuous Narrative)" ixCIsma; jD;a;dka;
(Synoptic Narrative) wdÈ l%ufõo fuka u jD;a;dka; cd, (Narrative Network) hk l%ufõoh o cd;l
l:d bÈßm;a lsÍfï ,d Ndú; ù we; ^wxl 09" 10" 11&'
wxl 09 úÿr mKaä; cd;lh ^545& jD;a;dka; cd, (Narrative Network) f,iska' wurdj;S
wxl 10 Poaoka; cd;lh ^514& ixCIsma; jD;a;dka;hla
(Synoptic Narrative) f,iska' wurdj;S
wxl 11 uydmÿu cd;lh ^472& ud,d
jD;a ;dka;hla (Sequential Narrative) f,iska'
kd.¾cqkfldKav
mqrdK bkaÈhdfõ fidf<dia uyd ckmo w;ßka jhUÈ. bkaÈhdfõ msysá tla ckmohla jQ
.dkaOdrh úYsIag fnd!oaO l,d iïm%odhlg kElï lshhs' O¾udfYdal rc;=udf.a O¾u m%pdr
jHdmdrfhys m%;sM,hla f,i nqÿoyu fï m%foaYhg ,enqKq nj lshefjk w;r" wfYdal" hqjrcq f,i
lghq;= l< iufha § fï m%foaYfha wdKavqldrhd jYfhka isá nj o i|yka fjhs' .dkaOdr l,d
iïm%odfhys nqÿka jykafiaf.a Ôjk f;dr;=re yd iïnkaO isoaëka ksrEmKh flfrk w;r" ySkhdk
iy uydhdk hk WNh iïm%odhkays cd;l l:d o ksrEmKh flfrhs' .dkaOdr l,dlrejd fndfyda
úg iaÒ;sl flaj, o¾Yk udOHh (Static Monoscenic Mode) ish l,d ks¾udK i|yd Ndú; l< o"
cd;l l:d i|yd Tyq ksr;=rej Ndú; lf<a wúÉýkak jD;a;dka; l%ufõohhs' .dkaOdrfhys w;sYh
ckm%sh jQ cd;l l:d w;=ßka fjiaika;r cd;lh ^wxl 12& iy idu cd;lh ^wxl 13& m%uqL jk w;r"
Poaoka; cd;lh" ñ. cd;lh" uyd Wïu.a. cd;lfha tk wurdfoaù l:dj wdÈh o olakg ,efnhs'
cd;lud,dfõ tk CIdka;sjd§ cd;lh" ffu;%Sn, cd;lh" jHd>%S cd;lh" isì cd;lh wdÈh fuka u"
wjodk iïm%odfha tk pkaøm%Nd wjodkh" wfYdaldjodkh wdÈh o .dkaOdr l,dfõ ksrEmKh fldg
we;'
5
wxl 12 idu cd;lh ^545& wúÉýkak jD;a ;dka;hla (Continuous Narrative) f,iska' cdu,a.ã" .dkaOdrh
wxl 13 fjiaika;r cd;lh ^547& wúÉýkak jD;a ;dka;hla (Continuous Narrative) f,iska' cdu,a.ã" .dkaOdrh
l%s' mQ' 1jeks ishjfiys § muK ia:dmkh lrk ,oehs ie,flk wcka;d f,ka úydr msysgd
we;af;a Ndr;fha uydrdIag% m%dka;fha ´rx.dndoa Èia;%slalfhysh' fuu f,ka úydr l%s' mQ' 2 isg l%s' j'
6 olajd ld,h ;=< fn!oaO NsCIQka jykafia,d jiaidk iuh .; lsÍug Ndú; l<d hehs ie,fla'
Ndr;Sh fn!oaO l,dfõ cd;l l:d yd iïnkaO úYsIag;u ks¾udK rdYshla ì;= is;=jï f,iska
wcka;d f,ka úydrj, olakg ,efnhs'
fuys .=yd úYd, ixLHdjla ;snqK o thska 1" 2" 16" 17 hkqfjka kï fldg we;s .=yd m%Odk f,ka
úydr f,i ie,flhs' fï úydrj, we;s is;=jï uQ,sl jYfhka u fldgia follg fnod oelaúh
yelsh' tkï" znqÿka jykafiaf.a Ôú;fha úfYaI wjia:d yd iïnkaO is;=jïZ iy znqÿka jykafiaf.a
fmr wd;au Njhka yd iïnkaO is;=jïZ hkqfjks'
wcka;d is;=jïj,g mokï fldg .;a idys;H uQ,dY% w;r m%Odk ia:dkfhys ,d ie,flkafka
ixialD; uQ,dY%hkah' l%s' j' 4 ishjfia § ,shejqKd hehs ie,flk wd¾hY+rf.a cd;lud,d kï
.%ka:fhys ksrEms; l:d ish,a, u mdfya fuys Ñ;%Kh ù we;af;ah' f,ka wxl 17ys tk is;=jï 17la
w;ßka 13lg u mokï ù we;af;a cd;lud,djh' fuhg wu;rj uQ,i¾jdia;sjd§ úkh" ÈjHdjodkh"
,,s; úia;rh" wYajf>daIhkaf.a fi!kaordkkao ldjHh" md,s cd;lÜGl:dj wdÈ uQ,dY%hka o fuu
Ñ;%j,g mdol ù we;af;ah' fuhska meyeÈ,s jk jeo.;a lreKla kï fn!oaO iïm%odfha ySkhdk
iy uydhdk hk m%Odk wkq iïm%odhka oajh u wcka;d l,dlrejkaf.a wjOdkhg fhduq jQ njhs'
úoHd foayaðhd i|yka lrk wdldrhg wcka;d l,dlrejka úiska oDIH jD;a;dka; fyj;a l:dka;r
ksrEmKh lsÍu i|yd l%u fõo 7la muK Ndú; lrkq ,en we;s nj fmkS hhs' fuhska m%Odk
jYfhka oelaúh yels l%u 3ls' tkï"
1' jD;a;dka; cd, (Narrative Network)
2' ixCIsma; jD;a;dka; (Synoptic Narrative)
3' flaj, o¾Yk jD;a;dka; (Monoscenic Narrative)
6
wxl 15 uÉP cd;lh ^216& fla j, o¾Yk jD;a;dka;hla
(Monscenic Narrative) f,iska' wcka;d" .=yd wxl 17
wxl 14 Poaoka; cd;lh ^514& ixCIsma; jD;a;dka;hla (Synoptic
Narrative) f,iska' wcka;d" .=yd wxl 17
is;=jï iys; m%Odk f,ka úydr i;frka m%Odk;u f,k f,i ie,flkafka .=yd wxl 17h'
fuh j¾. wä 70l muK úYd,;ajhlska hqla;h' ixCIsma; jD;a;dka; f,iska bÈßm;a jk cd;l
l:dj,ska ksrEmKh jkafka fndaêi;a;ajhka ;sßika i;=ka f,i bmÿKq wjia:djkah' .jhd" ydjd"
uqjd" jdkrhd" yxihd" w,shd wdÈ i;a;aj pß; we;=<;a cd;l l:d fuys bÈßm;a fjhs' tfuka u isú
rc;=ud iy idu l=udrhd ms<sn| ksrEmKhka o fuys olakg we;' uydlms cd;lh fuys olajd
we;af;a wjia:d wglsks' jD;a;dka; cd, (Narrative Network) jYfhka bÈßm;a ù we;s cd;l l:d
w;r isxy, fjf<kaodf.a l:dj ^wjodkh& ^md,s iudk l:dj( j,dyiai cd;lh&" fjiaika;r
cd;lh" iq ;fidau cd;lh" il% cd;lh wdÈh oels h yels h' .= yd wxl 16ys wd¾hY+ rhka f.a
cd;lud,dfjys tk cd;l 34la is;=jug k.d we;' fuys o jD;a;dka; cd, olakg ,efí' .=yd wxl
1ys md,s cd;lÜGl:dj mokï fldg .;a is;=jï olakg ,efnhs' tajd bÈßm;a flfrkafka ixCIsma;
jD;a;dka; l%uhgh' .=yd wxl 2ys jD;a;dka; cd, jYfhka bÈßm;a flfrk cd;l is;=jï olakg
,efnhs' thska yxi cd;lh" úÿr cd;lh jeks l;d md,s cd;lÜGl:dj mokï fldg f.k we;s nj
fmkS hhs' ixCIsma; jD;a;dka; f,i oelafjk isú cd;lfha is;=jï o fuys olakg ;sfí'
wxl 16 isxy, fjf<kaodf.a l:dj ^wjodkh& jD;a ;dka; cd,hla (Narrative Network) f,iska' wcka;d" .= yd wxl 17
7
wxl 18 fjiaika;r cd;lh ^547& jD;a ;dka; cd,hla (Narrative
Network) f,iska' wcka;d" .=yd wxl 17
wxl 17 idu cd;lh ^540& ixCIs m a ;
jD;a;dka;hla (Synoptic Narrative) f,is ka '
wcka;d" .= yd wxl 17
wcka;d is;a;reka cd;l l:d ksrEmKh lsÍfuys ,d úúO wdlD;s Ndú; l< nj fmkS hhs' Tjqka
jvd;a w.h l< idudkH l:dka;r bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd jD;a;dka; cd, Ndú; l< o" ixCIsma;
jD;a;dka; wdlD;sh w;sYh ckm%sh jQ nj fmkS hhs' fï wdlD;s folg u wh;a l;d keröu$lshùu
i|yd krUkakdf.a$lshjkakdf.a Rcq iyNd.s;ajh wjYH fjhs' f,ka úydrj, we;s w;sYh iSñ;
bv m%udKh ksid u is;a;reka l:dka;rj, tk ld,h ksrEmKh lsÍu ys;du;d u fkdi,ld yer
we;s nj fmkS hkafka wxl 17 f,fkys tk isxy, fjf<kaodf.a l:dj" fjiaika;r cd;lh" iq;fidau
cd;lh wdÈ cd;l l:d ksrEmKh lr we;s wdldrfhks' WodyrKhla f,i iq;fidau cd;lh
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Akira, Hirakawa (1990) A History of Indian Buddhism, USA, University of Hawaii Press.
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Govt. of India, Publication Division.
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University of Peradeniya.
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Professor Upul Ranjith Hewawitanagamage, Professor, Head, Dept. of Hindi Studies, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya.
B. A. (Hons), M. Phil. in Hindi Studies (Kelaniya), Ph. D. in Hindi Studies (JNU, New Delhi)
PG Dip in Writership and Communication (Sri Jayawardhanepura)
Vaadya Vishaarad (Lucknow), Bengali Cert. (JNU, New Delhi)