Laura Gill HN US History 1 Mr. Kann Isolation (p. 460) ● Many farmers had no access to education, medical facilities, or recreational and cultural activities ○ called “hayseeds” in urban areas ● Hamlin Garland​
wrote about the discontent of American farmers with rural life ● The West was closely tied to the industrial economy of the East The New Manifest Destiny (p. 544) ● Frederick Jackson Turner​
spread the idea of the “closing of the new frontier” in the 1890s ○ fear that resources would dwindle ● Depression of 1893 caused some businessmen to rely on markets overseas Increasing Importance of Trade (p. 545) ● The economy became increasingly dependent on foreign trade in the late nineteenth century ● Senator ​
Henry Cabot Lodge​
was a leading imperialist ○ feared that the US could be replaced in the world market ○ applied social darwinism to countries ­ most worthy will dominate Intellectual Justifications for Imperialism (p. 546) ● Writer ​
John Fiske​
predicted the domination of the world by the British Empire in ​
Harper’s Magazine ● Josiah Strong​
wrote about the civil liberty and pure Christianity of Anglo Saxons to justify expansion ● John W. Burgess ​
argued that Anglo Saxons have greater political talents than any other race Alfred Thayer Mahan (p. 547) ● Alfred Thayer Mahan ​
presented in his works that great nations were made great by their naval power Hemispheric Hegemony (p. 548) ● James G. Blaine​
led efforts to expand into Latin America ○ organized the first Pan­American Congress in 1889 Venezuelan Dispute (p. 548) ● The US supported Venezuela in a border dispute with British Guiana in 1895 ● Secretary of State ​
Richard Olney​
charged Britain with violating the ​
Monroe Doctrine ○ President ​
Grover Cleveland​
created a commission that he was willing to go to war over to settle the dispute Hawaii and Samoa (p. 548) ● Americans living in Hawaii pressured the government to establish an increased American presence there ○ Pearl Harbor​
was favored as a base for ships crossing the Pacific Self­Sufficient Societies (p. 548) ● Hawaii was settled by Polynesians in 1500 BC ○ Americans first arrived in the 1790s ○ King Kamehameha I​
established a trade relationship with American ships in 1810 ● William Hooper​
started the first sugar plantation on the island ○ merchants, missionaries, and planters followed him ○ more than half the native population died from diseases brought by Americans by mid­nineteenth century ● G. P. Judd​
became prime minister of Hawaii under the king in the 1840s ● Pearl Harbor agreements was reached by 1887 ● Hawaiian economy relied on sugar exports Queen Liliuokalani (p. 548) ● Liliuokalani​
was a powerful nationalist elevated to the throne in 1891 to challenge American control in the islands ○ held power for 2 years ● The US eliminated the privileged position of Hawaiian sugar in 1890 ○ economy was threatened ○ sugar planters wanted to join the US to be exempt from tariffs ● A provisional government sent delegates to Washington to discuss the annexation of Hawaii ○ continued until 1898 when it was finally approved ● The Hayes administration signed a treaty with Samoan leaders to build an American naval station in the harbor of Pago Pago ○ gave US a voice in Samoan affairs Acquisition of Samoa (p. 549) ● The US, Britain, and Germany competed for the Samoan islands by forming agreements with various local leaders ● The US and Germany split the islands between them in 1899 while Britain received islands elsewhere in the Pacific Cuban Revolt (p. 552) ● Cuba and Puerto Rico were the last remaining vestiges of Spain’s empire in the Americas ● Many Americans supported the Cuban fight for independence but did not intervene ● The ​
Wilson­Gorman​
​
Tariff​
caused Cubans to rise up again in 1895 ○ taxed sugar highly ● Spanish general ​
Valeriano Weyler​
established concentration camps on the island where rebels were imprisoned ○ earned the nickname “Butcher Weyler” when American media began to report the events ● American newspaper publishers ​
Joseph Pulitzer​
and ​
William Randolph Hearst​
competed for coverage ● President ​
McKinley​
took a prominent stand for the revolution of Cuba The Maine (p. 553) ● The ​
Maine​
battleship exploded in Havana harbor ○ believed in naval court to be an attack by Spanish loyalists ● War hysteria swept the country ● McKinley asked Spain to agree to stop the fighting and close the concentration camps but they refused to negotiate with the rebels ○ he later asked for a declaration of war on April 25 Supply and Mobilization Problems (p. 553) ● The Spanish­American conflict ended in August ○ very few American soldiers died ● Soldiers, however, faced a shortage of weapons, uniforms too warm for the Caribbean weather, inadequate medical services, and poor food supplies ● Some black American soldiers resisted the rigid segregation imposed on them ● Black Cubans were fully integrated into the army ○ insurgent general ​
Antonio Maceo ​
was black Seizing the Philippines (p. 554) ● Roosevelt was an ardent imperialist ○ instructed Pacific squadron commander ​
George Dewey to attack Spanish forces in the Philippines Dewey’s Victory (p. 554) ● Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet in Manila in 1898 when war was declared ○ was promoted to admiral ○ Spain surrendered the city of Manila The Battle for Cuba (p. 554) ● Spanish admiral ​
Pascual Cervera​
snuck a fleet of ships into the Cuban harbor of Santiago The Rough Riders (p. 555) ● General ​
William R. Shafter​
planned to surround and capture Santiago ○ defeated Spanish forces at Las Guasimos, El Caney, and San Juan Hill ● Roosevelt led a charge up Kettle Hill into the face of Spanish guns ○ nearly a hundred soldiers were killed ● Cervera tried to abandon the harbor on July 3 ○ his fleet was destroyed by the waiting squadron ● An armistice ended the war on August 12 ○ Cuba became independent and Puerto Rico and Guam were ceded to the US Annexation of Puerto Rico (p. 556) ● Puerto Rico had been a part of the Spanish empire since 1508 ● The indigenous Arawak people were nearly wiped out entirely ○ the island was populated by a Spanish ruling class and a black workforce ● Lares Rebellion​
was the most important uprising ○ demands were made for independence ● The ​
Foraker Act​
established a colonial government instead of military rule ● In 1917 the ​
Jones Act​
clarified that Puerto Rico was a territory of the US Sugar Economy (p. 557) ● Americans began building large sugar plantations to be attended by natives like in Hawaii ● The economy focused on cash crops and relied on imports for the rest of their food The Philippines Question (p. 557) ● McKinley claimed divine guidance told him to accept responsibility for the Philippines instead of returning them to Spain ● The ​
Treaty of Paris ​
ended the Spanish­English war in 1898 ○ it additionally ceded the Philippines to the US Anti­Imperialist League (p. 557) ● Andrew Carnegie​
, ​
Mark Twain​
, ​
Samuel Gompers​
, and senator ​
John Sherman​
all supported the anti­imperialist movement ● Roosevelt wanted to invigorate the nation with the construction of an empire ● Filipinos were categorized as Indians, not citizens ● William Jennings Bryan​
backed ratification so that it could be the referendum of the election of 1900 Election of 1900 (p. 558) ● Bryan ran against McKinley and lost Governing the Colonies (p. 558) ● Hawaii received territorial status in 1900, Alaska in 1912, and Puerto Rico in 1917 Platt Amendment (p. 558) ● The ​
Platt Amendment​
pressured Cuba into incorporating the US into its constitution American Economic Dominance (p. 558) ● American investors took the majority of the economic power in Cuba The Philippine War (p. 558) ● American forces fought a war against insurgent forces for independence Emilio Aguinaldo (p. 559) ● Emilio Aguinaldo​
led Filipinos against the American forces for 3 years Growing Economic Dependence (p. 560) ● Aguinaldo was captured in 1901 ○ he signed a document declaring his allegiance to the US The Open Door (p. 560) ● England, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan pressured China for ​
concessions​
to give them control over regions of China Hay’s “Open Door Notes” (p. 561) ● McKinley issued a statement saying the US wanted access to China ● Secretary of State ​
John Hay ​
wrote the “​
Open Door Notes​
” to England, Germany, Russia, France, Japan, and Italy ○ each nation received a sphere of China ● Russia rejected the plan ○ the others refused to accept unless all countries agreed Boxer Rebellion (p. 561) ● A secret Chinese martial arts society called the ​
Boxers​
started a rebellion against foreigners in China ○ sieged the British embassy in Peking ○ an international expeditionary force broke the siege and rescued the diplomats A Modern Military System (p. 561) ● The US had to improve their military after the war with Spain ● Elihu Root​
, secretary of war, supervised the overhaul of armed forces Crash Course 25 ● The populations of Texas and Oklahoma grew by 2 million people between 1900 and 1910 ○ 800,000 people moved to Kansas, the Dakotas, and Nebraska ● 20% of the population lived in cities in 1880 ○ increased to 38% by 1900 ○ 68% by 1920 ●
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America became the world’s largest industrial power NYC led industrial growth Chicago grew to the second largest city A new wave began of Scandinavian, French, and Irish immigration ○ Irish immigrants mostly moved to in cities ○ most Germans remained farmers ● Chinese Exclusion Act passed in 1882 ○ 5,000 Chinese people were living in the US ● Public transportation allowed pickpocketing to develop Crash Course 29 ● Theodore Roosevelt was an engaged president ○ picked Taft as his successor ● In the 1912 election, Roosevelt founded the Bull­Moose party to run again ● Roosevelt was shot at one of his campaign spots ● Clayton Act of 1914 exempted unions from antitrust laws ● Roosevelt Corollary was added to the Monroe Doctrine ● Wilson intervened in politics in Mexico