LDH Style Guide
Longfields-Davidson Heights Secondary School
Library and Resource Centre
Revised 2012 by C. Rankin
Acknowledgements: C. MacKechnie, S. Williams, C. Sigler & R. Danforth
Table of Contents
Formatting your Essay ........................................................................................... 2
Parenthetical Citations............................................................................................ 4
• Why Cite Your Sources?
• How do I quote another person’s words & ideas?
Formatting Parenthetical Citations......................................................................... 5
Direct Quotations ................................................................................................... 6
Indirect Quotations (Paraphrasing) ........................................................................ 9
Quoting Shakespeare............................................................................................ 10
How to Create a List of Works Cited................................................................... 12
• What is a Works Cited?
• What is MLA Style?
• How do I format my list of Works Cited?
Examples of Print Citations.................................................................................. 13
Examples of Online Citations .............................................................................. 16
Examples of Multimedia Citations....................................................................... 18
Sample List of Works Cited ................................................................................. 21
Evaluating Resources: The CRAAP Test ............................................................ 22
Works Cited.......................................................................................................... 24
LDH Style Guide
Formatting Your Essay
General Guidelines:
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Use only one side of the page
Double-space the body of your essay (indented quotations
can be single-spaced)
Set your margins at 2.5 cm (1”)
Indent the first line of a each paragraph by 2 cm (3/4”)
Use 12-pt. font: Times New Roman or Arial
Choose either Option A or Option B (check with your teacher to see if he/she has a preference)
and follow the examples below to properly format your essay and page numbers
Option A: Separate, full title page
Title Page
Title
Ivan Tagutmark
ENG4U
Ms. Erudite
16 November, 2011
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Begin numbering on the second page of the essay, and number all subsequent pages
Insert your last name and the page number in the top-right corner of the page
The title page is NOT numbered
The first page of the essay is NOT numbered
The title page should include:
o an appropriate and creative title for your paper
o your name, the course code, your teacher’s name, and the submission date
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LDH Style Guide
Option B: Title on first page of essay
Title Page / Page 1 of Essay
Ivan Tagutmark
ENG4U
Ms. Erudite
16 November, 2011
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Begin numbering on the second page of the essay, and number all subsequent pages
Insert your last name and the page number in the top-right corner of the page
The title page and first page of the essay are one in the same; this page is NOT numbered
The title page should include:
o an appropriate and creative title for your paper
o your name, the course code, your teacher’s name, and the submission date
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LDH Style Guide
Parenthetical Citations
Why cite your sources?
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Citations add credibility and authority to your work
Citations demonstrate your research skills
Citations allow you to give credit where credit is due
Citations help you avoid plagiarism (the theft of another
person’s words or ideas)
“Plagiarism is
a form of stealing;
as with other offenses
against the law,
ignorance is no excuse.”
(Northey 12)
How does Parenthetical Citation work?
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Parenthetical citations (also known as “in-text citations”) involve placing relevant source information in
parentheses immediately following a direct quote or a paraphrase within your essay.
Parenthetical citations are brief because they refer readers to the list of Works Cited for additional
information on the source; thus all parenthetical citations MUST correspond to the Works Cited page.
MLA Style uses an author-page method of parenthetical citation.
The author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or
paraphrase, but the page number(s) from which you are quoting or paraphrasing should always appear in
the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence.
How do I quote another person’s words and ideas in my writing?
You have three options when quoting or paraphrasing from another source:
A) Author’s name and page number in citation:
An inference is “the ability to connect what is in the text with what is in the mind to make
an educated guess” (Beers 62).
B) Author’s name in signal phrase, page number in citation:
Beers defines an inference as “the ability to connect what is in the text with what is in the
mind to make an educated guess” (62).
C) Author’s name in paraphrase, page number in citation:
Beers stresses the importance of connecting background knowledge to the words in the
text in order to create meaning (62).
Each citation in the examples above shows readers that the information in the sentence can be located on
page 62 of a work by an author named Beers. If readers want more information about this source, they can
turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Beers, they would find the following information:
Works Cited
Beers, Kylene. When Kids Can’t Read: What Teachers Can Do. Portsmouth: Heineman, 2003. Print.
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LDH Style Guide
Formatting Parenthetical Citations
The following are examples of the MLA author-page method of parenthetical citation.
¾ Consider the clarity and flow of your writing when deciding whether to
include the author’s name and/or the title of the work (if applicable) in your
signal phrase, or whether to put them in parentheses (see page 4).
¾ The page number should ALWAYS be in parentheses following the
quotation/paraphrase.
1) ONE AUTHOR
“Keep parenthetical references as brief—and as few—as clarity and accuracy permits” (Gibaldi 185).
2) TWO or THREE AUTHORS:
“But like it or not, the Internet is here to stay” (Dickenson and Ellison 1).
“To be human is to be part of the natural world” (Wilson, Davies, and Brunty 33).
3) FOUR or MORE AUTHORS:
“People like the feel of books, thus they’ll never become obsolete” (Boxton et al. 56).
4) CORPORATE AUTHOR:
“Avlavik is an area of spectacular river canyons, rolling hills, lush valleys and desert-like badlands”
(Parks Canada 1).
5) AUTHOR UNKNOWN (common with online sources):
Use the complete title in the signal phrase, or a short form of the title in parentheses:
It is clearly argued in Man, Myth, and Magic that “all the major religions are based upon distinctive
evaluations of human nature and destiny” (14-15).
“All the major religions are based upon distinctive evaluations of human nature and destiny” (Man, Myth
14-15).
6) PAGE NUMBER UNKNOWN (common with online sources):
“Except for some whales, the elephant is among the largest of all animals in size” (Sanderson).
7) TWO or MORE AUTHORS with the SAME LAST NAME:
include the author’s first initial in the parentheses:
“The list of work cited at the end of your research paper plays an important role in your
acknowledgement of sources” (J. Gibaldi 184).
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LDH Style Guide
8) TWO or MORE WORKS by the SAME AUTHOR:
If your list of Works Cited includes two or more works by the same author, include a short form of the
title in the parentheses:
Self-awareness allows us to “evaluate and learn from others’ experiences as well as our own” (Covey,
People 66).
It is uniquely human that we can observe our own lives and thoughts, and then contemplate ways to
change and improve them (Covey, Families 30-31).
► Note: the titles The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People and The 7 Habits of Highly Effective Families have been
shortened to keep the parenthetical citations brief. The full titles will appear in the list of Works Cited.
9) SOURCE QUOTED in ANOTHER SOURCE:
Always cite the source you used. Indicate the person(s) being quoted in your signal phrase, and begin
your citation with the abbreviation “qtd. in.”
Researchers Johnson and Steiler discovered that “books are good for the soul” (qtd. in Jamieson 13).
Direct Quotations
A “direct quotation” means you are including someone
else’s ideas word-for-word as they appear in the original
source.
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Direct quotations should be used in moderation, chosen deliberately for their expressive value,
technical accuracy, or if you want to highlight a voice other than your own. Otherwise, paraphrase.
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Choose quotations that clearly support your argument or illustrate your claim. Irrelevant quotations
actually weaken an essay because they confuse the reader.
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Quotations should appear exactly as they’re written in the text (except where you’ve used ellipsis
marks or square brackets—see pages 7 and 8 for examples).
Caution: Avoid the “floating quotation!”
ALWAYS introduce your quotation by providing the
context and using proper punctuation.
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“Floating Quotations” are quotations that stand alone, between periods, and without any clear link to
your own paragraph. Always introduce your quotation (give the context, situation, or speaker) and
use appropriate punctuation to ensure proper flow and sentence structure.
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LDH Style Guide
Examples of Direct Quotations
Shorter Quotations
Four lines or fewer → Embedded
Longer Quotations
Five lines or more → Indented
1) Enclose in quotation marks.
2) Type the exact quotation within your paragraph
(i.e., embedded within your own writing).
3) Place the in-text citation immediately following
the quotation.
4) The punctuation follows the citation (unless a
question or exclamation mark).
1) Do not enclose in quotation marks.
2) Do not incorporate this long quotation into the
body of the paragraph, but rather indent it five
spaces on each side, single space, and leave one
blank line above and below the quotation to
separate it from the rest of your paragraph.
3) Punctuation follows the quotation.
4) Place the in-text citation immediately following
the punctuated quotation.
Example:
Example:
Using the Internet to access information on the
World Wide Web involves a number of items set up
to communicate:
The primary elements of the Internet are
host computer systems that are linked by a
backbone telecommunications network.
This network is like a special-purpose
telephone line that is always open and
talking to the host computers, which are
always on. (Shipley and Fish 8)
Systems vary in size and speed, resulting in differing
levels of accessibility…
Use of the Internet has become widespread in
homes across Canada. A recent study indicates
that Ottawa is the most connected census
metropolitan area, and it is thought that “High
average levels of education and household income
contribute to Ottawa’s leadership. . . as do the
presence of the hi-tech industry and the federal
government” (Dickson and Ellison 9). Calgary
and Halifax follow closely behind Ottawa in
regular Internet use…
________________
Work Cited
Dickson, Paul, and Jonathan Ellison. “Plugged into the
Internet.” Canadian Social Trends Winter 1999.
Print.
____________________
Work Cited
Shipley, Chris and Matthew Fish. How the World Wide
Web Works. California: Macmillan Computer
Publishing USA, 1996. Print.
Omitting Material from Direct Quotations…
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Always quote only the portion of text required to illustrate your point.
If you wish to condense a larger text into a shorter quotation, use ellipsis marks (…) to indicate
that unnecessary words or lines have been left out.
If only a fragment of a sentence is quoted, it will be obvious to the reader that the quotation is
taken from a longer passage of text, so there is no need to use ellipsis marks.
Ellipsis marks are not generally needed at the beginning or end of quotations (especially if they
are shorter, embedded quotations); include them at the end of a quotation only if the final words
of a sentence are being omitted.
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LDH Style Guide
Original Source:
For a lyric poet like Margaret Atwood, a close relation between the poet’s life as lived and the poetry as
written is, with some justification and despite the poet’s disclaimers, often assumed. An interested reader
could piece together a minimal life story from evidence in the poems, but it would be intermittent, largely
geographical, and entirely devoid of the names of persons, even her own.
Student Work
--text omitted from MIDDLE of quotation--
Student Work
--text omitted from END of quotation--
Most writers reveal something of their personal
lives in their writing, such that even “For a lyric
poet like Margaret Atwood, a close relation
between the poet’s life as lived and the poetry as
written is…often assumed” (Mallinson, 13).
With regard to Margaret Atwood, “An interested
reader could piece together a minimal life story
from evidence in the poems, but it would be
intermittent…” (Mallinson, 13) at best; further
research would be necessary to fully grasp any
details of her biography.
Work Cited
Mallinson, Jean. Margaret Atwood and Her Works. Toronto: Methuen, 1985. Print.
Inserting [Your Own Words] Within Quoted Material
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Sometimes you may wish to add your own words to clarify part of a quotation, or change words
to preserve the grammar and flow of your writing (e.g. subject-verb agreement, verb tense, etc.).
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In these situations, use square brackets [ ] around your additional words to indicate that you’ve
made an alteration to the original text.
Student Work
--square brackets used to indicate the student’s words within the quotation-Hindley returns to Wuthering Heights to act as master of the household, and begins to exact revenge
upon Heathcliff for having displaced him within the family. The ill will that Hindley feels for
Heathcliff is longstanding, as Nelly explains:
…from the very beginning, [Heathcliff] bred bad feeling in the house; and at
Mrs. Earnshaw’s death, which happened less than two years after, the young
master [Hindley] had learnt to regard his father as an oppressor rather than a
friend, and Heathcliff as a usurper of his father’s affections and his privileges,
and he grew bitter with brooding over these injuries. (Bronte 42)
Thus, once Hindley is in a position of power over Heathcliff, he has the opportunity to inflict some
oppression of his own. In an effort to degrade Heathcliff…
¾ In the first set of brackets, the student has replaced “he” with “Heathcliff” so that the reader
knows which character is being referred to.
¾ In the second set of brackets,“Hindley” is added to clarify who “the young master” is.
Work Cited
Bronte, Emily. Wuthering Heights. New York: Premier Classics, 2008. Print.
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LDH Style Guide
Indirect Quotations
An “indirect quotation” is the paraphrasing of another
person’s ideas using your own words and voice.
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When done well, paraphrasing is often preferable to direct quotations because it allows the writer to
maintain a consistent voice, writing style, and more coherent flow of ideas. (Direct quotations, as
mentioned earlier, should be used in moderation.)
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To paraphrase correctly, you must:
1) Change the words
2) Change the paragraph/sentence structure
3) Preserve the meaning of the original text
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Your in-text citation and Works Cited documentation is the same as it is for direct quotations.
Examples of Indirect Quotations (Paraphrasing)
Original Source
Original Source
In the 1980’s and 1990’s, civil wars in countries
such as Somalia, Bosnia, Rwanda and Sudan
changed the face of aid again. More and more aid
was directed towards peacekeeping and
emergencies.
Capturing Vimy Ridge was a tactical success,
weakening the overall German position even
though it did not force them into a wholesale
retreat. It is best remembered today as a great
moment in Canadian history and a unifying event
for the country.
Student Work
Student Work
Civil wars in many countries, including Somalia
and Rwanda, have caused aid to be redirected to
peacekeeping and emergency relief (Garlake 51).
The successful capture of Vimy Ridge served to
both weaken the German offence, and to bolster
the strength and unity of the Canadian forces.
(Vimy Ridge).
Work Cited
Work Cited
Garlake, Teresa. 20th Century Issues: Poverty, Changing
Attitudes 1900-2000. Austen: Steck-Vaughn Publishers,
2000. 50-51. Print.
"Vimy Ridge (April 9, 1917)." Gale Canada in Context. Gale,
2007. Web. 11 Apr. 2012.
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LDH Style Guide
Quoting Shakespeare
Better three hours too soon,
than a minute too late.
– William Shakespeare
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Always reference Shakespeare plays by Act, Scene, and Line number—never by page number.
References should look like this: (IV,iii,29-56)
Always ensure your quotations support your argument in a strong, clear, and even poignant manner. A
quotation that has no direct relevance to your argument seriously weakens your essay.
Avoid the “floating quotation.” Always introduce your quotation, or else it lends neither meaning nor
support.
Avoid quoting out of context. If extreme manipulation of quotations is the only way to support your
argument, then you need a new argument.
Quote only what is necessary to prove your point; if only five lines of a character’s speech are needed to
support your argument, do not quote the entire speech.
There are two different ways of incorporating quotations into your essay, depending on the length of the
chosen quotation.
Shorter Quotations: Embedded
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Shorter quotations—approximately 4 lines or fewer—should be embedded within your sentence, rather than
indented and set apart from your paragraph.
Embedded quotations must be enclosed by quotation marks.
A slash (/) should follow each line of verse, to indicate where each line ends in the actual text (these are not
needed for lines of prose).
Punctuation (periods, commas, semi-colons, etc.) follows the citation (Act, Scene, Line), in order to preserve
the flow of your own sentence, as opposed to that of the quotation.
Examples:
A)
Petruchio makes his intentions clear the first time he meets Katherine. During their very
first conversation, he explains to her, “Thou must be married to no man but me. / For I am
he am born to tame you, Kate, / And bring you from a wild Kate to a Kate / Conformable
as other household Kates” (II,i,268-271). As such, Katherine ought not to be surprised
when Petruchio…
B)
When he awakes from his drunken slumber to find himself attended by servants, Sly
insists they “call not [him] ‘honor’ nor ‘lordship’” (Induction,ii,5-6). Clearly Sly is not so
very drunk that he has forgotten who he is…
C)
Having seen Bianca only once, and never having met nor spoken with her, Lucentio
nevertheless falls immediately in love with her. He tries to explain his feelings to Tranio,
insisting that he will “burn…pine…[or] perish” (I,i,155) if he cannot marry her.
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LDH Style Guide
Longer Quotations: Indented
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Longer quotations—generally 5 lines or more—should be set apart from your paragraph, and should be
indented on both sides.
Indented quotations are not enclosed by quotation marks.
Lines should appear exactly as they do in the text; slashes (/) are therefore not necessary with indented
quotations.
Punctuation (periods, commas, semi-colons, etc.) immediately follows the quotation, unlike in embedded
quotations. The citation (Act, Scene, Line) appears right after the quotation, without punctuation.
The sentence which follows your quotation and continues your paragraph must start at the margin. Do not
indent the next sentence of your paragraph, unless you actually mean to start a new paragraph.
It is generally not advisable to finish your paragraph with a quotation; for better flow, a concluding or
expository sentence of some sort is usually necessary.
Examples:
D)
Upon her arrival at Petruchio’s home, Katherine is denied a long-awaited meal, under the pretext that
her husband wants only the best for her. To her dismay, Petruchio insists that the food is not cooked
well enough for her fine palate, so he sends it away, and she is left with nothing to eat. Petruchio later
reveals his intention in his soliloquy:
Thus have I politicly begun my reign…
She eat no meat today, nor none shall eat.
Last night she slept not, nor tonight she shall not.
As with the meat, some undeserved fault
I’ll find about the making of the bed…
Ay, and amid this hurly I intend
That all is done in reverent care of her…
This is the way to kill a wife with kindness,
And thus I’ll curb her mad and headstrong humor. (IV,i,182-203)
Petruchio’s, plan, then, is to tame Katherine by breaking down her will. If she is devoid of energy, and
is not permitted that which she needs or desires, she must eventually resign herself to her husband’s
will, thus abandoning her own…
E)
Katherine is not permitted to stay and enjoy her wedding feast at Baptista’s house; rather, she is forced
to make the long journey to Petruchio’s country house, and he ensures that it is not a pleasant one.
Grumio, who accompanies them on this journey, relays the details to Curtis, another of Petruchio’s
servants:
…thou shouldst have heard how [Kate’s]
horse fell and she under her horse. Thou shouldst
have heard in how miry a place, how she was bemoiled, how [Petruchio] left her with the horse upon her,
how he beat me because her horse stumbled, how
she waded through the dirt to pluck him off me;
how he swore… (IV,i,69-75)
Clearly, Petruchio has begun the “taming” process well before they arrive at his home. By refusing to
help Katherine get out from under her horse or wade through the mud…
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LDH Style Guide
How to Create a list of Works Cited
What is a list of Works Cited?
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A Works Cited (formerly referred to as a bibliography) is a list of
all the sources you consulted while writing your essay or report.
It includes the resources you read but did not choose to quote.
The Works Cited is always the last page of your assignment
What is MLA Style?
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MLA is the citation style that we use for all essays and reports at Merivale High School.
MLA stands for “The Modern Language Association of America,” which publishes a handbook of
guidelines and conventions for citing sources and formatting research papers.
There are many ways to cite sources (e.g., MLA, APA, Chicago); MLA style is widely used for
English and Humanities courses in universities and colleges.
The key to citing sources is consistency, so at Merivale we use MLA citation style for all essays
and reports, regardless of subject area.
How do I format my list of Works Cited?
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Centre the title (Works Cited) at the top of the page and leave a double space before your first
citation.
List citations in alphabetical order by author’s last name.
For works without a given author, place in alphabetical order by title (use the first significant word
in the title; ignore “a / an / the”).
Citations are NOT numbered or bulleted.
Each citation begins at the left margin; the second and following lines are indented 5 spaces (1/2”).
Double space between citations.
The Works Cited page is always the last page in the essay or report.
See page 21 for an example of what your Works Cited page should look like.
How do I format each citation?
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As a general rule, titles of books, magazines, newspapers, encyclopedias and Web Sites are
italicized.
If your citations are hand-written, use underlining in place of Italics. Never use both at the same
time.
Titles of poems, magazine articles, newspaper articles, and encyclopedia articles are in “quotation
marks.”
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LDH Style Guide
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General Guidelines for listing authors:
o Always begin with the author’s last name, then first name.
o If there are multiple authors, they should be named in the same order as they are listed in the
source. Reverse the name of the first author only so that the citation begins with the first
author’s last name:
One author:
Two authors:
Three authors:
Four or more authors:
Smith, Donna.
Smith, Donna and Naomi Wilson.
Smith, Donna, Naomi Wilson, and George Zatzou.
Smith, Donna et. al.
► *Note: “et al.” is Latin for “and others”
Examples of Print Citations
• Arrangement of items in the Works Cited is extremely
important.
• Match the following examples with your own work and
COPY EXACTLY the spacing, capitalization and
punctuation.
1. Books with an AUTHOR
Author’s last name, first name. Title in Italics. Place of publication: Publisher, copyright date. Medium.
a) ONE Author:
Chong, Denise. The Girl in the Picture: The Kim Phuc Story. Toronto: The Penguin Group, 1999. Print.
b) TWO Authors:
Granatstein, J.L. and Norman Hillmer. For Better of For Worse: Canada and the United States to the
1990s Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1991. Print.
c) THREE Authors:
Smith, Joe, Cathy McDonald, and Kim Danford. As the World Turns. Ottawa: ABC Group, 2011. Print.
b) FOUR or MORE Authors:
Quinlan, Don et. al. The Canadian Challenge. Don Mills: Oxford University Press, 2008. Print.
► Note: “et. al.” is Latin for “and others”
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LDH Style Guide
2. Book with NO AUTHOR GIVEN
Title in Italics. Place of publication: Publisher, copyright date. Medium.
Ending Hunger. New York: Praeger, 1985. Print.
3. Book by a CORPORATE AUTHOR
Corporate author. Title in Italics. Place of publication: Publisher, date. Medium.
National Research Council. Beyond Six Billion: Forecasting the World’s Population. Washington: National
Academy, 2000. Print.
4. Book with an AUTHOR AND AN EDITOR
Author last name, first name. Title in Italics. Ed. Editor’s name. Place of publication: Publisher, date.
Medium.
Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. Ed. John Dover Wilson. London: Clarendon Press, 1968. Print.
► *Note: “Ed.” is an abbreviation for “Edited by”
5. Book with an EDITOR only
Editor last name, first name, ed. Title in Italics. Place of publication: Publisher, copyright date. Medium.
Johnston, R.J., ed. A World in Crisis? Geographical Perspectives. Massachusetts: Basil Blackwell, 1990.
Print.
► *Note: “ed.” is an abbreviation for “editor”
6. Book with a TRANSLATOR
Author last name, first name. Title in Italics. Trans. Translator’s name. Place of publication: Publisher, date.
Medium.
Tolstoy, Leo. Anna Karenina. Trans. Louise and Aylmer Maude. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Print.
►*Note: “Trans.” is an abbreviation for “Translated by”
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LDH Style Guide
7.
Work in an ANTHOLOGY / COLLECTION by various authors
Last name, first name of author of the work quoted. “Title of article in quotation marks.” Title of book in
Italics. Ed. editor’s first and last names. Place of publication: Publisher, copyright date, pages.
Medium.
Fitzpatrick, James K. “Violent Music Lyrics Do Not Usually Cause Lasting Harm.” Media Violence:
Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. Bruno Leone. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999, 60-67. Print.
► *Note: “Ed.” is an abbreviation for “Edited by”
8.
ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLE
Article author’s last name, first name (if given). “Article title in quotation marks.” Encyclopedia
Title in Italics. Edition and/or year of publication. Medium.
a) Author given:
Stults, Taylor. “Propaganda.” World Book Encyclopedia. 2001 ed. Print.
b) No author given:
“Journalism.” Encyclopedia Britannica. 2003 ed. Print.
► *Note: “ed.” is an abbreviation for “edition”
9.
GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION
Political jurisdiction (country/province/state) if not in issuing body’s name. Name of government
department or agency. Title of Publication in Italics. Author’s first and last name if given. Place of
publication: Publisher, copyright date. Medium.
Canada. Department of External Affairs. The Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement. Ottawa: Department of
External Affairs, 1988. Print.
Ontario Ministry of Education. Think Literacy Success, Grades 7-12: The Report of the Expert Panel on
Students at Risk in Ontario. Ontario: Queen’s Printer for Ontario, 2003. Print.
10. Article in a MAGAZINE or NEWSPAPER
Author last name, first name (if given). “Article title in quotation marks.” Magazine or newspaper
title in Italics magazine or newspaper date: page numbers. Medium.
a) Author given:
Greer, George. “The Italians of Thunder Bay.” Globe and Mail 20 Apr. 2010: C3. Print.
b) No author given:
“Travel Tech: James Bond Meets Marco Polo.” Equinox Jan. 2000: 71-75. Print.
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LDH Style Guide
Examples of Online Citations
•
•
It is no longer necessary to include the URL for Web sources. The
7th Edition of the MLA Style Guide now recommends including
the URL only if you think the reader won’t be able to locate the
source without it (or if your teacher specifically asks for it).
•
You must search carefully to locate all of the elements required
for your citations (e.g., author, copyright, publisher, etc.), as there
are no consistent conventions for online publishing.
If information is unavailable, you may use the following abbreviations:
N.p. (for “no publisher”) if there is no sponsor or publisher provided
n.d. (for “no date”) if there is no date of publication/copyright or date of update/revision
11. Online ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLE
Article author’s last name, first name (if given). “Article title in quotation marks.” Encyclopedia title in
Italics. Publisher, Date. Medium. Date when you accessed the information.
a) Author given:
Marsh, James. “National Hockey League.” The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Foundation, 2001.
Web. 02 Dec. 2011.
b) No author given:
“Kootenay National Park.” Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Grolier Online, 2004. Web. 23 Sept. 2011.
12. Online MAGAZINE OR NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
Author last name, first name (if given). “Article title in quotation marks.” Magazine or Newspaper Title in
Italics magazine or newspaper date, page numbers if given. Medium. Date when you accessed the
information.
a) Author given:
Kent, Arthur. “What’s gone wrong in the war on terror?” MacLean’s 16 Sept. 2002: n.pag. Web. 18 Sept.
2003.
b) No author given:
“The RCMP Under Fire.” Maclean’s 4 Dec. 1995: n.pag. Web. 18 Sept. 2003.
► *Note: “n.pag.” is an abbreviation for “no page.” This abbreviation is used ONLY for
online magazine, newspaper, or journal articles, when no page numbers are provided.
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LDH Style Guide
13. MAGAZINE or NEWSPAPER ARTICLE in an online DATABASE
Author last name, first name. “Article title in quotation marks.” Periodical Title in Italics Volume.Issue
(Date): pages. Name of Database in Italics. Medium. Date when you accessed the information.
Zabecki, David T. “Vimy Ridge, France.” Military History 27.2 (July 2010): 76+. Gale Power Search. Web.
12 Jan. 2012.
Andruff, Heather, Heather MacIntosh, and Elke D. Reissing. "Same-sex marriage in Canada: the impact of
legal marriage on the first cohort of gay and lesbian Canadians to wed." The Canadian Journal of
Human Sexuality 19.3 (2010): 79+. Gale Canada In Context. Web. 5 Apr. 2012.
► *Note: use the abbreviation “n.pag.” if there are no page numbers provided
14. PAGE from a WEB SITE
Author last name, first name (if given). “Title of page or article in quotation marks.” Title of Web Site in
Italics. Name of web site sponsor or publisher, date of publication or last update. Medium. Date
when you accessed the information.
a) Author given:
Green, Joshua. “The Rove Presidency.” The Atlantic.com. Atlantic Monthly Group, Sept. 2007. Web. 15
May 2008.
b) No author given:
“Utah Mine Rescue Funeral.” CNN.com. Cable News Network, 21 Aug. 2007. Web. 21 Aug. 2007.
15. ENTIRE WEB SITE
Author last name, first name (if given). Title of Website in Italics. Name of web site sponsor or publisher,
date of publication or last update. Medium. Date when you accessed the information.
a) Author given:
Nicholson, Judy, et al. Teacher-Librarians…Supporting Student Learning. Saskatchewan Learning,
2005. Web. 4 Apr. 2012.
b) Author unknown
The Victorian Web. George P. Landow, 2012. Web. 4 Apr. 2012.
► *Note: “et al.” is Latin for “and others”
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LDH Style Guide
16. EMAIL
Author’s last name, first name. “Title of the message / subject line (if any) in quotation marks.”
Message to recipient’s first and last name. Date of the message. Medium.
Gibbons, Deborah. “Important information regarding your account.” Message to Rita Jones. 22
Mar. 2011. E-mail.
17. Online VIDEO CLIP
Creator’s or editor’s last name, first name. “Title of video in quotation marks.” Title of Web Site in Italics.
Name of web site sponsor or publisher, date of publication or last update. Medium. Date when you
accessed the information.
Cook, Claire. “Writing Workshop 1: Read Everything.” Youtube. Youtube, 27 Apr. 2008. Web. 1
May 2012.
Examples of Multimedia Citations
18. MAPS and CHARTS
► Cite maps and charts as you would a book, an article, or a web page. Add the term “Map”
or “Chart” following the title.
“Bonds are still more Popular Than Stocks.” Chart. Canadian Business April 2012: 53. Print.
“Nepean, Ontario.” Map. Google Maps. Google, 2011. Web. 18 Jan. 2012.
19. NOTES from an INSTRUCTOR or a LECTURE
Teacher’s or speaker’s last name, first name. “Title of the notes or lecture.” Name of school or
organization. Location. Date. Medium.
Stratton, Devin. “The Great Chain of Being.” Merivale High School. Nepean, Ontario. 18 Mar.
2011. Lecture.
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LDH Style Guide
20. PERSONAL INTERVIEW
Person interviewed, job specifics (if applicable), method of interview, date of interview.
Turnbull, Cathy. Coordinator of the Job Generation Program, YM-YWCA. Telephone interview. 18 Feb.
1992.
Matthews, Jonathan. Personal interview. 11 Oct. 2004.
21. IMAGES
a) Work of art or photograph that exits in a museum or collection viewed in person or in print:
Artist’s last name, first name. Title of the artwork in Italics. Date of composition. Medium of
composition. Gallery or museum and city in which the artwork is physically located.
Van Gogh, Vincent. The Starry Night. June 1889. The Museum of Modern Art, New York.
b) Work of art or photograph that exits in a museum or collection viewed online:
Creator’s last name, first name. Description or title of image in Italics. Date of composition. Gallery or
museum and city in which the image is physically located. Title of the web site or database in
Italics. Medium. Date when you accessed the information.
Van Gogh, Vincent. The Starry Night. June 1889. The Museum of Modern Art, New York. Wikipedia.
Web. 3 May 2012.
c) Photograph or digital image that exists only on the Web:
Creator’s last name, first name (if given). Description or title of image in Italics. Date of creation. Title
of the website in Italics. Publisher or sponsor of the site (if available). Medium. Date when you
accessed the information.
Bouda, Jiri. Tulips in Ottawa. 30 April, 2012. The Weather Network. The Weather Network. Web. 3
May, 2012.
For further details and examples not covered above, consult
the MLA Handbook 7th Edition – available at the library
circulation desk. Online version also available to MHS
students – ask at library desk for username & password.
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LDH Style Guide
Sample List of Works Cited
Model your list of Works Cited after the sample below, following the guidelines from page 12.
Title centered
at top of page
Works Cited
First line of
each citation
begins at margin
Corn, M. Lynn. “Ecosystems, Biomes, Watersheds: Definitions and Use.”
CRS Report for Congress. 14 July 1993: n.pag. Web. 03 Dec. 2011.
Dunfield, Allison. “Martin takes Liberals to task on Kyoto.” Globe and
Mail December 2002: n. pag. Web. 03 Dec. 2011.
Single-spacing
within citations
Energy, Mines and Resources Canada. Zinc in Canada. Ottawa: Minister
of Supply and Services Canada, 1991. Print.
Second and all
subsequent lines
indented 5 spaces
“A Harvester’s Guide to the Seasons.” Farming in North America. North
America Farmers’ Association, 2007. Web. 24 Apr. 2012.
Lewis-Russ, Anne and Harold R. Roberts. “Uranium.” World Book
Encyclopedia. 2009 ed. Print.
Patching, T.H. “Mining.” The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica
Foundation, 2012. Web. 18 Jan. 2012.
“The RCMP Under Fire.” MacLean’s 04 Dec. 1995: n. pag. Web. 02 Dec.
2011.
Symes, R.F. Rocks and Minerals. Toronto: Stoddart, 1998. Print.
Citations listed in alphabetical order
by author’s last name or
by first significant word in the title
(ignoring a/an/the) when
author’s name is not available
*No bullets, no numbers!*
20
Double-spacing
between citations
LDH Style Guide
Evaluating Resources: The CRAAP Test
•
•
•
Is the information you’ve found useful and reliable, or is just a bunch of …..?
The CRAAP test can help you evaluate your sources to determine whether they are credible and
appropriate for your research purposes.
Keep in mind that variety is key. Always consult several sources to ensure your research is both
extensive and accurate.
Place a check mark in the appropriate box as you assess your source.
Refer to the following page for results.
Questions to ask
C
Currency
R
Relevance
A
Authority
Yes No
Not
Sure
Is this web site current? Can you find the date of publication/copyright and/or
last update/revision?
If there are web links included, are they credible and unbroken?
Does the information relate to your topic or answer your question?
Consider the intended audience. Is the information at an appropriate level (not
too basic or advanced) for your needs?
Is the author of this site clearly stated?
(Note: the author can be an individual, a group of people, or an organization)
Does the author have appropriate qualifications/credentials/reputation to write
on the subject? (i.e. can you trust him/her?)
Is the information from a preferred and credible source such as government,
university, museum, or professional association?
A
Accuracy
Is the information supported by evidence?
Is there documentation to indicate the source(s) of the information?
Can you verify the information based on your own knowledge or by using
another source?
Is the material written in a professional manner?
P
Purpose
Do the authors/sponsors make their intentions or purpose clear?
(e.g. do they wish to inform? sell? entertain? persuade?)
Was it written for research or education purposes?
Does the point of view appear objective, balanced, and impartial?
Are the opinions expressed supported by evidence?
Is it free from political, ideological, cultural, religious, institutional or personal
biases?
Are there few or relevant ads on the site?
Adapted from: http://www.csuchico.edu/lins/handouts/eval_websites.pdf
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LDH Style Guide
CRAAP Test Results
15 - 17 YES responses = Good to Go!
If all or most of your checks are in the YES column, this would be
considered a reliable source and is appropriate for research use.
4 - 6 NO responses = Proceed with Caution
If you have 4–6 NO responses, you may need to reconsider using this
source, or consult additional sources on the same topic to ensure
reliability. If too much information is not available, it may not be a
reliable source.
4 - 6 UNSURE responses = Proceed with Caution
If you have 4–6 checks in the UNSURE column, you should consult
with a peer or your teacher to help you find or decide this information.
Try looking at the top or very bottom of a web page, the “about us” or
“contact us” section of a website, or the back of the title page of a book.
If too much information is not available, it may not be a reliable source.
¾ Keep in mind that if each one of your sources is only “somewhat
reliable,” then on the whole your research will not be very accurate
or reliable.
7 or more NO responses = Stop now!
If you have 7 or more checks in the NO column, this is not a reliable
source. Stop now and find a better source. Consult the print resources or
online databases available to MHS students. Try your search using more
specific key terms, search using Google scholar to find academic
articles, or go to museums, government, or educational websites.
7 or more UNSURE responses = Stop now!
If you have 7 or more checks in the UNSURE column, you are probably
not looking hard enough for the information. You need to spend more
time on assessing your sources to ensure accurate research. Try looking
at the top or very bottom of a web page, the “about us” or “contact us”
section of a website, or the back of the title page of a book. If too much
information is not available, it may not be a reliable source.
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LDH Style Guide
Works Cited
American Psychological Association. Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association. Washington, DC: Psychological Association, 1984. Print.
Beers, Kylene. When Kids Can’t Read: What Teachers Can Do. Portsmouth: Heineman, 2003.
Print.
Covey, Stephen R. The Seven Habits of Highly Effective Families. New York: Golden
Books, 1997. Print.
---. The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People. New York: Free Press, 2004. Print.
Dickson, Paul, and Jonathan Ellison. “Plugged Into the Internet.” Canadian Social Trends
Winter 1999: 7-10. Print.
“Evaluating Information—Applying the CRAAP Test.” Meriam Library. California State
University-Chico, 27 Apr. 2012. Web. 1 May 2012.
“Finding and Using Online Images.” Simon Fraser University Library. Simon Fraser
University, 1 Jan. 2012. Web. 2 May 2012.
Hacker, Diana. A Canadian Writer’s Reference. 4th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s,
2009. Print.
Lawlor, J.M. The Essayist’s Companion. Hamilton: Winter Solstice Press, 1996. Print.
Mallinson, Jean. Margaret Atwood and Her Works. Toronto: Methuen, 1985. Print.
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed. New York: Modern Language
Association, 2009. Print.
Northey, Margot. Making Sense: A Student’s Guide to Writing and Style. Revised ed.
Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1987. 12. Print.
Pierce, John T, The Food Resource. New York: Longman Group, 1990. Print.
Shakespeare, William. Julius Caesar. Ed. Kenneth S. Lynn. Boston: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 1962. Print.
Shipley, Chris and Matthew Fish. How the World Wide Web Works. California: Macmillan
Computer Publishing USA, 1996. Print.
23