AdvancedSyntax
·ExtraExercises2·
StructureofIPandCP.Clausetypes.ComplementsandAdjuncts.
SubjectandObject.V°-to-I°movement.
KenRamshøjChristensen
AarhusUniversity
2016
1
ThebuildingblocksofX-barstructure
Thebare
minimum
XPwith
specifieronly
XPwith
complementonly
AfullXPwithboth
specifierandcomplement
ALWAYS
PROJECTED
XPwithaleQ/right
adjoinedmodifier
2
Drawthefulltreestructureofthe
followingsentences:
(1)  Theoldmanusedaspadeinthegarden.
(2)  Aeroplanesflewoverthecity.
(3)  AQeraweek,shehadalreadyspenthermoney.
(4)  Peterwillnotspeaktomeagain.
(5)  Hedidnotdothis.
(6)  Thisisverypainful.
(7)  Ihopeyoucanread.
(8)  TheyoQensawmehappy.
(9)  Theteacherknowsthatyouaretryinghard.
(10) Joewondersifshecanhearthemusic.
(11) Iwantforhimtobecomeking.
(12) Wewantthemtolisten.
3
ANSWERS
TreesdrawnusingMilesShang’sSyntaxTreeGenerator(hdp://mshang.ca/syntree/)
Addieonaltext,figures,linesandarrowsaddedinMicroso1PowerPoint
4
(1)
AdjunceontoanXP
projectsanother
instanceofthatXP.
SubjectinIP-spec
Mainverbsnever
leaveV°(exceptbe).
Object:DPsisterofV°
Adjunct:modifierrightadjoinedtoVP
5
(2a)
Thesentenceisambiguous.Ithastwodifferentinterpretaeonswithdifferentstructures:
(2a)Aeroplanesflewoverthecity–rightacrossthesky.
(2b)Aeroplanesflewoverthecity–flyinginaroundincirclesrightabovetheskyscrapers.
SubjectinIP-spec
Mainverbsnever
leaveV°(exceptbe).
ComplementofV°
6
(2b)
Thesentenceisambiguous.Ithastwodifferentinterpretaeonswithdifferentstructures:
(2a)Aeroplanesflewoverthecity–rightacrossthesky.
(2b)Aeroplanesflewoverthecity–flyinginaroundincirclesrightabovetheskyscrapers.
AdjunceontoanXP
projectsanother
instanceofthatXP.
SubjectinIP-spec
Mainverbsnever
leaveV°(exceptbe).
Adjunct:modifierrightadjoinedtoVP
7
(3)
AdjunceontoanXP
projectsanother
instanceofthatXP.
SubjectinIPspec
Adjunct:modifierleQadjoinedtoIP
Adjunct:
modifierleQadjoinedtoVP
Haveisan
auxiliarythatis
borninaV°but
MOVEStoI°when
itisFINITE.
MainverbsneverleaveV°(exceptbe).
8
(4)
AdjunceontoanXP
projectsanother
instanceofthatXP.
SubjectinIPspec
Adjunct:
modifierleQadjoinedtoVP
Adjunct:modifierrightadjoinedtoVP
WillisaMODALauxiliary
verb.ModalsareALWAYS
FINITEandaretherefore
borninI°,NOTinaV°.
MainverbsneverleaveV°(exceptbe).
9
(5)
AdjunceontoanXP
projectsanother
instanceofthatXP.
Subjectin
IP-spec
Do-supporttakesplace
directlyintoI°:dummydois
alwaysFINITE.
Adjunct:
modifierleQadjoinedtoVP
Object:DPsisterofV°
Mainverbdo.Mainverbs
neverleaveV°(exceptbe).
10
(6)
AdjunceontoanXP
projectsanother
instanceofthatXP.
Subjectin
IP-spec
Thecopula,be,istheonly‘main’
verbthatevermovestoI°,and
itonlydoessowhenitisFINITE.
(HaveandbeareborninV°and
movetoI°whenFINITE.)
LeQ-adjoined
modifierofAdjP
11
(7)
EmbeddedFINITEdeclaraeve
clause:aCPheadedbyanempty
C°(asilentversionofthat).
Clausalobject:SisterofV°
Subjectin
IP-spec
Mainverbsnever
leaveV°(exceptbe).
FINITEembeddedclausesareCPs.
Whentheembeddedfiniteclauseis
intheobjectposieon(asthesister
ofV°),thecomplemenCzer,C°,can
berealisedeitherasthatoras
nothing.
Ihopethat youcanread.
Ihope youcanread.
Subjectin
IP-spec
CanisaMODAL
auxiliaryverb.Modals
areALWAYSFINITE
andaretherefore
borninI°,NOTinaV°.
Mainverbsnever
leaveV°(exceptbe).
12
(8)
AdjunceontoanXP
projectsanother
instanceofthatXP.
Verblessclauses
(“smallclauses”)
areIPs.
Subjectin
IP-spec
Adjunct:modifierleQadjoinedtoVP
Verblessclauses(“smallclauses”)areIPs(all
clausesareatleastIPs).ThereisnoneedforaCP
layerassmallclausesareneverintroducedbya
complemenezer–notevenbyfor,whichselectsa
non-finiteclause.(ACP-levelwouldalsoprevent
excepeonalcasemarking(ECM)fromV°tothe
embeddedsubject):
*Theyo1ensawthat mehappy.
*Theyo1ensawfor mehappy.
Theyo1ensaw
mehappy.
Mainverbs
neverleaveV°
(exceptbe).
Subjectin
IP-spec
Subjectpredicateinverblessclause
(correspondstoobjectpredicatein
thetradieonalanalysis)
Clausalobject:SisterofV°
13
(9)
EmbeddedFINITEdeclaraeve
clause:aCPheadedbythat.
Clausalobject:SisterofV°
AdjunceontoanXP
projectsanother
instanceofthatXP.
SubjectinIP-spec
Mainverbsnever
leaveV°(exceptbe).
FINITEembeddedclausesare
CPs.Weneedaposieonforthe
complemenCzerbetweenthe
matrixmainverbinVºandthe
subjectoftheembeddedclause
inIP-spec,namely,C°.And
remember,headsproject
phrases,sothereisafullCP
betweenthematrixVPandthe
embeddedIP.
Subjectin
IP-spec
Beisanauxiliarythatis
borninaV°butMOVES
toI°whenitisFINITE.
Mainverbsnever
leaveV°(exceptbe).
Adjunct:modifierrightadjoinedtoVP
14
(10)
EmbeddedFINITEinterrogaeve
clause:aCPheadedbyif.
Clausalobject:SisterofV°
SubjectinIP-spec
Mainverbsnever
leaveV°(exceptbe).
SubjectinIP-spec
FINITEembeddedclausesareCPs
headedbyacomplemenCzerinC°
betweenthematrixmainverbinV°
andthesubjectinIP-specofthe
embeddedclause.
CanisaMODALauxiliary
verb.ModalsareALWAYS
FINITEandaretherefore
borninI°,NOTinaV°.
Object:DPsisterofV°
Mainverbsneverleave
V°(exceptbe).
15
(11)
EmbeddedINFINITIVALclause.A
CPheadedbyforinC°.
Clausalobject:SisterofV°
SubjectinIP-spec
Mainverbsnever
leaveV°(exceptbe).
Subjectin
IP-spec
TheINFINITIVE
markertoisinI°.
Mainverbs
neverleaveV°
(exceptbe).
Subjectpredicate(corresponds
toobjectpredicateinthe
tradieonalanalysis)
16
(12)
EmbeddedINFINITIVALclause.
AnIPheadedbyto.
Subjectin
IP-spec
Mainverbsnever
leaveV°(exceptbe).
Subjectin
IP-spec
TheINFINITIVE
markertoisinI°.
Mainverbsneverleave
V°(exceptbe).
Clausalobject:SisterofV°
17