Кировское областное государственное
общеобразовательное бюджетное учреждение
«Вятская гуманитарная гимназия
с углубленным изучением английского языка»
Серия «Теория и практика перевода»
А. С. Козина
ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА ПЕРЕВОДА
Учебное пособие для 8-9 классов гимназий, лицеев
и школ с углубленным изучением английского языка
Киров
2013
CONTENTS
Печатается по решению редакционно-издательского совета
Вятской гуманитарной гимназии
Рецензент:
Нечаева Е. Н.,
кандидат филологических наук,
старший преподаватель кафедры социально-гуманитарного
образования КОГОАУ ДПО (ПК) «ИРО Кировской области»
Козина А.С.
Теория и практика перевода. Учебное пособие для 8-9 классов гимназий, лицеев, школ с углубленным изучением английского языка. – 4-е изд.,
дополненное и переработанное. – Киров, 2013 -192 с.
Настоящее учебное пособие разработано автором на основе опыта
преподавания данного учебного курса в Вятской гуманитарной гимназии.
В пособии предложена модульная система обучения пониманию иноязычного текста. Каждый модуль снабжен теоретическим материалом,
комплексом упражнений и практических заданий, которые формируют
общие умения переводческой деятельности.
Пособие предназначено для учащихся 8-9 классов и направлено на формирование их функциональной компетентности в чтении, универсальных
способов деятельности, а также на формирование основных навыков переводческой деятельности.
TO THE STUDENT ..................................................................................
4
Chapter 1.
CONTEXT .......................................................................
5
Chapter II.
INTERNATIONAL WORDS. «FALSE FRIENDS».................
10
Chapter III.
WHAT IS THE SENTENCE? .............................................
19
Chapter IV.
CLAUSES AND SENTENCE STRUCTURES .......................
24
Chapter V.
PARTS OF SPEECH. TOPIC SENTENCE AND
SUPPORTING SENTENCE ...............................................
27
Chapter VI.
WAYS OF WORD FORMATION ........................................
32
Chapter VII.
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS ........................................
53
Chapter VIII.
FINDING WORDS IN A DICTIONARY ..............................
59
Chiaper IX.
CONTRACTIONS AND HOMOPHONES. EXACT OR
VAGUE NOUNS..............................................................
61
Chapter X.
CONTEXT WITH CONTRASTING WORDS.
MULTIFUNCTIONAL WORD «ONE» ...............................
71
Chapter XI.
CONTEXT WITH SIMILAR WORDS ................................
83
Chapter XII.
USING NEGATIVE WORDS. CONTEXT CLUES ................
92
Chapter XIII.
ERGATIVE VERBS. HOMOGRAPHS.
MULTIFUNCTIONAL WORD «LIKE»...........................
100
Chapter XIV.
IDIOMS. TRANSLATION OF HUMOROUS STORIES ..
115
Chapter XV.
WORDS DERIVED FROM GREEK ..................................... 126
Chapter XVI.
READING AND TRANSLATING POETRY..........................
139
Chapter XVII.
WRITING A SUMMARY PARAGRAPH .............................
150
Chapter XVIII. WORDS DERIVED FROM LATIN .....................................
153
Chapter XIX.
SPECIALIZATION IN TRANSLATION ..............................
170
Appendix 1.
KEYS .............................................................................
176
Appendix 2.
IDIOMS & PHRASES WITH LIKE ......................................
GUIDE TO BASIC ENGLISH PUNCTUATION RULES...........
PRINCIPLE SUFFIXES AND PREFIXES ..............................
THE 10 MOST USEFUL SPELLING RULES .........................
177
178
181
184
Appendix 3.
MORE PRACTICE (ADDITIONAL TEXTS).........................
186
© Вятская гуманитарная гимназия
с углубленным изучением английского языка, 2013
© А. С. Козина, 2013
SELECTED REFERENCES .......................................................................... 192
Dedicated to all my students
TO THE STUDENTS
Chapter I. CONTEXT
You might have already heard such terms as fiction translation, poetic
translation, military translation, political translation and the like. But what is
translation as just without any other aditional definition?
Try to define the term «Translation» yourself.
N.B. The definition must be simple and clear like definitions in Chemistry
and Physics.
Write down your own definition.
We’ll come back to the point later.
Task 1.
a) Read the text and write down the list of words seemed unfamiliar.
This book is written for you, if you are an ESL (English as a second language)
student. All explanations and examples are written so that you can understand
them.
You will find there are quite a lot of new words in many texts, but try to
understand the general meaning first – don’t worry about every new word.
In fact your reading will improve and your enjoyment will increase if you can
learn to understand the general idea quickly before you concentrate on details.
You will learn a lot of prefixes and roots which help you in two different
ways. First, you will be able to make a good guess by using your knowledge of
prefixes or root meaning, and the context – that is the sentence in which the
word is found. Second, – knowing prefixes and roots makes it easier for you
to remember the definitions of new words. In other words, it is a memory aid.
You will learn how to write a summary paragraph, to read and to write a
poem.
In general, the book will teach you how to become an ever better reader
and translator.
ONE OR TWO POINTS
Take a hairpin and open its points until they are four centimetres away from
each other. Ask your friend to close his eyes and tell you if you are pressing one
or two points of the hairpin against his arm. He will find with surprise that he
can’t tell you that correctly. When you are pressing two points, he will feel them
as one point.
Now close the hairpin until its points are only two millimetres away from
each other. Put the points on your friend’s fingertips and ask him the same
question. Now he will be right. He will tell you correctly if you are pressing one
or two points of the hairpin against his fingertips.
This simple experiment shows that different parts of the body feel the points
of pressure in a different way. You can, if you want, find out which parts of your
body feel the points of pressure better and which feel them worse.
b) Read the text again and say if the words set in bold have the same
meaning.
с) Compare the list of the words you’ve put down with that of your
partner, try to guess their meaning without a dictionary. Think which of
them you can guess with the context.
d) Translate the text.
Task 2. Read the information and write down the definition to «Context».
What is the context?
Most of the time, a word is used not by itself, but with other words. These
other words are its context. The meaning of a word is often found in its context
4
5
– the other words with which it is used and which help you come up with fairly
accurate definitions.
Suppose, for example, we are asked for the meaning of strike. We would
not be able to give a definite answer because strike, as presented to us, is all
by itself, it has no context. But if we were asked to define strike in one of the
following sentences, we would have no trouble telling its meaning from its
context – the other words with which it is used.
1. Strike there! You’re out!
(Strike means «a ball pitched over the plate between a player’s knees and
shoulders»).
2. There were no milk deliveries because of a strike.
(Strike means «a work stoppage because of a labour dispute» – трудовых
конфликтов).
3. He made a fist as if to strike me.
(Strike means, «hit»).
Here is an amazing fact: the context can often give you the meaning not
only of common words like strike, but also of unfamiliar words, including
words you have never before seen or heard.
«What» asks you friend, «is xenophobic?»
«How should I know? » you say. «I‘ve never heard of it».
«It is in today’s paper», says the friend.
«Here it is».
You take the newspaper and read the sentence with the strange word: «The
new ruler is xenophobic, he has ordered all foreigners to leave the country».
«Aha» you say. «Now I know: xenophobic means «afraid or distrustful of
foreigners». The context gives us the meaning.
What can the context do for you?
1. It will help guess the meaning of unfamiliar words. Once you learn this
skill, it will serve you for the rest of your life.
2. It will keep enlarging your vocabulary. Memorizing lists of words is a
traditional method of vocabulary development. However, a person is likely to
forget such memorized words quickly. Studies show that to learn a word, you
must see and use it in its various contexts. By working actively and repeatedly
with a word, you greatly increase the chance of really learning it. After you
figure out the meaning of the same word more than once through its context,
it may become part of your working vocabulary. You will therefore add to your
vocabulary simply by reading thoughtfully.
6
3. Moreover, you will get a good sense of how a word is actually used,
including its shades of meaning.
4. Finally, it will make you an ever better reader. Besides, it will save
you time when reading as you will not have to stop to look up words in the
dictionary.
Practice
A) In each sentence below the context provides clues to the word’s
meaning. See if you can define the words in bold.
1. To avoid the burning sun in torrid climates such as deserts, many
animals come out only at night.
A. familiar
B. extremely hot and dry
C. humid
2. The officer tried to ascertain the truth about the questioning each witness
separately.
A. create
B. avoid
C. find out
3. In their euphoria, the fans of the winning team danced in the stadium aisles
and chanted victory songs, until their intense joy was dampened by a sudden
downpour.
A. intense joy
B. hurry
C. disappointment
B) Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. France used to send criminals to more than eight years hard labour to the
Guiana penal colony.
2. I was born in Crown Colony, and I’ve lived practically all my life in the
colonies.
3. Surprisingly, my extreme closeness did not alarm the wasp colony.
4. By 1763 printing was firmly established in each of the thirteen colonies
(Literary History of the United States).
С) Translate the sentences into Russian pauing attention to the shades of
meaning of the words below.
Shatter (v.):
1. раздробить, разбить вдребезги
2. разрушить, уничтожить
3. пошатнуть, расстроить (здоровье, экономику и т. д.)
4. разрушить (надежды)
5. подорвать (силу, влияние т. п.)
7
1. The window was shattered.
2. The partition has been shattered.
3. This shattered his health.
4. All his hopes were shattered.
5. This shattered his faith in human kindness.
6. The myth of their invincibility was shattered.
7. His nerves were shattered.
Shrink (shrank, shrunk, shrunken),v.:
1. уменьшать, сокращать
2. уменьшаться, сокращаться
3. сморщиваться, садиться
4. сжиматься, съеживаться
5. ухудшаться
6. высыхать, пересыхать
7. отпрянуть, отшатнуться
8. избегать
9. удаляться, исчезать
1. The apple dried up and shrank.
2. The dress shrinks in washing.
3. This detergent does not shrink woolens.
4. His brown shrunken face put me in mind of a monkey.
5. Hopes of peaceful solution are shrunking.
Task 3.
a) Read the text. Follow the instructions and try to carry out the
experiment.
b) Give Russian equivalents to the following words and word
combinations: built up reflexes; to make his hand and eyes work together; circles
spaced-a part; its reflection in the mirror; go over the borders; see a reversed
image.
c) Translate the text.
IT IS VERY DIFFICULT TO LEARN TO WRITE
Now, when you have learned to write and draw pictures, you may think that
it is very easy to do all that. But it is very difficult for a little child. He has not
yet built up all the reflexes that could tell him how to move his hand to draw
or write correctly.
If you want to feel like a child and understand his problem, the problem how
to make his hand and eyes work together, here is an interesting way to do that.
8
Put a page on your table and draw two circles spaced-apart, connect them
with a curved line. In one circle write the word «Start» in the other one write
the word «Finish» and put a mirror in front of the picture. Now raise your
left hand and hold it over the picture in such a way that you cannot see it; you
can only see its reflection in the mirror. Take a pencil in your hand and put it
at the place START. Now look only in the mirror and try to draw a line from
START to FINISH, but you mustn’t go over the borders. It isn’t easy because
your reflexes don’t work so well when you see a reversed image. So now you
will understand that it is very difficult for a child when he begins to learn to
write or draw pictures. You have felt it like a child.
Task 4. Read the text. It has some unreal, artificial words. Try to guess
their meaning from the context and restore the text.
ЗАГАДКА НИУЭ
В 2500 будрах к восток от Австралии, пишет газета, отпешился остров
Ниуэ. Год назад один ученый подрогозил безуспешные попытки дошлыковать на этом острове некоторые ласкуны растений. Размакованный
неудачей, он послал новозеландскому ученому Марсену мокляции почвы для вытокания. Почва оказалась столатунной! С этого дня остров
Ниуэ приплочил к себе внимание научных логавазий.
Сто врачей, разлижных сестер и ученых живут сейчас на острове.
Они питаются той лахтой, которую доспанаривает им новозеландское
правительство, а предкователи лузируют каждый день свою столатунную лахту и при этом чувствуют себя отлично.
Now answer the following questions.
1. Что послал один ученый Марсену?
2. Почему он это сделал?
3. Что обнаружили ученые на острове?
As you see you can answer all questions, though there are a number of
unfamiliar words. These words are used with other words – their context,
which defines their meaning.
Resume: Can words be understood definitely without context?
Task 5. Translate the sentence into Russian and write it down.
A student is reading the book.
If your version is «Студент читает книгу», you are not close to the meaning
of the original sentence.
9
N.B.! Mind:
1) Articles,
2) Progress of activity at the present moment,
3) The meaning of the word «student»,
4) The gender of the noun «student»,
5) Words order in the Russian sentence.
Correct your first variant. Write it down. Compare your improved variant
with that of your classmates.
If your final variant is «В данный момент эту книгу читает какой-то
учащийся», you are right. Now compare your fist variant with the last one. Do
they answer the same question? Do they communicate the same information?
Can you now write the definition to TRANSLATION? Try it again and
your teacher will help you do it.
N.B. Remember that translation is a means of interlingual communication.
The translator makes possible an exchange of information between the users
of different languages by producing in the target language a text that has an
identical communicative value with the original text
Task 6.
a) Read the text.
b) Make up the list of unfamiliar words and use the context to guess
their meaning.
c) Translate the text and carry out the experiment.
PULSE DETECTOR
There are many machines, which cost hundreds of rubles that show the
beating of our heart. This pulse detector which costs less than a kopeck will
help you to watch the beating of your heart very well.
Put a thumbtack into the base of a large match and put it on your hand on the
place where you can feel the pulse, when your arm is resting on a table. The head
of the match will move a little there and back with each beating of your heart.
Resume: We cannot translate either separate words or separate sentences.
What do we then translate?
Chapter П. INTERNATIONAL WORDS
International Words are mostly derived from Latin and Greek roots
10
sometimes with the help of prefixes and suffixes. Their meanings can be easily
understood without dictionary.
Task 1. Can you give Russian equivalents to the following nouns? Try to
explain the words set in bold.
Admiral, airport, agent, arena, argument, arsenal, atom, bandit, bank,
bastion, diplomat, dollar, drama, element, emigrant, era, flag, formula, forum,
front, idea, ideal, instrument, interval, million, minimum, memorandum,
moment, monument, object, organ, partisan, partner, patriot, pavilion, period,
plenum, plus, post, president, professor, propaganda, radio, rally, region,
senator, sort, sport, status, student, tank, tanker, terror, veteran, veto, visit, visa.
Task 2.
a) Underline international words in sentences 1–6.
b) Translate the sentences without using a dictionary.
1. The world today is the arena of struggle of people for peace.
2. Every day on May 9 war veterans meet in the lovely public garden in
front of the Bolshoi Theatre.
3. During the Great Patriotic War all the Soviet people were fighting either
on the front or in the rear (тыл).
4. Millions of individual lives make up the life of a nation, its history.
5. Schoolchildren made many presents for the quests of the 12th World Festival
of Youth and Students in Moscow and sent them to the address of the Forum.
6. A monument to the defenders (защитники) was put in the Hero City of
Murmansk.
Task 3. Give appropriate Russian nouns, verbs and adjectives to the list
of words below. Remember to add letters, suffixes and endings to Russian
words if necessary.
a) bomb, command, emblem, form, group, logic, mass, mask, Olympiad,
person, planet, platform, press, problem, sum, ton, uniform, legend;
b) medal, model, moral, parallel, spiral;
c) to accredit, to assign, to recommend, to transform, to orient, to instruct,
to discredit, to inform, to interpret, to inspect, to bombard;
d) abstract, competent, parallel, total;
e) ultra, corps, department, republic, title.
Task 4. Translate the sentences without using a dictionary.
11
1) All progressive people in the world struggle against star wars.
2) A group of soldiers got a command not to open fire.
3) The work of many machines was under control of some engineers.
4) Foreign journalists accredited in Moscow have special visas.
5) Competent specialists took part in the discussion of the problem.
6) The emblem of the Festival symbolized peace and friendship.
Task 5.
a) Read the text and underline international words.
b) Try to guess the meaning of unfamiliar words using the context.
c) Translate the text without a dictionary using your background
knowledge in chemistry and carry out the experiment.
A SUGAR CUBE CAN BURN
A catalyst in chemistry is a thing that helps to cause chemical reactions, but
it doesn’t itself take part in the reaction. You can demonstrate it with a sugar
cube, some cigarette ash and matches.
First put the sugar cube on a plate and see if you can make it burn with the
help of a match. You will find it impossible.
Now rub some ash on one side of the cube and try to set fire to it again. This
time it catches and burns well.
The explanation is this. There is some lithium in the ash. Lithium is a very
light metal. This lithium is the catalyst. It helps make the sugar cube burn,
though the ash itself cannot burn.
Task 6. Give Russian equivalents to the following nouns. Try to explain
the meaning of the words set in bold.
a) advocate, attribute, appetite, balance, candidate, delegate, climate,
episode, debate, mandate, motive, reserve, prize, senate, tone, type, laureate,
sabotage, prestige, pirate, regime, metre, service;
b) aggressor, arrest, barrack, block, compass, progress, battalion, apartheid,
enthusiasm, enthusiast, thesis, athlete;
c) course, camouflage, guide, maneuver, resource, chaos, character, chorus,
echo, scheme;
d) communiqué, hockey, goal, parameter, project, parliament, recruit, soloist,
tempo, tourism, dialogue, spectrum, stimulus, campaign, diploma, souvenir.
Task 7.
a) Underline international words.
12
b) Translate the sentences into Russian.
1) Apartheid is a policy of separation of white people and coloured people.
2) Only people with strong character can win in sport.
3) Parliament is the main legislative (законодательный) organ in Great Britain.
4) The Moscow International Peace Marathon gathered many Russian and
foreign running enthusiasts.
Task 8.
a) Read the text and underline international words explain their meaning.
CAMERAS ALL AROUND YOU
According to a report out today, the UK has more closed circuit television
cameras than any other country. This means that, in some areas, there is a good
chance you’ll be caught on camera about 10 times a day.
The report claims that CCTV cameras in public places protect people and
prevent crime, as they help identify and catch criminals. It also claims that
research has shown that putting CCTV in car parks has reduced car crime and
vandalism, and that more cameras on the streets help to reduce street crime.
Opponents of CCTV, however, claim that the cameras are an invasion of
privacy and a threat to personal freedom. Government officials deny this and
say that cameras offer people a feeling of security, and that only those people
who are doing something wrong need to worry.
b) Which words’ meaning can you guess with the context?
c) Translate the text.
Task 9. Find Russian equivalents to the following words. Compare
Russian and English pronunciation.
English letter - С - corresponds to Russian letter -цdeficit, process, socialism, criticism, vice-president, officer, prince,
genocide, procedure, discipline, cellulose, medicine.
English letter -c- corresponds to Russian letter -кcabinet, cardinal, club, comfort, component, consul, contract, credit, critic,
commentator, document, fact, inspector, dictator, product, scandal, skeptic,
ocean, factor, sector, record.
English letter -u- corresponds to Russian letter -вautomate, automobile, author, cosmonaut, equator, equivalent, pseudo-,
colloquium, mausoleum.
English letter -h- corresponds to Russian letter -г- heroism, hymn,
humanism, hero, harmony, horizon, hospital
13
English letter combinations -ch- and -sh- correspond to Russian letter
-ш- echelon, marshal, shock, chance, machine, parachute
English letter combinations –tio(a)- correspond to Russian letter -ц- in
the following Russian words
internationalist, internationalism, potential, inertia, initiative, auction
Task 10. Read up international words and interpret the sentences.
1. The front was near the village and the people heard cannonade.
2. The conference was opened by the Hymn of Russia.
3. Internationalists are those who are for friendship between all nations.
4. Iran put veto on building American military bases on its territory.
5. Both countries signed a communiqué which informed about the results of
the conference.
6. Peaceful initiatives are not utopia, but a real way out.
Task 11.
a) Underline international words.
b) Translate the text without using a dictionary and carry out the
experiment.
WATERMARKS*
Here is an interesting way to write a secret letter. You do it with the help of
watermarks. If you collect stamps, you know what a watermark is. On every
stamp there is a mark you cannot see. You can see it only when you put the
stamp in water. This mark is called a «watermark». The watermark proves
that you have a real stamp. People make watermarks on stamps by applying
pressure. The places where they have applied pressure reflect light in a different
way when they are wet.
It is easy to make watermarks and use them to write a secret letter. You put
a sheet of paper in water, then take it out quickly and put it on a sheet of glass
or a mirror. Put a dry sheet of paper on top of it. Now you may write on the
dry sheet. You must use a hard pencil to apply pressure. When you raise the
dry sheet you will find that you can see everything you have written on the
wet sheet. When your wet paper becomes dry, you will not see anything, but
the text will appear again if you put the sheet of paper in water and take it out
quickly. Try it and see how it works.
NB!* Пароними’я (от др. греч. παρα- – приставка со значением смежности, ὄνομα – «имя») – сходство слов-паро’нимов по форме при различии по смыслу. Также обычно ошибочное употребление одного из них
14
вместо другого. Например, адресат–адресант; невежа–невежда; абонемент–абонент; водяной–водный. По аналогии с ложными друзьями
переводчика паронимы иногда называются ложными братьями.
TRANSLATOR FALSE FRIENDS OR PSEUDO INTERNATIONALISMS
There are words, which are more or less similar in form in many languages.
The formal similarity is usually the result of the words having the common
origin, mainly derived from either Greek or Latin. Since such words can be
found in a number of languages, they are referred to as international words.
As a matter of fact, very few international words have the same, meanings
in different languages. In respect to English and Russian we can cite the words
like the English parliament, theorem, diameter and their Russian counterparts
парламент, теорема, диаметр». In most cases, however, the semantics of
such words in English and in Russian do not coincide and they should rather
be named «pseudo international» or «translator false friends».
The pseudo international words can be classified into two main groups.
First, there are words that are similar in form but completely different in
meaning
It lasted the whole decade. – Это продолжалось целое десятилетие.
She has a very fine complexion. – У нее прекрасный цвет лица.
Well, he must be a lunatic. – Да он, должно быть, сумасшедший.
Accurate
Ambulatory
Ammunition
Benzene
Billet
Compositor
Data
точный
крытая галерея
боеприпасы
бензол
чурбан
наборщик
данные, информация
Second, there are many pseudo international words which are not fully
interchangeable though there are some common elements in their semantics.
Brilliant
Champion
Compass
Conservatory
бриллиант, сверкающий, выдающийся
чемпион, поборник, защитник
компас, окружность
оранжерея
15
Construction
Control
Conservative
Solid
Project
Translation
конструкция, строительство
контролировать, управлять
консервативный, осторожный
солидный, твердый, сплошной
проект, стройка
трансляция, поступательное движение
Task 12.
a) Make a careful study of the following group of words. Note the
difference in the meaning in English and in Russian.
b) Suggest appropriate equivalents.
actual не актуальный, а ...
appellation не апелляция
aspirant не аспирант
balloon не баллон
baton не батон
billet не билет
compositor не композитор
motorist не моторист
physique не физик
protection не протекция
concern не концерн
depot не депо
direction не дирекция
fabric не фабрика
genial не гениальный
intelligence не интеллигенция
motion не моцион
obligation не облигация
probe не проба
pathos не пафос
Task13.
a) Note the meanings of the English international words.
b) Translate the sentences below.
Extravagant
(adj.)
1. spending much more than is necessary or prudent;
wasteful;
2. excessively high (of prices)
We mustn’t buy roses - it is too extravagant in winter.
Catholic
(adj)
1. (Esp. likings and interests) general, wide-spread; broad
minded;
2. liberal; including many or most things
Mr. Prower was a politician with catholic tastes and interests.
How would you account for such dramatic changes in the situation?
Minister (п.)
1. Christian priest or clergyman;
2. a person representing his government but of lower rank
than an ambassador.
The British minister at Washington was requested to notify his government
of a possible change in the agenda of the forthcoming meeting.
Routine (n.)
the regular, fixed, ordinary way of working or doing things.
Frequent inspections were a matter of routine in the office
Pathetic (adj.) 1. sad, pitiful; exciting pity or sympathetic sadness;
affecting or moving the feelings;
2. worthless, worthlessly unsuccessful
Perhaps it was merely that pathetic look of hers that ceased his heartstrings
to wring.
Pilot (n.)
1. a person qualified to steer ships through certain difficult
waters or into or out of a harbor;
2. a guide or leader.
Before entering on his literary career Mark Twain was employed as a pilot on
vessels going up and down the Mississippi River.
Student (n)
a person with a stated interests; anyone who is devoted to
the acquisition of knowledge.
The recently published work of the world-known ornithologist will be
interesting to any student of bird-life.
Task 14. Explain why the Russian words similar in form cannot be
used as substitutes for the English words in italics.
l. The navigator on an aircraft must have a good eye for spotting the
slightest error in case the robot pilot goes out of control. 2. The boy is quick
and accurate at figures. 3. After sleepless nights he actually became confused
and disoriented. 4. He was a delicate child. 5. Joe was touched by the very
special beauty of the lady, by the still young blue of eyes that were more deeply
sympathetic than truly young eyes could ever be.
Dramatic (adj.) 1. sudden or exciting;
Task 15. Translate the following sentences with particular attention to the
translation of pseudo international words.
appearance or effects.
1. When he was 15 Chopin entered his father’s school for academic studies.
2. catching and holding the imagination by unusual
16
17
2. It was largely due to Eisner’s sympathy and understanding that Chopin
was able to evolve a personal style of writing almost from the very beginning
of his creative career. 3. His desire to leave Warsaw was intensified by a
schoolboy love for Constantia Gladkowska, a singing student. 4. World War I
was a dramatic demonstration of the fact that capitalism had plunged into an
incurable general crisis.
Stop and Сheck
Task 1.
a) Find appropriate Russian equivalents to the word «record» in the
following sentences.
b) Underline international words and translate the sentences into
Russian.
1. The new candidate was known to have an excellent war record. 2. His
father has a record of service with the company of 20 years. 3. Washington
D. C., the US capital, is the city with the highest crime record. 4. The data
published by the Office of Statistics show that food prices in the country are
the highest on records. 5. We record historical events to pass them to our
future generations.
Task 2. State what meanings of polysemantic words are actualized in
the following sentences. Are there any pseudo international words? Can
the equivalents provided in the dictionary be used in translation? If not,
suggest a contextual equivalent of your own.
1. After the play the notices were unanimously favorable and there was praise
for all concerned 2.The actor had an awkward grace that could not be copied
by anyone in the business. 3. Listen, we all have funny moods. We wouldn’t
be human if we didn’t. 4. Josephine Carling was an heiress to an automobile
fortune. 5. She prided herself or her chic. 6. She had always, all her life, been
so religious about her cold cream and her facials. 7. He passed a lighted door
from which issued music, and stopped with the sense of familiarity.
Task 3.
a) Read the text, identify international and pseudo – international
words, put them down and find their Russian equivalents.
b) Translate the text.
18
THE FIRST FOUR MINUTES
When do people decide to become or not to become friends? During their
first four minutes together, according to a book by Dr. Leonard Zunin. In his
book «Contact: First Four Minutes» he offers this advice to anyone interested in
starting a new friendship: «Every time you meet someone in a social situation,
give him/her all your attention for four minutes. A lot of people’s lives would
change if they did just that».
When we are introduced to new people we should try to appear friendly
and self-confident.
The author says: «People like people who like themselves».
But we should not make the other person think we are too sure of ourselves.
It is important to appear interested and sympathetic remembering that the
other person has his own needs and problems.
But isn’t it dishonest to give the appearance of friendly self-confidence
when we don’t feel like that way? Perhaps, but according to Dr. Zunin, «total
honesty» is not always good for social relationships, especially during the first
few minutes of contact. There is a time for everything, some play-acting (актерство) may be best for the first minutes of contact with a stranger. That is
not the time to complain about one’s health. It is not the time to tell the whole
truth about one’s opinions and impressions.
Much of what has been said about strangers is also true of relationship with
family members, friends and colleagues. A husband and wife or a parent and
child, often have the same problem during their first four minutes together
after they haven’t seen each other for some time.
Dr. Zunin writes that people should be careful with these first moments of
contact. If you have to discuss something unpleasant, do it later.
Chapter Ш. WHAT IS THE SENTENCE?
A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.
Read each group of words below to yourself. Notice which groups of words
make sense by themselves, i.e. express complete thoughts and are sentences.
1. Writing began with pictures.
2. On rocks and on the walls of caves.
3. Ancient people recorded many things.
4. Drew pictures of people and animals.
19
Note 1 and 3 are sentences. They name someone or something and tell
what that person or thing did.
Notes 2 and 4 are not sentences. Note 2 just names things. Note 4 just tells
what happened.
Skills Tryout
Practice
Some of the groups of words below are sentences, and some are not. Tick
the sentences and inerpret them.
1. Three thousand years ago in the Middle East.
2. Scratched lines on wet clay.
3. This writing is called cuneiform.
4. During that time in Egypt, only certain people were allowed to write.
5. Drawn on papyrus or carved on stone.
6. Chinese writing began as a kind of picture writing.
7. Scratched on bone, bronze or stone.
8. Changes very little in the last 3,000 years.
9. Today the Chinese write on paper with a brush and ink.
10. More than 40,000 separate signs are used in Chinese.
11. A difficult task for Chinese students.
12. These signs are sometimes called pictographs.
13. Different pictographs for new words.
14. The sigh for sun behind the sign for frees.
15. This combination means «east».
Сomplete Subjects and Complete Predicates
• The complete subject is all the words in the subject part of a sentence. The
subject part names someone or something.
• The complete predicate is all the words in the predicate part of a sentence.
The predicate part tells what the subject is or does.
You have learned that every sentence expresses a complete thought. To do
that, every sentence has two main parts. The subject part names someone or
something. The predicate part tells what the subject is or does.
Read the sentences below. The part italicized is the complete subject and the
part underlined is the complete predicate.
1. Caves may have been the first human dwellings.
2. Simple mud houses were a later development.
3. Castles of stone and iron kept off development.
20
4. Sand castles disappear.
The complete subject may have one word, as in 1 above. The complete
predicate may also have one word or many words.
Skill Tryout
Underline the complete subject and doubleunderline the complete
predicate. Inerpret the sentences.
1. A houseboat provides shelter and transportation.
2. The White House is a home as well as a national monument.
3. Cave dwellers painted animal pictures on the walls of caves.
4. Snow houses can be quite warm.
5. The Pueblos of New Mexico built homes of clay.
6. Settlers in Nebraska built sod houses.
7. People in ancient Egypt lived in mud and brick houses.
8. Tribes of wandering shepherds made tents of skin.
9. Tepees sheltered Native Americans on the Great Plains.
10. Glass houses make good use of solar energy.
11. The dwelling place of the future may be a space station.
12. Stone cottages with tile roofs are common in Ireland.
13. Woven grass kept the rain out of Hawaiian homes long ago.
14. A tree house is a temporary dwelling.
15. Some people like to live in log houses.
Simple Subject
• The simple subject is the main word in the complete subject. Remember
that the complete subject is all the words in the subject of a sentence. The most
important word in the complete subject is called the simple subject.
Read the sentences below. The complete subject of each sentence is set in
bold. The simple subject is underlined.
1. The new candidate was known to have an excellent war record.
2. Millions of individual lives make up the life of a nation, its history.
3. The Moscow International Peace Marathon gathered many Russian
and foreign running enthusiasts
Look at the sentences again. Notice that most of the time the simple subject
is one word. Sometimes it is more than one word.
21
Skill Tryout
Practice
А) A line has been drawn between the complete subject and the complete
predicate of each sentence below. Name the simple subject in each sentence.
Interpret the sentences.
1. Scientists | use special computers for difficult problems.
2. Ordinary people | can use computers easily.
3. Every computer | has a memory.
4. Information | is stored in the memory.
5. The computer’s memory | contains instructions.
6. The instructions | are in special language.
7. The words in this language | look like English.
8. Some meanings | are different, though.
9. Special commands | tell the computer when to count.
10. A touch of the finger | stops the machine.
В) Underline the simple subject in each sentence. Interpret the sentences.
1. This button turns on the machine.
2. An arrow on the screen lights up.
3. The keys on the right make the arrow move.
4. Words appear on the screen.
5. Some programs will correct misspelled words.
Simple Predicate
The simple predicate is the main word or words in the complete predicate.
You have learned that the complete predicate is all the words in the predicate
part of a sentence. The simple predicate is the most important word or words
in this part. The simple predicate is the word or words that show action or state.
Here are some sentences. The complete predicate of each sentence is shown
in bold letters. The simple predicate is underlined.
1. The game of golf | was invented in Scotland.
2. The surprised umpire | lost his glasses.
3. Sally Jo, a champion rodeo rider, | practices every day for six hours.
4. The player in the red shirt | has made three fouls in just the first half of
the game.
5. The winner of last year’s prize | is playing again this year.
Practice
Read each sentence below. A line has been drawn between the complete
22
subject and the complete predicate. Doubleunderline each complete
predicate and name the simple predicate. Inerpret the sentences.
1. Many different sports | are played today.
2. Some sports | develop skills for daily use.
3. Soccer | is growing more popular than ever.
4. Baseball | requires speed and practice.
5. Water sports | teach confidence to sailors and swimmers.
6. A swim on a hot day | cools the body.
7. The ability to float | has saved many lives.
8. Practice with jacks | makes fingers nimble.
9. Exercise in the open air | helps your heart and lungs.
10. Sports | have proved useful in many ways.
Stop and Check
a) Read the text and identify the topic and the problem of the text.
b) Underline the simple subject and the simple predicate of the sentence
set in bold.
c) Find international words in the text and give their Russian contextual
equivalents.
d) Translate the text. Are you pleased with your memory? What do you
think of the tips given?
MEMORY
There are several fallacies regarding the memory. One is that there is a
special part of mind which is responsible for the business of remembering.
Another is that people are endowed at birth with what are known as “good” or
«bad» memories.
The fact is that the memory of every experience we have got, everything we
have heard or seen, is stored in the mind. What we mean by a “good memory”
is the ability to recall at will any of these stored impressions. There are several
practices that will help us do this.
First of all, stop saying your memory is bad. To say one’s memory is bad is a
popular way to excuse oneself for forgetfulness. This is one of the worst things
we can do. To improve your memory, make use of this bad habit in a positive
way. Say to yourself repeatedly, especially last thing at night and as you wake
up in the morning that your memory is improving.
Secondly, begin trusting your memory. The invalid never regains his
strength while he remains in bed. He must get up and begin to walk. So, today
23
begin trusting your memory. Refrain from making a shopping list next time
you have a few things to buy. No longer knot your handkerchief or tie a thread
around your finger. Instead, visualize what you have to remember or imagine
yourself doing what you must remember to do.
Finally, exercise your power of recall. It will never function efficiently if
you never give it any work to do.
Chapter IV. CLAUSES AND SENTENCE STRUCTURE
COMMUNICATIVE TYPES OF SENTENCES
Sentences can be simple, compound and complex.
A simple sentence has one clause, beginning with a complete subject
followed by a complete predicate.
She won the competition last week.
A compound sentence has two or more main clauses: that is clauses, which
are equally important. You join them with conjunctions «and», «but» or «or».
You can come now or you can meet us at the station.
A complex sentence contains a subordinate clause and at least one main
clause.
A subordinate clause gives information about a main clause, and is
introduced by a conjunction such as «because», «if ’, «that», or «wh»-word.
Subordinate clauses can come before, after, or inside the main clause.
They were going by car because it was more comfortable.
Skills Tryout
Task 1. Read the following sentences, analyze their structure, and
translate them.
1. Three tall men came out of the shed.
2. The front was near the village and the people heard cannonade.
3. Mark points A and В where the sides of the paper cross the circle.
4. What we see when we look at the earth at night are the lights of cities and
roads.
5. The decision was not an easy one to make.
6. The sun is a star, and it supplies heat for Earth.
24
7. You know that a compound sentence is formed from two or more simple
sentences joined by a conjunction.
8. After this the zookeeper completes a Daily Report which he gives to the
Head Keeper each day.
9. Observing the animals and recording data is important too.
10. In the summer the Zoo stays open later and the staff too.
COMMUNICATIVE TYPES OF SENTENCES
Sentences can be of different types according to what they communicate:
declarative, interrogative, exclamatory, and imperative.
A declarative sentence makes statements and ends with a period.
It’s hard to believe that the Т-shirt was once just a plain white undergarment.
Today we can find almost anything on a T-shirt, from famous paintings and
pictures of famous people, to jokes and political slogans.
An imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request. It ends with
a period (.).
Washing instructions of the T-shirt.
Gentle machine wash or hand wash in lukewarm water.
Rinse well in cold water.
Iron warm.
Do not bleach.
Do not dry clean.
An exclamatory sentence expresses strong feelings and it ends with an
exclamation mark (!)
The T-shirt is the best piece of clothing in the world!
An interrogative sentence asks questions and ends with a question mark. (?).
Do you have a favourite T-shirt?
Why do you think Т-shirts are so popular?
Are there any occasions when you shouldn’t were a T-shirt?
Skills Tryout
Practice A
Beside each sentence write” Imp.” (for imperative sentences) or “Exl.”
(for exclamatory sentences).
25
1. I can hardly wait for Alan’s party to begin!
2. Meet me there at five o’clock.
3. Watch out for the tub of apples in the basement.
4. What a weird noise that is!
5. Don’t be afraid to go down those stairs.
6. That is the most terrifying sound I have ever heard!
7. Let Paula go ahead of you then.
8. Absolutely nothing frightens her!
9. How strange everything looks down here!
10. Please wait for me to catch up with you.
Practice B
Underline the simple subject in the sentences below, if there any.
1. Fill the bird feeder every day.
2. The nuthatch walks down the side of the tree.
3. Mix peanut butter and oatmeal together.
4. Birds with short, stubby beaks crack seeds.
5. Throw stale bread covered with bacon grease on the ground.
Practice C
Identify the structure of the sentences below (simple, compound,
complex) and their communicative types (declarative, interrogative,
exclamatory, and imperative). Interpret the sentences.
1. They are portable music players or what most of us call them the
Walkman.
2. Sony changed the way we listen to music in 1979 when it released the
first Walkman.
3. Now we have the Memory Stick Walkman which weighs an amazing 67
grams!
4. Will you be bored to tears if you won’t be able to listen to your favourite
music during your long journey to school?
5. No wonder we cannot get enough of it!
6. Do switch on your player ad enjoy your favourite peaces of music!
Task 3. Translate the text.
Forest Fires
Probably the most important factor governing the severity of forest fires is
weather. Hot, dry weather lowers the moisture content of fuels. Once a fire has
started, wind is extremely critical because it influences the oxygen supply
and the rate of spread. Forest type and forest conditions are also important
factors. For example, fire is more likely to occur in conifers than in hardwoods;
slash-covered or brushy areas are especially hazardous because the rate at
which combustion consumes fuel is proportional to fuel volume and surface
area.
Some fires are caused by lightening; others are caused by people. Those
caused by people may be accidental or intentional (incendiary). The causes
of fire in the United States show large regional differences. In the Rocky
Mountains more than 70 percent of the fires are caused by lightening,
whereas incendiary fires amount to only 1 percent. In contrast, more than
40 percent of the fires in the South are incendiary, whereas lightening
causes only 1 percent.
Chapter V. PARTS OF SPEECH IN SENTENCES
TOPIC SENTENCE AND SUPPORTING SENTENCES
• A part of speech tells how a word is used in a sentence. The following
chart reviews ten parts of speech.
Definition
noun
Stop and Check
Task 1. Read the text and identify its topic and the problem.
Task 2. Analyze the sentences set in bold.
26
pronoun
Example
A noun names a person, May Day is a holiday
place, thing, or idea.
A noun can follow a linking
verb in this case it renames,
or identifies the subject.
A pronoun takes the place It began long ago.
of a noun or nouns.
27
Definition
verb
An action verb shows
action.
A linking verb shows being.
A modal verb shows the
attitude of the speaker to the
information.
adjective
An adjective describes a
noun or pronoun.
adverb
An adverb describes a verb,
an adjective, or another adverb
preposition A preposition relates a
noun or pronoun to another
word.
Conjunction A conjunction is a part of
speech that connects two
words, sentences, phrases or
clauses together
Present
The main functions of
Participle
Present Participle are the
attribute and the adverbial
modifier.
Present Participle can be
used as a predicative.
Gerund
Example
The Romans honored the
goddess Flora.
May Day was her day.
They must have passed the
exam.
Cold days were gone. The
weather was warm.
The sun rose very early. Days
were long now.
May 1 used to be the first day
of summer.
Whether you stay or you go,
it’s your decision.
He advised me to speak to the
man supervising the works.
Doing his study she found a
note under his desk.
He was cooking while she was
gardening.
The -ing form of a verb when Swimming is fun. (gerund as
it is used, as a verb, to form a subject of the sentence)
noun phrase.
I like swimming. (gerund as
direct object)
Skills Tryout
Practice
А. Identify the part of speech of the underlined words in the sentences
below (noun, pronoun, verb, modal verb, adjective, adverb, preposition,
participle).
1. The ancient Celts believed in a Sun God.
28
2. During the winter the Sun God disappeared.
3. They thought he was a prisoner.
4. Evil spirits had captured him.
5. They lit fires to chase the spirits away
6. Some ancient people were believers in Tree Gods.
7. The people got up early on May Day.
8. They went into the woods to cut tree branches.
9. The branches were supposed to bring good luck.
10. In England, May Day became a big holiday.
B. Analyze the sentences below according to the algorithm.
1. Name the structure and the communicative type of the sentence.
2. Divide the sentence into parts with a vertical line.
3. Underline the complete subject(s) and doubleunderline the complete
predicate(s).
4. Write down the simple subject(s) and the simple predicate(s).
5. Identify a part of speech of every word in the sentence.
SENTENCES TO ANALYZE AND TO TRANSLATE.
1. David knew she wanted to be film star when she was young.
2. All his life long he was angry with anybody who reminded him of what
he had done then.
3. I know whom he is speaking about.
4. I don’t know if he has finished his work.
5. The book which we were talking of yesterday had been published by one
of the local publishing houses.
6. As the centre of the plain is approached, the rivers assume flatter profiles.
7. It will take not less than four years, when the dam is built, to accumulate
the necessary amount of water.
8. The picture I was looking at seemed to me very familiar.
9. Were I there, I should do it better.
TOPIC SENTENCE AND SUPPORTING SENTENCES
• The topic sentence states the main idea of a paragraph.
• Supporting sentences develop the main idea.
All the sentences in a paragraph tell about the main idea. Most paragraphs
have one sentence that states the main idea. That is the topic sentence. The
29
other sentences develop or explain the main idea by giving details. Those are
the supporting sentences.
Notice the role of each sentence below.
Topic sentence: Some creatures move about in unusual ways.
Supporting Sentence: Kangaroos hop.
Supporting Sentence: Sidewinders travel sideways.
Supporting Sentence: Oysters propel themselves backward.
The sentences can be grouped together to form a paragraph. Simply indent
the first line.
Some creatures move about in unusual ways. Kangaroos hop. Sidewinders
travel sideways. Oysters propel themselves backward.
Although the topic sentence usually comes first in a paragraph, it can
come in other positions. Sometimes it comes last. The topic sentence in the
paragraph below is underlined. Notice how the supporting sentences lead to
the main idea.
Toadfish make a croaking noise. Dolphins chatter at a high pitch. Some
whales sing haunting melodies. The ocean is alive with sound.
Skills Tryout
Tell which sentence is the topic and which are the supporting sentences.
Put the in the correct order.
1. The bat sends out a high-pitched sound.
2. The sound bounces off object.
3. A bat has a built-in radar system.
4. These bouncing sounds tell the bat where things are.
Practice
A. Use the sentences below to write a paragraph. Identify the topic
sentence and write it first. Then complete the paragraph by writing the
supporting sentences.
1. Grasshoppers are the colour of grass.
2. Some animals’ colour help them hide from enemies.
В. The sentences below are the topic sentences. Write two supporting
sentences for each.
6. Some animals have homes underground.
7. Dogs are wonderful pets.
30
8. Circus animals have to be well trained.
C. Write a topic sentence and two or more supporting sentences for each
subject.
9. Why people like zoos.
10. The silliest animal of all.
11. Why people have pets.
Application THINKING and WRITING
Task 1. Animals in books and movies often act like people. Choose an
animal character you have read about or seen. Write a paragraph about its
human actions. Underline the topic sentence.
Task 2. Write down topic sentences to the following texts: «One or two
points? «, «It is very difficult to learn to write «, «Chemistry. The sugar cube
which can burn», «Watermarks». Write down a topic sentence from each
paragraph of the text «Forest Fires».
Stop and Check
Task 1. Analyze the following sentences using the algorithm given below
1. Nowadays sunglasses are a fashion statement, but you don’t have to
sacrifice style for the safety.
2. Early film actors started wearing sunglasses not because they were
glamorous, but because their eyes hurt.
3. Marion sharpened her skates to cut down friction so that they would
move more smoothly.
Communicative Type:
Sentence Structure:
S.S.
S.Pr.
Noun:
Verb:
Adjective:
Adverb:
Present Participle:
31
Past Participle:
Preposition:
Particle:
Conjunction:
Article:
Modal Verb:
Auxiliary Verb
Pronoun:
Task 2. Translate the text below
First-born, middle or last-born?
«Where do you come in your family?» According to Frank Sulloway, a US
sociologist, the order in which we came into this world -first-born, middle
or last-born- can not only help shape our personality, it could affect the success
of our relationships, too. Sulloway has interviewed more than 6000 people over
the past 26 years in an attempt to prove this theory: «Children compete for a
place in the family», he says, «and if one role has already been taken, laterborn children have to choose from what’s left». Because firstborns begin life
with exclusive paternal attention, they are often more open to accepting their
parents’ values, while later-born children, forced to compete for a place in the
family, may grow into rebellious adults.
So if birth order has such a significant impact on our behaviour, does it affect
our interactions with other people? Can we, for example, judge the suitability
of our partners by their birth order? Absolutely, says Sulloway, «Birth order is
an excellent way of telling whether a relationship will survive. For example, a
marriage between a typical first-born husband who’s dominating and assertive,
and a later-born wife who likes being looked after, is very likely to work out».
Task 3. Write down a topic sentence to the text above.
Chapter VI. WAYS OF WORD CONSTRUCTION:
AFFIXATION, COMPOUND, AND CONVERSION
Words can be built in different ways. The most common is affixation that is
with the help of prefixes and suffixes.
32
Affixation
In linguistics, the process of forming a new word by the addition of an affix
to an already existing word (a base word). A base word is the simplest form
of a word. It has no letters added to its beginning or end. In the word reheat,
heat is the base word. The letters re- in reheat is a prefix. They add the meaning
«again» to the word heat.
The two primary kinds of affixation are prefixation (the addition of a
prefix) and suffixation (the addition of a suffix). Clusters of affixes can be used
to form complex words.
• A prefix is a letter or letters added to the meaning of a word. The prefix
changes the meaning of the word.
Here are some more examples of prefixes
Prefixes
Added to the
stems of the
following part of
speech
Principle meaning
Anti-
Noun, adjective
be-
Verb,
Noun,
Adjective
Noun, verb
Against,
Opposite
Changes the part
of speech
Co-
OutVerb, noun,
(syn. to over) adjective
Together,
Joint
More than
necessary
Examples
Antisocial
Belittle
Beloved
Belated
Cooperate
co-author
Outbalance
Outrage
Outweigh(t)
Subtropical
Subordinate
subconciousnes
Sub-
Verb,
noun,
adjective
Inferior,
Under,
Lower position
Trans-
Verb,
adjective
Over, through
Transplant,
Transmission,
translation
Ultra(syn. Super,
extra)
Noun, adjective
Superior,
Over,
Higher position
Ultra-fast
Ultra-pure
Ultrafashionable
*(for more information see Appendix 1)
33
Skills Tryout
In each sentence find the word that starts with a prefix. Name the
prefix. Translate the sentences
1. Kathleen reread her family’s history.
2. Brian Molloy had been unhappy in Ireland.
3. Brian disagreed about Ireland with his cousin in Boston.
4. His cousin gave him a preview of life in America.
5. Brian thought he would be misguided to stay in Cork.
Practice
A. Beside each sentence write a word derived from the underlined
words in parentheses. Use the prefixes below. Interpret the sentences.
Prefixes: dis-, mis-, pre-, re-, un1. Jerzy’s grandmother (called back to mind) the old days.
2. Her parents had nothing but (wrong fortune) in Poland.
3. Many people were (not able) to make a living there.
4. They wanted to (build again) their lives in the New World.
5. In New York they met with official (opposite of approval).
6. There was a (wrong understanding) about their papers.
7. As a health (caution before) they were put in quarantine.
8. This was not an (opposite of usual) experience.
9. However, their (opposite of content) didn’t last long.
10. They were soon busy with (arranged before) jobs.
B. Write a word for each definition. Use the prefixes and base words
below to form the words.
Prefixes: dis-; mis-; pre-; re-; unBase Words: appear; divided; fit; pay; place
11. divided again
16. to come back
12. not divided; united
17. to put in the wrong place
13. to give money before
18. to put into place
14. to give back money
15. to go away
19. a wrong or bad fit
20. not in fit condition
Application THINKING and WRITING
Create a list of words, using the prefixes and base words below. Make as
many real words as possible. Check them up with a dictionary.
34
dis-; mis-; pre-; re-; unjudge; build; able; arrange; trust
Practice
Task 1. Define the meaning of the following adjectives with the prefix unExample: unrealistic – нереалистичный
Uncoordinated, unnatural, unprofessional, unmusical, uncultured,
unconstractive, unprincipal, unceremonious.
Task 2. Construct new adjectives using prefix un-. Give their Russian
equuivalents.
Constructive, co-ordinated, limited, realistic, natural
Task 3. Paraphrase the following word combinations using prefix un-.
Translate them into Russian.
Example: not finished work - unfinished work - незаконченная работа
1) not formed opinion;
2) not coordinated action;
3) not realistic policy;
4) not limited right;
5) not controllable activity.
Other Negative Prefixes:
in-, im-, ir-, ilTask 4. Define the meaning of the following adjectives:
inhumane, informal, illegal, irregular, immaterial, inactive, immortal,
illiterate, irrational, impatient, irresponsible, illogical, inconvenient,
impossible, insecure.
Task 5. Translate the following word combinations:
1) insanity conditions;
2) inorganic chemistry;
3) inhuman policy;
4) irregular studies;
5) illegal party;
6) unofficial visit.
anti- means against, opposite
Task 6. Give Russian equivalents with the prefix anti-.
Anticonstitutional, anticolonial, anti-republican, antimilitarism, anti35
American, antiaggressive, anticapitalist, anticommunism, anti-socials, antitank, antipatriotic.
Task 7. Translate the following word combinations.
1) anti-tank artillery;
2) antiwar demonstration;
3) antidemocratic forces;
4) antimilitarist meeting;
5) antipatriotic action;
6) antipopular government;
7) antireligious propaganda;
8) anti-imperialist straggle.
non- with the meaning not
-ant (-ent)
verb
-dom
noun,
adjective
-er (or)
verb
-hood
noun
State or period of
being
-ian
-ics
-ing
noun
noun
verb
Profession
Science
Process, action
-ty
adjective
Quality or state
-ment
verb
Result of action
-ness
adjective
Quality or state
Task 8. Name Russian equivalent to the following words with prefix non-.
Non-productive, nonaggressive, non-communist, noneffective.
• A suffix is a letter or letters added to the end of a word.
You know that adding a prefix can change the meaning of a word; for
example, agree and disagree. The meaning of a word can also be changed if a
suffix is added. The letters -ful in the word careful are a suffix. They add the
meaning «full» of ’ to the word care.
Remember that a base word is the simplest form of a word. Adding a
suffix to a base word forms many parts of speech.
Principle Noun Suffixes
Suffixes
-age
Added to the
stems of the
following part
of speech
verb, noun,
adjective
Principle
meaning
Action, state
-al
verb
Action
-ance (ence)
verb
Action, state
36
Example
shortage,
mileage,
marriage
removal, arrival,
proposal, refusal
silence,
dependence,
appearance
Profession
assistant,
ocupant,
accountant
State
freedom,
Quality
serfdom,
boredom
Agent of action
visitor,
Instrument, device amplifier,
Resident of a city
monitor,
Londoner
motherhood,
childhood,
neighbourhood,
brotherhood
technician
Physics
shunting,
abridging
legality,
regularity,
originality
settlement,
agreement,
equipment
softness,
kindness,
rudeness
Skills Tryout
Practice A
a) Read the text and underline nouns formed with the help of suffixes.
b) Translate the text.
c) Write down the topic sentence to the text.
37
ACOUSTIC RESPONSIBILITY
We show an amazing tolerance for a form of pollution that is a growing
problem: noise. Airplane traffic is increasing by five percent a year. Urban noise
is doubling every ten years. By air, land and sea, we are facing an onslaught
of noise that is threatening our ability to live in this world. We have granted
ourselves the right to make noise. But what about our responsibilities? Have
we developed a sense of acoustic responsibility? The evidence suggests that
we have not. Many people seem to believe they have an unlimited right to
make noise with cars and motorbikes, and with loud music at home and in the
street. In some countries measures have been taken to force people to make
less noise. In Britain, for example, a law has been passed preventing people
from disturbing their neighbours with music at night. It is widely accepted
that we should deal with our rubbish in a responsible way Noise is in reality a
particularly insidious form of rubbish. It destroys community life, pursues us
into our homes, keeps us from sleeping and is the cause of many stress-related
illnesses, as well as hearing loss. Our acoustic environment belongs to all of us.
Everyone has the right to use it, but no one has the right to abuse it. Let’s start
using it responsibly.
PRINCIPLE ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES
-LESS without
-LIKE like
-LY like
-OUS quality, nature
-Y like
relating to
-ARY relating to quality
or place
accident – accidental
region – regional
custom – customary
compliment –
complimentary
-FUL full of
brute – brutal
person – personal
moment – momentary
honor – honorary
beauty – beautiful
skill – skillful
-IC having the nature of; athlete – athletic
caused by
photograph –
photographic
-ICAL having the nature magic – magical
of
practice – practical
wonder – wonderful
success – successfu
base – basic
science – scientific
-ISH origin, nature
child – childish
pink – pinkish
38
fool – foolish
sheep – sheepish
logic – logical
statistic – statistical
friend – friendless
home – homeless
lady – ladylike
bird – birdlike
cost – costly
order – orderly
danger – dangerous
mystery – mysterious
fun – funny
dirt – dirty
Common suffixes — verb to adjective
ABLE able, can
do
-IBLE able, can
do
Common Suffixes – noun to adjective
- AL
power – powerless
use – useless
like – lifelike
child – childlike
friend – friendly
day – daily
poison – poisonous
courtesy – courteous
rain – rainy
mess – messy
agree – agreeable expand –
pass – passable
expandable
remark –
remarkable
access –
force – forcible
accessible
permit –
flex – flexible
permissible
laugh – laughable
pay – payable
sense – sensible
force – forcible
-ANT performing please – pleasant rely – reliant
agent
resist – resistant vacate – vacant
-ENT performing excel – excellent
agent
urge – urgent
-IVE causing
effect
-ING causing
effect
-ED receiving
effect
attract –
attractive
posses –
possessive
amuse –
amusing
relax –relaxing
amuse – amused
relax – relaxed
ignore – ignorant
comply –
compliant
depend –
confide –
dependent
confident
differ – different equal – equivalent
create – creative select – selective
prevent –
destruct –
preventive
destructive
excite – exciting
surprise –
surprising
excite – excited
surprise –
surprised
confuse –
confusing
amaze – amusing
confuse – confused
overwhelm –
overwhelmed
39
-EN receiving
effect
freeze – frozen
braze – brazen
lighten –
lightened
shorten –
shortened
darken –
darkened
widen – widened
Skills Tryout
Underline adjective suffixes and translate the sentences into Russian
1. Abraham Lincoln was a remarkable person.
2. He grew up in a chilly log cabin.
3. He used his sleepless nights for studying.
4. His great height made him noticeable.
5. This thoughtful boy later became President.
Practice
A. Add one of the suffixes below to the word in parentheses () to complete
each sentence, write it beside the sentence and translate the sentences.
-able; -fill; -less; -y
1. Lincoln’s early years were not always (comfort).
2. He slept on a (lump) mattress filled with cornhusks.
3. The walk to school was long and (dust).
4. He was usually a (play) young man.
5. His sense of humour made life more (agree).
6. He was (skill) with an axe and other tools.
7. Although he was shy, he was never (friend).
8. No one seemed to mind the rumpled and (care) appearance of his clothes.
9. Lincoln was (thank) for the books people loaned him.
10. Eager for city life, he grew (rest) on the farm.
B. Write a word for each definition. Use the suffixes and base words
below to form the words.
Suffixes: -able; -fill; -less; -y
Base Words: boss; depend; fear; hill; harm; respect; luck; manage
40
11. without fear
12. being like a boss
13. able to be managed
16. worthy of respect
17. without causing damage
18. having good fortune
14. full of fear
15. being like a slope
19. able to be relied on
20. full of harm
Application THINKING and WRITING
Study the test below
1. depend + ? = dependable
2. ? + ful = delightful
3. joy + less = ?
4. smear + ? smeary
Then make a suffix test for your classmates. Include at least fifteen items
in your test. Swap your test with your classmates.
C. Beside the sentences write an adjective adding the suffix -able, -ful,
-less, or -y to the word in parentheses (). Translate the sentences.
1. Is this seat (adjust)?
2. A (mist) fog rolled in.
3. Be (care) not to trip.
4. Running so fast made him (breath).
5. What a (durt) room this is!
6. A hammer is a (help) tool.
7. My dog’s behaviour is (predict).
8. This (noise) fan will not disturb your sleep.
9. Your rose garden is very (colour).
10. An octopus escapes its enemies by squirting a black (ink) liquid in their
faces.
N.B.! Read the following word combinations. Focus your attention
on the different meaning of adjective suffixes -ic and -ical.
a) economic policy - экономическая политика
b) economic achievements – экономические достижения
c) economic crisis – экономический кризис
d) economical person – экономный человек
e) economical stove – экономичная печь
f) historic event – историческое (важное) событие
g) historic invention – историческое (важное) изобретение
41
h) historic speech – историческая (важная) речь
i) historical novel – исторический роман
j) historical fact – исторический (имевший место в действительности)
факт
k) historical method – исторический метод
Adjectives -ic and -ical
-IC
There is no particular way to know whether a word will use the -ic or the
-ical ending. The suffix -ic comes from French -ique, or Greek -ikos. and
means having the nature of , or causing something.
academic, algebraic, arithmetic, artistic, athletic, catholic, domestic,
dramatic, egoistic, emphatic, energetic, fantastic, geometric, strategic,
linguistic, majestic, neurotic, pathetic, pedagogic, phonetic, public, semantic,
syntactic, systematic, tragic
He buys classic cars. (traditional, old style)
His comic verse filled books. (artistic comedy)
His economic theory was proved unsound. (of the science of economics)
An electric motor powered the car. (a particular machine)
That was a historic moment. (recorded in past history)
The hysteric / hysterical woman was out of control. (unable to control your
behavior or emotions)
The little girl played with a magic wand. (of a mysterious source)
He was a medic in the military. (intern or doctor)
He wrote in a poetic speech. (imaginative, having the quality of poetry, like
poetry)
It’s not politic to ask such questions. (wise)
The -ical form is often added to a word that already has a final -ic. Such
adjectives often have a different or an additional meaning from the more basic
-ic form.
alphabetical, alphanumerical, archeological, biblical, biological, chemical,
chronological, critical, cynical, ethical, grammatical, fanatical, illogical, logical,
mathematical, mechanical, medical, musical, pedagogical, physical, radical,
surgical, tactical, topical
We listen to classical music. (from a cultural (sometimes Greek, Roman,
European) source, or 18thC)
His comical verse entertained audiences. (funny)
42
He chose an economical car. (inexpensive to use)
Electrical equipment makes our work easier. (general, mass)
This is a historical moment. (worthy of being recorded in history)
The movie was hysterical. (very funny, causing uncontrollable laughter)
It was a magical experience. (mysterious, wonderful, exciting)
He did medical research. (related to medicine)
He wrote in a poetical manner. (having the form of poetry)
It was a political question. (concerning government and politics)
Skills Tryout
Task 1. Construct adjectives using adjective suffixes. Check them up.
a) mass, conserve, consult, effect, intense, progress, act, operate, product,
object, collect
b) parliament, element, plenum, provocate, react, revolve
Task 2. Translate into English the following word combination.
а) исторические времена, историческое открытие, исторический роман (факт, фильм), экономический кризис, экономическая география,
экономная женщина, экономичное устройство.
Task 3. Read the text, underline the words formed with affixation and
translate the text.
DEATH PENALTY
One issue that didn’t really provoke a lot of discussion in the last presidential
election was the death penalty. The reason was a simple one: both the Democrats
and the Republicans, along with 75% of the American public, are absolutely in
favour of it. Clinton, who supposedly represents the less right-wing of the two
main parties, had trouble in demonstrating his support for capital punishment.
This, it seems, was part of a well-planned strategy to capture the all important
middle-ground in American politics. And yet, in its enthusiasm for the death
penalty, the United States remains strangely out of sync with other western
democracies. The nations that practise capital punishment are those that many
Americans would consider primitive or even barbaric. They include China,
Iran, Iraq, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia and the former Soviet Union. Even South
Africa, for decades the most hated country in the world, has abolished the
death penalty. This decision came shortly after the ending of the apartheid.
Why, then, the Americans determination to maintain the death penalty? For
us, Europeans this is something that remains incomprehensible.
43
Verb Building Suffixes
1. –ate: to allocate, abbreviate, accommodate, advocate, collaborate,
dedicate, educate, incorporate, deviate, exaggerate, infiltrate, permeate,
manipulate, relate, integrate, disintegrate, etc.
2. –ify (to make): to simplify, fortify, beautify, amplify, verify, etc.
3. –ize (to make): to familiarize (to make something familiar to someone),
emphasize, mobilize, immobilize, liberalize, analyze, realize, penalize, centralize,
memorize, formalize, etc.
Skills Tryout
Task 1. Give Russian equivalents to the following English verbs.
a) analyze, minimize, summarize, stabilize, terrorize, criticize, organize,
paralyze;
b) modify, mystify, specify, classify, electrify, qualify, identify, intensify;
c) activate, compensate, motivate, regulate, immigrate, isolate, evacuate,
liquidate, imitate, illustrate.
Task 2. Paraphrase the following word combinations using verb suffixes.
Give Russian equivalents.
a) to become liberal; to make collective; to become material; to bring to
civilization; to make an ideal of; to make actual; to make aromatic; to bring to
a standard; to become formal (crystal);
b) to turn into gas; to arrange to classes; to give electric power; to make
typical; to make intense.
Task 3. Translate into Russian.
1) He began to economize on food.
2) We stood and looked at each other as though hypnotized.
3) Radio and television speech becomes standardized.
4) We must co-ordinate our work.
5) The USA wanted to isolate Cuba economically.
6) Speaking about history people sometimes falsify facts.
7) New plans were demonstrated at the exhibition.
Task 4. Form the appropriate part of speech and complete the sentences.
Translate the text.
0 TROPICAL
The UK is not a (0) country but for the last ten
years, UK citizens and visitors have had the exciting
(1) of experiencing a real rainforest without the
need for (2) and (3) damaging air transport, at a
place called
The Eden Project.
The Eden Project is the world’s (4) greenhouse but
it is also much more than that. It is, in fact, a (5)
of three climate zones in one that visitors (6). The
most famous of these is known as the ‘Tropical
Biome’ but there is also a ‘Mediterranean Biome’
and the land (7) the greenhouse structures is known
as the ‘Outdoor Biome’. The latest (8) to the site is an
educational centre, purpose-built to help promote
environmental (9) among the many visitors.
One of the best things about The Eden Centre is that
it is a day out in the English countryside that can
never be completely ruined by the (10) UK weather
and that is a rare thing.
TROPICS
POSSIBLE
COST
ENVIRONMENT
LARGE
COLLECT
ATTRACT
SURROUND
ADD
AWARE
PREDICT
COMPOUNDING
In linguistics, the process of combining two or more words (free
morphemes) to create a new word (commonly a noun, a verb, or an adjective).
Compounds are written sometimes as one word (sunglasses, inside, suitcase,
downtown, grandfather, weekly), sometimes as hyphenated words (lifethreatening, single-handed, four-sided, sister-in-law), and sometimes as separate
words (football stadium, post office, city hall, no one, tape deck).
It is statistically the most productive process in English. If a learner knows
the meaning of the elements that form a compound, s/he will easily make sense
of a fairly large number of compounds.
Plurals of Compounds
«Compounds generally follow the regular rule by adding the regular -s
inflection to their last element...»
The following two compounds are exceptional in taking the inflection on
the first element:
44
45
passer-by/passers-by
listener-in/listeners-in
A few compounds ending in -ful usually take the plural inflection on the
last element, but have a less common plural with the inflection on the first
element:
mouthful/mouthfuls or mouthsful
spoonful/spoonfuls or spoonsful
Compounds ending in «-in-law» allow the plural either on the first element
or (informally) on the last element:
sister-in-law/sisters-in-law or sister-in-laws»
• Blending is very similar to compounding, but it is characterized by taking
only parts of words and joining them. Famous English examples include: smog
which combines smoke and fog, motel made of motor and hotel, Spanglish
which is combination of Spanish and English; and guesstimate, from guess
and estimate.
Skills Tryout
Practice
A. Underline the compounds.
1. The carnival was right near the high school.
2. Lucas could smell the sweet potatoes baking.
3. Mrs. Cortes bought lunch for her grandchildren.
4. Ramona and Miguel rode on the tilt-a-whirl.
5. It felt good to be outdoors in the warm sun.
6. The grass was turning green in the park playground.
7. The children rode through the fair on the fire track.
8. The people smiled and gave the truck the right-of-way.
9. Ramona won a prize tossing beanbags.
10. After dinner the family had ice cream.
B. Match the words in column A with the words in column В to form
compounds. Write each compound as one word.
A
1. day
2. news
3. hand
4. out
5. head
6. week
7. after
8. flag
9. rain
10. back
В
paper
bag
band
time
side
pole
yard
fan
end
noon
C. Use these ten words to write five compounds. The compounds
will be written as separate words.
1. microwave
2. post
3. track
4. tape
5. oven
Application THINKING and WRITING
Find at least ten compounds in a dictionary that are not included in
this lesson. Then use these words to make a matching test like the one in
Practice B. Trade tests with a classmate.
D. Write the ten one-word compounds and give their Russian equivalents.
earth + quake
side + walk
card + board
flash + light
spring + time
46
6. tow
7. measure
8. officer
9. card
10. police
touch + down
basket + ball
home + work
dragon + fly
egg + plant
47
E. Put one word from the box to form three compound nouns under
each letter. Check the spelling in your dictionary and give their Russian
equivalents.
board night ice rain day sports blood green site
land water road birthday case hand sun bag book
a) test, pressure, doner
b) camp, building, bomb
c) fall, melon, skiing
d) house, grocer, salad
e) club, mare, shift
f) brief, suit, book
g) paper, plastic, shoulder
h) bow, coat, drop
i) shine, rise, set
j) works, sign, rage
k) black, floor, notice
l) light, break, dream
m) shake, writing, book
n) cube, berg, rink
o) cake, present, card
p) scape, lady, slide
q) car, centre, ground
r) address, visitor’s, note
the beginning of Bovey’s trial on charges of destroying the local McDonald’s
last August. Bovey argued that the world’s biggest restaurant chain is the
unacceptable face of globalization, a supplier of «garbage food» and an engine
of cultural hegemony. Protests against McDonald’s are becoming increasingly
familiar in France, England, Germany and Italy. You might think that
Europeans hated McDonald’s, except for one inescapable fact: they ate $9.6
billion worth of burgers last year. There are now 4,943 McDonald’s in Europe,
and the company plans to raise the number to about 6,000 by 2002. McDonald’s
is not short of words when it comes to defending itself. First of all, they claim
that few multinational companies are more locally owned in the countries
where they are based. Secondly, they say they provide employment for 250,000
people (often derisively called `Mcjobs’). And finally, in a part of the world
where life is getting faster, McDonald’s is offering service and convenience to
help people cope with the pressures-while at the same time steering local diets
away from tradition and toward processed food.
CONVERSION
F. Complete the following sentences with a combination of: some, one,
any, body + no, thing, every, where. Interpret the sentences.
1. Put the picture
. I don’t mind where.
2. Does want a game of tennis?
3. What’s that noise? Can you hear screaming?
4. I’m going to the shops. Do you want ?
5. You look familiar. Haven’t I seen you
before?
6. She left the room without saying
.
7. Is there quiet we can go to talk in private?
8. That doesn’t look a very nice restaurant. Can we go
else?
9. 1 must have asked fifteen people, but
knows the answer.
10. Midas was a king in Greek mythology. he touched turned to gold.
G. a) Read the text and identify its topic and the problem. What do you
think of it?
b) Write down the examples of affixation and compounding from the text.
c) Translate the text.
McParadox
In Millau, a small town in France, some 15,000 protesters cheered yesterday
when local farmer activist Jose Bovey rode by in a hay wagon. This marked
48
A linguistic process that assigns an already existing word to a new word
class (part of speech) or syntactic category. This process is also known as a
functional shift or zero derivation. It is also a common way of producing new
words in the English language. Nouns start to be used as verbs like: bottle –
to bottle, bottling: I’m bottling the compote; butter – to butter, buttered: I’ve
buttered the bread. Also verbs can become nouns: must – a must: Watching
this film is a must; guess – a guess: It was a lucky guess.
Some words have the stress on different syllables depending on whether
they are a noun or a verb, for example: `import (noun) and im`port (verb).
Most words, however, do not change their stress but it is important to know
which syllable the stress is on.
Skills Tryout
Practice
A. Fill in the blanks with verbs. Give Russian equivalents to the following
word combinations.
Example:
to ... with specialists (a contact) - to contact with specialists;
to... on some problems (a compromise);
49
to... at the institute (a lecture);
to ... through the square (a parade);
to... with Bulgaria (a contract);
to... the experiment (a detail);
to... the Earth (an orbit);
to... for peace (a campaign);
to ... a policy of peace (an advocate);
to... in the war (a triumph);
to... a city (a ruin);
to ... at the talks (a dispute);
to ... on the result of the experiment (a base);
to ... to go to the front (a volunteer);
to ... about the results (a report);
to ... the pupils (a rest);
to ... attention on the problem (a focus);
to ... tourists (a guide);
to ... words of their trader (an echo);
to ... in the interests of the people (an act).
B. Translate the following sentences. In parentheses write down another
base words belonging to different parts of speech. Define their parts of
speech and give their Russian equivalents.
Example: The plane rocketed into the sky and disappeared, (a rocket - (n)
–ракета
1) The visit of the party delegation resulted in signing a new document.
2) Gagarin’s ship orbited the Earth two times.
3) Our country pioneered in space exploration.
4) All attention was centred on the famous actress.
5) These businessmen advocated only their own interests.
6) The Queen of the UK visited Russia.
7) The idea of peace was echoed by many other delegations at the World Forum.
8) The spaceship separated from the orbital station and started to the Earth.
Stop and Check
Task 1. Make words by adding a prefix or a suffix (or both) to the stems.
Check them up with a dictionary.
50
Prefixes
disiminintermisun-
Stems
agree
arrive
begin
employ
fertile
invite
like
sum
friend
nation
polite
hope
read
electric
possible
understand
Suffixes
-able
-al
-ation
-ize (aze)
-ation (ition)
-ее
-er
-ful
-ity
-ify
-less
-ment
-ness
-y
Task 2. Put the words you have made into groups:
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Task 3. Use the same suffixes and prefixes with other stems to make
words. Check them up.
Stems: organ; form; constitute; act; type; period; office; material; nation.
Task 4. Translate the text «WHY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IS
IMPORTANT FOR YOU» and identify all possible ways of word formation
(affixation, compounding and conversion).
WHY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IS IMPORTANT FOR YOU
People need to be active to be healthy. Our modern lifestyle and all the
conveniences we’ve become used to have made us sedentary - and that’s
dangerous for our health. Sitting around in front of the TV or the computer,
riding in the car for even a short trip to the store and using elevators instead
of stairs or ramps all contribute to our inactivity. Physical inactivity is as
dangerous to our health as smoking!
Add up your activities during the day in periods of at least 10 minutes each.
Start slowly ... and build up. If you’re already doing some light activities move
51
up to more moderate ones. A little is good, but more is better if you want to
achieve health benefits.
Scientists say accumulate 60 minutes of physical activity every day to
stay healthy or improve your health. Time needed depends on effort - as you
progress to moderate activities, you can cut down to thirty minutes, four days
a week. Physical activity doesn’t have to be very hard to improve your health.
This goal can be reached by building physical activities into your daily routine.
Just add up in periods of at least ten minutes each throughout the day. After
three months of regular physical activity, you will notice a difference - people
often say getting started is the hardest part.
Task 5. Write the verbs the following nouns were formed from:
trial, argument, information, copiability, openness.
Complete each sentence by forming a noun from the verb in brackets
and translate the sentences.
1. He made an
for the position of manager (apply)
2. We need her
before we can go ahead, (approve)
3. He made an
to see me at two o’clock. (arrange)
4. Have you got
of your booking yet? (confirm)
5. This time his
were not believed, (deny)
6. This new centre is an interesting
(develop)
7. He sued the company for unfair
. (dismiss)
8. I’m afraid
is hard to find round here, (employ)
9. She made a thorough
of the body, (examine)
10. He gave no
for his absence, (explain)
11. I hope to be a minister in the next
.(govern)
12. Has she got any kind of
on her?(identify)
13.His
definitely needs working on. (pronounce)
14. He made a
to proceed with sale. (recommend)
15. We were shocked by his
to see his son. (refuse)
16. I wish you a very happy
.(retire)
Task 6. Match each adjective on the left with a noun on the right. Use
each word once only. Find Russian equivalents of the word combinations
you’ve formed.
Set 1.
1. Faultless
2. Fearless
52
a) cruelty
b) driver
3. Harmless
4. Hopeless
5. Priceless
6. Reckless
7. Restless
8. Senseless
9. Tasteless
10. Worthless
c) food
d) fun
e) night
f) painting
g) performance
h) rubbish
i) situation
j) warrior
Set 2.
1. Cheerful
2. Delightful
3. Frightful
4. Harmful
5. Hopeful
6. Painful
7. Restful
8. Spiteful
9. Truthful
10. Useful
a) advice
b) answer
c) character
d) illness
e) mess
f) news
g) night
h) remarks
i) side-effects
j) weather
Chapter VII. SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS
• Synonyms are words that have almost the same meaning (at least in one
context).
• Antonyms are words that have the opposite meaning or nearly the
opposite (at least in one context).
In the lines below, each pair of underlined words is opposite in meaning.
Sing a song of people walking fast or slow;
People in the city, Up and down they go.
Words with opposite meaning, like fast and slow, are antonyms. Words can
also have similar meanings, like the underlined pair below.
53
People with their hats on, going in the doors;
People with umbrellas when it rains and pours.
(Lois Lenski)
Words with similar meaning, like rains and pours, are synonyms.
Application THINKING and WRITING
Skills Tryout
Beside each line write either the letter S (for synonym) or A (for antonym)
and interpret the sentences.
1. Felix looked left and right at all the buildings.
2. He had expected a tiny, little house.
3. This building was tall and towering.
4. People hurried in and out of the doors.
5. City life was certainly not calm and quiet.
Practice
A. Write each pair of words below. Then write S after each pair of
synonyms. Write A after each pair of antonyms.
1. boring, dull
2. bright, dim
3. smooth, level
4. narrow, wide
5. rush, hurry
6. loud, noisy
7. early, late
8. near, far
9. rough, jagged
10. like, dislike
B. Beside each line write the word in parentheses () that is a synonym for
the underlined word. Interpret the sentences.
11. Felix came from a small town, (big, little)
12. He thought it would be easy to find his way around in the city (simple,
hard).
13. The city was bigger than he thought, (newer, larger)
14. The buildings were huge, (old, gigantic)
15. Poor Felix felt very confused, (happy, puzzled)
C. Beside each line write the word in parentheses () that is an antonym
for the underlined word. Interpret the sentences
16. Anita arrived here at the same time as Felix, (left, came)
54
17. The streets were empty all day. (crowded, vacant)
18. Anita talked to all the people she met. (spoke, listened)
19. It took her a long time to make friends, (lengthy, short)
20. She never noticed how clean the streets were, (dirty, neat)
Study the test below and make a synonym test for your classmates. Use
ten pairs of synonyms and then trade you test to the classmates.
speak
jump
gigantic
petite
huge
tiny
talk
leap
D. Decide whether the word in parentheses () is a synonym or an
antonym for the underlined word. Then write S (for a synonym) or A (for
an antonym.)
a. Max tried to grow a tree, (attempted)
b. Leroy saved seeds, (keeps)
c. Janet threw the ball, (caught)
d. The pot was filled with moist soil, (damp)
e. Miki accepted our advice, (took)
f. Lets sell this car. (buy)
g. The cat was contented after it ate. (happy)
h. The last page of this book is missing. (first)
i. Mark was early. (late).
j. Some guests left before dessert. (several)
E. Give antonyms to the following words.
in
that
he
his
there
him
up
then
go
no
boy
end
mother
answer
high
near
add
never
started
right
close
life
often
white
stop
leave
friend
first
find
long
day
get
new
sound
take
little
alive
after
something
good
55
Stop and Check
F. Analogies - Thinking Skills or Test Items
Example: in - out - hot ® cold (To interpret this notation, say «In is to out
as hot is to
. Since the relationship here is one opposite, the word we’re
looking for is cold).
in - out - hot
ear - hear - mouth
one - two - three
snow - cold - sun
breakfast - lunch - morning
meat-beef-fruit
cells - skin - bricks
try - attempt - avoid
story - song - read
one - three - single
pen - broom - write
water - ship - air
glass - break - paper
book - character - recipe
mother - aunt - father
dog - bark - bird she - her - he
finger - hand - toe
bear - den - bee
boy - sister -girl
car - driver - plane
small - tiny - large
swim - pool - run
left - right - top
bird - sky - fish
glove - hand - boot
easy - simple - hard
blue - round - colour
date - calendar - time
win - lose - stop
minute - hour - day
princess - queen - prince
length - weight - inches
blind - deaf - see
wrist - hand - ankle
engine - go - brake
soap - clean - mud
silk - smooth - sandpaper
G. Similes - Words That Describe by Comparison. Write down
similes to complete pairs.
rich –wealth – sick
coffee - drink – hamburger
ceiling - room – lid
help - aid - gentle
moon - earth –earth
library - books - cupboard runners - sledge – wheel
tree - lumber – wheat
cabin - build - well
56
green – colour – cinnamon
arrow - bow - bullet
page - book - Ohio
paw - dog - fin
penny - dollar - food
much - little - early
bread - flour - butter
sing - pleased - shout
gentle-quickly-push
Task 1. Write synonyms to the words below.
Glance
Starting
Response
Demonstrate
Finish
Thought
Claim
Consider
require
portion
arrange
own
increase
sufficient
frequently
aid
Task 2. For each of the adjectives or verbs in A write its opposite in B
using a prefix. In column C write a synonym for the words in B, choosing
one of the words in the box.
exceptional, reserved, damage, vanish,
unbelievable, annoyed, biased, reveal, halt,
hazardous, redundant, unlikely, cruel, undo,
anonymous, amateur, deceitful, suspect, hostile, trivial
A
kind
honest
credible
appear
fair (equal)
pleased
continue
fasten
normal
employed
friendly
trust
professional
known
cover
B
C
57
Chapter VIII. FINDING WORDS IN A DICTIONARY
safe
use
probable
important
emotional
Task 3. Use the words given in capitals at the end of each line to form a
word that fits in the space in the same line.
HOW PLAY HAS CHANGED
The way children play has changed
over the
past fifty years In the past, parents did not have to fear for
the
of their children if they went out to play. Most
were communities in which everyone knew everyone
and children could be left to play
by adults.
In ____there was hardly any traffic and a street could
be
transformed into a football pitch or used for a
game of tag.
things are very different today. Apart from
the fact that our streets are much more
than they were
in the past, the last fifty years have seen the
of more and
more sophisticated games, of
course, the thousands
of computer games on the market.
Too much time spent alone with a computer may
damage the child’s
to form friendships with other
people.
CONSIDER
SAFE
NEIGHBOUR
SUPERVISE
ADD
EASY
FORTUNATE
DANGER
CREAT
INCLUDE
ABLE
Task 4. Translate the text into Russian.
Task 5. Write the examples of affixation, compound and conversion from
the text.
Task 6. Analyze the sentence set in bold in the text.
• Guide words in a dictionary show the first and the last entry word on a
page. A dictionary contains thousands of words in alphabetical order. Each
word that is defined is called an entry word. How can you find the word you
want? Luckily, there are some shortcuts to help you.
The first shortcut is to think of the dictionary in three parts: the front, a-g;
the middle, h-p; and the back, q-z. Think in which part your word appears.
Then open to that part. As a challenge, try to open to the first letters of the
word you want.
The second shortcut is to use the guide first three letters of the first entry
word on the page. The second guide is the first three letters of the last entry
word on the page. All the other entry words on the page fall between the guide
words in alphabetical order.
Skills Tryout
Tell in which part of the dictionary each word appears.
1. tradition 2. ballot 3. hive 4. mole 5. primitive 6. culture
Practice
A. Tell in which part front, middle, or back of the dictionary each word
appears.
1. rhyme 2. suburb 3. fantasy 4. customs 5. longitude 6. ancient 7. nature
8. hero 9. elastic
B. Guide words for dictionary pages
218-221 are shown at the right. Write
the page number for each entry words
10-25.
10. bushel
11. bygone
12. cactus
13. burglar
58
14. burlap
15. buttercup
16. cafeteria
17. cable
bunt 218 burro
burrow 219 butterfly
buttermilk 220 cabbage
cabin 221 calabash
18. cadet
19. buzzard
20. burnt
21. bureau
22. cabbage
23. caboose
24. burr
25. Business
59
С. Write above and below the following letters their right and left
«neighbours»
a
t
c
s
h
l
g
m
P
q
b
1
J. Read the text, identify its topic and the problem. Write down the list
of unfamiliar words and look them up in a dictionary. Translate the text.
THE IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH
0
D. Arrange the words in the alphabetical order.
invent, they, evening, give, yesterday, success, who, poor, freedom, among
E. Arrange the words in the alphabetical order up to the third letter in a
word.
a) sum, stress, some, son, stay, stand, safe, science, style.
b) scab, second, snap, sight, spread, seatbelt, square, slide, subtle
c) shrink, smack, senate, special, skirt, shape, stream, symbol, stunt
F. Arrange the following words in the alphabetical order up to the third
letter in a word.
air, are, motion, water, very, we, already, use, again, work, man, move,
same, heat, have, soon, way, state, gas, mixture.
G. Decipher the following abridged words and give their Russian
equivalents.
British or American, the language is basically the same, and its global
stature is backed up by massive English-language training programmes, an
international business that in textbooks, language courses, tape cassettes,
video programmes and computerized instruction — is worth hundreds of
millions of pounds or dollars to the economies of the US and the UK. The
English language is now one of Britain’s most reliable exports. In the ironic
words of the novelist Malcolm Bradbury, it is an ideal British product, ‘needing
no workers and no work, no assembly lines and no assembly, no spare parts
and very little servicing, it is used for the most intimate and the most public
services everywhere. We call it the English language ...‘Dr Robert Burchfield,
former Chief Editor of the Oxford English Dictionary, has remarked that
‘any literate, educated person on the face of the globe is deprived if he does
not know English’. The first level of the global sway of English is to be found
in those countries, formerly British colonies, in which English as a second
language has become accepted as a fact of cultural life that cannot be wished
away. In Nigeria, it is an official language; in Zambia, it is recognized as one of
the state languages; in Singapore, it is the major language of government, the
legal system and education.
adv., adj., abbr., conj., n., num., num. card., num. ord., part., pref., prep.,
pron., sing.,pl., v., sth., sing., C., U., det., sb., BrE., symb., IDM.
H. Look up the following words and define what part of speech they
belong to.
Chapter IX. CONTRACTIONS AND HOMOPHONES.
EXACT OR VAGUE NOUNS
Contractions
anchor
apiece
awesome
award
avoid
vehicle
vegetal
chair
cause
socket
pulley
plead
glass
gutter
I. Write down base forms of the following words.
Biggest, best, given, flies, drying, dying, stopped, worst, feet, better, least
60
• A contraction is a shortened form of two words.
You know that the pronoun I, you, she, he it, we and they are used as subjects
in sentences. These subject pronouns may be combined with the verbs am, is,
has, have, will, shall, and would: I’m; He’s; She’ll, They’d etc. The combined
forms are called contractions.
Each of the underlined words in the following conversation is a contraction.
61
Peggy: «Hello, Uncle Sy. I’m coming to Tennessee».
Uncle Sy: «We’re glad to have you.»
Peggy: «Г11 be arriving in a few days.»
Uncle Sy: «Your Daddy said he’d be coming, too.»
Peggy: «He’s packing his bags now.»
Homophones
• Homophones are words that sound alike but have different meanings and
spellings.
Study the contractions listed above. Notice that an apostrophe (‘) shows
where a letter or letters have been left out. Tell which letters are left out.
Skills Tryout
Say the contraction for each pair of words.
1. They have; 2. It is; 3.We will; 4.1 am; 5.You are.
Practice
A. Write the contractions for each pair of words.
1. I will
2. We are
3. He would
4. She has
5. They had
6. You would
7. It has
8. We shall
9. They are
10. She is
11. I had
12. You will
13. She had
14. I would
15. You have
B. Tell the full form of the contraction in each sentence.
16. I’m going camping in a Tennessee mountain range.
17. It’s called the Great Smoky Mountains.
18. The mountains look smoky because they’re covered with a blue-gray haze.
19. After camping we’ll go to Oak Rodge.
20. We’ve always wanted to visit the American Museum of Science and Energy.
21. We’re also planning a trip to Memphis.
22. I’d like to visit Nashville, too.
23. They’ve named it the country-music capital of the world.
24. You’ve probably heard of the Grand Ole Opera House.
25. Uncle Sy said he’d take us there for a concert.
C. Write the contraction for each pair of words
1) we would
4) they are
2) he is
5) I will
3) she has
6) we have
62
Read the poem below. Pay special attention to the underlined words.
For I, sir, ay yes, I eye a dear deer,
And a hare with hair that is half of a pair
While I pare a pear beside a new gnu
And shoo a bear bare away from my shoe
And all this I do at ten to two, too!
Eve Merriam
Words like I and eye or pair, pare, and pear are called homophones. They
sound alike but their meanings and spellings are different.
The possessive pronouns their, its, and your are often confused with the
contractions they‘re, it’s, and you‘re. These homophones are underlined in
the sentences below.
1. They’re playing with their dog.
2. It`s a shame that the dog dropped its bone in the water.
3. You’re afraid of your own reflection, Rover!
Skills Tryout
Name the six pairs of homophones in the lines below.
For I had four cents for fare for the fair,
But it didn’t make sense to go in
Where I’d wear a tie that was not in a knot,
So instead I watched blue smoke that blew,
And then flew straight up the flue.
Eve Merriam
Practice
A. Beside each line write down the full form of the homophones.
a) It’s hard to start a story when its ending is not clear.
b) They’re trying to keep their words simple.
63
c) Be sure you’re using your best ideas.
d) It’s a story about a castle and its hidden treasure.
e) Their search ended down there in the dungeon.
B. Beside each line write down the homophones in the parentheses ()
that correctly complete the sentences.
1. The (night, knight) was cold and the wind (blue, blew).
2. We could (here, hear) wolves howling at the (pail, pale) moon.
3. We wanted to (flea, flee) but we didn’t (no, know) how.
4. Then we saw the (sale, sail) of the ship out at (sea, see).
5. (Our, Hour) own boat had a (whole, hole) in its bottom.
6. What could we (dew, do) to make them (sea, see) us?
7. (Eye, I) (knew, new) there was only (one, won) way.
8. We had to (meat, meet) them out (there, they’re).
9. Janet took a (pale, pail) to (bale, bail) out the boat.
10. Craig brought (eight, ate) life jackets and an (or, oar).
11. «(I’ll, Aisle) wave a (peace, piece) of cloth,» I said.
12. (Would, Wood) we make it to (their, they’re) ship?
13. «(Bee, Be) brave and row (right, write) to the ship!»
14. Suddenly we (herd, heard) the ship’s captain call, «Ahoy (there, their)!»
15. He had (seen, scene) us!
C. Underline the homophones in each sentence.
21. Dear, there’s a deer in the road.
22. We ate dinner at eight o’clock.
23. Lee put the pale flowers in a pail.
24. A great amount of water poured through the grate.
25. Stan can’t wait to lose some weight.
26.1 have never seen a more beautiful scene.
27. That is not a square knot.
28. A spark flew up the flue.
29. They’re using their own ideas.
D. Write down the list of Russian homophones.
E. Find, which of the three words on the right is pronounced the same as
the word and give their Russian equivalents.
64
Bear
Caught
Fair
Groan
Heel
Hire
Road
Sent
Sweet
Weak
beer
cord
fare
groin
hill
higher
wrote
scent
sweat
wake
bare
court
fear
grown
hail
high
rude
send
suite
week
buyer
coat
fire
growing
heal
hair
rode
saint
suit
wick
F. a) Read the text, identify its topic and the problem.
b) Find the examples of different word – building forms and put them
down.
c) Write down the Topic Sentence and some Supporting Sentences
from the text.
d) Translate the text.
CHILDREN FOR WHOM SCHOOL HAS NO POINT
Many children do not go to school either because their parents want them at
home as carers for siblings, or simply because their parents cannot be bothered
to send them. Thousands more are not registered at any school at all, because
of their families’ unstable lives.
Underlying this dreadful situation there are two central truths. First of
all, the problem of children not going to school often has more to do with
their parents than with the children themselves. Secondly, once children go to
school, we need to make sure that the experience is a positive one so that they
want to keep on going.
In Britain, the Ministry of Education has introduced a complex package of
sticks and carrots to persuade schools to bring truants and excluded children
back into the classroom. It is paying grants so that a thousand schools can set
up special units to help these children. Schools receive the grant if they bring
a target number of children back to school; if they do not meet the target, the
grant is withdrawn. Parents are the subject of this campaign, too: the Home
Office has introduced fines for parents who fail to send their children to school,
and has given the police power to pick up truants on the streets.
65
*truant = a person who is absent without leave, esp. from school
Exact or Vague Nouns?
Nouns may be: vague – not clearly felt, understood, described, have wider
range of meaning or exact – clearly felt, understood, correct, have more
definite meaning.
Compare the sentences:
1. A book is a useful tool for a writer.
2. A thesaurus is a useful tool for a writer.
They are very much alike, but one of them is more exact than the other:
book – is the vague noun and thesaurus – is a more exact noun. Some other
exact nouns for book are: dictionary; atlas; encyclopedia; storybook.
Compare the sentences. Find an exact and vague noun.
1. We usually eat out on a week day.
2. We usually eat out on Wednesday.
Now replace nouns without using clues. Find the vague words in each
sentence below. Think of a more exact noun that could replace it. Write them
beside the sentences.
1. Nathan borrowed my tool, but he never returned it.
2. A person entertained us at the charity bazaar.
3. Lou Belle is always the winner when we play a game.
4. The invention is a great time-saver.
5. We went swimming in the body of water.
6. These shoes are worn-out.
The noun Game
Here is a list of vague nouns. What exact nouns could replace each one? 2
minutes for each vague noun. Be sure that they could replace the vague noun
in a sentence.
hobby
insect
vegetable
sport
relative
house
Find a classmate who chose the same vague noun. Compare your lists.
The Nouns Switch
In each sentence replace the underlined word or words with a more
exact noun.
66
Clothes are sold in department stores.
Jackets are sold in department stores.
1. Our day at the fair was ruined by the weather.
2. Babby almost forgot to bring the food to the picnic.
3. Allison used a colour in her painting.
4. The worker answered the telephone.
5. Put your suitcase in the room.
6. Is it time for the meal yet?
Example:
Task 1. Read and translate the Text «Life on Earth». Try to guess the
meaning of unfamiliar words using «aids» to understand words.
«Aids» to understand words:
Context
International words
Ways of Word-formation
LIFE ON EARTH
After 3,500 million years of evolution, it is estimated that there are now
3xl033, or 3,000 quintillion (or 3,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,
000) living things on earth.
Of these, 75 per cent are bacteria, and 0.000,000,000,000,000,000,000013 %
are human beings.
The Species
There are probably between 5 and 10 million different species of plants,
animals and other life-forms on earth. Only a small percentage of these are
known, but they include 1,300,000 species of animals and 300,000 species of
plants.
There are about three million species of insects, but only one million have
names.
The Most Successful Species
The most successful form life are insects. They began evolving 1,000
million years before humans, they can live in places where we can’t – and
there are twelve million of them for every human.
A column of air 1.7 kilometres square, beginning 15 metres above the
ground and extending up to 4,270 metres, contains an average of 25 million
insects - as well as large quantities of seeds, bacteria and pollen. Most of
these are light-bodied insects such as small flies, wasps and lice; but wingless
insects, mites and spiders have been found at high altitude.
67
The most successful life-form of any kind are bacteria. They can withstand
6.6 million roentgens of radiation (650 roentgens will kill a human); they can
live in boiling acids, and at the bottom of the sea and, as NASA reported in
1967, they have been found on the edge of space, at a height of 41,150 metres.
The Largest Animal
The smallest animal is a cell. The largest living animal (and probably the
largest there has ever been) is the blue whale. The record is presently held by
a female blue whale measuring 34.6 metres. Blue whales (along with rorqual
whales and some other species) average out at approximately 4.8 tonnes per
metre in length, so this creature weights more than 170 tonnes. This is the
same as 35 elephants, or 2,380 human beings, or 136 million pygmy shrews
(the smallest living mammals).
The Fastest Animal
The fastest physical action of any organism is the wing-beat of a common
midge (Forcipomyia). It normally beats its wings 57,000 times a minute, but
it can
beat its wings 133,000 times a minute.
The fastest movements in human beings is the blink of an eye, which
takes about l/25th of a second.
The Human Biomass
At the moment, there are about 5.5 thousand million people on earth.
They occupy a volume of283,000 million cubic metres, and weigh about 115
million tonnes, with an increase of one million tonnes each year.
This is nothing. The insects still outweigh us by three to one.
Task 2. Study the following synonyms. Compare them: which of them
are exact words and which of them are vague ones.
Task 3. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.
Choose the most appropriate words for the underlined ones.
I. to estimate, to calculate, to compute
1. Прошлым летом мы хотели отдохнуть у моря.
2. Папа прикинул, что нам потребуется около 30 тыс. рублей, чтобы
хорошо провести время.
3. Но когда мы подсчитали все расходы: авиабилеты, гостиница, питание - мы поняли, что мы не можем себе это позволить.
4. Тогда мой брат составил программу расчета рациональных затрат и
вычислил, что отдыхать у моря зимой или ранней весной вполне нам по
карману.
П. to consist of, to compose, to include, to contain, to comprise, to
constitute.
1. Из чего состоит этот спортивный комплекс?
2. Он включает в себя спортивный зал, корт и бассейн.
3. Дорожка для бега, сектор для метания и прыжков в высоту и длину
образуют другой легкоатлетический комплекс.
4. А в этом спортивном комплексе есть гимнастический зал?
III. to develop, to evolve
1. Прошли столетия, прежде чем обезьяна превратилась в человека.
2. Сколько времени понадобится, чтобы проявить пленку?
3. Я посадил это дерево, когда пошел в школу. За 8 лет это маленькое,
тонкое растеньице превратилось в сильное, красивое дерево.
4. Я тебя не понимаю. Ты можешь развить свою мысль?
IV. to extend, to strech out, to continue
1. Территория России протянулась на многие тысячи километров.
2. Я покинул страну во время войны. Моя эмиграция растянулась на
десятилетия.
Stop and Check
Task 1. Fill in the gaps in the sentences, using the correct form of the
word in brackets.
• -en
• -ize
• en• -ify
68
69
1. Carnivals are usually held in February or March, when the days are
beginning to
[LONG].
2. Some people
them and say they’re a waste of time and money
because no one works during carnival time. [CRITIC]
3. Foreigners are often
when they hear our village carnival lasts a
whole week. [HORROR]
4. But I think carnivals
up our lives. [BRIGHT]
5. Making the costumes
us to use our imagination and creativity.
[ABLE]
6. Carnival also
our sense of tradition. [STRONG]
Task 2.
a)Read the text, fill in the gaps with an appropriate part of speech
derived from the base form in brackets.
b) Translate the text.
An (amaze) (discover)
In 1993 an amazing discovery was made in the (Siberia) mountains. A team
of (archeology) found a woman – she was 2,500 years old. They called her
the Ice Maiden because the ice had preserved her body, her clothes and her
(possess). They discovered that she was from Pazyryk people who had once
lived there. And by looking at her things, they (real) that she must have been
someone very special. But who was she? And what was her (pose) in society?
The team found that the Ice Maiden was one metre seventy in (heigh) –
(extreme) tall for a woman at that time. It is not clear why she was so tall – she
might have had extra food because of her status.
The Ice Maiden was dressed (exact) like a man, which means that she could
have worked as a soldier. And only important people wore tall headdresses –
she was wearing a metre-tall headdress. It was covered in gold which clearly
showed that she was a rich and (power) woman.
The archeologists found a large hole in the back of her head. This was
(probable) a part of the process for (preserve) important people when they
died. This young woman clearly can’t have been an ordinary member of society.
Her body was covered with (fabula) tattoos. The archeologists now think
that she must have been a (story tell). They were very important members of
the Pazyryk society. They (memory) the history of their people and used the
tattoos of animals to (illustration) the stories. In this way they passed on the
(believe) and traditions to future (generate).
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Task 3. a) Analyze the sentences set in bold.
b) Above each word in the sentence write their word class.
c) Write down 3 examples of affixation, compounding and
conversion from the text.
Task 4. Write down the one word that doesn’t belong to the following
groups.
1.
inhabitant
settler
migrantresident
2.
sufficientsubstantialenoughadequate
3.
exploreinvestigateexploitsearch
4.
violentviciousvictimhostile
5.
beneficial
usefulessentialprofitable
6.
distribute
exportsupplyreceive
7.
avoidignoreneglectrefuse
8.
sufferendurewithstand
survive
9.
remotedistinctfardistant
10.
mainlypredominantlypartlyprincipally
Task 5. For each adjective below write its two opposites from the list in
the box.
1. awful
2. interested
3. mean
4. old
5. poor
6. pleased
7. tidy
8. ugly
annoyed, fed up, generous, handsome, marvelous, messy, modern,
wealthy, new, rich, good-looking, wonderful, kind, untidy, angry, bored.
Chapter X. CONTEXT WITH CONTRASTING WORDS
MULTIFUNCTIONAL WORD «ONE»
The meaning of a word is often found in its context – the other words with
71
which it is used and which help you come up with fairly accurate definitions.
Pretest
Each passage below contains a word in italics. If you read the passage, you
will find a clue to the meaning of this word in an opposite word (antonym) or
a contrasting idea.
Below each passage, write (a) the clue that led you to the meaning, and (b)
the meaning itself and the Russian equivalent. The answers for the first two
passages have been filled in for you as examples.
1. «That you, Joe?» he asked ...
«Who else could it be?» I retorted. - William R. Scott
a. CLUE: Retorted is the opposite of «asked».
b. MEANING: Retorted means «answered» – резко ответить
2. Some substances that cause cancer were once regarded as nocarcinogenic.
a. CLUE: Nocarcinogenic is contrast with «that causes cancer»
b. MEANING: No carcinogenic means «not cancer-causing» –
неконцерогенный, не вызывающий рак
3. At this stage we cannot tell whether the new regulations will be to our
advantage or detriment.
4. If his health ameliorates, he will stay on the job; if he becomes worse, he
will have to resign.
5. In this firm the industrious are promoted and the indolent are encouraged
to leave.
6. Parents, I suppose, were as much a problem formerly as they are today. Gretchen Finletter.
7. If you are going to get up before dawn tomorrow, you had better retire
by 11 P.M.
8. Evidence presented at the trial of the two public officials showed that they
had subverted the laws they were supposed to uphold.
9. Many who used fuel are conserving it, now that it has become so much
expensive.
10. Only one lower wing and the landing gear had been completely
demolished. The rest of the machine was virtually intact.
11. Those who volunteered to help turned out to be more of an impediment
than an aid.
12. The Sullivan’s home, which used to stand on this corner, was erected in
1929 and razed in 1992.
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13. Time has proved that Seward’s purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867
for $ 7,200,000 was wisdom, not folly.
14. When millions face starvation, we cannot be parsimonious in doing out
aid; we must be generous.
15. ...A wave of rebelliousness ran through the countryside. Bulls which
had always been tractable suddenly turn savage, sheep broke down hedges and
devoured clover, cows kicked the pail over... George Orwell.
16. Children will tell how old they are, but older people inclined to be
reticent about their age.
17. The organization is trying to put on a show of harmony though there is
deep conflict within its ranks.
18. Those who heeded our advice did well; those who ignored it did not.
19. Her learner’s permit is still in effect but mine is invalid.
20. There once was a society in Hawaii for the special purpose of introducing
exotic birds. Today when you go to the islands, you see, instead of the exquisite
native birds that greeted Captain Cook, mynas from India, cardinals from the
United States or Brazil doves from Asia.
Study Your New Words, Group 1
You have just defined twenty new words simply by contrasting them with
other words or expressions in the context. Now, to reinforce your grasp of these
words and make them a part of your active vocabulary, study the following:
WORD
Ameliorate (v.)
MEANING
become better; improve
(ant. worsen)
Amelioration (n.) improvement
Conserve (v.)
keep from waste, loss or
decay; save (ant. waste)
Conservationalist one who advocates the
(n.)
conservation of natural
resources
Detriment (n.)
injury; damage;
disadvantage
TYPICAL USE
We expected business
conditions ameliorate,
but they grew worse.
One way to conserve water
is to repair leaking faucets.
Skipping meals can be a
detriment to your health.
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Exotic (adj.)
Folly (n.)
Formerly (adv.)
Former (adj.)
Harmony (n.)
Ignore (v.)
1) introduced from
another country; foreign
(ant. native);
2) strikingly unusual;
strange
lack of good sense; foolish
action or undertaking
(ant. wisdom)
in an early period;
previously (ant. now)
preceding; previous (ant.
latter)
peaceable or friendly
relations; accord;
agreement; tranquility
(ant. conflict;
disharmony)
refuse to take notice of;
disregard (ant. heed)
Ignoramus (n.)
ignorant, stupid person;
dunce
impediment (n.)
sth that hinders or
obstruct; nindrance;
obstacle (ant. aid)
Impede (v.)
interfere with or slow
the progress of; hinder;
obstruct
disposed to avoid exertion;
lazy; idle;
lethargic (ant. industrious)
Indolent (adj.)
The chrysantamum is an
exotic plant; it was introduced from Orient.
This wallpaper has an
exotic charm.
It is folly to go on a long
drive with a nearly empty
gas tank.
Our physics instructor
was formerly an engineer.
A boundary dispute is
making it impossible for
the neighbours to live in
harmony.
You may get into serious
accident if you ignore a
full-stop sign.
A person’s lack of education is often an impediment to advancement.
Invalidate (v.)
Invalid (n.)
Noncancenoginic
(adj.)
Parsimonious
(adj.)
Parsimony (n.)
Raze (v.)
Reticent (adj.)
Retire (v.)
I was so comfortable
in reclining chair that I
became indolent and did
not feel like studying.
Indolence (n.)
idleness; laziness
Intact (adj.)
untouched by anything
The tornado demolished
damages or diminishes;
the barn but left the farmleft complete or entire;
house intact.
uninjured (ant. imperfect)
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Invalid (adj.)
Retort (v., n.)
Subvert (v.)
not valid; having no
The court have ruled that a
force or effect; void (ant. force confession is invalid
valid, binding in law)
and cannot be introduced
as evidence.
abolish; annul
sickly or disabled person
not producing or
Cancer causing ingredi
tending to produce
ents must be replaced
cancer (ant.
by others that are noncancerogenic)
cancerogenic.
unduly sparing in the
Some accuse the
spending of money;
government of being too
stingy (ant. generous)
generous in finding road
improvement and too parsimonious in financing
education.
stinginess;
parsimoniousness
(ant. generosity)
destroy utterly by
The building was so badly
tearing down; level to
damaged in the fire that it
the ground (ant. erect) had to be razed.
inclined to be silent or Have you noticed that
secretive; uncommuni- people who boast about
cative (ant. frank)
their success are reticent
about their failures.
withdraw from active
I plan to retire at 65.
duty or business; go to Please, do not phone after
bed (ant. rise)
10 p.m. because my folks
retire early.
quick, witty or sharp
reply; reply sharply
(ant. ask)
overturn or overthrow
from the foundation;
undermine (ant.
uphold)
We are subverting our fuelconservation efforts when
we heat rooms that are not
occupied.
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Tractable (adj.)
easily lead, taught or
controlled; yielding;
docile
Tractability (n.)
obedience
A child who misbehaves
may be more tractable in a
small group than in a large
one.
Stop-and-Check
Apply What You Have Learned
Task 1. Sentence completion
Which choice, A or B, makes the sentence correct? Write the letter of your
answer in the space provided.
1. When I heard the noise, I ignored it. I went
(A) on with my work (B) to investigate
2. The more we conserve heat, the
fuel we have for future use.
(A) more
(B) less
3. It is folly to
.
(A) apply your brakes suddenly on an icy road
(B) reduce your speed drastically in a thick fog
4. The reticent witness provided
details.
(A) few
(B) abundant
5. I like
food, but I also have a craving for exotic dishes.
(A) foreign
(B) American
6. You would not expect parsimonious person to
.
(A) collect bits of string
(B) spend freely
7. Because of
, the company is doing its utmost to ameliorate
service.
(A) a shortage of raw materials
(B) customer complaints
8. The stolen jewels were found intact;
was missing.
(A) nothing
(B) a diamond ring
9. Most of the listeners were tractable; they
the speaker’s instructions.
(A) readily followed
(B) totally disregarded
10. Carcinogenic materials
to our health.
(A) are a threat
(B) pose no danger
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Task 2. Concise writing
Express the thought of each sentence below in no more than four words.
The first two sentences have been rewritten as examples.
1. «Wait outside!» he replied in a sharp and angry tone of voice.
«Wait outside» he retorted.
2. We are opposed to the waste, mismanagement, and destruction of our
natural resources.
We are conservationists.
3. The advice that they have been given is doing more harm than good.
4. His inclination to exert himself as little as possible is self-defeating.
5. Is there a possibility that friendly relations can be restored?
6. The house that they lived in was levelled to the ground.
7. All the things that belong to her arrived with nothing missing or damaged.
8. At an earlier period of time, land could be bought for very little money.
9. Wills that have not been signed are not binding in law.
10. What time was it when you went to bed for the night?
Task 3. Close reading
Carefully read the statements below and answer the questions
STATEMENTS
• A fallen tree was blocking traffic on Bainbridge Road.
• The Z Company had a disastrous year but decided to stay in business.
• Russ has said very little about what had happened.
• Angela’s motto was «Take it easy.» She could have done much more if she
had wanted, but she kept saying, «Why kill myself?»
• Our new storm door has reduced heat loss.
• The ABC Company’s employees had never gone on strike.
• Billy refused to remain in his seat, despite the plea of his parents and the
usher.
• While the rest of us were to sell tickets, one member of the cast was
privately telling people that the play was not worth seeing.
• Despite her large income, Alicia bought only the barest necessities.
• The refugees perished in the avalanche, but the inn from which they had
fled suffered no damage.
QUESTIONS
1. What was impeding something?
2. Who was intractable?
77
3. Who seemed indolent?
4. Who was reticent?
5. Who appeared to be parsimonious?
6. What was helping to conserve something?
7. Who probably expected some amelioration?
8. Who was subversive?
9. Who seemed to be enjoying harmony?
10. What was left intact?
Task 4. Antonyms
Complete the sentences by inserting the antonyms of the italicised word.
Select your antonyms from pages below.
1. Truly, I do not care whether you heed my suggestion or
it.
2. Now that the conflict is over
may soon be restored.
3. As an officer of the club, you should uphold the construction, not
it.
4. I cannot see the wisdom of your actions; they are pure
.
5. Usually I rise at 6:45 A.M. and
by 11 P.M.
6. The newcomer, unruly at first, is becoming more
.
7. Not all the trees on the school grounds are native to our soil. Some are
.
8. An early start, we thought, would worked as an advantage, but it turned
out to be to our
.
9.
, she worked as a bookkeeper. Now she is studying for a law degree.
10. Did the medicine
your condition or worsen it?
Task 5. Brainteasers.
Fill in the missing letters, as in the following sample:
Task 6.
a) Read the text and define the topic and the problem of the text.
b) In each paragraph underline the Topic Sentence and 1-2 Supporting
Sentences.
c) Translate the text.
WHY DO STUDENTS DROP OUT OF SCHOOL?
Some American high schools have a dropout rate of up to 50 %. There
are many reasons for students leaving school. For two thirds of the dropouts
motivation is the problem. They can’t just work hard enough. Almost half of
them said that they had missed so many classes that they could not catch up
any more. Many said that they were not prepared well enough in their earlier
school. For a third of them getting a job was more important than finishing
school.
High school dropouts have more problems in society and in their future
lives. They are more likely to be unemployed or live in poverty. There is also a
big difference in income if you compare high school dropouts with graduates.
According to data by the US Census bureau, Americans with a bachelor’s
degree earn about $ 50,000, those with a high school diploma about $ 28,000
and dropouts only about $ 20,000.
Many pupils do not understand the implications of dropping out of school.
They often demand better teachers, more lessons to catch up in subjects and
more help with learning problems. Some schools have adapted to this situation.
They offer evening classes or allow students to come back at a later age.
Task 7. Study the list of synonyms. Say which words are more exact in
meaning.
He knows math, but in art and literature he is a(n) i g n о ram u s.
1. Skipping breakfast may be
men
to your health.
2. Please step aside. You are imp
our progress.
3. Turn off that noise. Let’s have some peace and
ill
.
4. When its own crops fail, a nation must buy food from
tic sources.
5. A licence that expired yesterday is no longer
lid.
6.
vat
can can help prevent future shortages.
7. Though formerly enemies, they are now on . arm
terms
8. Our sugar is
dig
, but our tea is imported.
9. Did he tell you anything, or is he still
cat
?
78
Multifunctional word «one»
Functions of the word one:
1. Numeral.
2. Word-substitute.
79
3. Impersonal subject.
4. Impersonal object
You use «one» or «ones» instead of a noun that has already been mentioned
or is known in the situation, usually when you want to avoid repetition or are
adding information, or contrasting two things of the same kind.
My car is the blue one.
Don’t you have one with buttons instead of a zip?
Are the new curtains longer than the old ones?
You can use «which one» or «which ones» in questions.
Which one do you prefer?
Which ones were damaged?
You can say «his one» «that one», «these ones» and «those ones»
I like this one better.
We’ll have those ones, thank you.
You can say «each one» and «one each», but note there is a difference in
meaning. In the following examples «each one» means «each brother» but
«one each» means «one for each child».
I’ve got three brothers each one lives in a different city.
I bought the children toys, one each.
In formal English <one> is used as an impersonal subject to refer to people in general.
One has to think of the practical side of things.
One never knows what to say in such situations.
Task 8. Define the functions of the word «one» in the following sentences
and translate them.
1. Glasgow-born Marcia will be remembered as one of Scotland’s
outstanding theatre comics.
2. Common Market is one of the means to improve economic status of a country.
3. When one hears such thoughtless declarations, one must realize that one
has to face here a fundamental misconception.
4. Discretion is another necessary quality one finds highly developed in
interpreters. They often participate in the most confidential and far-reaching
discussions, and delegates must feel that they can speak freely.
5. The only items remaining on the agenda were the ones listed in the
Journal for 16 February.
6. The new Cabinet shows significant changes, both personal and
constructional, from the old one.
80
7. The decision was not an easy one to make.
Task 9. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.
1. Следует оценить свои возможности прежде, чем демонстрировать
свои амбиции.
2. Нужно регулярно заниматься спортом.
3. Чтобы достичь цели, надо приложить все усилия.
4. Мне нравятся его картины, а вот эта – самая любимая.
5. Покажите мне эту игрушку, и вон ту.
6. Чаще всего мы помним радостные события, особенно те, которые
произошли в детстве.
7. Разве еще никто не закончил сочинение?
Task 10. Translate the following sentences and define the function of «one».
1. The similarity one finds in this case is not accidental.
2. The new device enables one to examine the process more thoroughly.
3. It is not easy to convince one in the reality of these facts.
4. Even the fastest of the heavy molecules move slowly compared with the
light ones.
5. The steady state of the gas is supposed to be one which gives no one
direction preference over another.
6. No one could fold a piece of paper in this way.
7. It takes one much time to make all necessary calculations.
8. One is to make a lot of experiments to make sure that his observation is
adequate.
9. One may ask as well why the two sheets of paper fly apart.
10. I like neither this plan nor that one.
11. There is one thing left to do.
12. On the one hand he is right, on the other hand I don’t want to follow
his advice.
13. We shall overcome one day.
Task 11. Use one (or ones) in the blank where possible, otherwise use the
appropriate noun.
1. Are you in the living room or in the dining
2. Do you have nylon stockings or silk
?
3. Did you have a vanilla sundae or a chocolate
4. Does he have a silver watch or a gold
?
?
?
81
5. I know there is a physics test. I’m not sure if there is a biology
6. Did he build a wood house or a brick
?
?
Stop and Check
Task 1. Choose the right form from the parentheses and underline it.
Interpret the sentences.
1. I’ll take the (ones/one) I’ve paid for.
2. In such a situation one must rely on (ones/one’s) common sense.
3. (ones/one’s) first duty is to protect (ones/one’s) family.
4. This seat is free, but these (ones/one’s) are reserved.
5. Surely there’s nothing more precious than (ones/one’s) life.
6. One always praises the (ones/one’s) who have worked hardest to succeed.
Task 2. Translate the sentences into English using the word «one».
1. Чем больше читаешь, тем больше узнаешь.
2. У меня есть много фильмов, интересных.
3. Нужно регулярно заниматься спортом.
4. Я купила мороженое, всем по одному.
5. Никто никогда не знает, что делать в такой ситуации.
6. Это именно тот предмет, который можно изучать самостоятельно.
Task 3. Translate the sentences below into Russian.
1. Can one be an unbeliever?
2. One feels *impelled (*push forward) to touch all with one’s fingertips.
3. Only so one can truly experience a plant.
4. One can learn much about a flower when studying it from a botanic aspect.
5. One little girl in particular kissed her tenderly.
6. One of her hands is still a clenched fist.
7. He is not one of those children who are a trouble to get to bed.
8. The formative forces work in a different manner in each of children and
the ones give rise to different states of soul.
Task 4. a) Read the text and identify the topic and the problem.
A DANGEROUS GAME TO PLAY
The legal limit for driving after drinking alcohol is 80 milligrams of alcohol
in 100 millilitres of blood when tested. But there is no sure way of telling how
much you can drink before you reach this limit. It varies with each person
82
depending on your weight, your sex, if one’s eaten and what sort of drinks
one’s had. Some people might reach their limit after only about three standard
drinks. In fact, your driving ability can be affected by just one or two drinks.
Even if you’re below the legal limit, you could still be taken to court if a police
officer thinks your driving has been affected by alcohol. It takes about one
hour for the body to get rid of the alcohol in one standard drink. So, if you
have a heavy drinking session in the evening you might find that your driving
ability is still affected the next morning, or you could even find that you’re
still over the legal limit. In a test with professional drivers, the more alcoholic
drinks they had had the more certain they were that they could drive a test
course through a set of movable posts... and less able they were to do it! So the
only way to be sure you’re safe is not to drink at all. Alcohol is a major cause
of road traffic accidents. One in three of the drivers killed in road accidents
have levels of alcohol which are over the legal limit, and road accidents after
drinking are the biggest cause of death among young men. More than half
of the people stopped by the police to take a breathalyzer test have a blood
alcohol concentration more than twice the legal limit.
b) Identify functions of the word «one» in the text above.
c) Translate the text.
Chapter XI. CONTEXT WITH SIMILAR WORDS
Often you can learn the meaning of an unfamiliar word from a similar
word or expression in the context. Do you know what remote means? If not,
you can learn it from the following passage:
There lay a young man, fast asleep - sleeping so soundly, so deeply, that he
was far, far away from them both. Oh, so remote... – (Katherine Mansfield)
The context teaches us that remote means «far».
Let’s try one more. Find the meaning of reluctantly in the next passage.
My mother scolded me for my thoughtlessness and made me say goodbye to them. Reluctantly I obeyed her, wishing that I did not have to do so.
(Richard Wright)
The clue here is in the words wishing that I did not have to do so. They
suggest that reluctantly means «unwillingly».
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Pre-test
Write the meaning of the italicised word. (Hint: Look for a similar word or
expression in the context.)
1. Mr. Smith had already become acquainted with British cinemas in small
towns. Also, he was a Southern Californian and had that familiarity with
movies that belongs to all Southern Californians.
cinema means
2. Burke tossed the circular into the wastebasket without perusing it. He
never reads junk mail.
perusing means
3. The dealer asked for $ 1200. He spurned my offer of $ 1100, and when I
went to $ 1150, he refused that too.
spurned
4. Your galls whistling me. In fact, your entire behaviour irritates me.
galls means
5. I said the water was tepid. She didn’t believe me. She tested it herself to
see if it was lukewarm.
tepid means
6. Eileen and I hated the book «Bird Life for Children», so we were quite
prepared to despise birds when we started off that morning on our first walk..
despise means
7. Everyone brimmed with enthusiasm. Carl was particular ebullient.
ebullient means
8. She is eager to bet me she will win the match, but I told her I do not
wager.
wager means
9. A fight started between two of the opposing athletes. Several of their
teammates joined in. It was quite a scuffle.
scuffle means
10. The picture changed and spot began to wane. The good many factors
contributed to the decline of spot.
wane means
11. Later I realized I had made some inane remarks, and I was ashamed of
myself for having been so silly.
inane means
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12. She was supposed to be indemnified – the repair bill came to $ 180 – but
she has not yet been repaid.
indemnified means
13. Doreen is quite finicky about her penmanship. I am much less fussy
finicky means
14. The fact is, we have all been a good deal puzzled because the affair is so
simple, and yet baffles us altogether.
baffles means
15. Though the starting salary is only $ 300 a week, Roberta has been
promised an early promotion and a higher stipend.
stipend means
16. They exhorted us to join them for dinner, but we resisted their urging
and thanked them very much.
exhorted means
17. When an Englishman has anything surprising to tell he never
exaggerates it, never overstates it.
exaggerates means
18. I know how to charge a tire, but tuning an engine is beyond my expertise,
expertise means
19. Asians who have never been to the Occident learn much about Western
culture from films and television.
Occident means
20. Gerald suspected we were being watched, «Really?» I asked. «What
makes you think we are under surveillance?»
surveillance means
Study New Words
You have just tried to define twenty new words with the help of similar
words or expressions in the context. To strengthen your grasp of these words
study the following:
WORD
baffle(v.)
MEANING
bewildered; perplex;
fill with confusion;
frustrate
TYPICAL USE
At last, we have found
a solution to a problem
that has been baffling
us.
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cinema (n)
movies; motion; picture Which do you like
industry
better, TV or the
cinema?
art of making motion
pictures
gall (v.)
make sore; irritate men- Why are you in such
tally; annoy; vex
a bad mood? What is
galling you?
Gall (n.)
despise (v.)
look down on with
contempt or disgust;
loathe; regard as
inferior (ant. admire)
brazen behaviour;
nerve (ant. meekness)
inane (adj.)
lacking significance or
sense; pointless; silly;
insipid
despicable (adj.)
worthy of contempt;
contemptible (ant.
laudable)
inanity (n.)
foolishness;
shallowness or injury;
reimburse; repay
ebullient (adj.)
overflowing with enthusiasm; exuberant
cinematography (n.)
exaggerate (v.)
exhort (v.)
overstate; go beyond
the limits of the actual
truth (ant. minimize)
arose by words; advise
strongly; urge
The world admires
heroes and despise
cowards.
Hundreds of ebullient
fans thronged the
airport to greet the new
champions.
You exaggerated when
you call me an excellent
cook.
The newscaster
exhorted drivers to
leave their cars at home
because of the slippery
roads.
exhortation (n.)
urgent recommendation
or advice
expertise (n.)
special skills or
technical knowledge;
know how; expertness
The Smiths hire an
account to prepare
their tax return because
they lack the expertise
to do it themselves
excessively concerned
with trifles or details;
particular
Abe showed me that
I had forgotten to do
one of my i’s. He is
so finicky about such
things.
finicky (adj.)
86
Occident (n.)
Some of the tenants
were not indemnified
for their losses in the
fire, as they carried no
insurance.
west; countries of Ame- The plane brought
rica and Europe (ant.
tourists from the USA,
Oriental)
Canada, Italy and other
countries of Occident.
peruse (v.)
read; look at fairly attentive; study
scuffle (v., n.)
struggle in a rough and
confused manner;
wrestle; grapple
spurn (v.)
thrust aside with
disdain; reject (ant.
accept)
fixed pay for services;
salary; regular
allowance; awarded a
scholarship winner
close watch over a person, group, or area;
supervision
stipend (n.)
surveillance (n.)
I asked him what the
weather was like, and
he said «wet». Now isn’t
that inane?
Before signing a
contract you should
peruse its contents.
The players who
scuffled with the
umpire were heavily
fined.
We wanted to assist, but
they spurned all offers
of aid.
My sister’s scholarship
will pay her an annual
stipend of $ 1000 for
four years.
The patients in the
intensive care ward
are under continuos
surveillance.
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tepid (adj.)
wager (v.,n.)
wane (v.)
moderately warm;
lukewarm
The soup was served
hot, but I didn’t get it
for about five minutes,
and by then it was
tepid.
risk on the out-come of Those who had
the contest or an enter- wagered we would win
taining event; gamble;
are out of some money;
bet
we lost the game.
decrease in power or
The senator may not
size; dwindle; decline;
be reelected. His
sink
popularity is waning.
Apply What You Have Learned
Task 1. Sentence completion
Which choice, A or B, makes the sentence correct? Write the letter of
your answer in the space provided.
1. They spurned my suggestion and did as
.
(A) they pleased
(В) I advised
2. To send someone a birthday card
her or his birthday is
absolutely inane.
(A) six months after
(B) three days before
3. The Independents have just
two more seats; their influence is
waning.
(A) won
(B) lost
4. After four years of service in the American embassy in
,
Williams is longing to return to the Occident.
(A) Tokyo
(B) Madrid
5. Our guests are not finicky; they are
to please.
(A) hard
(B) easy
6. Asked if she were coming to Class Night, an ebullient answered:
.
(A) «I guess so.»
(В) «I wouldn’t miss it for the world!»
7. The
provides live entertainment.
(A) theatre
(B) cinema
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8. He is just under five eleven, and when he gives his height, he says:
. He does not exaggerate.
(A) ’ six feet»
(B) «five ten»
9. We are keeping
the suspects; they are under surveillance.
(A) a lookout for
(B) an eye on
10. Surely you would want to
someone you despise.
(A) ignore
(B) associate with
Task 2. Concise writing
Express the thought of each sentence below in no more than four words.
1. Stephanie sometimes makes a statement that goes beyond the limits of
the actual truth.
2. We were greeted in a manner that was lacking in enthusiasm.
3. Those who hold insurance policies will be compensated for their losses.
4. A close watch is being kept over our comings and goings.
5. We pay no attention to remarks that have no sense or significance
6. He does not have the specialized skills that she has.
7. Don’t be so overly concerned with trifles and minor details.
8. They were seen struggling at close quarters in a rough and confused
manner.
9. Michael looks down with contempt on people who are inclined to avoid
exertion.
10. People from the United States visit the countries of Asia.
Task3. Close reading.
Carefully read the statements below and answer the questions.
STATEMENTS
• A closed-circuit TV screen enabled the security guard to watch the three
visitors as they rode up in the elevator.
• Joyce was dissatisfied with the way George had set the table because of
some of the spoons and forks were not exactly parallel.
• It took five minutes for Armand to replace the washer of the leaking
faucets.
• Dan’s insurance company paid in full for the damage to Barbara’s car.
• Roger urged the audience to contribute generously for the relief of the
earthquake victims.
• The producer said the play had opened to a full house, but Emily, who
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attended the performance, recall seeing a number of vacant seats.
• Susan protested that Denny’s conclusions made no sense at all.
• Many residents enthusiastically supported the major’s program.
• The pushing and shoving began when a latercomer tried to get in at the
head of the line. Two people were hurt.
• Before the match, both rivals had agreed that the loser would pay for the
refreshments.
QUESTIONS
1. Who detected an exaggeration?
2. Who was finicky?
3. Who made a wager?
4. Who indemnified someone?
5. Who started a scuffle?
6. Who was under surveillance?
7. Who was ebullient?
8. Who was exhorted?
9. Who demonstrated mechanical expertise?
10. Who stated that something was inane?
Task 4. Synonyms and antonyms.
A. In the blank space, insert a SYNONYM from paged above for the
italicized words.
1. These bills annoy me.
2. Charlie Chaplin was a star of the silent movies.
3. The crowd was exuberant.
4. The water was lukewarm.
5. You are acquiring know-how in carpentry.
B. In the blank space, insert an ANTONYM from pages above for the
italicized word.
6. Do not minimize your achievements.
7. The freighter is bound for the Orient.
8. Their behaviour was admirable.
9. She said something very profound.
10. The winner will probably accept the
award.
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Task 5. Brainteasers.
Fill in the missing letters.
1. Infant learning to walk need continuous
veil
.
2. The problem baffles us. We are bewildered and rust
.
3. I noticed the article, but I had no time to
use it.
4. Marco Polo’s travels led to trade between China and the
den .
5. If the officer had been reasonable, it would not have been
urn
.
6. We cannot praise what you have done because it is not
able.
7. The unemployed watched their savings win
.
8. Making a movie requires some
per
in cinematography.
9. Many remained in their homes, despite repeated
tat
s that
they leave for higher ground
10. top fussing over petty details. Don’t be so art
.
Task 6.
a)Read the text and define its topic and the problem. What do you think of it?
b) Analyze the sentence set in bold.
c) Translate the text.
d) Write down the Topic Sentence and some Supporting Sentences from
the text to make it shorter.
SIMPLIFY YOUR LIFE
Years ago, a cigarette commercial asked if you were smoking more, but
enjoying it less.
That describes the way many of us live today. We are doing more, but
enjoying it less. And when that doesn’t work, we compound the problem. In
our frantic search for satisfaction, we try stuffing still more into our days, never
realizing that we are taking the wrong approach. The truth is simple; so simple
it is hard to believe. Satisfaction lies with less, not with more.
Yet, we pursue the myth that this thing, or that activity, will somehow provide
the satisfaction we so desperately seek. Arthur Lindman, in his devastating
book, «The Harried Leisure Class», described the futility of pursuing more.
His research focused on what people did with their leisure time. He found
that as income rose, people bought more things to occupy their leisure time.
But, ironically, the more things they bought, the less they valued any one of
them. Carried to an extreme, he predicted massive boredom in the midst of
tremendous variety. That was more than twenty years ago, and his prediction
seems more accurate every year. Lindman of course, is not the first to discover
this. The writer of Ecclesiastes expressed the same thought thousands of years
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ago. It is better, he wrote, to have less, but enjoy it more. If you would like to
enjoy life more, I challenge you to experiment with me. How could you simplify
your life? What could you drop? What could you do without? What could you
stop pursuing? What few things could you concentrate on?
The more I learn, the more I realize that fullness of life does not depend
on things. The more I give up, the more I seem to gain. But words will never
convince you. You must try it for yourself.
Chapter XII. USING NEGATIVE WORDS.
CONTEXT CLUES
• Negative words mean «no». Avoid using two negative words in the same
sentence.
Mandy will not delay her science experiment.
«No extra equipment is needed,» she said.
«I’ve never done this before. It doesn’t look hard, though.
The underlined words above are negatives. Negatives mean «no». Here is a
list of some other common negatives.
nobody; nothing; no one; nowhere; none
Remember that a contraction is a shortened form of two words. The
contractions listed below are negatives. Each is formed from a verb and not.
The word not is an adverb.
isn’t = is not; don’t = do not; couldn’t = could not
wasn’t = was not; hasn’t = has not; wouldn’t = would not
doesn’t = does not; haven’t = have not; won’t = will not
You need only one negative word to make a sentence negative. Avoid
double negatives – two negatives in a sentence.
Wrong: In Science Mandy doesn’t never get lower than an A.
Right: In Science Mandy never gets lower than an A.
Right: In Science Mandy doesn’t get lower than an A.
Skills Tryout
Practice
A. Name the negative word in each sentence. Tell which negatives are
contractions. Interpret the sentences.
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1. Didn’t anyone know what to do first?
2. Nobody answered Mandy’s questions.
3. She put salt in the water till no more dissolved.
4. Now she doesn’t know where to put the container.
5. Nothing will happen unless she heats it up.
B. Underline the negative words. Interpret the sentences.
1. Couldn’t anyone guess what happened next?
2. We haven’t seen anything in the glass.
3. Perhaps none of the water has evaporated.
4. Actually I have never seen crystal form.
5. You surely need no help with this!
6. Nobody could understand the directions.
7. Doesn’t anyone know how to solve the problem?
8. No one can fold a piece of paper in this shape.
9. Hasn’t anybody tried yet?
10. I could find nothing to use as a funnel.
C. Underline the word in parentheses () that correctly completes each
sentence. Avoid double negatives. Interpret the sentences.
5. There is no tubing here (nowhere, anywhere).
6. No one will (never, ever) be able to put this together.
7. There (was, wasn’t) no place to work on my project.
8. Nothing (won’t, will) happen if you change the water in the fish bowl.
9. Hasn’t (no one, anyone) fed the fish yet?
10. None of this (isn’t, is) visible without a microscope.
11. Couldn’t (anyone, no one) see the blood vessels?
12. We haven’t written down (any, none) of the steps.
13. We (won’t, will) never be able to do this again.
14. There (was, wasn’t) no need to check the results.
D. Underline the correct word in parentheses () to complete the sentences.
1. Didn’t (anybody, nobody) turn off the television set?
2. There are (never, ever) any light bulbs around.
3. Danny couldn’t find (no, any) fuses.
4. No one can see (anything, nothing) at all.
5. Silvia (has, hasn’t) no place to do her homework.
E. Translate sentences from Russian into English. Remember to use one
negative word to make a sentence negative.
93
1. Никто в нашей семье не подсчитывал, сколько литров воды в день
каждый из нас потребляет.
2. Нигде на карте не было пятна более яркого, чем это.
3. Ничего не случится, если ты не посмотришь этот матч.
4. Неужели никто не мог показать ему эти фотографии?
5. Энциклопедии нигде не было.
6. Разве никто не выключил телевизор?
7. У Марии не было места, где бы она могла поместить свою коллекцию кукол.
8. Никто не сможет сделать правильный расчет проекта.
9. Неужели никто не смог сделать планер?
10. Мы ничего не увидели через микроскоп.
11. Вероятно, нисколько воды не испарилось из сосуда.
12. Никто правильно не сделал этот тест.
13. Ничего не случится, если только ты не спровоцируешь его агрессию.
F. a) Read the text and underline international words.
b) Write down examples of different ways of word-building (affixation,
compounding and conversion)
c) Translate the text into Russian.
d) Write down the Topic Sentence to the text.
TEENAGE «GIRLS TOO EMBARRASSED» TO KEEP FIT
Most teenage girls want to be fitter and lose weight, but fewer than half
do any weekly exercise, according to research. A study due to be published
also found that fewer than half of all young people eat any fresh fruit daily
despite Government recommendations. It found that the very reason that girls
want to exercise more inhibits them. They want to exercise to improve their
appearance, but many do not because they do not like the way that they look
while exercising. Helen Haste, a professor of psychology at Bath University
and the author of the report, My Body, My Self, to be published this month
by the Nestlé Social Research Foundation, said: «Work has been done before
on young people’s behaviour in relation to health, but we were interested in
their attitudes to health, fitness and exercise. We can’t persuade young people
to change their behaviour just by telling them what’s good for them, but need
to appeal to what is important to them. “Talking about being healthy in itself
is not the right way to appeal to them, but being fitter and more attractive is».
Prof Haste said fewer than half her sample exercised once a week, apart from
walking. Asked why they did not exercise 49 per cent of girls said that they did
94
not feel comfortable exercising in front of other people, 35 per cent said they
did not have time, 34 per cent said they did not look good in exercise clothes,
33 per cent said they did not want to look too muscular and 30 per cent said
they were no good at sport. Almost half the girls (47 per cent) said they would
rather dance or do yoga than take part in traditional sports.
CONTEXT CLUES
• A context clue helps you understand the meaning of an unfamiliar word.
Sometimes you may hear or read words that are unfamiliar. Often the context,
or words around the unfamiliar word, will give a clue to the new word’s
meaning. Such clues are called context clues.
Study the words that give you a clue to the meaning of the underlined word.
Kinds of Clues
A synonym, or a word that has
almost the same meaning
An antonym, or word that has an
opposite meaning
A definition of the new word
Further information about the new
word’s meaning
International words (N.B. Mind
that the majority of international
words are pseudo - international
ones)
Your background knowledge and
life experience.
Examples
A running dog has kinetic or
moving energy
Air must be vibrating, not still, to
produce sound.
The rock was moved by force, that is,
by push or a pull.
Condensation occurred. Steam
changed to liquid.
The report claims that CCTV
cameras in public places protect
people and prevent crime, as they
help identify and catch criminals
Water turns into steam at 100 C and
solidifies at 0 C.
Skills Tryout
Read the sentences below and try to guess the meaning of the underlined
words.
Name the context clue(s) which help you.
1. Energy is mutable, always changing.
2. Draw an isosceles triangle, that is, one with two equal sides.
95
3. Matter can be transformed into energy. For example, water can be
changed into steam.
4. The earth rotates, or spins, on its axis.
5. Symphony orchestras should produce euphonious sounds, not unpleasant
ones.
Practice
A. Read the sentences below then use the words in parentheses () to give
the correct meaning of the underlined word.
1. An amplifier amplifies, or increases, sound, (makes bigger, makes smaller)
2. Some animals communicate with each other. They make sounds to signal
danger, (be common, give messages)
3. The larynx is the upper part of the windpipe that contains the vocal cords,
(part of the nose, part of the throat)
4. Acoustic tiles help to lower noise in a room, (ceramic, sound-absorbing)
5. A screwdriver can be used as a lever to lift off the lid of a paint can. (cover, tool)
6. Energy should be conserved, not wasted, (saved, spent)
7. The skater cut down friction. She sharpened her skates so that they would
move more smoothly, (icy, rubbing)
B. Use the context clue to find the meaning of each underlined word.
Translate the sentences.
1. Sound travels 1,235 kilometers per hour. A supersonic plane travels at
least 1,236 kilometers per hour.
2. Scientists tested the ability of humans to endure noise. They made people
listen to jet planes.
3. Many lakes that used to be clean are now polluted.
4. Sound can be reflected off ceiling or walls.
5. Sounds can be absorbed. Heavy drapes can trap noise.
Application
THINKING and WRITING
Use the Dictionary to find a meaning for each word below. Then write a
sentence that gives a context clue for the meaning. Underline the part that
gives the clue.
Sonorous; discordant; harmonious; indolence; impediment
C. Write the underlined word. Then mark the word in parentheses ()
that gives its meaning.
96
1. A bird’s feather insulates it against the heat or cold, (protect, disguise)
2. Many birds migrate to the south in the winter, (travel, stay)
3. The Locust Glen Bird Watchers were despondent because the severe
winter storm had killed so many songbirds, (happy, very unhappy)
4. Todd wants to be an ornithologist and study bird for a living, (bird
scientist, fish scientist).
5. The hawk swooped down at its prey, but the mouse got away, (victim, nest).
D. a) Read the text below and define its topic and the problem.
b) Find the Topic Sentence in the text and say what you think of the
statement.
c) Use the context clues to understand the underlined words and try to
guess their meaning. Look them up to be sure you are right.
WOMEN ARE BETTER AT DEALING WITH VONEY THAN MEN
An international survey has found out that women are better at managing
money than men. They work harder to become financially independent and
they are not so likely to get into debt as men.
The survey showed that both men and women think the same. Almost
5,000 men and women in 12 countries were asked.
Although 40% of women said they used credit cards most of them thought
that having more than one credit card could lead to financial problems. On the
other side most women admitted that they spent more than men.
The result of the survey could help companies understand the needs of
women because they live longer and usually have less money when they retire.
Women who share their money with their husbands often suffer more when a
relationship ends. Some of them have saved up money if they get into such a
situation, other simply don’t care.
About 6 out of every 10 women said they were financially independent.
However, almost half thought that a man should be responsible for paying the
mortgage or house payments.
E. Write down the Topic Sentence and 2-3 Supporting ones to express
the main idea of the text.
F. Translate the text into Russian.
ACHIEVEMENT TEST
Task 1. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a
word that fits in the space in the same line.
97
Events like city marathons are (0)
popular
You don’t have to be a (1)
person to take
part in (2)
, though you do need to be fairly
(3)
and reasonably fit. You can build up
fitness by jogging. It’s not the (4)
that matters,
but now long you jog for. You can improve your (5)
gradually over a period of weeks. In (6)
for a
long race like a marathon it's (7)
to run more
than a couple of kilometres most days. (8)
marathon
runners work on the (9)
aspects of running
long races. Mental (10)
is just as important
as being physically fit.
INCREASE
COMPETE
ATHLETE
ENERGY
DISTANT
PERFORM
PREPARE
NECESSARY
SUCCESS
PSYCHOLOGY
STRONG
Task 2. Choose the correct word in each sentence below. Translate the
sentences.
1. I will try not his words (affect/effect) me.
2. We asked the movers to place the boxes (their/there/they’re)
3. He (lies/lays) about twenty feet of the new pipe each day.
4. Everyone (accept/except) Dr. Smithers agreed to take part in the
procedure.
5. Barbara said that she had (lain/laid) the book on the table.
6. He (raised/rose) his hand to attract her attention.
7. Be sure to tighten the valve completely so that it doesn’t come (lose
loose).
8. After training for six months, we were (already/all ready) for the
marathon.
Task 3. Translate the sentences into English using «one» where it is
necessary.
1. Его фамилия первая в списке.
2. Эта комната гораздо лучше, чем та.
3. Сильные студенты должны помогать слабым. (brilliant/slow)
4. Мы нашли новые методы исследования, так как старые были
неудовлетворительны.
5. Можно переходить улицу только на зеленый сигнал.
6. Невозможно угодить всем.
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7. Каждому приятно видеть результаты своего труда.
Task 4. Read the text and put the paragraphs in the right order.
Hippies
a) Their lifestyle shocked their parents. However, it was not only their
lifestyle that shocked, their appearance did too. Both girls and boys had very
long hair, often with flowers in it. They used to wear flared trousers or long
skirts and sometimes went barefoot.
b) Today most hippies are hippies no longer. They live middle-class lives
and worry about their children and playing the bills!
c) So what did they do? They «dropped out». They left their comfortable
middle-class homes and formed communes. They were often in the countryside
and they used to grow vegetables and keep farm animals. They went to openair concerts, where some of them danced naked and took drugs. They went on
protest marches against war, particularly the war in Vietnam.
d) They were against many things: materialism in society, the boring routine
of nine-to-five jobs, ordinary family life, and war. Their slogan was «Make love,
not war!»
e) Hippies were young people, mainly from middle-class, who rebelled
against society in the sixties and early seventies.
Task 5. Write down the list (5-7) of international and sued-international
words from the text.
Task 6. Analyze the underlined sentence in the text and define the part
of speech of each word in the sentence.
Task 7. Write down the examples (3-5) of affixation, compounding and
conversion from the text.
Task 8. Translate the text into Russian.
Task 9. Write down a Topic Sentence from each paragraph and make a
Summary Paragraph to the text.
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Chapter XIII. ERGATIVE VERBS
(ACTIVE IN FORM BUT PASSIVE IN MEANING)
HOMOGRAPHS
MULTIFUNCTIONAL WORD «LIKE»
Compare these two groups of sentences:
1. The student wrote the report.
2. The student wrote.
3. The report was written (by the
student).
4. The report wrote.
1. The government increased
inflation.
2. The government increased.
3. Inflation was increased (by the
government)
4. Inflation increased.
Sentence 4 (the 1st group) is a strange sentence because it is the report that
is doing the writing. In sentence 2 (the 2nd group) it is the government that is
changing and in sentence 4 it is inflation that is changing.
So, we could say there are three possibilities:
• Active voice: The government increased taxes.
• Passive voice: Taxes were increased by the government.
• Middle voice: Taxes increased.
In sentences: 1) The report wrote. 2) Inflation increased. 3) Taxes increased.
verbs (wrote; increased;) are used *ergatively.
* Эргати`в (эргативный падеж, от др.-греч. ἐργασία – действие; «действенный падеж») – падеж в некоторых языках, указывающий на источник направленного действия. Так, например, во фразе «Солнце освещает
лес» слово «солнце» должно стоять в эргативном падеже, так как это –
субъект, действующий на лес. На русском языке эта конструкция выражается страдательным залогом: лес освещается солнцем».
Here are some more pairs of sentences showing verbs used ergatively:
•
•
•
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The technician boiled the water. The water boiled.
The subject rang the bell. → The bell rang.
The pilot flew the plane. → The plane flew.
•
•
•
•
The student broke the machine. → The machine broke
The technician varies the volume. → The volume varies.
The government closed the factory. → The factory closed.
The tutor enrolled him on a two year course. → He enrolled on a
two year course.
Some verbs which are usually followed by an object, e.g., to sell, to cut, to
wash can be used without an object and take on a passive meaning (are used
ergatively). In this case, the person carrying out the action of the verb is not
referred to.
This book sells very well, i.e., it is sold to many people.
This dress washes/irons well, i.e., it is easily washed/ironed.
This material makes up nicely into suits, i. e., it can be used by a tailor for
making suits.
The butter spreads easily, i.e., it can be spread easily.
The bread is cutting badly because it’s very soft, i.e., to cut bread is difficult.
Other tenses may also be used, e.g., The book sold well. The dress has
washed well. The material will make up nicely.
Note that the verbs are followed by adverbs in the above examples. It is
also possible to omit the adverb if the meaning is clear. This is often the case
in the question form and in the negative.
•
•
•
•
•
The book didn’t sell, so it wasn’t reprinted.
The dress is very pretty. Will it wash?
The material should make up into a winter dress, shouldn’t it?
Butter won’t spread when it’s been in the fridge.
Will the bread cut? If not, try the other knife.
Here are some other verbs of this sort, with the nouns (subjects) that they
are often used with in this construction, (a car) drives, steers; (a boat) sails;
(a clock) winds up; (a door) locks, unlocks; (a book) reads well/easily, i.e., the
book is good/easy to read.
Task 1. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.
1. Свежий хлеб всегда плохо режется.
2. Если масло хранить в холодильнике, оно не портится, но плохо намазывается.
3. Из этого материала получится неплохая блузка.
4. Машина требует ремонта, она плохо управляется.
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5. Посмотри, как красиво идет эта лодка.
6. Можно мне взять твои часы, мои не завелись вчера.
7. Книга с картинками читается легче.
8. Не покупай этот шелк. Этот материал плохо стирается и гладится.
These are some other verbs that are commonly used in this way:
accelerate, begin, bend, boil, break, broaden, bruise, build up, burn, burst,
change, close, combine, connect, cool, condense, crack, decrease, deflate,
develop, diminish, disperse, drop, dry, end, enroll, evaporate, expand,
finish, float, flood, fracture, freeze, grow, harden, ignite, improve, increase,
industrialize, inflate, join, lengthen, lock, loosen, lower, melt, mend, merge,
move, multiply, open, plunge, reload, reunite, revolve, rewind, rock, roll,
run, scatter, separate, shake, shut, spill, spin, split, stand, start, stiffen, stop,
strengthen, stretch, swing, tear, terminate, tighten, toughen, transfer, turn,
turn on, turn off, twist, vaporize, weaken, whiten.
Task 2. Identify the ergative verbs in this text and underline them.
Water, in its different forms, cycles continuously through the lithosphere,
hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. Water evaporates into the
atmosphere from the land and the sea. Plants and animals use and reuse
water and release water vapor into the air. Once in the air, water vapor
circulates and cools and can condense to form clouds and precipitation,
which fall back to earth. At one time or another, all of the water molecules on
earth have been in an ocean, a river, a plant, an animal, a cloud, a raindrop,
a snowflake, or a glacier.
Task 3. Fill in the blanks in the second sentence in each group with
ergative verbs, keeping the same meaning as the first sentence. Translate
the altered sentence.
1. Humans accelerated tropical deforestation markedly during the 1980s.
Tropical deforestation
markedly during the 1980s.
2. The 34 per cent overall increase in Wimbledon was a clear indication that
people were broadening their interest in tennis.
The 34 per cent overall increase in Wimbledon was a clear indication that
tennis
its interest.
3. Sport offers spontaneity which, when journalists combine it with more
sophisticated technology, allows a viewer to watch a game from many different
angles.
Sport offers spontaneity which, when it
with more sophisticated
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technology, allows a viewer to watch a game from many different angles.
4. A trust is where a man legally transfers land to another, with an
understanding that the transferee will hold it for the benefit of the former.
A trust is where land legally
from one man to another, with
an understanding that the transferee will hold it for the benefit of the former.
5. Similarly, the muscles will not grow in length unless they are attached to
tendons and bones so that as the body lengthens the bones, it stretches them.
Similarly, the muscles will not grow in length unless they are attached to
tendons and bones so that as the bones
, they
.
6. The crystallization of enzymes occurs by a method called electrophoresis in
which scientists separate molecules according to their size and their electric charge.
The crystallization of enzymes occurs by a method called electrophoresis
which
molecules according to their size and their electric charge.
7. The body multiplies the cells by dividing them and this usually requires
cell growth, the cells doubling in size before dividing in two.
Cells
by dividing and this usually requires cell growth, the
cells doubling in size before dividing in two.
8. The government increased road tax in June.
Road tax
in June.
Task 4. Translate the sentences into English
1. Машина плохо управляется - что-то случилось с рулем.
2. Замок сломан, и дверь не запирается.
3. Книга - скучная, язык - сложный, поэтому она плохо читается.
4. За билеты давно уплачено.
5. Сейчас в нашем городе строится новый театр.
6. За игрой следили с большим интересом.
7. Детей поведут в кино завтра.
8. Эти предметы изучаются в университете.
9. О нем заботятся.
10. В прошлом году за ней присматривала ее сестра.
Task 5. a)The text would be improved if at least seven of the verbs were
passive. Underline the phrases which would go into passive and rewrite
those sections of the text below.
SOLVING THE MYSTERY OF HIEROGLIPHICS
For almost two thousand years the symbols and inscriptions which people
had carved onto the great monuments of ancient Egypt were a complete
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mystery. They were obviously a kind of writing, but nobody knew what they
meant.
Then, in 1799, a French officer discovered a strange stone in the small
Egyptian town of Rosetta. It had three types of writing carved into its surface.
One of the languages was Greek but the other two were unknown. A year later
the British captured the stone and the British moved it to the British Museum
in London.
For twenty years the stone lay gathering dust in the museum. Then in 1822
somebody asked a French scientist named Jean Francois Champollion to look
at the stone. He immediately recognized that some of the symbols matched
those he had seen on monuments in Egypt. By comparing the Greek words
with the Egyptian symbols he was able to work out their meaning. The Egyptian
symbols were hieroglyphs, a type of writing in which pictures represent sounds
and meanings.
Once somebody had solved the puzzle of their written language it became
possible for scholars to decipher the inscriptions on all the great monuments.
Thus people finally unlocked the mysteries of Egypt’s fabulous history and
culture.
b) Translate the improved text into Russian.
HOMOGRAPHS
Homographs are words that are spelled alike but have different meanings
and sometimes-different pronunciations.
The bird’s owner and the doctor are having trouble understanding each
other. They have forgotten that the word bill has more that one meaning. A
bill can be the beak of a bird or the record of money a person owes.
Words like bill are called homographs. Homographs come from Greek
and means «written alike». Some homographs look and sound alike but have
different meanings. My parents play bridge. A truck drove across the bridge.
Other homographs look alike but have different pronunciations as well as
different meanings.
Tie lead weighs to the fishing line. Can you lead us out of here?
Skills Tryout
Name the pair of homographs in each sentence. Give each a Russian
equivalent.
1. The swallow will swallow that worm.
3. I would never desert anyone in the desert.
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4. There was a tear in his eyes when he saw the tear in his favorite shirt.
5. We had to wind up the game after the wind started blowing.
Practice
A. Underline each pair of homographs in the sentences. Interpret the
sentences.
1. Don’t tear your sweater. Onions make my eyes tear.
2. Plant a row of peas. Our friendly argument became a row.
3. Wind the string into ball. What makes the wind blow?
4. Farmer Jones’s sow had piglets. Liam will sow the beans.
5. She play a bass fiddle. Tom caught three bass.
B. Beside each line write 1 or 2 to show which meaning of the underlined
homograph is used. Interpret the sentences.
fleet: 1. swift; 2. a group of ships;
pile: 1. a heap; 2. fibers on the surface of a rug;
sink: 1. to go beneath the surface of water; 2. a basin;
shed: 1. to take something off; 2. a small building;
light: 1. a lamp; 2. not heavy;
6. The child watched her toy boat sink.
7. Is that package light enough for you?
8. The tugboats and fireboats welcomed the American fleet.
9. What kind of snake shed is this skin?
10. This rug has a very thick pile.
11. Please put the lawn mower in the shed.
12. Don’t forget to turn off the light.
13. Are your clothes in that pile of laundry?
14. The antelope is a fleet animal.
15. Wash your hands in the sink.
Task 2. Underline homographs and conversions, give their Russian
equivalents.
Reasons why the English language is hard to learn – to drive you crazy.
1. The bandage was wound around the wound.
2. The farm was used to produce produce.
3. The bump was so full that it had to refuse more refuse.
4. He must polish the Polish furniture.
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5. He could lead if he would get the lead out.
6. The soldier decided to desert his dessert in the desert
7. Since there is no time like present, he thought it was time to present the
present.
8. A bass was painted on the Lead of the bass drum.
9. When shot at, the dove dove into the bushes.
10. I didn’t object the object.
11. The assurance was invalid for the invalid.
12. They were too close to door to close it.
13. There was a row among the oarsmen about how to row.
14. The buck does funny things when the does are present.
15. A seamstress and a sewer fell down into a sewer line.
16. To help with planting, the farmer taught his sow to sow.
17. The wind was too strong to wind the sail.
18. After a number of injections my jaw got number.
19. Upon seeing the tear in the painting I shed a tear.
20. I had to subject the subject to a series of tests.
21. How can I intimate this to my most intimate friend?
Multifunctional word «like»
The word «like» can be used:
as an adjective: They sell towels, bedding, drapery, and like household goods.
as a verb: You will like this movie.
as a noun: They had a very elaborate wedding, the like of which you only
see in the movies.
as an adverb: You may not believe it but she’s more like forty than twenty five.
as a conjunction: They seemed fine like everything was alright.
as a preposition: She slept like an angel.
as an interjection (sometimes), which can be annoying: It was, like, really
great!
Like as a verb is used mainly to talk about enjoyment, preferences and
habits. It is perhaps not quite as strong in emotional terms as love, or be fond
of or be keen on. Compare the following like:
Do you like cross-country skiing? ~ Yeah, I quite like it now, but I still
prefer downhill.
When I’m making a cold drink, I always like to put the ice and slices of
lemon in first.
How did you like the pumpkin soup? ~ Oh, I liked it very much.
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I’ve got blackcurrant mousse for desert. Do you like blackcurrants? ~ Oh,
I love them.
He’s a very kind person. I like him very much, but I could never go out with
him.
I’m a very social person but I don’t like people following me around all the
time.
Note that like is not normally used in the progressive form and cannot
normally be used without an object:
• What do you think of the conversation classes? ~ I like them. (NOT:
I’m liking them.)
• Do you like garage music? ~ Yes, I do. OR: Yes, I like it. (NOT: Yes, I like.)
would like to = want to
Take care not to confuse like with would like to. They have quite different
meanings. Compare the following and note the structural differences when
using them:
• I’d like to / I want to send this parcel by international recorded delivery,
please.
• Are you interested in going to the match on Saturday? ~ Yes, I’d like to
/ Yes, I want to.
• If you’d like to / you want to take your coat off, please do. It’s rather
hot in here.
• I would like to visit him in hospital, but my wife doesn’t want to. She
doesn’t like hospitals.
• I would have liked to have seen John before he left for Canada, but
Mary didn’t want to.
Note that when used for requests and suggestions, would like to sometimes
sounds more polite than want to.
like as preposition with nouns or pronouns is used to express ideas of
similarity or comparison:
in like manner with; similarly to; in the manner characteristic of: He
works like a beaver.
resembling (someone or something): He is just like his father. Your
necklace is just like mine.
characteristic of: It would be like him to forget our appointment.
as if there is promise of; indicative of: It looks like rain.
as if someone or something gives promise of being: She looks like a good
prospect for the job.
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disposed or inclined to (usually preceded by feel): to feel like going to
bed.
similar or comparable to: There is nothing like a cold drink of water when
one is thirsty. What was he like?
(used correlatively to indicate similarity through relationship): like
father, like son.
(used to establish an intensifying, often facetious, comparison): sleeping
like a log.
as; such as: There are numerous hobbies you might enjoy, like photography
or painting.
Compare the following:
When she’s on stage, she looks a bit like Britney, but she sounds more
like Madonna.
Like you, I prefer to eat my breakfast in the morning without engaging
in small talk.
It was only five o’ clock, but it seemed like the middle of the night, it
was so dark.
These plants grow very well in hot countries, like Costa Rica and
Venezuela.
What’s Bournemouth like as a seaside town? ~ It’s a little bit like
Brighton. Quite lively!
Like is often used in place of the subordinating conjunction as, or as if.
Examples:
• They look like they have been having fun.
• They look as if they have been having fun.
Many people became aware of the two options in 1954, when a famous
ad campaign for Winston cigarettes introduced the slogan «Winston tastes
good – like a cigarette should». The slogan was criticized for its usage by
prescriptivists, the «as» construction being considered more proper. Winston
countered with another ad, featuring a woman with graying hair in a bun who
insists that ought to be «Winston tastes good as a cigarette should» and is
shouted down by happy cigarette smokers asking «What do you want – good
grammar or good taste?»
The appropriateness of its usage as a conjunction is still disputed, however.
In some circles it is considered a faux pas (from French – a false step) to use
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like instead of as or as if, whereas in other circles as sounds stilted.
like as an adjective ( Poetic - lik•er, lik•est) is used in the meaning:
the same form, appearance, kind, character, amount, etc.: I can not
remember a like instance.
corresponding or agreeing in general or in some noticeable respect;
similar; analogous: drawing, painting, and like arts.
bearing resemblance.
Dialect – likely: ‘It is like that he’s gone mad.
Dialect. – about: The poor chap seemed like to run away.
like as a noun (of the same form): I haven’t seen its like. We collect model
trains, cars, buses and their like.
like as a colloquial adverb In some regional dialects of English, like may
be used as an adverbial colloquialism in the construction be + like + TO
infinitive, meaning «be likely to, be ready to, be on the verge of».
Examples:
• He was like to go back next time.
• He was like to go mad.
As the following attest, this construction has a long history in the
English language.
•
•
•
•
But Clarence had slumped to his knees before I had half finished,
and he was like to go out of his mind with fright. (Mark Twain, 1889,
Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court)
He saw he was like to leave such an heir. (Cotton Mather, 1853, Magnalia
Christi Americana)
He was like to lose his life in the one [battle] and his liberty in the
other [capture], but there was none of his money at stake in either.
(C. MacFarlane and T. Thomson, 1792, Comprehensive History of
England)
He was in some fear that if he could not bring about the King’s desires,
he was like to lose his favour. (Gilbert Burnet, 1679, History of the
Reformation of the Church of England
Like as a colloquial quotative: like is sometimes used colloquially as a
quotative to introduce a quotation or impersonation. The word is often used to
express that what follows is not an exact quotation but instead gives a general
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feel for what was said. In this usage, like functions in conjunction with a verb,
generally be (but also say, think, etc.), as in the following examples:
•
•
He was like, «I’ll be there in five minutes»
She was like, «You need to leave the room right now!»
14. The Samsung, i-Phone and
models have buttons to silence
them. (as / like)
15.
January 1, 2009, it became illegal to use a cell phone while
driving in California. Other states may soon change their laws as well. (As for /
As of / As is)
REMEMBER!
Like is also sometimes used to introduce non-verbal mimetic
performances, e.g., facial expressions, hand gestures, body movement, as well
as sounds and noises:
• I was like [speaker rolls eyes].
• The car was like, «vroom»!
Practice
Task 1. Complete the sentence. Select the response from the list that best
completes the sentence.
1. It seems
everyone is carrying a cell (mobile) phone nowadays.
(as if / like)
2. Kids look forward to phone breaks
they used to look forward
to recess. (as much as / like)
3. The smart phones are
small computers. (like / as)
4. They have multiple functions,
Internet, texting and GPS. (such
as / like)
5. Some phones,
the i-Phone, have thousands of applications
available for them. (as / like)
6. If you feel
going to a movie, you can find the theater and time
at which it plays. (as / like)
7.
you are driving to the movie, you can also check the traffic
and select the best route. As / Like)
8. There is nothing
a cell phone when you are late or lost. (as / like)
9. You can use
many or as few of the phone features as you like. (as / like)
10. Useful
they are, cell phones need some restrictions. (as / like)
11. Their
function can be used to cheat or invade others’
privacy. (like-camera / camera-like)
12. Their unexpected ringing in the middle of a meeting, makes the cell
phone user look
an idiot. (as / like)
13. Speaking too loudly on a cell phone is
letting it ring in
a meeting. Both are bad. (as / like)
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Like Versus As
1. When like is used as a preposition, it is always followed by a noun. It
means similar to/the same as/for example. I look like my mother.
They have so many animals, Their house is like a zoo.
«What star sign are you?» «I am Gemini, like you».
Their children are loud and bossy. I don’t like kids like that.
2. As can also be used as a preposition followed by a noun. It expresses the
job, function or use of a person or a thing.
I worked as a waitress over the holidays.
We use our garage as a storage place.
She went to a party dressed as a nun.
3. When as is used as a conjunction, it is followed by a clause (a subject
and a verb).
Do as I say and sit down.
Don’t eat and speak at the same time, as my mother used to say.
As you know, we’re leaving tomorrow at 10.00.
N.B.! Notice the use of as in as usual.
Pat and Peter arrived late, as usual.
4. We also use as in comparisons.
My daughter is as tall as me.
She works in the same office as me.
Skills Tryout
Task 2. Put as or like into each gap
1. I’ll be back in touch
soon
possible.
2. This wine tastes
vinegar.
3. I’ve known Andy for years. He went to the same school
My sister’s a teacher,
me.
«We had a new teacher today called Mary».«What was she
Who do I look
, my mother or my father?
She really annoys me. I can’t stand people
her
I did.
?
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4. I’ll see you tomorrow at 11.00
usual.
5. It’s July and the weather’s awful! It’s
winter.
6. I need to buy all sorts things
socks, skirts and knickers
7. My wife has found a job
a personal assistant.
8. Dave drinks
a fish! I’ve never seen anyone drink as much.
9. My brother has a car
yours.
10. Don’t touch anything. Leave everything
it is.
11. It’s freezing. My feet are
blocks of ice.
Task 3. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.
1. Мне нравится это дикое животное. Оно не похоже ни на какое другое животное.
2. Я бы не хотела жить в этом доме. Он, как монстр, меня пугает.
3. Я не могу отличить Беки от Мэри. Они очень похожи друг на друга.
4. Все говорят, что я похожа на маму. А я хочу быть похожей на себя.
5. В отличие от Тома, Ник всегда готов прийти на помощь.
6. Делай с ними, делай, как мы, делай лучше нас.
7. Он ведет себя так, как будто он чемпион.
8. Я нисколько не удивилась, что она не сдержала слово. Это очень на
нее похоже.
9. Я люблю вязать, шить, вышивать и тому подобное.
10. Она, как ребенок, всему радуется.
Task 4. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Remember
the following phraseologies : As it is/ As it was – in the meaning «в
действительности;и так; однако, как ни». As it were – in the meaning «так
сказать; некоторым образом»
1. We have like attitudes to this matter.
2. She doesn’t run as fast as she can.
3. It was so cold as to make swimming impossible.
4. As the substances were often toxic, he began an experiment with diluting
them.
5. It was just like him to think of helping her.
6. How could you quit the job like that?
7. Improbable as it seems, it is true.
8. Bad as it is, it could be worse.
9. He became as it were, a man without a country.
10. He came the same day as you.
11. There came such a thunderstorm as only happens in that season.
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12. He is so polite as to ignore her mistakes.
13. It isn’t like you I really have to nurse her.
14. There is nothing like a nice hot bath.
Task 5. a) Read the text and define its topic and the problem.
THE ENERGY OF THE INTERNET SEARCH
Typing the word «pizza» into your favourite search engine may seem
harmless enough. But you may not know that, with this simple act, you are
sending information to possibly hundreds of machines located possibly
thousands of miles from where you sit. Each machine that search encounters
on its journey uses energy. Because so many people are always searching at the
same time all over the world, that energy can really add up.
Few people have a day without computers. From more traditional desktops
and laptops to the latest smart phone, most of the computers people use every
day are connected to the Internet. And it’s easy to type, click and search to get
answers to even the silliest question. We enjoy this luxury so much that we can
forget that each search does in fact use energy. And making that energy emits
the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide.
Computers and electronic account for about 9 % of home electricity use,
which is a lot less than what the big user, especially heat and air conditioning,
takes up. But using your computer to search the Web has effects that reach
much further than your own home.
b) Translate the text into Russian.
Stop and Check
Task 1. Underline the homograph that matches the definition or the
synonym.
1. Tracey didn’t feel well after falling into the well. (in good health)
2. Jim hunts, but he doesn’t shoot does. (female deer)
3. There was a big row in the first row of the theatre. (fight)
4. Let’s wind up the kite string before the wind gets too wild. (moving air)
5. If the judges are fair, out rabbit will win a ribbon at the fair. (just)
6. That creaking sound makes me wonder if this building is sound. (in good
condition)
7. The oil well is yours and the gold mine is mine. (belonging to me)
8. The dove dove the ground to eat the peanut. (dived)
9. I found it hard to believe that he planned to found a new church.
(establish)
10. The rose bushes rose out of the fertile ground. (to grow out)
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Task 2. Translate the sentences into Russian. Mind the Verb Tenses.
Task 4. Translate the sentences into English. Use «as» or «like»
1. Со мной так никогда еще не разговаривали.
2. Книги, которые хорошо читаются, редко найдешь на полках магазинов.
3. За доктором уже послали.
4. В прошлом месяце вышла книга, которую все ждали. Сейчас ее широко обсуждают в прессе.
5. Почему так прохладно в зале? – Его сейчас проветривают.
6. Не волнуйтесь, никто над вами не будет смеяться.
7. Господина Палмера ожидают с минуты на минуту.
8. В детстве меня не учили играть ни на каком инструменте.
9. Работа будет закончена к вечеру.
10. Георгия оштрафовали за то, что он перешел улицу не в том месте.
1. Я использовал свой ботинок как молоток
2. Шесть месяцев он работал водителем междугороднего автобуса.
3. Она отправилась на маскарад, нарядившись монахиней.
4. Внешностью я похож на отца, а вот характером – на маму.
5. В отличии от меня, она не любит заниматься спортом.
6. В греческой, как и в итальянской кухне, используется много оливкового масла.
7. Она – католичка, как и большинство ее друзей.
8. Он, как всегда, опаздывает.
9. Он ведет себя как босс, хотя им не является.
10. Он ведет себя как настоящий профессионал.
Task 3.
a) Read the text, open the parentheses and complete the text with
appropriate verbal/nonverbal forms.
b) Underline international and pseudo-international words and give
their Russian contextual equivalents.
c) Translate the text into Russian.
NAPOLEON
Did napoleon die from natural cause or he 1(murder)? This question 2(rise)
after experiments 3(carry out) in Britain, as a result of which the French
authorities 4(ask) to exhume (эксгумировать, извлекать из земли труп для
судебно-медицинской экспертизы) his body for further test.
Tests 5(carry out) at Harwell and Glasgow have proved that the French
Emperor, who died on the island of St. Helena in 1821, 6(give) or took arsenic
for an extensive period.
Dr. Hamilton, the lecturer in forensic medicine at Glasgow University said
this information coupled with that 7(take) from records pointed to the fact that
Napoleon, 51 when he died, could 8(murder).
Four specimens of Napoleon’s hair 9(place) in the reactor at Harwell and
10
(bombard) with neutrons. Records show that during his exile Napoleon
was always against taking medicine and, said Dr. Hamilton, in view of that
circumstantial evidence points to the arsenic 11(give) to him with the intention
of murdering him.
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Chapter XIV. IDIOMS.
WE TRANSLATE HUMOROUS STORIES
An idiom (Latin: idioma, «special property», «special feature, special
phrasing») is a combination of words that has a figurative meaning, due to
its common usage. An idiom’s figurative meaning is separate from the literal
meaning or definition of the words of which it is made. Idioms are numerous
and they occur frequently in all languages. There are estimated to be at least
25,000 idiomatic expressions in the English language.
Idioms are Common Words That Give a Whole New Meaning Together.
Task 1. a) Read the information and mark with a tick the bit of
the information you’ve already known; with a minus (—) the piece of
information you’ve never heard of before, and mark with «?» what needs
further explanation.
LET`S NOT BEAT ABOUT THE BUSH
Each advanced learner knows what idioms and set phrases are. Sometimes
one doesn’t even realize that he comes across set phrases in the text as their
meaning is quite clear, e.g. more or less, once or twice, slowly but surely, safe
and sound, once and for all, and the like.
But look at such idioms as: as thick as thieves, through thick and thin, odds
and ends, dead end, to pull someone’s leg.
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This is quite another pair of shoes. And sometimes you cannot make head
or tail of them, as their meaning is absolute Greek to you. You are beating
about the bush doing your utmost in order to translate every word and you fail
to put two and two together.
NOW, HOW MANY IDIOMS HAVE YOU COME ACROSS IN THE
PREVIOUS PASSAGE? CAN YOU GUES S WHAT THEIR MEANING IS
IF YOU JUST KNOW THE MEANING OF EACH CONSTITUENT?
The problem is that the meaning of the idiomatic expression cannot be
deduced by examining the meanings of its constituents. Thus, to beat about
the bush means «to delay coming to the point» and it is impossible to replace
any of the words and retain the idiomatic meaning.
Many people believe that idioms are only colloquial expressions, but they
can appear in formal style and in slang, in poetry and in the language of
Shakespeare, and in the Bible.
Idioms describe different fields of human activities and human
characteristics. The majority of them are «homocentric», as some linguists put
it. Idioms characterizing negative sides of human life prevail.
A considerable number of English idioms have got equivalents in other
languages, including Russian. Sometimes it is of great help to a learner but one
must be very attentive as in other cases idioms that seem familiar and quite clear
to you may have a meaning different from that in your own native language.
For example, to make both ends meet means the same as in Russian, but to
twist somebody round one’s little finger does not coincide with the meaning
of the Russian idiom, which is similar in composition. So be careful! Learn a
whole idiom as you would learn a single vocabulary word, because that is how
it must be comprehended.
b) Make a précis of the information above.
Dealing with Idiomatic Expressions
TRANSLATION STRATEGY
MEANS OF IDIOMS TRANSLATION:
1. find absolute equivalent;
2. find approximate equivalent;
3. make word-for-word translation;
4. make a descriptive translation.
Task 2.
a) Using translation strategy analyze the following idiomatic expressions.
b) Try to find Russian equivalents to them.
1. Из-под дождя да под ливень.
2. Бесполезно проливать слезы над пролитым молоком.
3. Нет песни – нет и ужина.
4. Беден, как церковная мышь.
5. Ошпаренная кошка боится кипящего котла.
6. Посади лягушку хоть на золотой стол, она все равно прыгнет в лужу.
7. Если тебе суждено быть повешенным за кражу ягненка, почему
бы не украсть и овцу?
8. A word spoken is past recalling.
9. Let the sleeping dog lie.
10. Every cloud has its silver lining.
11. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
Task 3. Using translation strategy and means of idiom translation
translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Betty saved Tim’s skin by typing his report for him.
2. The children got out of hand while their parents were away.
3. People who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones.
4. Make hay while the sun shines.
5. He is Jack of all trades.
6. He showed the white feather.
IDIOMS WITH WORDS «THICK» and «THIN»
Analyze 5 semantic aspects of the idiom:
1. Figurative meaning which is the basic element of the idiom’s semantics.
2. The literal sense it is based on.
3. Emotive characteristics (idioms can have negative, positive or neutral).
4. Stylistic registers (colloquial, bookish, or slang).
5. National colour (idioms can include some words such as «the Thames»,
«samovar», etc which belong to different cultures).
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THICK
MEANING
thick (inf. Of a person)
stupid
many and quickly
thick and fast
to be a thick
to be rather too much: unbearable
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to be as thick as thieves
(of 2 people)
to go through thick and thin
to lay on thick
very friendly or intimate with
THIN
MEANING
a thin audience
thin milk
a thin excuse
to have a thin time
to vanish into thin air
thin on top
not many spectators
under all conditions good or bad
to exaggerate
not fat; watery
an unconvincing excuse
to have an unpleasant time
disappear without trace
rather bold
MATCHING: draw a line to connect an idiom with its correct meaning
thin on top
go through thick and thin
a thin story
as thick as thieves
thick
be very friendly
under all conditions
not having much hair
lacking in substance
to exaggerate
a thin audience
lay on thick
have a thin time
thin milk
vanish into thin air
be a thick
thick and fast
thin excuse
stupid
have an unpleasant time
not many spectators
an unconvincing excuse
rather too much
watery
many and quickly
to disappear without trace
SUPPLY THE BEGINNING OF IDIOMS
on top
thin air
time
and fast
thieves
and thin
story
excuse
on thick
milk
a thick
Task 1. Render the following ideas with idioms.
1. The Campaign for Real Cats doesn’t have many supporters.
- How do you know?
- Yesterday they met in the Real Cats Club to perform the play «Cats».
There were few people there.
2. During the boxing match partners withstood a great deal of blows.
3. Our teacher of English is used saying: «The harder your work the better
student you’ll become». But sometimes English homework is more than is
bearable.
4. Any time he is late he tells nonsense to make an excuse.
5. Jack and Jim are old war comrades. They have endured much trouble
together.
6. - Yesterday I felt ill at ease in Mary’s company. She criticized me badly.
- Date her, and her criticism will disappear without traces.
7. - Do you like Fred?
-Dear me, not at all!
- But why? He is mad about you.
- Let him be. He is stupid and what is more he is rather bald.
Task 2. Translate the following from Russian into English.
1. Предложите мне что-нибудь почитать на английском языке.
- Я думаю, вот эта книга тебе подойдет: она не очень толстая, язык
простой, и она легко читается.
- Спасибо, а другое что-нибудь есть у вас? Мне кажется, у этой сюжет недостаточно захватывающий.
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119
2. Кто так режет хлеб? У тебя руки-крюки. (your hands are thumbs).
- Попробуй сама, свежий хлеб всегда плохо режется.
- Неубедительный аргумент! Ножи нужно точить.
- Твои советы всегда сыплются градом. Я отлично намазываю масло этим ножом.
- Не морочь мне голову. (Don’t pull my leg!) Мягкое масло хорошо
намазывается даже очень тупым ножом.
3. -Том и Боб живут как кошка с собакой.
- Странно, ведь они вместе прошли огонь, воду и медные трубы.
- Скорей всего (they are likely to...) они до смерти надоели друг другу.
4. - Из этого материала получится неплохой костюм для мальчика.
- Без сомнения. К тому же, он очень дешевый, практически даром (a
dime а dozen), и, что не менее важно, он легко стирается и гладится.
- Да, но все его достоинства улетучатся, если я буду шить его сама.
IDIOMS FROM COLOURS
Task 3. a) Read the story «In the Red» and discuss the questions below.
b) Find Russian equivalents to the English idioms.
c) Translate the text.
IN THE RED
The letter came out of the blue! I wasn’t expecting it. But there it was in
black and white, signed by the bank manager that I had no money on my
checking account. I was in the red.
I couldn’t believe it. So I went to see the manager. We looked at the problem
together. The bank had made a mistake. It had put ten dollars into my account
instead of one thousand dollars!
Because it was the bank mistake, there was no delay reopening my account.
The manager cut through all the red tape. Now I had money on my account
And I had the green light to write checks again.
1. Does in the red mean to have enough money?
2. When a company is in the red, is it in trouble?
3. When you learn something out of the blue, is it a surprise?
4. If doing something takes a lot of red tape, is it easy to do?
OTHER IDIOMS FROM COLOUR
Black market
To feel blue
Green with envy
In the black
The red carpet
A white lie
If change money on the black market, you often get
more money for each dollar
I was alone on my birthday and feeling blue.
I was green with envy when I learned that Luis had
won a trip to Europe
Theo earns a thousand dollars a week. He doesn’t
have to worry about having enough money. He’s
always in the black.
When the president visited, our town rolled out the
red carpet.
I didn’t feel like going out. So I told a white lie, and I
said I didn’t feel well.
Task 4. Find Russian equivalents to the above idioms. Invent your own
story in Russian with the idioms.
IDIOMS FROM FOOD
Task 5. a) Read the story «А Lemon».
b) Discuss the questions below.
c) Translate the text.
A LEMON
The used car I bought for three hundred dollars was a lemon. My friend
said I was nuts to believe the baloney the seller gave. The seller said that the
car was like new with only ten thousand miles on it. She called it reliable
transportation at a very low price. She said she was really selling it for peanuts.
Starting the engine of the car was a piece of cake. I just turned the key no problem.
However, soon I was in a pickle: The brakes didn’t work! The owner of
the Cadillac I hit went bananas when he saw the damage to the front of his
car. He started shouting at me and wouldn’t stop. Now I have to pay him two
thousand dollars to repair his car. But my friend Nina was a peach. She took
my car to the garbage dump so that I didn’t have to see it again.
1. Does something that is a lemon work well?
2. Is something that is apiece of cake easy to do or hard to do?
3. When someone goes bananas, what happens to the person?
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OTHER IDIOMS FROM FOOD
The apple of one’s The baby is the apple of her grandfather’s eye. He
eye
thinks she’s wonderful,
To cream someone Our basketball team really creamed its opponents.
Our team won by a score of 120 to 60.
Fishy
On our return home, we found the front door open,
and we suspected that something fishy was going on.
Task 6. Write idioms to the following definitions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
in trouble
something that is very easy to do.
something that doesn’t work.
to totally beat someone in a game.
a very small amount of money.
nonsense
suspicious, not right or honest.
to go crazy.
very crazy, very upset.
Task 7. a) Read the text and define the topic and the problem of the text.
b) Identify idiomatic expressions if any.
c) Translate the text into Russian.
Best Exercises for Sleep. Sleep Like the Dead.
There are two types of exercise: aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic means
«with oxygen.» Aerobic exercises increase the amount of oxygen in the blood.
Examples of aerobic exercises include jogging, walking, swimming, bicycling,
jumping rope, dancing, riding a stationary bicycle, and using a treadmill.
Anaerobic, or nonaerobic, means «without oxygen.» Anaerobic exercises,
such as slow walking, bowling, or strength training with weights, are important
to your overall fitness.
Aerobic exercises, however, are probably the best to combat sleeplessness.
However, if you dislike aerobic exercise but like anaerobic, then doing anaerobic
is certainly better than no exercise. And anaerobic exercises alone will likely
help you sleep better, just probably not as well as aerobic ones.
To help yourself to sleep well, you should get 15-45 minutes of moderateintensity exercise on a daily or near daily basis. The physical activity does not
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need to be performed at all one time. It can be broken up throughout the day.
If you want to exercise longer or engage in high intensity activity, then do so.
Just make sure you are healthy enough for it.
It’s a good idea to build up level of physical activity by starting with lowintensity activities for short duration a few times a week, then gradually
increasing the duration and frequency. Those who plan to start more vigorous
physical exercise or who have a chronic health problem should first consult
their physician to plan a safe, effective program.
We Translate Humorous Stories
Few of the blessings we enjoy are of greater value than the gift of humour.
The pleasure attendant upon it attracts us together, forms an incentive, and
gives a charm to social intercourse and, unlike the concentrating power of love,
scatters bright rays in every direction. That humour is generally associated with
enjoyment might be concluded from the fact that the genial and good-natured
are generally the most mirthful, and we all have so much personal experience
of the gratification it affords.
Here are people who believe that the English are a serious nation. Some
even think they are dour. This sounds bizarre to anyone who knows English
culture, but it is quite widely believed.
In other cultures, there is “a time and a place” for humour: among the
English it is a constant, a given – there is always an undercurrent of humour.
Virtually all English conversations and social interactions involve at least some
degree of banter, teasing, irony, wit, mockery, wordplay, satire, understatement,
humorous self-deprecation, sarcasm, or just silliness. Humour is not a special,
separate kind of talk: it is their “default mode”; it is like breathing; they cannot
function without it.
Humour can be identified as:
1. the quality of being funny;
2. the ability to appreciate or express that which is humorous;
3. situations, speech, or writings that are thought to be humorous
4. a state of mind; temper; mood;
5. temperament or disposition
6. a caprice or whim
Quotations about humour
1. «Humour is by far the most significant activity of the human brain»
[Edward De Bono]
2. «Humor brings insight and tolerance. Irony brings a deeper and less
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friendly understanding» [Agnes Repplier In Pursuit of Laughter]
3. «The secret source of humor itself is not joy but sorrow. There is no
humor in heaven» [Mark Twain Following the Equator]
4. «There are men so philosophical that they can see humor in their own
toothaches. But there has never lived a man so philosophical that he could see
the toothache in his own humor» [H.L. Mencken A Mencken Chrestomathy]
5. «There seems to be no lengths to which humorless people will not go to
analyze humor. It seems to worry them» [Robert Benchley What Does It Mean?]
6. «Humor brings insight and tolerance. Irony brings a deeper and less
friendly understanding» [Agnes Repplier In Pursuit of Laughter]
An Englishman, roused by a Scot’s scorn of his race, protested that he was
born an Englishman and hoped to die an Englishman. «Man,» scoffed the Scot,
«hiv ye nae ambeetion (Have you no ambition)?»
***
A customer ordered some coffee in a cafe. The waitress arrived with the
coffee and placed it on the table. After a few moments, the customer called
for the waitress «Waitress,» he said, «there’s dirt in my coffee!». «That’s not
surprising, sir, replied the waitress, «It was ground only half an hour ago.»
Task 2. a) Translate the following humorous stories.
Practice
Task 1. a)Translate the following humorous stories.
b)Identify idiomatic phrases, find their Russian phraseological
equivalents. Be sure, the translated stories are still humorous.
***
A man asked for a meal in a restaurant. The waiter brought the food and put
it on the table. After a moment, the man called the waiter and said: «Waiter!
Waiter! There’s a fly in my soup!» «Please don’t speak so loudly, sir,» said the
waiter, «or everyone will want one.»
***
What is the longest word in the English language?
«Smiles». Because there is a mile between its first and last letters!
***
An English teacher wrote these words on the whiteboard: «woman without
her man is nothing». The teacher then asked the students to punctuate the
words correctly.
The men wrote: «Woman, without her man, is nothing.»
The women wrote: «Woman! Without her, man is nothing.»
***
Mark called in to see his friend Angus (a Scotsman) to find he was stripping
the wallpaper from the walls. Rather obviously, he remarked «You’re decorating,
I see». To which Angus replied «No. I’m moving house.”
A Scots boy came home from school and told his mother he had been given
a part in the school play. «Wonderful», says the mother, «What part is it?» The
boy says «I play the part of the Scottish husband!» The mother scowls and says:
«Go back and tell your teacher you want a speaking part.»
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***
Fair Play
The man in the barber chair signaled with his finger. «Have you got another
razor?» he whispered. «Of course, sir», said the barber. «But may I ask you why?»
«Id like to defend myself», said the customer.
A Nice Catch
The rain was pouring and there was a big puddle in front of the pub. A
ragged old man was standing there with a rod and hanging a string into the
puddle. A tipsy-looking, curious gentleman came over to him and asked what
he was doing. «Fishing», the old man said simply.
«Poor old fool», the gentleman thought and he invited the ragged old man to
a drink in the pub. As he felt he should start some conversation while they were
sipping their whisky, the gentleman asked, «And how many have you caught?
«You are the eighth,» the old man answered.
Wait Till It’s Over
A drunken man, completely detached from reality, walks down the street.
Accidentally he hits a post. Thrown aback by such a hit he holds his head,
spinning around, and goes forward again, and hits the same post. Then he
silently sits on the pavement: «I’ll wait till the demonstration is over.»
A Texan in Australia
A Texan farmer goes to Australia for a vacation. There he meets an Aussie
farmer and gets talking. The Aussie shows off his big wheat field and the Texan
says, «Oh! We have wheat fields that are at least twice as large.” Then they walk
around the ranch a little, and the Aussie shows off his herd of cattle.
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The Texan immediately says, «We have longhorns that are at least twice as
large as your cows.» The conversation has, meanwhile, almost died when the
Texan sees a herd of kangaroos hopping through the field. He asks, «And what
are those?» The Aussie replies with an incredulous look, «Don’t you have any
grasshoppers in Texas?”
Carelessness
The housemaid, tidying the stairs the morning after the reception, found
lying there one of the solid silver teaspoons. «My goodness gracious!» she
exclaimed, as she retrieved the piece of silver. «Someone of the company had
a hole in his pocket.
Chapter XV. WORDS DERIVED FROM GREEK
Task 1.
a) Look through the information below and tick what you’ve already
known, mark with «_» what is new and mark with “?” what needs further
explanation.
b) Translate the text.
A great revival of interest in ancient Greek and Latin civilizations took place
in England during the years 1500-1650, a period known as the Renaissance. At
that time numerous ancient Greek and Latin words and their derivatives were
incorporated into our language. This pattern of language growth has continued
to the present day. When modern scientists need to name a new idea, process, or
object, they tend to avoid existing English words because these already may have
several other meanings. Instead they prefer to construct a new English word out
of one or more ancient Greek or Latin words. Ancient Greek has been especially
preferred as a source of new words in the scientific and technical fields.
Here are ancient Greek prefixes and roots that have enriched our language.
Each one, as you can see, has produced a group of useful English words.
Task 2.
a) Analyze the list of Greek derivatives; pay special attention to their
meaning and antonyms.
b) Try to remember the most useful derivatives.
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GROUP 1 – PHOBIA: «fear», «dislike», «aversion»
WORD
acrophobia (n.)
agoraphobia (n.)
Anglophobia (n.)
claustrophobia (n.)
Germanophobia (n.)
monophobia (n.)
MEANING
fear of being at great height
fear of open spaces
dislike of England or the English
fear of enclosed or narrow spaces
dislike of Germany or the Gemans
(ant. Germanophilia)
1. morbid (abnormal) fear of water
2. rabies (бешенство, водобоязнь)
fear of being alone
photophobia (n.)
xenophobia (n.)
morbid aversion of light
aversion of foreigners
hydrophobia (n.)
N.B.! The form «phobe» at the end of a word means «one who fears or
dislikes» (Russophobe)
Task 3. In each blank, insert the most appropriate word from the
list above.
1. You would not expect a professional mountain climber to have
.
2. As we grow up, we overcome our childhood
of the dark.
3. Passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 proves that some degree
of
existed in our nation at that time.
4. Youngsters who suffer from
do not make a habit of hiding in
closets.
5. After many decades of
, the French joined the West Germans
in close economic ties following World War 11.
GROUP 2 – PHIL (PHILO): «loving», «fond of»
WORD
philanthropist (n.)
MEANING
1) lover of humanity;
2) one who is active in promoting
human welfare
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philatelist (n.)
philately (n.) philharmonic (adj.)
philhellenism (n.)
philogyny (n.)
philology (n.)
philosopher (n.)
stamp collector
collection and study of stamps
pertaining to a musical organization
(«loving music»)
support of Greece or the Greeks
love women (ant. misogyny)
study (love) of language and
literature
1) a lover of, a searcher for wisdom
or knowledge;
2) one who regulates his life by
the light of reason
bibliophile (n.)
a lover of books (ant. bibliophobe)
N.B.! The form «phile» at the end of a word means «one who loves or
supports»
Task 4. In each blank, insert the most appropriate word from group 2,
phile (philo)
1. Socrates, the great Athenian
, devoted his life to seeking truth
and exposing error.
2. The
was proud of his fine collection of beautifully bound
volumes.
3. Do you collect stamps? I, too, was once interested in
.
4. The
among the American colonists were opposed to the
war with England.
5. In her will, the
bequeathed more than a million dollars to
charity.
6.
are especially eager to listen to newly released recording
by outstanding artists.
GROUP 3 – MIS: «bate» (MIS means the opposite of PHIL)
WORD
misandry (n.)
misanthrope (n.)
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MEANING
hatred of males
hater of humanity (ant.
philanthropist)
misanthropy (n.)
misogamy (n.)
misogyny (n.)
misology (n.)
misoneism (n.)
hatred of humanity (ant.
philanthropy)
hatred of marriage (ant. philogyny)
hatred of women
hatred of argument, reasoning, or
discussion
hatred of anything new
Task 5. In each blank, insert the most appropriate word from group 3 «mis»
1. Hamlet’s
resulted from his mistaken conclusion that he had
been betrayed by a woman-Ophelia.
2. When Gulliver returned from his travels, he could not endure the sight
of fellow humans; he had become a
.
3. Surprisingly, the first of the fraternity members to marry was the one
who had been the loudest advocate of
.
4. Isabel enjoys discussion and debate; she cannot be accused of
.
5. Some oppose innovation out of sheer
, they do not want any
change.
GROUP 4 – DYS: «bad», «ill», «difficult»
WORD
dysentery (n.)
dysfunction (n.)
dyslexia (n.)
dyslogistic (n.)
dyspepsia (n.)
dysphagia (n.)
dysphasia (n.)
dysphoria (n.)
dystopia (n.)
dystrophy (n.)
MEANING
inflammation of the large intestine
abnormal functioning, as of an
organ of the body
impairment of the ability to read
expressing disapproval or censure;
uncomplimentary
difficult digestion; indigestion
difficulty in swallowing
speech difficulty resulting from
brain injury
sense of great unhappiness or
dissatisfaction (ant. euphoria)
imaginary place where living
conditions are dreadful (ant. utopia)
faulty nutrition
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Task 6. In each blank, insert the most appropriate word from GROUP
4 «dys»
1. To aid digestion, eat slowly; rapid eating may cause
.
2. Those who ate the contaminated food became ill with
.
3. Injury to the brain may result in
complicated speech disorder.
4. Muscular
is a disease in which the muscles waste away.
5. When your throat is badly inflamed, you may experience some
at
mealtime.
6. George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four is about a
.
GROUP 5 – EU: «good», «well», «advantageous»
EU means the opposite of DYS
WORD
eugenics (n.)
eulogize (v.)
eupepsia (n.)
euphemism (n.)
euphonious (adj.)
euthanasia (n.)
euthenics (n.)
MEANING
science dealing with improving the
hereditary qualities of the human race
write or speak in praise of someone
(ant. vilify)
good digestion (ant. dyspepsia)
substitution of a «good» expression
for an unpleasant one. Example:
sanitation for garbage collection
pleasing in sound (ant. cacophonous)
controversial practice of mercifully
putting to death a person suffering
from an incurable, painfully
distressing disease (literally
«advantageous death»)
science dealing with improving
living conditions
Task 7. In each blank, insert the most appropriate word from group 5 «eu»
1. The audience liked the organist’s
melodies.
2. Before conferring the award, the presiding officer will probably
the recipient.
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3. The employee formally called a «janitor» is now known by a
such
as «superintendent» or «custodian».
4. Many believe that anyone who commits
, regardless the
circumstances, is a murderer.
5. The
I felt when my teacher complimented my work this
morning stayed with me for the rest of the day.
GROUP 6 – MACRO : «large», «long» and MICRO: «small», «minute»
WORD
macrocosm (n.) macron (n.)
macroscopic (adj.)
microbe (n.)
microbicide(n.)
microdont (adj.)
microfilm (n.)
microgram (п.)
micrometer (п.)
microorganism (п.)
microsecond (п.)
microsurgery (п.)
microvolt (п.)
microwatt (п.)
microwave (п.)
MEANING
great world; universe (ant.
microcosm)
horizontal mark indicating that the
vowel over which it is placed is long
large enough to be visible to the
naked eye (ant. microscopic)
microscopic living animal or plant;
microorganism agent that destroys
microbes
having small teeth
film of very small size
millionth of a gram
millionth of meter
microscopic living animal or plant
millionth of a second
a surgery with the aid of
microscopes and minute
instruments or laser beams
millionth of a volt
millionth of a watt
very short electromagnetic wave
microwave oven (oven that cooks
quickly by using microwaves)
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Task 8. In each blank, insert the most appropriate word from group 6
«macro and micro»
1. Documents can be recorded in a minimum of space if photographed
on
.
2. Space exploration has made us more aware of the vastness of the
.
3. A
enables us to measure very minute distances that cannot be
measured accurately with a ruler.
4. An ant is visible to the naked eye, but an ameba is
.
5. The dictionary uses a
to tell that the e in the word era is
a long vowel.
6. Thanks to the miracle of
, the patient’s detached retina was
successfully reattached.
GROUP 7 – A (AN): «not», «without»
WORD
amoral (adj.)
anesthetic (п.)
MEANING
not moral; without a sense of moral
responsibility
without (having no) definite form or
shape
total absence of rule or government;
confusion; disorder
lack of a normal number of red
blood cells
loss of feeling or sensation resulting
from either, chloroform, Novocain,
etc.
drug that produces anesthesia
anhydrous (п.)
destitute of (without) water
anomaly (n.) deviation from the common rule
anomalous (adj.)
anonymous (adj.)
not normal; abnormal
nameless; of unknown or unnamed
origin
deprivation of (state of being
without) oxygen
temporary cessation of breathing
amorphous (adj.)
anarchy (n.)
anemia (n.)
anesthesia (п.)
anoxia (n.)
apnea (n.)
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aseptic (adj.)
asymptotic (adj.)
atheism (n.)
atrophy (n.)
atypical (adj.)
free from disease-causing
microorganisms
showing no symptoms of disease
godlessness; denial of the existence
of a Supreme Being
lack of growth from disuse or want
nourishment, (ant.hypertrophy
enlargement of a body part, as from
excessive use)
unlike the typical
Task 9. In each blank, insert the most appropriate word from group 8, «a»
(«an»)
1. The gift is
. We have no idea who sent it.
2. In the tropics a snowstorm would be a(n)
.
3. The administration of a(n)
prevents the patient from feeling
pain during and immediately after an operation.
4. Wendy is
in one respect: she doesn’t care for ice cream.
5. In
surgery, rigid precautions are taken to exclude diseasecausing microorganisms.
6. Dan is cured. Medical tests show that he is
.
GROUP 8 – MONO (MON): «one», «single», «alone»
GROUP 9: «many»
WORD
monarchy (n.)
monochromatic (adj.)
monocle (n.)
monogamy (n.)
monogram (n.)
MEANING
rule by a single person (ant.
polyarchy)
of one color (ant. polychromatic)
an eyeglass for one eye
marriage with one mate at a time
(ant. polygamy)
two or more letters interwoven to
represent a name
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monolith (n.)
a single stone of large size
monolog(ue) (n.)
a long speech by one person in a
group
having a single form
monomorphic (adj.)
monosyllabic (adj.)
monotheism (n.)
monotonous (adj.)
polyarchy (n.)
polychromatic (adj.)
polygamy (n.)
polyglot (adj.)
polyglot (n.)
polygon (n.)
polymorphic (adj.)
polyphonic (adj.)
polysyllabic (adj.)
polytechnic (adj.)
polytheism (n.)
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having one syllable (ant.
polysyllabic)
belief that there is one God (ant.
polytheism)
continuing in an unchanging tone;
wearing
rule by many (ant. monoarchy)
having a variety of colors;
multicolored (ant. monochromatic)
marriage to several mates at the
same time (ant. monogamy)
speaking several languages
a person who speaks several
languages
a closed plane figure having literally
«many angles» and therefore many
sides
having various forms (ant.
monomorphic)
having many sounds or voices (ant.
monophonic, having the same
sound)
having more than two syllables (ant.
monosyllabic)
dealing with many technical arts or
sciences
belief that there is a plurality of gods
(ant. monotheism)
Task 10. In each blank, insert the most appropriate word from group 9 and
10, «mono» and «poly»
1. The idea of getting revenge on Moby Dick was never absent from Ahab’s
mind – it was his
.
2. Books for beginning readers contain relatively few
words.
3. The Romans obviously practiced
, for they worshipped many gods.
4. A relative gave me a jacket embroidered with my own
.
5. A discussion in which you take part is practically a
; you
hardly give anyone else a chance to speak.
6. Our
neighbor speaks French, German, Russian, and English.
7. Professor Shaw’s
on garden insecticides is being widely read.
8. A
institute offers instruction in many applied sciences
and technical arts.
9. Repetitive work soon becomes
.
10. A huge
, the 555-foot Washington Monument dominates
the skyline of our nation’s capital.
Stop and Check
REVIEW 1: Greek prefixes and roots
In the space before each Greek prefix or root in column I write the letter
of its correct meaning from column II.
COLUMN I
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Phobia
Macro
Phil (philo)
Mono (mon)
A (an)
Dys
Poly
Phobe
Mis
Micro
Eu
Phile
COLUMN II
a. bad; ill; difficult
b. small; minute
c. not; witjout
d. one; single; alone
e. fear; dislike; aversion
f. one who loves or supports
g. many
h. loving; fond of
i. large; long
j. good; well; advantageous
k. hate
l. one who fears or dislikes
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REVIEW 2: opposites In the blank space, write the word that means the
OPPOSITE of the word defined. (The first answer has been filled
in as an example.)
DEFINITION
WORD
OPPOSITE
1. belief in God
2. supporter of Russia
3. conforming to a type
4. good digestion
5. one who dislikes books
6. lover of humanity
7. believing there is but one God
8. harsh in sound
9. showing a variety of colours
10. infected
11. without a sense of moral
12. married to several mates 13. invisible to the naked eye
14. enlargement,
15. rule by many
16. sense of great happiness
17. expressive censure or disapproval
18. having but one syllable
19. the great world; universe
20. having various forms
theism
Russophile
typical
eupepsia
bibliophobe
philanthropist
monotheistic
cacophonous
polychromatic
septic
amoral
polygamous
microscopic
hypertrophy
polyarchy
euphoria
dyslogistic
monosyllabic
macrocosm
polymorphic
atheism
REVIEW 3: sentence completion
Fill each blank with the most appropriate word from the vocabulary list.
VOCABULARY LIST
euphemistic
monogram
euthanasia
misanthropy
anonymous
euphoria
dysphagia
anesthesia
anomalous
monograph
dysentery
acrophobia
dystrophy
philatelist
xenophobia
1. There is a conflict in the minds between the commandment «Thou shalt
not kill» and the practice of
.
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2. A two-headed horse would be a (n)
sight.
3. The new regime dislikes foreigners; it exhibits a profound
.
4. Though the letter was
, I was able to discover who had written
it.
5. The term «mortician» is a(n)
term for «undertaker.»
6. The drinking of contaminated water can cause
, an
inflammation of the large intestine.
7. A(n)
collects stamps.
8. I had no dread of heights, but my companion’s
became more
severe as we approached the summit.
9. So effective was the local
that the patient experienced
practically no pain during the surgery.
10.The biology professor is the author of a(n)
on earthworms.
REVIEW 4: concise writing
Express the thought of each sentence below in no more than four words.
The first sentence has been rewritten as a sample.
1. Scrooge has nothing but hate and contempt for other human beings.
Scrooge is a misanthrope.
2. That patient does not have the normal number of red blood cells.
3. It is impossible to see viruses with the naked eye.
4. Beret suffered from a fear of being in the midst of open spaces.
5. It is against the law for people to be married to several mates at the same
time.
6. Clouds in the sky generally have no definite shape or form.
7. Carnegie used his millions to promote the welfare of his fellow human
beings.
8. Many inhabitants had a disease characterized by an inflammation of
large intestine.
9. The fear of being at great height is quite common.
10. Mama is an individual who lives her life by the light of reason.
REVIEW 5: brainteasers
Fill in the missing letters.
1. Stop using
lab
words just to impress other.
2. Many
late
own stamps from almost every nation.
3. The dog owner used a(n)
hem
when he told us that his ailing
poodle had been «put to sleep» by the veterinarian.
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4. One would not expect a bib
to have a library card.
5. If we had no laws or government, there would be total
arc .
6. Is there really a(n)
top
, where living conditions are ideal?
7. Under favorable conditions, an accident victim's detached limb can be
reattached through
urge .
8. My
hag
has eased, but it is still hard for me to swallow.
9. The star was delighted when critics wrote
log
reviews about
her new film.
10. In heated discussions, people may sometimes lose their heads, call each
other names, and
if each other.
REVIEW 6: analogies
Write the letter of the word that best completes the analogy.
1. Anemia is to red blood cells as anoxia is to
.
a. corpuscles b. disease c. oxygen d. tissue e. surgery
2. Euthenics is to environment as eugenics is to
.
a. surroundings b. heredity c. nutrition d. health e. education
3. Dysphagia is to swallowing as dysphasia is to
a. digestion b. hearing c. sight d. speech e. tasting
.
4. Misanthropy is to humanity as misogamy is to
.
a. women b. novelty c. marriage d. argument e. foreigners
5. Polychromatic is to colors as polytechnic is to
a. arts b. sounds c. forms d. syllable e. Angles.
.
PRACTICE IN TRANSLATION
Task: a) Look through the text and define its topic and the problem.
b) In each paragraph underline the Topic Sentence, if any.
c) Translate the text into Russian.
d) Analyze the underlined sentence.
FOLLOWING THE RULES
When people are playing a game, they need to follow the rules. If they don’t
the game becomes disorganized and unfair, and it stops being fun. If a student
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ignores a rule against talking in class, the other students can’t concentrate.
Drivers who don’t follow traffic laws can cause serious accidents.
Most things we do are governed by rules. These may be unwritten, like the
rules of social politeness, or official laws passed by parliament and backed
up by legal system. Punishment for breaking the rule may vary from being
criticized to being put in prison.
But all rules and laws have the same purpose – to make it clear what most
people agree is right or wrong, and what happens, if someone breaks the rule.
They are designed to ensure fairness, safety and respect for other people’s
rights, and in this way they help us work, play and live together peacefully.
If there were no rules and everyone was free to do whatever they wanted,
most people will probably behave selfishly. We need rules to help us get along
together and show respect for each other.
However, having rules doesn’t stop people breaking them. We will always
need referees and penalties, policemen and prisons. But most of us are basically
honest, and knowing the rules means that we usually try to follow them. One
reason we do this is to avoid punishment, but the strongest argument for
following the rules is, quite simple, that it makes the world a better place for
all of us.
d) Make a Precis to the text.
Chapter XVI. READING AND TRANSLATING POETRY
Definition. A poem, usually in verse, in which the first or the last letters of
the lines, or certain other letters, taken in order, form a name, word, phrase, or
motto.
Poetic Devices
Poetic devices are literary techniques not exclusively limited to poetry.
Poetic devices are used by good writers in all professions, from novelists,
to journalists, to advertisers. This is because poetic devices are pleasing to
hear. Poetic devices are often lumped together with figurative language
techniques (simile, metaphor, personification, understatement etc).
Poets Use Personification
One way poets help us to see things freshly is to give life or personality to
whatever they write about. By imagining that an object or idea can come to life, a
poet fills that object or idea with surprises. We might never think that a flashlight,
a ceiling, a cellar, an attic could behave as they do in these poems.
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FLASHLIGHT
My flashlight tugs me through the dark
Like a hound with a yellow eye,
Sniffs at the edges of steep places,
Paws at moles' and rabbits' holes,
Points its nose where sharp things lie asleep
And then it bounds ahead of me on home ground.
Judith Thurman
THE CEILING
Suppose the Ceiling went Outside
And then caught Cold and Up and Died?
The only Thing we'd have for Proof
That he was Gone, would be the Roof;
I think it would be Most Revealing
To find out how the Ceiling's Feeling.
Theodore Roethke
A CELLAR AND AN ATTIC
A cellar and an attic are friends
The cellar works hard for his keep
And has for his pains a furnace in his throat
And a bellyful of boiling water.
The attic sits in the clouds from morning to night
With nothing at all in his head
But a rocking horse and a broken chair.
Donald Fin
Poets Use Repetition
Poets give special meaning to their poems through repetition.
Although many poets use rhyme to give their poems a pleasant sound,
other use no rhyme at all. Unless a poem has some sort of music or rhythmic
pattern, it may sound like a composition or a story. Repetition, repeating a
phrase or certain words, is one device poets use. Listen to these poems for the
use of repetition.
THE SONG IN MY HEAD
POEM
The song in my head.
The song in my head
Goes over, goes over and over.
Sing me another,
Sing me another.
Sing me a song that will drive this one out,
Drive this one out, drive this one out…
Felice Holman
I loved my friend
He went away from me.
There’s nothing more to say
The poem ends, soft as it began
I loved my friend.
Langston Hughes
Poets Use Alliteration
Alliteration is the repetition of the initial consonant sound in words.
An easier (though less exact) way to say this is that alliteration is when the
first sounds in words repeat. Alliteration often works with assonance and
consonance to make phonetically pleasing arrangements.
•
Jakia jumped in the jar of jelly.
Despite their mother’s warnings,
•
The children chose to chew with their mouths open.
COLD
•
The grass grew green in the graveyard.
Cold, a character I used to know in Wyoming,
Raps every night at doors of lonely farms,
Moans all night around the barn,
And cracks his knuckles late,
At the bedroom window.
William Stafford
Poets Use Rhyme
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Rhyme is when the end or final sound of two or more words is identical. If
the end sounds are not identical, then the speaker or writer is using consonance
or assonance instead. Rhymes can also occur internally or on the inside of
words or lines of poetry. This is the technique that is most often associated
with poetry. A rhyme may also be monosyllabic (a one syllable rhyme) or
141
polysyllabic (rhyme two or more syllables), such as in the following example:
•
•
•
I left my punch card on the lunch yard.
I drove a race car to the space bar.
We saw a butter fly flutter by.
Poets Use Rhythm
Rhythm is when the arrangement of words creates an audible pattern
or beat when read out loud. A good way to check to see if a passage of text is
using rhythm is to just hum the sounds that the words make rather than clearly
pronouncing them. If you can hear a song or identify a form in the sounds,
then the text is rhythmic.
•
There once was a guy from Chicago
Who drank away all of his problems.
•
I know it is wet and the sun is not sunny,
but we can have lots of good fun that is funny.
Instead of just reading these examples, try humming them. Do you hear
how they sort of bounce? This is a rhythm.
Poets Use Euphony
Euphony is the juxtaposition of pleasant and agreeable sounds. Most
sound devices and rhymes produce euphony. In music, the sound is pleasant,
agreeable and harmonious.
The following lyrics contain both sound devices. And to make matters
more interesting, it has two treatments of the song: a harsh version and a more
pleasant sounding acoustic version.
My my, hey hey
Rock and roll is here to stay
It’s better to burn out
Than to fade away
My my, hey hey.
Neil Young
Poetic Forms
Haiku
One of the forms in which poets write is the haiku. Haiku is a Japanese
form. The word haiku literally means «beginning phrase». Long ago it was
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used as the first three lines of a long poem. It introduces what was going to
happen in the poem. Later, haiku became a form in itself.
Haiku has a number of strict rules. It must have seventeen syllables, which
are usually written in three lines. There are five syllables in the first line, seven in
the second line, and five in the third line. Read this haiku and count the syllables:
Clouds of morning mist
float over the summer hills
like a painted dream.
Buson
There is more to a haiku, however, than counting syllables. Haiku should
always be about nature or contain a season word, a word that names or
suggests a season. It should always be about one event. The event in Buson’s
haiku is clouds floating over the hills. Haiku is written in the present tense, as
if something is happening right this minute. In fact, it may have happened a
long time ago.
The haiku is just a beginning. The reader is asked to take the picture the
haiku makes and imagine what will happen afterwards. Read this haiku.
Again and again
The wind wipes away the clouds
And shines up the moon.
Kazue Mizumura
The haiku poet gives us a picture that we take and use for ourselves. Shut
your eyes and see if you can picture the fall wind moving the clouds across the
moon, shining it up. Now the picture is yours, and you can keep on watching
the clouds again and again.
Haiku often have surprises, humor, or a new way of looking at things.
Under a small, cold
winter moon, fields and hills gleam
bald and white as eggs.
Ransetsu
Hop out my way,
Mr. Toad, and allow me
please to plant bamboo.
Chora
It is important to remember that there is never any rhyme in a haiku. Words
should not be repeated unless absolutely necessary. With only seventeen
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syllables in which to give a picture, the haiku poet must choose words very
carefully.
Smoothed by seas
A nearly round rock
Points homeward
Sunday morning
All the waves in white
Kneeling on the beach
IN AND OUT
Of the river’s mouth
Crutches a tongue of sea
«No oil rigs here!»
Cinquain
Cinquain, despite its French-sounding name, is an American poetry
form, influenced by Japanese haiku, is used it to express brief thoughts and
statements. While the form does not have the extensive popularity of haiku, it
is often taught in public schools to children because of the form’s brief nature.
Cinquain Form
Most cinquain poems consist of a single, 22 syllable stanza, but they can be
combined into longer works. A cinquain consists of five lines. The first line has
two syllables, the second line has four syllables, the third line has six syllables
and the fourth line has eight syllables, the final line has two syllables:
2
4
6
8
2
The line length is the only firm rule, but there are other guidelines that
people have tried to impose from time to time.
Cinquain Guidelines
1) Write in jambs (Two syllable groupings in which the first syllable is
unstressed and the second syllable stressed). For Example: (FRANK she
SMILED we TALKED and THOUGHT) For the last line of the cinquain,
however, both syllables should be stressed, NICE BAR.
2) Write about a noun. Cinquains generally fail if you try to make them
about emotions, philosophies or other complex subjects. They should be about
something concrete.
144
3)Don’t try to make each line complete or express a single thought. Each
line should flow into the next or the poem will sound static.
4) Cinquains work best if you avoid adjectives and adverbs. This doesn’t
mean you can’t have any, but focus on the nouns and the verbs. This almost
always works best in a cinquain.
5) The poem should build toward a climax. The last line should serve as
some sort of conclusion to the earlier thoughts. Often, the conclusion has some
sort of surprise built into it.
Cinquain Examples:
Tucson Rain
The smell
Everyone moves
To the window to look
Work stops and people start talking
Rain came
Opening Game
Game time
Season looked good
National champions
We told ourselves as we sat down
Not now
New Bar
Across
The street I went
To drink at the new bar
I drank she smiled we talked I
thought
Nice bar
Spagetti
Messy, spicy
Slurping, sliding, falling
Between my plate and mouth
Delicious
Limerick
The limerick is a five-line joke of a poem, witty, usually involving place
names and puns, and most often bawdy, sometimes unprintable
Limerick Example:
There was an Old Man with a beard,
Who said, “It is just as I feared!—
Two Owls and a Hen,
four Larks and a Wren,
Have all built their nests in my beard.”
There was an old person of Fife,
Who was greatly disgusted with life;
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They sang him a ballad,
And fed him on salad,
Which cured that old person of Fife.
There was a Young Lady of Ryde,
Whose shoe-strings were seldom untied.
She purchased some clogs,
And some small spotted dogs,
And frequently walked about Ryde.
Diamante
A Diamante is a seven-lined contrast poem set up in a diamond shape.
The first line begins with a noun/subject, and second line contains two
adjectives that describe the beginning noun. The third line contains three
words ending in -ing relating to the noun/subject. The forth line contains
two words that describe the noun/subject and two that describe the closing
synonym/antonym. If using an antonym for the ending, this is where the
shift should occur. In the fifth line are three more -ing words describing the
ending antonym/synonym, and the sixth are two more adjectives describing
the ending antonym/synonym. The last line ends with the first noun’s antonym
or synonym.
Diamante Examples:
Rain
humid, damp
refreshing, dripping, splattering
wet, slippery, cold, slushy
sliding, melting, freezing
frigid, icy
Snow
Kitten
cute, soft
purring, clawing, pouncing
playful, fur, fun, feline
pawing, licking, loving
bright-eyed, beautiful
Cat
Writing a Poem
1. Prewriting
1) Look around your classroom and out the window. Make a list of what
you see. You might list objects like these:
Tree; flower; clouds; grass; wind; picture; board etc.
146
2) Observe closely the things on your list. What do you know about each
one? What might it do if it came alive? What might it wear? What human
quality might it take on? What can you infer about it?
3) Which object on your list is most interesting to you? Which object comes
alive in your mind? The object that seems most alive in your mind could be the
subject of your poem.
4) Make a diagram. In a large circle, write the name of one object or part
of nature that you chose. Write three things you observe about the object in
separate boxes. Then, in a triangle under each box, write one human quality
for each observation.
2. Writing
Your diagram will help you begin your poem. You can give the human
qualities from the triangles directly to the object in the circle. You might begin
by saying, «Silently my lamp sees me.» You can tell more about your lamp by
looking at the rest of the diagram. Remember that by repeating a line or a word
you can give special meaning to a poem, you can use other poetic devices to
make poem more attractive and emotional.
3. Revising
1) Write each line of your poem on a separate strip of paper. Rearrange the
strips until your poem is in the best order. You may add strips with new lines,
or you may decide to throw some strips away. Copy the lines of your poem
after you have decoded on the best order and the best form.
2) Read your poem to someone else. Talk about the lines you like. Listen
to what the other person says about your poem. Use the Revision Checklist to
make improvements.
Revision Checklist
•
•
•
Did I give human characteristics to an object, a part of nature, or an
idea?
Are the lines of my poem in the best order?
Does my poem allow my readers to make inferences about what the
object would be like if it came alive?
Translating Poems
Task 1. Read these poems with a dictionary and translate them.
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HER GREATEST LOVE
At sixty she’s experiencing
The greatest love of her life.
She walks arm in arm with her lover,
The wind ruffles their gray hair.
Her lover says:
«You have hair like pearls.
Her children say:
«You silly old fool”
Anna «Swir», Poland
I don’t remember growing older
When did they?
When did she get to be a beauty?
When did he grow to be so tall?
Wasn’t it yesterday when they were small?
Swiftly flow the days,
Dieseling turn overnight to sun flowers
Blossoming even as we gaze.
Swiftly fly the years
One season following another
Laden with happiness and tears.
PRACTICE IN TRANSLATION
JUST A SONG AT TWILIGHT
Just a song at twilight, when the lights
Are low and the flickering shadows softly
And come and go. Tho’the heart be weary, sad.
They say and log, still to us at twilight .
Comes love’s old song.
Comes love’s old sweet song.
I’M LOOKING OVER A FOUR LEAF CLOVER
I’m looking over a four-leaf clover,
That I over-looked before;
One leaf is sunshine, the second is rain,
Third is the roses that grow in the lane;
No need explaining the one remaining
Is somebody I adore.
I’m looking over a four-leaf clover,
That I overlooked before.
SUNRISE SUNSET
Is this the little girl I carried?
Is this the little boy at play?
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Task 1. a) Read the text, define the topic and the problem of the text.
b) What do you think of the problem?
c) In each paragraph underline a Topic Sentence, if any.
d) Translate the text.
e) Make a Precis of the text.
The problem of teens texting throughout the night
I visited with 5 charming teenagers last week. Four of them had something
in common: these teenagers are texting in the middle of the night, nearly every
night.
Texting in the middle of the night is not a new phenomenon. Over 2
years ago, reports on teenagers’ texting at night began to surface. One study
concluded the average teenager sends 34 texts after lights out. Simply based
on the conversations I have had over the last week, I would consider 34 texts a
night to be a gross underestimate.
What I found more interesting was each teen’s response when I asked why
they were texting at such odd hours. All 4 teens shared nearly the same reply,
“If I don’t keep up with what people are talking about, I’m afraid they will
start talking about me. I don’t want to be left out. I’m not asleep, anyway.”
I agree that kids need to connect with their peers. The underlying problem
for these night-texting teens, however, is a feeling of obligation to respond
to every tag, update, mention, and text. This need to connect becomes allconsuming, overriding what most would consider a personal boundary of
time and space.
If left unchecked, the need for teens to be constantly available is coming at a
149
cost of their emotional and physical health. Texting throughout the night leads
to sleep deprivation and its associated health concerns.
Task 2. a) Read the text, define the topic and the problem of the text.
b) What do you think of the problem?
c) Write down the examples of different ways of word formation
from the text.
d) Translate the text.
e) Analyze the underlined sentences.
The Example:
After the Revolutionary War, George Washington wanted to go home and
become a gentleman farmer again, but his new nation had many problems.
Thirteen separate sections quarreled. There was a real need for a strong
president. Someone had to hold the new nation together. Everyone liked and
respected Washington, who had been a good general. Washington was chosen
to become the first president of the United States in 1789.
Who?
What?
George Washington
had been a good general; was liked and respected; was chosen
to become the first president of the United States.
When?
1789
Where?
Why?
-------his new nation had many problems; there was a real need for
a strong president
Mental Exercise
Just as we need to be physically active to sleep well, we also need to be
mentally active.
Mental exercise, like physical exercise, has been shown to result in better
sleep. To put it differently, boredom or a lack of mental activity can reduce the
need to sleep and contribute to insomnia, just as a lack of physical exercise can.
Strong mental activity encourages improved sleep because it is a positive
stressor on the mind, and the brain will recuperate from this activity and
process it by sleeping more deeply.
My own experience and history with insomnia supports this. For years, I’ve
kept detailed sleep logs in which I record what I did on a particular day and
how I slept that night. On days when I actively use my mind, such as when I
learn a new and difficult task, I tend to sleep better on those nights. On days
when I’m a couch potato mentally and have my mind in neutral (TV watching,
Internet surfing), I tend to not sleep as well on those nights. As a result, I have
eliminated «mentally neutral» days as much as possible.
Chapter XVII. WRITING A SUMMARY PARAGRAPH
Writing a Summery Paragraph
A summary paragraph tells only the main idea of a story or an article.
Writing a short summary of a story, a factual article, or a class lesson is a
good way to remember information. Since a summary paragraph tells only the
most important information, the writer has to make choices. «What should
be included? What should be left out?» Read the information below and the
notes. Notice how the student made choices and formed short, factual answers
by answering «who?»; «what?»; «when?»; «where?» and «why?» (5WQs)
150
Sample of Summary Paragraph
As the new nation had many problems, there was a real need for a strong
president. So, George Washington was chosen to become the first president of
the United States in 1789, because he had been a good general and was liked
and respected by the nation.
Skills Tryout
Task 1. a) Each numbered item below has three sentences. Choose only
the most important facts from each group of sentences. Then rewrite them
as one sentence.
1. George Washington guided our new nation for eight years. Thomas
Jefferson helped George Washington during that time. Jefferson was a capable
cabinet officer.
2. Even in the early days of his presidency, Washington made many
important contributions to our government. He refused to treat the colonies
as thirteen separate countries. He helped develop one strong nation.
3. George Washington returned to Mount Vernon. When John Adams became
president, Washington became a farmer. He was happy to be home at last.
151
b) Write a Summary Paragraph to the information above.
Task 2. a) Read the story and define the problem.
b) Note the who, what, when, where, and why of the information.
c) Use your notes to write a summery paragraph.
d) Translate the text.
When to Be Mentally Active For Maximum Sleep Benefits
Just as with physical exercise, you should not be highly mentally active
right before bedtime. Unlike physical exercise, however, you usually don’t need
several hours to calm down from mental exercise. Probably about an hour is
enough transition time from mental exercise to going to bed.
While you should not be highly mentally active before bedtime, this does
not mean that you should be bored before bedtime. Boredom creates anxiety
and stress, and this can interfere with falling asleep easily and staying asleep.
Just before bedtime, TV watching, reading, talking is acceptable as long as they
don’t cause boredom or, on the flip side, excitement.
developed from the language of the Romans. French, which is 85 percent
descended from Latin, was England’s official language for two hundred
years after the Normans gradually blended with the Anglo-Saxon spoken
by the common people. In the process, a considerable number of Latin
words were incorporated into English indirectly, by way of French.
Later, a substantial number of other words came into English directly
from Latin itself. From the Renaissance, in the sixteenth century, to the
present day, as English- speaking authors and scientists have needed new
words to express new ideas, they have been able to form them from Latin
or Greek.
It is no wonder, then, that more than 50 percent of the vocabulary of
English derives directly or indirectly from Latin.
To boost your word power, study the common Latin prefixes and roots
represented in this chapter. Each of them, as the following pages will show,
can help you learn a cluster of useful English words.
Part 1
LATIN PREFUXES AND MEANING
Chapter XVIII. WORDS DERIVED FROM LATIN
Task 1. a) Read the information below and tick what you have already
known.
b) Translate the part of the text set in bold.
When the Latin-speaking Romans ruled Britain, approximately 75-410
AD, there was no English language. The native Britons spoke Celtic, a language
akin to Irish and Welsh. After the Romans withdrew, Germanic invaders, the
Angles and Saxons overwhelmed the Britons.
Before invading Britain, the Angles and Saxons adopted some Latin words
from contacts with the vast neighboring Roman Empire. In Britain, they
undoubtedly acquired a few more Latin words from the Britons, who had been
living so long under Roman domination. And after 597, when the Roman
monk St. Augustine introduced Christianity and the Holy Scripture-in Latin to Britain, the Anglo-Saxons absorbed more words from Latin. But Latin had
no impact on English until 1066, when the Normans conquered England.
The Normans spoke French, a Romance language, i.e., a language
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PREFIX
MEANING
SAMPLE WORDS
1. a-, ab2. ad3. ante4. bi5. circum6. con- (col-;
com-; cor-)
away; from
to
before
two
around
together; with
7. contra 8. de-
against
from; down
avert (turn away)
admit (grant entrance to)
anteroom (a room before another)
bicycle (a vehicle with 2 wheels)
circumnavigate (sail around)
conspire (agree on a crime)
colloquy (a talking together)
correspond (agree with)
compose (put together)
contradict (speak against)
deduce (a conclusion drawn from
reasoning);
demote (move down in rank)
9. dis-
apart; away
disrupt (break apart)
dismiss (drive away)
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10. e-; ex-
out
emit (send out; utter)
8.
11. extra12. in-;il-; ir-
beyond
not
extraordinary (beyond the ordinary)
insignificant (not significant);
9.
13. in-; il-; im-;
ir-
14. inter15. intra-
in; into; on
between
within
expel (drive out)
illegal (not legal);
immoral (not moral);
irregular (not regular)
inject (throw or force in);
illuminate (light up);
import (bring into from another
country);
irrigate (pour water on)
interrupt (break between; stop)
intramural (within the walls; inside)
Task 1. Fill in the prefixes in column I and form the new word in column
III (The answer to question 1 has been inserted as an example). Give their
Russian equivalents.
COLUMN I
1. in (not)
2.
(against)
3.
(out)
4.
(down)
5.
(to)
6. ____ (together)
7.
154
(from)
COLUMN II
+ tangible
(able to be touched)
+ vene
(come; go)
+ hale
(breathe)
+ mote
(move)
+ here
(stick)
+ gregate
(gather)
+ normal
COLUMN III
intangible
(go contrary)
(breathe out)
(reduce to lower rank)
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
(around) + scribe
(write; draw)
(between) + cede
(go)
(two)
+ sect
(cut)
(beyond) + mural
(pertaining to a wall)
(before) + diluvian
(pertaining to a flood)
(within) + venous
(pertaining to a vein)
(apart) + pel
(drive)
(in)
+ fuse
(pour)
(down) + scend
(climb)
(beyond) + sensory
(pertaining to sense)
(apart)
+ sect
(cut)
(from) + solve
(loose)
(apart) + pute
(think)
(draw a line around)
(mediate)
(cut into two parts)
(occurring between the walls)
(before the Biblical Flood)
(within a vein)
(drive apart; scatter)
(pour in; fill; instill)
(climb down)
(beyond the scope of the sense)
(loose from; release from)
(think apart from others)
Task 2. In the space before each Latin prefix in Column I, write the
letter of its correct meaning from column II.
(stick to)
COLUMN I
COLUMN II
(assemble)
2. ante
1. contra
a. within
b. between
c. in; into; on
(deviating from normal)
3. de
4. extra
d. from; down
155
5. a, ab
6. in (il, im, ir)
7. bi
8. intra
9. dis
10. e, ex
11. ad
12. inter
13. circum
14. con (col; com; cor)
e. out
f. against
g. around
h. beyond
i. apart; away
j. to
k. together; with
l. before
m. two
n. away; from
Task 3. a) Read the text. What do you think of the problem?
b) Find the examples of Latin prefixes if any, in the text, underline them.
c) Translate the text into Russian.
d) Make a Sammary Paragraph to the text.
Teens and Drunk Driving.
Part II
Latin Roots
Group 1. GRAT: «pleasant», «thank», «favour»
congratulate (v.)
gracious (adj.)
grateful (adj.)
gratify (v.)
gratis (adj.)
gratitude (n.)
gratuitous (adj.)
ingrate (n.)
ingratiate (v.)
express one’s pleasure to another person at that
person’s success
pleasant; courteous; kind
feeling or expressing gratitude; thankful (ant.
ungrateful)
give or be a source of pleasure or satisfaction
without charge or payment; free
thankfulness (ant. ingratitude)
given freely; gratis
an ungrateful person («not thankful»)
establish (oneself with) in the favour of another
How Big is the Problem?
How big is the problem of teen drunk driving? Well, teens are involved in
40 percent of all alcohol-related fatal car crashes! Staggering statistic=pretty
big problem. Because of their inexperience, many teens may not realize they
are too impaired to drive, or they may be afraid to call home for a ride. At all
levels of blood alcohol concentration, the risk of being involved in a crash are
greater for young people than for older people.
There are many organizations committed to teen drunk driving awareness
and prevention, including one that foremost sponsors called Project Save
Our Children, (future blogs to come). Even though these organizations are
diligently working to educate teens about the dangers of drunk driving, it is
also up to parents, guardians and peers to lead by example.
Alcohol seems to be the drug of choice among youth. Why? It’s relatively
inexpensive and readily available. Regardless of the reason, a teen that drinks
often drives while under the influence.
Task 3. In each blank, insert the most appropriate word from group 1.
1. I would consider myself a(n)
if I did not express my gratitude to
those who have helped me.
2. Some restaurants charge for a second cup of coffee, but others provide
it
.
3. We were so pleased with the service that we left a generous
.
4. Keeping your TV on extremely loud until three in the morning is no way
to
yourself with the neighbors.
5. I am sorry I was so discourteous. I shall try to be more
.
6. Compliments are meant to
.
Group 2. MOR (MORT): «death»
immortal (adj.)
1. not subject to death
2. not subject to oblivion; imperishable
(ant. mortality)
immortality (n.)
156
1. eternal life
2. lasting fame
157
moribund (adj.)
mortal (adj.)
dying; nearly death
1. destined to die
2. human
3. causing death; fatal
human being; person; individual
corpus (n.)
corpuscle (n.)
esrpit de corps (n.)
mortician (n.)
1. death rate
2. mortal nature (ant. immortality)
undertaker
general collection or body of writing, laws, etc
1. a blood cell (literary, a «little body»)
2. a minute particle
1. facts proving that a crime has been committed
2. a body of the victim in a murder case
group spirit
incorporate (v.)
combine so as to form one body
mortification (n.)
shame; humiliation; embarrassment
habeas corpus (n.)
mortify (v.)
embarrass; humiliate (literary, «kill»)
the right of a citizen to secure protection
against illegal imprisonment
mortuary (n.)
funeral home
rigor mortis (n.)
stiffness of the body that sets in several hours after
death (med. term)
mortal (n.)
mortality (n.)
Task 4. In each blank, insert the most appropriate word from group 2.
1. Patrick Henry’s
rests on a speech ending «Give me liberty,
or give me death!»
2. Infant
is relatively high in nations that have few physicians
and hospitals.
3. The proprietor did not realize what
he caused her assistant when
she scolded him in the presence of the entire staff.
4. Though the mountain climber’s injury is critical, it may not be
;
he has a chance of recovery.
5. The
community has been given a new lease of life since the
reopening of two large factories that were shut down three years ago.
Group 3. CORP : «body»
corporal (adj.)
corporation (n.)
corps (n.)
corpse (n.)
corpulent (adj.)
158
bodily as corporal punishment
body authorized by law
1. organized body of persons
2. branch of the military as the Marine Corps
dead body
bulky; obese; very fat
corpus delicti (n.)
Task 5. In each blank, insert the most appropriate word from group 3.
1. The executive in charge of administration has a(n)
of able assistants.
2. Criminals were flogged or put in the stocks in olden times, but such
punishment is rare today.
3. The
patient was advised by physician to try to lose weight.
4. Publishers often
two or more works of an author into one volume.
5. Until the
is produced, it cannot be established that a crime
has been committed.
6. The residents proudly support their block association; they have a fine
.
7. In countries where there is no
, a suspect can be kept in prison
without ever being brought to trial.
GROUP 4. CUR (CURR, CURS): «run»
concur (v.)
concurrent (n.)
current (adj.)
curriculum (n.)
cursive (adj.)
cursory (adj.)
1. agree; be of the same opinion (ant. contend)
2. happen together; coincide
running together; occurring at the same time
1. running or flowing (of water or electricity)
2. now in progress, prevailing
course of study in a school or college
running or flowing (of a handwriting in which the
letters are joined)
running over hastily; superficially done, as a
cursory glance
159
discursive (adj.)
excursion (n.)
incur (v.)
incursion (n.)
precursor (n.)
wandering , «running» from one topic to another;
rambling; digressive
going out or forth; expedition
1. meet with ; «run into» sth. undesirable
2. bring upon oneself
1. rushing into
2. hostile invasion; raid
forerunner; predecessor; recur; happen again
Task 6. In each blank, insert the most appropriate wordfrom group 4.
1. If you are habitually late, you will
the displeasure of your employer.
2. Does your school
include a course in driver training?
3. The
film at the Bijou is a western; the war drama is no longer
playing there.
4. A difficult passage requires much more than a(n)
reading if
it is to be fully understood.
5. Our conversation, as usual was
from latest popular tunes to
the prospects of our favorite teams.
GROUP 5. GRESS (GRAD): «step», «walk», «go»
aggressive (adj.)
egress (n.)
gradation (n.)
grade (n.)
gradient (n.)
disposed to attack (literary «step forward»);
militant; assertive; pushing
means of going out; exit (ant. access)
1. change by steps or stages;
2. act of grading
step; stage; degree; rating
gradual (adj.)
1. rate at which a road, temperature etc. rises
(literary «step up»);
2. slope
step-by-step; bit-by-bit
graduate (v.)
complete a cause and receive a diploma or degree
graduated (adj.)
arrange in regular steps’ stages or degrees
progressive (adj.)
going forward (ant. reactionary; retrogressive)
retrograde (adj.)
1. going backward
2. becoming worse
160
retrogression (n.)
transgress (v.)
act of going from a better to a worse state
step beyond the limits or barriers; go beyond;
break a law
Task 7. In each blank, insert the most appropriate word from group 5.
1. Learning to play an instrument is a(n)
process; it cannot be
achieved overnight.
2. The offenders know that they will be dealt with severely if they should
again.
3. When the game ended, hordes of spectators jammed the stadium exits,
making
painfully slow.
4. The medical report showed
rather than progress, for the
patient’s blood pressure had gone up.
5. In a string of
pearls, the individual pearls are arranged in
the order of increasing size on both halves of the string.
PRACTICE IN TRANSLATION
a) Look through the information below. Do you find it useful?
b) Find idiomatic expressions in the text, if any.
c) Write down the examples of affixation, compounding and conversion
from the text.
d) Translate the text.
How To Stimulate Your Brain
Anything that you do differently in your day will stimulate your brain by
causing it to work more to process the new information. This will let you sleep
better at night because your brain will require more deep sleep to properly
recuperate.
Here are some very simple ideas to get you started. With a little effort you
will surely be able to come up with more.
•
•
•
•
Take a different way to work than you normally do.
Talk to new people.
Use the opposite hand that you usually do for tasks such as brushing
your teeth, doing dishes, talking on telephone, using the mouse and
even writing.
If you have a certain routine that you follow every day, do the routine
in a different or reverse order.
161
•
GROUP 7. TACT (TANG): «touch»
Do an activity, big or small, that you’ve never done before.
By doing things differently than you normally do, you knock the dust off
much of your brain and force it to work hard, instead of just going through the
motions with ease. And a brain that gets work hard is a brain that sleeps well.
Not to mention that doing things differently will add some spice and variety
to your life.
GROUP 6. PEP: «foot»
biped (n.)
centipede (n.)
contact (n.)
contiguous (adj.)
intact (adj.)
intangible (adj.)
impede (v.)
two-footed animal
(«hundred-legged creature») wormlike animal
1. facilitate;
2. accelerate or speed up (ant. delay)
hinder; obstruct; block (ant. assist; aid)
impediment (n.)
1. hindrance; obstacle;
millipede (n.)
(«thousand-legged creature») wormlike animal
tangent (adj.)
pedal (n.)
lever acted on by the foot
tangent (n.)
pedestal (n)
1. support or foot of a column or statue
pedestrian (n.)
a person travelling on foot
pedestrian (adj.)
commonplace or dull, as a pedestrian performance
velocipede (n.) 1. child’s tricycle («swift foot»)
2. defect
2. foundation
2. early form of a bicycle
Task 8. In each blank, insert the most appropriate word from group 6.
1. A supervisor is expected to
, not impede production.
2. It is foolhardy for a(n)
to cross a busy thoroughfare against the
light.
3. For a smooth stop, apply foot pressure to the brake
gradually,
not abruptly.
4. As a youth, Demosthenes, the famous orator, is said to have suffered
from a speech
.
5. At the age of six, Judy abandoned her
and learned to ride a
bicycle.
162
tact (n.)
tactful (adj.)
tactile (adj.)
tangential (adj.)
touching or meeting; association; connection
1. dependent on something else (literally,
«touching together»)
2. accidental
untouched or uninjured; kept or left whole (ant.
defective)
1. not capable of being perceived by the sense of
touch
2. hard to grasp or define exactly (ant. tangible)
sensitive mental perception of what is appropriate
on a given occasion (literally, «sense of touch»)
having or showing tact (ant. tactless)
1. pertaining to the sense of touch
2. tangible
touching
line or surface meeting a curved line or surface at
one point, but not intersecting it
merely touching; slightly connected; digressive
Task 9. In each blank, insert the most appropriate word from group 7 tact
(tang).
1. To discuss your admission to college in the presence of someone who has
just received a rejection notice is
.
2. The missing sum was found
; not a penny had been spent.
3. The Federal grant is
on our raising a matching sum; if we fail
to raise that sum, we will not qualify.
4. A firm’s goodwill with its clients is a most valuable, though
, asset.
5. If you wish to maintain
with your classmates after graduation,
join the Alumni Association.
GROUP 8. PREHEND (PREHENS): «seize», «grasp»
apprehend (v.)
1. seize or take into custody
2. understand
163
apprehensive (adj.)
1. quick to understand or grasp
2. fearful of what may come; anxious (ant.
confident)
comprehensible (adj.) able to be grasped mentally; understandable
comprehensive (adj.) including («seizing») very much; extensive
prehensile (adj.)
adapted for seizing, as a prehensile claw
reprehend (v.)
(literally, «hold back»); find fault with; rebuke;
reprimand; censure
deserving of censure; culpable
reprehensible (adj.)
Task 10. In each blank, insert the most appropriate word from group 8.
1. Aggression is utterly
.
2. From the observation deck at the top of the south tower of the World
Trade Center, you can get a(n)
view of New York City and its environs.
3. A coded message is
only to those who know the code.
4. Before the curtain rose, I was
about my performance, even
though I had rehearsed my part many times.
5. Law enforcement officials are doing their best to
the escaped convict.
6. The instructor is quick to
us when we violate safety regulations.
GROUP 9. JECT: «throw», «cast»
abject (adj.)
conjecture (n.)
dejected (adj.)
sunk or cast down to a low condition; downtrodden;
deserving contempt
a guess; supposition; inference
downcast («thrown down»); discouraged; depressed
eject (v.)
throw out or expel; evict
inject (v.)
force or introduce («throw in») a liquid, a remark, etc.
interject (v.)
throw in between; insert; interpose
projectile (n.)
1. object (bullet, shell, etc.) designed to be shot forward
2. anything thrown forward
refuse to take; discard («throw back»)
reject (v.)
subject (v.)
164
force (someone) to undergo something unpleasant or
inconvenient; expose; make liable to
Task 11. In each blank, insert the most appropriate word from group 9.
1. My friend is
over the damage to her new car.
2. A wise policy in buying shares of stock is to be guided by fact rather
than
.
3. The umpire was obliged to
a player who refused to accept his
decision.
4. A hypodermic syringe is used to
a dose of medicine beneath
the skin.
5. The mob hurled stones, brick, bottles, eggs, and anything else that could
serve as a
.
6. We tend to avoid rude people because we do not wish to
ourselves
to their insults.
GROUP 10. MIS (MISS, MIT, MITT): «send»
commitment (n.)
demise (n.)
emissary (n.)
1. consignment («sending») to prison or a mental
institution
2. pledge
death (literally, «sending or putting down»)
person sent out on a mission
emit (v.)
send out; give off
intermittent (adj.)
missive (n.)
coming and going at intervals, as an intermittent
fever (literally, «sending between»)
weapon (spear, bullet, rocket, etc.) capable of being
propelled («sent») to hit a distant object
written message sent; a letter
remiss (adj.)
negligent (literally, «sent back»); careless; lax
remission (n.)
period of lessening or disappearing of the
symptoms of a disease
1. send money due
2. forgive, as to have one’s sins remitted
missile (n.)
remit (v.)
Task 12. In each blank, insert the most appropriate word from group 10.
1. This morning’s rain was
, starting and stopping several times.
2. It was my fault. I was
in not writing sooner.
3. A distinguished veteran diplomat has been chosen as the President’s
165
to the international conference.
4. Unless you
the mortgage by the tenth of the month, you must
pay a late fee.
5. My large searchlight can
a powerful beam.
6. We gave you our word; we will not go back on our
.
7. Three months ago, the patient’s recovery seemed unlikely, but then,
miraculously, there was a(n)
.
Stop-and-Check
Review 1: defining Latin Roots
In the space before each Latin root in column I, write the letter of its correct
meaning from column II.
COLUMN 1
COLUMN II
1. MOR(MORT)
2. TACT (TANG)
3. GRAT
4. CORP
5. CUR (CURR, CURS)
6. PED
7. PREHEND (PRENENS)
8. JECT
9. GRESS (GRAD)
10. MIS (MISS, MIT, MITT)
a. body
b. step; walk; go
c. run
d. throw
e. touch
f. pleasant; thank: favour
g. death
h. send
i. seize; grasp
j. Foot
Review 2: using Latin Roots
Enter the Latin roots needed to complete the partially spelled words below.
DEFINITION
1. moved forward to something better
2. person traveling on foot
3. combine so as to form one body
4. undertaker
5. pertaining to the sense of touch
6. by steps or degrees
7. a written message
8. throw in between; interpose
9. person sent on a mission
10. running together; occurring simultaneously
166
PRO
IN
INTER
E
CON
WORD
ED
ESTRIAN
ATE
ICIAN
ILE
UAL
IVE
ARY
ENT
Review 3: sentence Completion
Which of the two terms make the sentence correct? Write the letter of
your answer in the space provided.
1. The audience knows the identity of the
and expects to
apprehend him soon.
a. transgressor
b. precursor
2. Larry’s diverting account of his experiment
the class.
a. confusedb. amused
3. The entire foreign diplomatic
was present at the funeral rites
for the distinguished leader.
a. corpse
b. corps
4. For all the kindness you have shown us, we are extremely
.
a. grateful
b. gratuitous
5. Since Emily’s motion was adopted by a 12-to2 vote, it was clear that most
of the members
.
a. incurred
b. concurred
6. If you had used fewer technical terms, your explanation would have been
more
.
a. comprehensible b. comprehensive
7. The employer explained that salary increases are not automatic but
on satisfactory service.
a. contiguous b. contingent
Review 4: opposites
Write the word that means the OPPOSITE of the defined word by
adding, dropping, or changing a prefix or a suffix. (The first answer has
been filled as an example)
DEFINITION
important
WORD
consequential
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
incredible
tactless
ungracious
regressive
inject
odorless
unbelievable
having no tact
discourteous, rude
disposed to move backward
throw in
yielding no odor
OPPOSITE
inconsequential
167
7. indefensible
8. having faith on oneself
9. unrelated to the mayor
10. front of a coin
11. capable of being corrupted
12. a going («running») out
13. touchable
14. reasoning from particular to a general
15. understandable
16. trust in the truth of
17. faithfulness to a trust
18. unconquered
19. person more interested in own thoughts
than in outside matters
untenable
confident
impertinent
obverse
corruptible
excursion
tangible
induction
comprehensible
credit
fidelity
unvanquished
introvert
Review 5. Meanings
In the space before each word or expression in column 1, write the letter
of its correct meaning from column II.
COLUMN I
1. death rate
2. felicitate
3. adapted for seizing
4. interpose
5. going backward
6. minute particle
COLUMN II
a. retrograde
b. congratulate
c. mortality
d. corpuscle
e. intersect
f. prehensile
Review 6. Concise Writing
Express the thought of each sentence below in no more than four words.
1. He never appreciates a favor and he never says «thank you».
2. Is it possible for the process of growth to be speeded up?
3. It is important for us to have a sensitive mental perception of what is
appropriate on a given occasion.
4. We drove by several people who were traveling on foot.
5. The opinion that she expressed is open to question.
1. Olfactory is to smell as tactile is to
a. see
b. grasp c. touch
2. Birth is to demise as preface is to
a. forward b. conclusion c. footnote
d. hear .
e. taste
.
d. introduction e. outline
3. Corpse is to life as ingrate is to
.
a. fear
b. ingratitude c. unkindness d. dejection
e. gratitude
PRACTICE IN TRANSLATION
a) Read the text below and do the exercise after the text.
b) Translate the text.
c) Is the problem urgent in your region?
Health in America
When Americans go abroad, one of their biggest concerns is, «Can you
drink the water?» You may find asking yourself the same question, especially in
an urban setting where you may notice many people, young and old, drinking
from large and small plastic bottles. And these people will tell you «No! You
cannot drink the tap water in this country anymore!» Ignore these people.
These are the same kind of people who will also inform you that you will drop
dead before 40, or worse, become ugly fat and stupid if you don’t jog or join an
expensive health club where you pay to sweat. Now simply turn the tap water
and drink long and deep to quench your thirst (жажда). Do not be surprised
the next morning if you still feel healthy and energetic. Unless you come from
a country where dreaded diseases such as cholera, malaria, yellow or dengue
fever are a fact of daily life, you do not need inoculations (прививка) to enter
America.
Match the following words to the suitable definition or synonym
1. concern
2. tap
3. jog
4. quench
a. satisfy by drinking
b. worry, anxiety
c. feared, sth. that threatens
d. device of controlling the flow of water
Review 7. Analogies
Write the letter of the word the best completes the analogy.
168
169
Chapter XIX. SPECIALIZATION IN TRANSLATION
Mathematics
Mathematics is a serious subject, but it can inspire humorous thoughts.
Poetry can help you enjoy the lighter side of math. Try it. Read this poem.
Choose a verse from the poem that you especially like and memorize it.
ARITHMETIC
Arithmetic is where numbers fly
like pigeons in and out of your head.
Arithmetic tells you how many
you lose or win if you
know how many you had before you
lost or won. ...
Arithmetic is numbers you squeeze
from your head to your hand to your pencil
to your paper
till you got the answer.
Arithmetic is where the answer
is right and everything is
nice and you can look out
the window and see the blue
sky - or the answer is wrong
and you have to start all over and try again
and see how it
comes out this time. ...
Arithmetic is where you have
to multiply - and you carry
the multiplication table in
your head and hope you won’t
lose it...
If you ask your mother for one
fried egg for breakfast and
she gives you two fried eggs
and you eat both of them,
who is better in arithmetic,
you or your mother?
Carl Sandburg
170
Task 1. a. Read the text and define which terms are left.
b. Look them up and add them to the list of terms.
c. Learn the terms by heart.
d. Interpret the text into Russian.
MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS.
FOUR SIMPLE RULES OF ARITHMETIC
Addition: 3 + 5 = 8 and «+» is a plus sign. You read this «three and five
are (or is) eight» or «three plus five equal (or equals) eight» or «three plus five
make(s) eight». 3 and 5 are components; 8 is the sum.
Subtraction: 10 - 7 = 3 and «–» is the minus sign.
You read this «seven from ten are (is) three» or «ten minus seven leave(s)
three» or «ten minus seven equal(s) three» 3 is the difference.
Multiplication: 3 x 5 (or 3 x 5) = 15. «x» is the multiplication sign.
You read this «three times five is fifteen» or «three multiplied by five is
fifteen» or «three times five make fifteen» 3 and 5 are factors; 15 is the product.
Division: 21 : 3 = 7 «:» is the division sign. You read this «three into twenty
one goes seven times» or «twenty one divided by three is seven» or «twenty
one divided by three equals seven» 7 is the quotient. «=» is called the sign of
equality or «the equals sign.»
Task 2.
a) Read the text below and interpret it without using a dictionary.
в) Write down the list of algebraic terms and learn the terms.
In algebra, letters are used to express the general properties of numbers.
Representing one number by the letter a and another by the letter b, we can
write the equality a x b = b x a or, more shortly, ab = ba.
If no other sign is indicated, the multiplication sign is understood between
any two letters written side by side. To represent numbers letters of the Latin
alphabet are generally used.
Task 3.
a) Read the text.
b) Write down Russian equivalents to the following pseudo-international
words and use the context to define their Russian equivalents.
tendency
to tend
to neglect
standard
notation
reason
171
rapid
to collect
symbol
epitaph
principal
stagnation
rapid
standard
interpretation
area
Renaissance
formation
represent
modern
preoccupation
product
ALGEBRA
One of the most fascinating periods in the history of mathematics is
roughly AD 500-1300, out of which has come so little information that the
writers tend to dismiss it as a period of stagnation. At its beginning, Greek
mathematics had largely stifled itself by its neglect of algebra, but still at its
end we find the ground prepared for the rapid advances of the 16th and 17th
centuries.
Diaphanous of Alexandria (AD 275) collected together all that was known
of algebra in this time, and he was the first man to use special symbols to
represent an unknown number. Little is known of him, but everybody will
agree that the following cryptic description of his life makes a good epitaph
for him.
«Diaphanous spent 1/6 of his life in childhood, 1/12 in youth, and 1/7 more
as a bachelor, five years after he was married a son was born who died four
years before his father, at half his father’s age. Try to determine from this the
age of one of «fathers of algebra».
Undoubtedly the Hindus and the Arabs did much useful work in developing
algebra. The name «algebra» is probably taken from the title of the Arabian
book «Al-jabr -w’al mugabalach» written about AD 830 by a famous Arab
mathematician Mohammed-ibn Musa al-Khawarizmi (AD 780 – 850) by
name. He was a principal figure in the history of Arabic mathematics. He
was one of the greatest scientific minds of his time and his textbook on
algebra was used until the 16th century in many European universities as
one of the standard mathematical works.
The notation of algebra developed very slowly. There were several
reasons of this: the preoccupation of the early Greek with the logic based
on geometry; the use of the letters of the alphabet for numerals; the
interpretation of product as areas or volumes, which made expressions like
ab + c and x4 meaningless. Against such obstacles the struggle was hard and
172
little was achieved until the time of the Renaissance.
However, the formation of our modern notation was more or less
completed during the 17th century by men like Descartes (1596 – 1650) and
Newton.
c) Translate the parts of the text set in bold. Mind the translation of
proper names.
d) Write a Summary Paragraph to the text «Algebra»
Task 4. a) Read the text below and underline mathematical terms, learn
them.
ALEMENTS OF GEOMETRY
Mathematics is an important subject for students of Science. It is sometimes
called the «queen of sciences». According to your timetable you have some
lessons on algebra and geometry per week.
Geometry treats of the properties, construction and measurements of
lines, surfaces and solids. A line has only one dimension – length; a surface
has two diminutions – length and breadth; a solid has three dimensions –
length, breadth and thickness, while a point has no dimensions, but is simply
a position in space. A flat surface is called a plane or a plain surface. A circle
is a plain surface bounded by a curved line all points of which are equidistant
from a point within called the centre. The bounding line of a circle is called the
circumference.
A straight line drawn from the centre to the circumference is called the
radius. The diameter is equal to twice the radius. An arc of a circle is any portion
of a circumference. A chord is a straight line connecting any two points on the
circumference. In a complete circumference there are 360 degrees which are
divided into minutes and minutes are divided into seconds. The square is a
four-sided figure (or quadrilateral) all sides of which are equal and the angles
are right angles. The triangle is a polygon having but three sides. The principle
forms of solids bounded by plain surfaces are a prism, a cube, a cylinder, a
pyramid and a cone.
b) Write down the definitions to the following terms:
a line
a surface
a circle
a circumference
a radius
173
an arc
a chord
a square
a triangle
Task 5. Translate the following dialogue into Russian.
A. – Вчера мой 5-летний брат попросил меня нарисовать линию. Я
нарисовал, но он сказал, что она ему не понравилась.
Б. – Как это линия может не понравиться?
А. – Он требовал, чтобы я нарисовал другую.
Б. – Что он имел в виду?
А. – Догадайся с трех раз.
Б. – А! Понял! Ты нарисовал сначала прямую линию, а ему нужно
было нарисовать кривую, так?
А. – Да, но это было только начало всех проблем.
Б. – Давай, выкладывай, что он еще придумал.
А. – Представляешь, пока я с ним занимался, я сам многое понял в
геометрии.
Б. – Ты хочешь сказать, что тебе удалось разобраться в кругах и
окружностях, телах и плоскостях, измерениях и мерах? Не морочь мне
голову. Ни за что не поверю!
А. – Вот именно! Это, оказывается, – очень просто. Вот смотри. Это –
прямая линия, а это – кривая.
Б. – Кто же этого не знает?
А. – Не торопись. А вот это – замкнутая кривая линия, но это – не
окружность.
Б. – А что тогда окружность?
А. – Окружность – это замкнутая кривая линия, ограничивающая
круг. А эта замкнутая кривая линия ограничивает эллипс.
Б. – Может, ты и определение круга можешь дать?
А. – Легко! Круг – это плоскость, ограниченная кривой линией, все
точки которой равноудалены от центра.
Б. – Класс!
Task 6. a) Read the text and underline terms. Translate the text.
FRACTIONS AND PERCENTAGE
A unit or aggregate of units is called a whole number or an integer; a part is
called a fractional number. Arithmetic numbers are represented by symbols called
numerals, as the Arabic figures (1, 2, 3, etc.) and the Roman figures (I, V, IX etc.).
Every fraction must contain two numbers – a denominator and a numerator.
174
The denominator tells into how many equal parts the unit is divided. The
numerator shows how many of these parts are taken. The fraction 4 ½ is read
«four and a half».
A decimal fraction is a fraction having a denominator of 10, 100, 1000
or any multiple of 10. All figures to the left of the decimal point are whole
numbers, everything that comes after the decimal point (to the right of it) is
a fraction or a part of the unit. 0.2 is read «two tenth»; 52.23 is read “fifty two
and (or «point») twenty three hundred».
Percentage is a particular kind of a decimal fraction whose denominator is
always 100. Instead of wring the denominator we use the term «per cent» to
indicate that the denominator is 100. When we speak of “6per cent” we mean
6/100 or 0.06. These all mean the same thing, namely, 6 parts of 100. Instead of
writing the words «per cent» we more often use the sign % after the number, as
for instance, 6%, which means «six per cent».
b) Finish up the sentences:
1. Every fraction contains
2. The fraction 5 ½ is read
3. A fraction having a denominator of 10, 100 etc. is called
4. Percentage is a
5. We use the sign %
6. An integer is a
.
.
.
.
.
.
c) Give English equivalents to the following:
1. единица или совокупность единиц;
2. часть целого – это дробь;
3. показывает, насколько равных частей делится целое число;
4. показывает, сколько равных частей взято;
5. любой показатель степени 10 (любое число, кратное 10).
d) Translate from Russian into English.
1. Дробь, в отличие от целого числа, показывает лишь часть целого.
2. Любая дробь состоит из числителя и знаменателя.
3. Знаменатель показывает, на сколько равных частей разделено целое число.
4. В отличие от знаменателя, числитель показывает, сколько равных
частей взято.
5. Десятичная дробь – это дробь, знаменатель которой равен 10, 100,
1000 или любому другому числу, кратному 10.
6. Процент – это особый вид десятичной дроби, знаменатель которой
всегда равен 100.
175
Appendix 1
Answers / Keys:
12. look like [expression] (before a noun)
13. like (before a noun phrase - or a gerund [nonfinite clause] )
14. like (means «similar») [adjective]
15. as of [expression–a time or date at which something begins or ends]
Ergative verbs
1. Tropical deforestation accelerated markedly during the 1980s.
2. The 34 per cent overall increase in Wimbledon was a clear indication
that tennis was broadening its interest.
3. Sport offers spontaneity which, when it combines with more
sophisticated technology, allows a viewer to watch a game from many
different angles.
4. A trust is where land legally transfers from one man to another, with
an understanding that the transferee will hold it for the benefit of the
former.
5. Similarly, the muscles will not grow in length unless they are attached
to tendons and bones so that as the bones lengthen, they stretch.
6. The crystallization of enzymes occurs by a method called electrophoresis
which separates molecules according to their size and their electric
charge.
7. Cells multiply by dividing and this usually requires cell growth, the
cells doubling in size before dividing in two.
8. Road tax increased in June.
Like / As
1. as if (before a clause)
2. as / as much as / in the same way that (before a clause)
3. like (comparing a noun to a noun)
4. Both answers are correct.
5. like (set the comment/example «like the i-phone» off with commas. )
6. feel like (idiom) «would like» or «have the desire to»
7. As (means «while» / «at the same time»)
8. like (before a noun)
9. as ... as (comparative expression
10. (As)…as / «As useful as they are…» (Sometimes the initial «as» is
omitted or understood from context.)
11. camera-like («-like» is an adverb changing «camera-like» to an adjective
modifier)
176
РУССКИЕ ЭКВИВАЛЕНТЫ
(идиомы)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Из огня да в полымя.
Что с воза упало, то пропало.
Под лежачий камень вода не течет.
Гол как сокол.
Пуганая ворона и куста боится.
Как волка не корми, он все равно смотрит в лес.
Двух смертей не бывать, одной не миновать.
Appendix 2
Idioms & Phrases with like
and the like;
avoid like the plague;
come up (smelling like) roses;
crazy like a fox;
drink like a fish;
drop like flies;
eat like a bird;
feel like a fish out of water;
fit like a glove;
get on like a house afire;
grin like a Cheshire cat;
drop like a hot potato;
just like that;
177
know like a book;
live like a king;
look like a million dollars;
look like death;
look like the cat that ate the canary;
need like a hole in the head;
no fool like an old fool;
no time like the present;
sleep like a log;
take to like a duck to water;
tell it like it is;
treat like dirt;
work like a beaver; work like a charm.
Guide to Basic English Punctuation Rules
Punctuation is used to mark the cadence, pauses, and tone in written
English. In other words, punctuation helps us to understand when to pause
between fully formed ideas when speaking, as well as organize our thoughts in
writing. English punctuation marks include: period (.); commas (,); question
mark (?); exclamation mark (!); colon ( :) ; semi colon (;).
This guide provides instruction on the basic rules of using a period, comma,
colon, semicolon, question mark and exclamation point
Period
Use a period to end a complete sentence. A sentence is a group of words
containing a subject and predicate. In British English a period is called a «full stop».
178
Comma
There are a number of different uses for commas in English. Commas are used to:
1. Separate a list of items. This is one of the most common uses of a comma.
Notice that a comma is included before the conjunction «and» which comes
before the final element of a list.
Examples:
I like reading, listening to music, taking long walks, and visiting with my
friends.
They would like books, magazines, DVDs, video cassettes, and other
learning materials for their library.
2. Separate phrases (clauses). This is especially true after a beginning
dependent clause or a long prepositional phrase.
Examples:
In order to qualify for your certificate, you will need to take the TOEFL exam.
Although he wanted to come, he wasn’t able to attend the course.
3. Separate two independent clauses that are connected by a conjunction
such as «but».
Examples:
They wanted to purchase a new car, but their financial situation would
not allow it.
I’d really enjoy seeing a film this evening, and I’d like to go out for a drink.
4. Introduce a direct quote (as opposed to indirect speech i.e. He said he
wanted to come …).
Examples:
The boy said, «My father is often away during the week on business trips».
His doctor replied, «If you don’t stop smoking, you run the risk of a heart
attack».
5. Separate appositives (a noun, or noun phrase) or non-defining relative clauses.
Examples:
Examples:
He went to Detroit last week.
They are going to visit.
Bill Gates, the richest man in the world, comes from Seattle.
My only sister, who is a fantastic tennis player, is in great shape.
179
Question Mark
Examples:
The question mark is used at the end of a question.
He had many reasons for joining the club: to get in shape, to make new
friends, to lose some weight, and to get out of the house.
She gave notice for the following reasons: bad pay, horrible hours, poor
relations with colleagues, and her boss.
Examples:
Where do you live?
How long have they been studying?
2. To introduce a direct quote (a comma can also be used in this situation).
Exclamation Point
Examples:
The exclamation point is used at the end of a sentence to indicate great
surprise. It is also used for emphasis when making a point. Be careful not to
use an exclamation point too often.
He announced to his friends: «I’m getting married!»
She cried out: «I never want to see you again!»
Examples:
That ride was fantastic!
I can’t believe he is going to marry her!
Principle Suffixes and Prefixes
Semicolon
Prefixes
Added
to the
stems of the
following
part
of speech
Anti-
Noun,
adjective
Against,
Opposite
Antisocial
антиобщественный
Examples:
be-
I took a holiday and played golf, which I love; read a lot, which I needed to
do; and slept late, which I hadn’t done for quite a while.
They plan to study German, for their travels; chemistry, for their work;
and literature, for their own enjoyment.
Verb,
Noun,
Adjective
Changes
the part of
speech
Belittle
Beloved
Belated
Занижать
Возлюбленный
запоздалый
Co-
Noun, verb
Together,
Joint
Cooperate
co-author
Сотрудничать
соавтор
Out(syn. to
over)
Verb, noun,
adjective
More than
necessary
Outbalance
Outrage
Перевешивать
Произвол; акт
насилия
перевешивать
There are two uses for a semicolon:
1. To separate two independent clauses. One or both of the clauses are short
and the ideas expressed are usually very similar.
Examples:
He loves studying; he can’t get enough of school.
What an incredible situation; it must make you nervous.
2. To separate groups of words that are themselves separated by commas.
Colon
A colon can be used for two purposes:
1. To provide additional details and explanation.
180
Principle
meaning
Examples
Outweigh(t)
Translation
181
Inferior,
Under,
Lower
position
Subtropical
Subordinate
Verb,
adjective
Over,
through
Transplant
Transmission
translation
Саженец
Передача
перевод
Ultra(syn.
Super,
extra)
Noun,
adjective
More than
ordinary
ultraviolet
ультрафиолетовый
Suffixes
Added
to the
stems of the
following
part
of speech
Sub-
Trans-
-age
-al
Verb, noun,
adjective
Verb, noun,
adjective
verb
-ance
(ence)
verb
-ant
(-ent)
verb
182
Principle
meaning
subconscious
ness
Example
Action, state Shortage,
mileage,
action
аction, state
profession
Субтропический
Подчиненный
подсознание
Translation
Дефицит
Протяженность
в милях; пробег
автомобиля
брак
-dom
Noun,
adjective
State.
Quality
-er (or)
verb
Agent of
action,
Instrument,
device,
resident of a
city.
State or
period of
being
-hood
noun
-ian
noun
-ics
-ing
noun
verb
-ty
adjective
-ment
verb
Removal,
arrival,
proposal,
refusal
Устранение
Прибытие
Предложение
Отказ
-ness
adjective
Silence,
dependence,
Appearance
Тишина
Зависимость
Внешний вид;
появление
-ship
noun
Assistant,
Occupant,
Accountant
Помощник
Владелец; арендатор
Freedom,
serfdom,
boredom
Visitor,
amplifier,
Monitor,
Londoner
Свобода,
Рабство
скука
Посетитель
Усилитель
Наблюдатель;
контролер
Motherhood,
childhood,
neighbourhood
brotherhood
technician
Материнство
Детство
Соседство;
соседи братство
profession
Специалист;
техник
science
physics
физикa
Process,
МаневрироваShunting,
action
ние
abridging
сокращение
Quality or
Legality,
Законность
state
regularity,
Закономерoriginality
ность
оригинальность
Result of
Settlement,
Колония; поaction
agreement,
селение
equipment
Соглашение
оборудование
Quality or
Softness,
Снисходительstate
Kindness,
ность
rudeness
Доброта
грубость
State, group, Comradeship, Содружество
congregation Friendship
Дружба
residenceship Местопребывания; местожительство
183
The 10 Most Useful Spelling Rules
1. If a words ends in e, drop the e when you add a suffix that begins with a
vowel.
drive + ing = driving
late + er = later
Keep the e when you add a suffix that begins with a consonant,
sure + ly = surely
peace + ful = peaceful
2. If a word ends in a vowel and y, keep them when you add a suffix.
stay + ed = stayed
3. If a words ends in a consonant and y, keep the у when you add a suffix that
begins with «i».
cry + ing = crying
baby + ish = babyish
Change the у when you add a suffix that does not begin with «i».
happy + ness = happiness
cry + es = cries
4. If a one-syllable word ends in one vowel and one consonant,
double the final consonant when you add a suffix that begins with a vowel.
drop + ing = dropping
sad + er = sadder
5. When you choose between ie and ei, usually choose ie.
Field
Shriek
Friend
Choose ei after с or for the long a sound,
Receive
Deceit
Ceiling
Neighbor
Weight
184
Vein
(Exceptions: leisure, neither, weird)
6. The sulfix -s can be added to most nouns and verbs. If the word ends in s,
ss, sh, ch, x, or zz, add -es.
Gas – gasses
Hiss – hisses
Push – pushes
Match – matches
Fox – foxes
Buzz – buzzes
7. If a word ends in a single f or fe, usually change the f to v when you add -s
or -es.
calf, calves, elf, elves, knife, knives, wife, wives
8. The letter q is always followed by the letter «u» in English words.
Question
quarrel equal
The letter v is always followed by another letter; it is never the last letter in a
word.
Love
Have
give
9. Add an apostrophe and (‘s) to a singular noun to show possession, but do
not add them to a pronoun. Special pronouns show possession.
doctor’s
spider’s
Alberto’s
His; hers; its; ours; yours; theirs
10. Use an apostrophe (‘) in a contraction to show where a letter or letters have
been left out.
is + not = isn’t I + am = I’m
we + are = we’re it + is = it’s
you + will = you’ll they + have = they’ve
could + not = couldn’t she + is = she’s
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Appendix 3
TRANSLATION SKILLS
(ADDITIONAL TEXTS)
MORE PRACTICE
PRACTICE Punctuation. Translate the sentences.
A. Write each sentence. Use commas correctly.
1. No I didn’t order this magazine.
2. Well today turned out to be a good day after all.
3. Yes school will be closed for Memorial Day.
4. No there isn’t any more pizza.
5. Well let’s not go to the movies today.
B. Use commas correctly.
1. Mickey will you please answer the phone?
2. If you look on the shelf Mike you’ll find your glasses.
3. Mr. Greentree you are the lucky winner of our contest!
4. Thank you so much Aunt Grace for the lovely gift!
5. Camille are you listening to me?
C. Use commas correctly.
1. She filled out the form and signed her last name first: Jones Rita.
2. The recipe calls for carrots oil honey flour and baking powder.
3. The author card gave the author’s last name first: Somers Ann.
4. Sparrows robins cardinals and chickadees ate the seeds we put out.
5. I invited Taro Annie Charlene Steve and Doug to my party.
D. Write the contraction for each pair of words.
It is 2. they are 3. we have 4. do not 5. he will
E. Use quotation marks and commas correctly.
1. Ramon said You’ll never guess what happened to me.
2. Jane replied No, that is not my hat.
3.1 was never said Dan more surprised in my life!
F. Use quotation marks and underlining correctly.
1. The Wright Brothers (book)
2. Three Golden Oranges (story)
186
Text A
Francois Viete (1540 -1603) was perhaps the first man to publish a work on
algebra in which letters were used both for known and unknown numbers. The
book was published in 1591. In it he denoted known numbers by consonants
В, C, D, etc. and unknown numbers by vowels A, E, I, etc.
Viete was educated as lawyer and for some time practiced in Paris, but
eventually entered public service and spent much of his life working in
Government circles in Paris.
He also did great service to his government by decoding a Spanish cipher,
which the French were able to use for two years. Philip II of Spain was quite
convinced that his cipher could not be discovered, and when he found that his
plans were known, he complained to the pope.
The usage of letters to represent known as well as unknown numbers greatly
facilitated some of the processes of algebra, and, in particular, increased the
value of formulae. Equations like ax2 + bx + с = 0, in which letters occur as
coefficients are called literal equations.
Text B
TRIGONOMETRY
The word trigonometry means «measurement of the triangle». The triangle is
the basic rectilinear figure, measurements and calculations relating to triangles
play an important role in building and other constructional engineering,
surveying, navigation, astronomy and so on.
Egyptians solved their building and surveying problems by practical
methods, and the accuracy of their work was adequate for the needs of their
times. One of the first men to use theoretical calculations was Hipparchus
(140 ВС) of the University of Alexandria, whose inventions were made in the
course of his work in astronomy. He is regarded as the father of trigonometry.
Hipparchus calculated the chords of angles inscribed in a circle, and so
connected the measurements of an angle with the length of a line. The relations
between angles and lengths are the essence of trigonometry.
Closely connected with trigonometry, both in practice and theory, is the
theorem of Pythagoras, which gives the relations between the length of the
sides of a right- angled triangle. Particular cases of the theorem were known
very early in Egypt, in Babylonia and in China.
187
Text C
TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH
1.
– В прошлом месяце в школе проходил конкурс рисунков.
– Я оценивал свои возможности как средние, но все-таки решил
принять участие в нем.
– К моему удивлению, я вошел в десятку лучших художников.
– Думал, что жюри сделало ошибку в подсчете баллов.
– Но председатель жюри сообщил, что они выводили результаты
на компьютере, и что их расчеты правильны.
2.– За пять лет занятий спортом из слабого, болезненного ребенка
я превратился в сильного, ловкого парня.
– Прошли столетия, прежде чем обезьяна превратилась в человека.
– Сколько времени ты потратил, чтобы проявить эту пленку.
– Его монолог продолжался 30 минут, но ему так и не удалось
развить свою мысль.
3.– Плохая погода затянулась до июня.
– Собрание растянулось на 3 часа.
– Территория парка протянулась на несколько десятков километров.
4.– Мы купили коттедж.
– Он состоит из двух этажей.
– Холл, кухня, гостиная образуют первый этаж.
– Второй этаж включает в себя две ванные комнаты, две спальни
и детскую.
Text D
SKATEBOARDING. SURFING THE CONCRETE
All eyes were glued to the skateboarder as he jumped off the U-shaped
ramp into the air. High above the ramp, he did two and half somersaults. He
then landed safely back on the ramp. The crowd went wild. It was the 1999
ESPN Summer X Games, and Tony Hawk had just became the firs skater ever
to do a perfect ‘900’. (The trick is called a ‘900’ because the skater has to rotate
360’+360’+180’.)
Many people skate for fun and they skate wherever they can find a place to do it.
The lucky ones have skateboard parks nearby. Others skate in places like
shopping centres or in the open spaces outside office blocks. Once the skater
188
can do an «ollie’, they can skate almost anywhere they like. To do an ollie, the
skater puts all their weight on the back of the board so that the front of the
board lifts up into the air. Skaters can use the ollie to ride up kerbs and steps,
and even up the walls of buildings.
For some, a skateboard is just a means of transport. Jay is training to be a
website designer. He doesn’t have a car and he rides his skateboard whenever
or wherever he can. «I ride it to college and to visit friends. It helps me to save
money», he says. Then he smiles and adds, «It’s not very good for taking a girl
out, though!»
Text E
UNYTECHNOLOGY
SIZE MATTERS
Natalie is a sales and marketing executive for a large company in Boston.
She often goes on business trips. Even if she is away for a week, Natalie can fit
everything she needs in a small bag. She travels with a mobile phone, a laptop
computer, a Palm Pilot and a MiniDisc player. Natalie uses her mobile phone
to keep in touch with the office. She sends and receives e-mail on her laptop,
and uses her Palm Pilot as a diary. Her MiniDisc player keeps her entertained
during long flights. She records her favourite CDs onto MiniDiscs before each
trip. She can also use her MiniDisc player to record important meetings much easier than taking notes! Gadgets are getting smaller and smaller. When
computers, mobile phones and the Sony Walkman first became popular they
were much bigger than they are now. They were also much more expensive.
These days companies like Sony, Panasonic, Palm and Motorola are producing
CD players the size of a pocket of cigarettes and mobile phones the size of a
cigarette lighter.
Clothing manufacturers such as Livi Strauss, Dockers and Tommy Jeans are
also starting to make technology-friendly shirts, pants, skirts and pullovers.
Their clothes have pockets to hold pagers, mobile phones and MP3 players.
Many office workers these days carry trendy bags with similar pockets instead
of traditional briefcases.
So what does the future hold? We can look forward to some exciting
developments in tiny technology. TV phones wristwatch video cameras and
computers the size of a button will be available.
But how small can we make our gadgets? When Natalie leaves for work in
the morning she often says to her flat mate, «Have you seen my keys?» In the
future she could be saying, «Have you seen my computer»?
189
Text F
THE PRETTY GOOD STUDENT
(Fill in the gaps with prepositions and translate the text)
There once was a pretty good student who sat (1)
a pretty good class
and who was taught (2) a pretty good teacher who always let a pretty good
pass. He wasn’t terrific (3)
reading, he wasn’t a whiz bang (4)
math but (5)
him education was leading down a pretty good path.
He didn’t find school too exciting but he wanted to do pretty well.
He did have trouble (6)
reading and nobody taught him to spell.
(7)
doing arithmetic problems pretty good was regarded as fine. Five
and a five needn’t always add (8) ten, a pretty good answer was nine.
The pretty good student was happy (9) the standards that were
(10)
effect and nobody thought it was sappy if his answers were not
quite correct.
The pretty good class he sat (11)
was part (12)
a pretty
good school and the student was not the exception (13)
in the
country, he was the rule.
The pretty good school that he went to was there (14)
a pretty
good town. Nobody there seemed to notice that he couldn’t tell a verb (15)
a noun. The pretty good student was (16)
fact part (17)
a pretty
good mob. The first time he knew what he lacked was when he looked (18)
a pretty good job.
It was then when he saw the position he discovered that life could be tough
and he soon had a sneaky suspicion that pretty good might not be good enough.
The pretty good town (19)
the story was part (20)
pretty
good state, which had pretty good aspirations and prayed (21)
a pretty
good fate.
There once was a pretty good nation, pretty proud (22)
greatness it
had, but which learned much too late, if you want to be great, pretty good is
(23)
fact pretty bad.
Text G
LET’S FACE IT...
ENGLISH IS A STUPID LANGUAGE.
There is no egg in the eggplant.
No ham in the hamburger
And neither pine nor apple in the pineapple.
190
English muffins were not invented in England
French fries were not invented in France.
We sometimes take English for granted,
But if we examine its paradoxes we find that:
Quicksand, takes you down slowly
Boxing ring is a square,
And a guinea pig is neither from Guinea nor it is a pig.
If writers write, how come fingers don’t fing
If the plural of tooth is teeth,
Shouldn’t the plural of phone booth be phone beeth?
If the teacher taught,
Why didn’t the preacher praught?
If a vegetarian eats vegetables,
What the heck does a humanitarian eat?
Why do people recite at a play,
Yet play at recital?
Park on the driveways and
Drive on parkways?
How can the weather be as hot as hell on one day
And as cool as hell on another?
You have to marvel at the unique lunacy
Of a language where a house can burn up
As it burns down.
And in which you fill in a form by filling it out.
And a bell is only heard once it goes!
English was invented by people, not computers.
And it reflects the creativity of the human race
(Which of course isn’t a race at all).
That is why:
When the stars are out, they are visible,
And when the lights are out, they are invisible.
And why is it that when I wind up my watch,
It starts
But when I wind up this poem
It ends.
191
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Longman Group UK Limited 1987.
3. Christina Bratt Paulston. English as a Second Language. A Special Report.
National Education Association. Washington, D.C. 1980.
4. Christine Lindon, Dominic Fisher. The New Cambrige English Course
Readers. «Life on Earth and Other Pieces» – Cambrige University Press.
5. Webster’s Dictionary. 1993.
6. M. Bright «World About Us». Gloucester Press. Aladdin Books. 1991. 7.1000
American Idioms and their Russian Equivalents. Gector. 1991.
8. V. N. Komissarov, A. L. Koralova. «AManual of Translation From English
Into Russian». Moscow, «High School», 1990.
9. T. R. Levitzkaia, A. M. Fiterman. A Manual of Translation From English Into
Russian. Moscow «High School», 1973.
10. L. S. Barkhudarov, VG. Gak, V. N. Komissarov et.al. Translator’s ExerciseBook. Moscow «International Relations» 1974.
11. Martin Garderner. Amusing Experiments. Moscow «Prosveshcheniye»,
1979.
12. Longman Active Study Dictionary of English Longman Group Ltd.,
Harlow, 1988.
13. Liz and John Soars, Headway (Pre-intermediate, Intermediate, UpperIntermediate), Oxford University Press.
14. Gillian Flaherty. Popculture. Developed Essential Reading Skills Books 1, 2, 3.
15. John Flower and Michael Berman. Build Your Vocabulary 3. (Upper
Intermediate).
16. Milada Broukal. Idioms For Everyday Use. National Textbook Company.
17. Andersen, Gisle; (2000). The role of the pragmatic marker like in utterance
interpretation. In G. Andersen & T. Fretheim (Ed.),Pragmatic markers and
propositional attitude: Pragmatics and beyond (pp. 79). Amsterdam: John
Benjamins.
18. Mel’čuk, I. 1995. Phrasemes in language and phraseology in linguistics. In
M. Everaert, E.-J. van der Linden, A. Schenk and R. Schreuder (eds.), Idioms:
Structural and psychological perspectives.