ARCHIPELAGIC RESOURCES IN SOUTH
EAST ASIA REGION : A CASE STUDY
OF INDONESIAN FISHERIES
Etty R. Agoes
Indonesian Center for the Law of the Sea (ICLOS),
Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia. 2011
Total Waters, Coastline and Number of Islands
1.
Territorial Waters
a.
b.
c.
Territorial Sea
EEZ
Archipelagic Waters
284,210.90 sq km Bakosurtanal, 2006
2,981,211.00 sq km Bakosurtanal, 2006
2.300.000.00 sq km rough estimation
2.
Length of Coastlines
104,000.00 km Bakosurtanal, 2006
3.
Total No. of Islands
17,504 Ministry for Interior, 2008
Islands with names
Unnamed islands
Verified Islands
Registered with the UN
7,870
9,634
13,466
4,981
a.
b.
c.
d.
4.
Coastal Regency
326 Ministry for Interior, 2010
NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES BORDERING
INDONESIA’S MARITIME TERRITORY AND
JURISDICTION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Malaysia
Singapore
Thailand
India
Vietnam
Philippine
Australia
Timor Leste
Papua New Guinea
Palau
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AGREED BOUNDARIES
Territorial Sea
Indonesia-Malaysia
Indonesia-Singapore
Continental Shelf/
Sea-bed
Indonesia-Malaysia
Indonesia -Thailand
Indonesia -India
Indonesia -Australia
Indonesia -PNG
Indonesia -Vietnam
Exclusive
Economic Zone
Indonesia -Australia
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Indonesia’s Marine Biodiversity
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
600 species of scleractinian
corals
2,500 species of mollusks
1,512 species of crustaceans
850 species of sponges
745 species of echinoderms
2,334 species of fish
1,300 species coral reef fish
30 species of marine mammals
38 species of reptiles
Source : MOMAF
MAJOR COMMODITIES PRODUCTION
Species
TOTAL
Fishes
2006
2007
2008
2009
4,512,191
4,734,280 4,701,933 4.812,235
4.059,690
4,232,722 4,221,635 4,327,259
in tons
2010
5,058,260*
na
1. Tuna
2. Skipjack
3. Eastern Little
Tuna
4. Others
159,404
277,388
191,558
301,531
194,173
296,769
203,269
338,034
na
na
328,562
3,294,336
395,635
3,343,998
417,939
3,312,754
398,449
3,387,507
na
na
Crustaceans
279,140
316,587
304,872
302,601
na
1. Shrimp
2. Others
227,164
51,976
258,976
57,611
236,922
67,950
236,870
65,731
na
na
Others
173,361
184,971
175,426
182,375
na
* Estimate value
Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Marine and Fisheries in Figures, 2010
BALANCE OF TRADE-FISH COMMODITY
Unit: US $ 1,000
Items
Year
2006
2007
Average Increase
(%)
2008
2009
2010
2006-2010
2009-2010
SURPLUS
1,937,751
2,116,170
2,432,024
2,165,941
2,318,946
5.06
8.05
Export
Value
2,103,471
2,258,920
2,699,683
2,466,202
2,664,770
6.58
8.05
Import
value
165,720
142,750
267,659
300,261
345,824
25.25
15.17
Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Marine and Fisheries in Figures, 2010
MAJOR PROBLEMS IN FISHERIES
• multi-species and multi-gear
 stock assessment & statistics
• vast area of maritime waters
 difficulty in control of national maritime
territory and EEZ (limited capacity of MCS
and financial constraints)
• large number of fishers
 IUU Fishing both by local and foreign
fishermen
• conflicting mandates among
institutions
 law enforcement
• inadequate professional capacity
FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AREAS
1. St of Mallaca and Andaman Sea
2. Indian Ocean (Western part of Sumatra
3. Indian Ocean (southern part of Java, southeast
Sunda Islands (Nusa Tenggara), Sawu Sea and
western part of Timor Sea)
4. Kariata Strait, Natuna Sea and part of South China
Sea
5. Java Sea
6. Makassar Sea, Bone Bay, Flores Sea and Bali Sea
7.. Tolo Bay and Banda Sea
8. Tomini Bay. Maluku Sea, Halmahera Sea, Seram Sea
and Barau Bay
9. Sulawesi Sea and Northern part of Halmahera island
10. Cenderawasih Bau and Pacific Ocean
11. Aru Sea, Arafura Sea and Eastern part of Timor Sea.
PRODUCTION BY FISH MANAGEMENT AREAS
FMA
Year
Average Increase (%)
2005
2006
2007
2008
4,498,499
4,512,191
4,734,280
4,701,933
2.20
- 0.68
1
328,226
337,289
386,404
384,276
5.59
- 0.55
2
390,303
424,675
497,216
510,215
9.50
2.61
3
435,498
417,539
437,998
399,796
- 2.65
- 8.72
4
509,667
484,871
519,605
581,037
4.75
13.79
5
782,513
788,866
778,227
809,003
1.14
3.95
6
489,396
554,735
569,262
594,946
6.83
4.51
7
486,019
512,831
455,145
416,752
- 4.72
- 8.44
8
330,707
325,557
396,570
404,480
7.42
1.99
9
156,847
160,429
175,329
179,900
4.73
2.61
10
112,228
96,284
117,181
122,993
4.15
4.96
11
387,095
409,115
410,343
298,535
- 7.09
-27.25
Total
2005-2008 2007-2008
Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Marine and Fisheries in Figures, 2010
LAWS & REGULATIONS RELATING TO FISHERIES
Type
Year
Total
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010*
TOTAL
157
141
176
205
109
788
Act/Law
Govt Regulation in lieu of Law
Govt Regulation
Presidential Regulation
Presidential Decision
Presidential Instruction
Ministerial Regulation
Ministerial Decision
• Regulating
• Determining
9. Ministerial Instruction
10. Inter Ministerial Regulation
11. Inter Ministerial Decision
1
1
1
1
21
1
1
3
5
21
1
29
2
1
1
30
2
17
4
1
7
4
6
118
46
81
1
1
7
101
2
-
3
141
2
-
18
149
1
3
-
89
1
-
74
561
2
8
3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
*Up to September 2010
Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Marine and Fisheries in Figures, 2010
FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AREAS
• Within national territory and jurisdiction :
• Indonesian territorial waters;
• Indonesian EEZ; and
• rivers, lakes, dams, wetlands and other
ponds within the territory of Indonesia
• outside these fisheries management
areas, shall be carried out in conformity
with national laws and regulation,
requirements, and/or generally accepted
international standards
FISHERIES MANAGEMENT
Art. 6 Law No. 31 0f 2004
to achieve the optimum and sustainable
benefit, while guaranteeing the sustainability
of fisheries resources.
 should take into account adat law (custom)
and indigenous knowledge, including
community participation
FISHERIES INFORMATION
& STATISTICAL DATA
SYSTEM
Establishment of :
• fishery data and
information center
• fishery information
network
ESTABLISHMENT OF NEW
AGENCIES
• National Commission
for Fish Stock
Assessment;
• Council for the
Assessment of
National Fisheries
Development;
• Fisheries Tribunal
MANAGEMENT MEASURES
 Regulation of Fishing Zones by Vessel Size
(Decree of Min. of Agriculture No. 392 of 1999):
- Belt 1 (coastline - 6 nm) : household, subsistence and traditional fishermen
- Belt 2 (6-12 nm) : limited to vessels with engine ≤ 60 GT
- Belt 3 : > 12 nm : open to any size of vessels
 Technical regulations :
- prohibition of use/total ban of detrimental gears
(i.e. - Presidential Decree No. 39/1980 re. trawl;
- Art. 7 Law No. 31 of 2004)
- mesh size limit (Ministerial Decree No. 23 of 1975)
-prohibition of use of harmful chemicals Art. 8
 Input Regulations
- Determination of TAC: every three year  Art.7
REGULATIONS ON MCS
Vessel monitoring system :
Decree No. 24 of 2003 regulates the establishment of a
monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) system on
fishing vessels  Art. 7 para (1) Law No. 31 of 2004
Observer Program :
Art. 14 para. (2) Govt. Reg. No. 15 of 1984
Catch documentation scheme
(CDS) :
Decree No. 3 of 2002 requires logbook on fish catch and
fish transport
Decision of DG Capture Fisheries No. Kep. 10/DJPT/2010
on validation of CDS for southern bluefin and bigeye
tunas
Inspection of vessels at ports
and at sea
Art. 43 Law No. 31 of 2004
REGULATION AS FLAG STATE
success in the elimination of IUU fishing depend on the regulations on vessels :
Art. 36 :



shall have prior registration as Indonesian fishing vessels;
shall be equipped with proof of ownership; identity of the
owner; and certificate of measurement;
also be equipped with deletion certificate from the ships
register published in the country of origin
Copyright : eragoes
REGULATIONS FOR LICENSING
 Fishing license (SIPI) and License
for fish transporting vessel (SIKPI)
shall only be granted to vessel
owner whose name is written in the
certificate of ownership & in the
Fisheries business license (SIUP)
 every fishing vessel shall be
equipped with transmitter as part of
vessel monitoring system
 every fishing vessel shall be
equipped with vessel marking,
seaworthiness, and logbook
Copyright : eragoes
LICENSE TO FISH
1.
establishment of a register of vessels Law No. 21 on Shipping and Art. 40
Law No. 31 of 2004 on Fisheries
licensed to fish within its territory
and jurisdiction;
2.
mandatory installment of VMS
MOMAF Decree No. 24 of 2003
3.
mandatory observer program
Art. 14 para. (2) Govt. Reg. No. 15 of
1984
4.
not giving license to vessels known
to have been engaged in IUU fishing
(flag State’s commitment through
bilateral agreement)
Ch. V Law No. 31 of 2004
5.
require transshipment to be carried
out at designated ports, to enable
inspection
Art. 41 Law No. 31 of 2
BORDER FLASHPOINTS & FISHERIES
• Absent any agreed boundaries in certain
areas :
• Difficulties in law enforcement;
• Economic needs of fishermen some of
them are traditional;
• Conflicting national interests override
legal rules