GRID BALANCING AND SUPPORT:
POWER-TO-GAS ENERGY STORAGE
5 TH MAY 2015 | ALL ENERGY
DR KRIS HYDE
TECHNOLOGY MANGER – ITM POW ER
@H2KH
GRID BALANCING AND SUPPORT:
POWER-TO-GAS ENERGY STORAGE
5 TH MAY 2015 | ALL ENERGY
Contents:
•
The principles of energy storage, grid balancing and demand side management
•
The role that hydrogen can play in improving the utilisation of renewable power
•
Power-to-gas energy storage
INTRODUCTION
THE NEED
GRID BALANCING
P2G RATIONALE
ENERGY STORAGE
UK WIND CURTAILMENT
• Evidence of grid balancing problems from Germany and Denmark
• Problems start at 20% capacity
• UK hit this threshold at the end of 2013
• Wind curtailment is rising faster than wind capacity
ENERGY STORAGE: THE NEED
HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS
BALANCING SUPPLY AND DEMAND:
• A total of £725m paid for balancing services in 2010–11; £1,100m in 2014/15
• Estimates in 2020 are: circa £1.9bn – £5.9bn pa
*Source: National Grid: Note: The dip in value reflects the UK’s recession
THE NEED: GRID BALANCING
HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS
BALANCING SUPPLY AND DEMAND:
• A total of £725m paid for balancing services in 2010–11; £1,100m in 2014/15
• Estimates in 2020 are: circa £1.9bn – £5.9bn pa
• Tariffs already operational in the UK: FCDM response sub 2 seconds
THE NEED: GRID BALANCING
HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS
GRID
BALANCING
FREQUENCY
SUPPLY SIDE
DEMAND SIDE
POWER GRID
Mechanical Inertia | Dynamic Coupling
•
3000 rpm | 50Hz (60Hz USA)
•
Power | Frequency shedding
•
Max 4% swing 48Hz|52Hz
•
0.5 Hz activates primary balancing action
•
Obligation average 50Hz in 1hour
POWER GRID OPERATION
MECHANICAL INERTIA
BALANCING SUPPLY AND DEMAND:
SECOND BY SECOND
Dynamic
Supply Side
Balancing Action
Demand Side
Balancing Action
Rising
Frequency
Turn OFF a
generator
Turn ON a
load
Falling
Frequency
Turn ON a
generator
Turn OFF a
load
THE NEED: GRID BALANCING
ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL
PRIMARY VS SECONDARY RESPONSE
RAPID RESPONSE ELECTROLYSIS
ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL
POWER-TO-GAS
ENERGY STORAGE
RATIONALE
TECHNOLOGIES
ELEMENTS OF VALUE
WHY POWER-TO-GAS?
Electricity cannot be stored easily | Hydrogen can be stored easily in the gas grid
Source: ITM Power plc
POWER-TO-GAS RATIONALE
HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS
ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
Power-to-gas is efficient | long term | low energy cost
Source: ITM Power plc
ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL
P2G: ELEMENTS OF VALUE
• Value to the power grid
• Value to the gas grid
• Value to the economy
Value to the Power Grid
Value to the Gas Grid
Value to the Economy
• Avoided wind curtailment
• Avoided infrastructure upgrades
• Reduced reserve power
• Reduce CO2 from open cycle GTs
• Decarbonising gas
• Providing renewable heat
• Reducing GHG emissions
from gas transportation
• Reducing fuel imports
• Improved energy security
• Creating jobs in manufacturing
P2G: ELEMENTS OF VALUE
ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL
32MWH BATTERY | P2G COST COMPARISON
Lithium Ion System (6,300 sqft)
• Project will cost $53.5m
• 8MW with 4hr duration | 32MWh
• $6.7m/MW | $1.67m/MWh
Power-to-Gas System (3,530 sqft)
• Project will cost $21.6m
• 8MW with 4hr duration | 32MWh
• $2.7m/MW | $0.67m/MWh
• 8MW with 12hr duration | 192MWh
• $2.7m/MW | $0.22m/MWh
Tehachapi Energy Storage Project
The Tehachapi Energy Storage Project features 604,832 lithium-ion battery cells, housed in
10,872 modules of 56 cells each, stacked in 604 racks arranged in rows.
BATTERY | P2G COST COMPARISON
HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS
COMPLIANCE
NTS
DISTRIBUTION
DOMESTIC
EU Hydrogen Limits for Injection into the HP Gas Grid
Covered by a range of local laws and EU Directives
Note: interpretation of these rules is complex
Limit falls to 2% if there is a
CNG station downstream
EU POWER-TO-GAS ENERGY STORAGE
ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL
P2G IN THE NATIONAL TRANSMISSION NETWORK
An international network
•
Needs a coordinated approach
•
International standards
•
0.1% limit needs revisiting
•
Needs the formation of an
international standards group
P2G IN THE NTS
ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL
GAS DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
Open and Closed Network Compliance
•
The current 0.1% Vol H2 is NOT based on safety!
•
Network entry rules are based on gas refineries
•
Recommend revising for small green gas facilities
•
We recommend increasing the GSMR limit to 3%
•
Standardise the procedure for exemptions
•
Form a standards working group specifically looking at
hydrogen in the gas grid
GAS DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL
INJECTING HYDROGEN INTO THE GAS NETWORK:
A LITERATURE SEARCH BY THE UK HSL
Examined the effect of natural gas enriched hydrogen on
the UK gas network; key findings:
•
Injection of hydrogen at concentrations of 20% v/v or less is unlikely
to have a deleterious effect on the gas network and most appliances
•
There is no evidence that pipes and fittings made from polyethylene
(PE) will be adversely affected.
•
Modern, CE marked, naturally aerated appliances appear to be able
to burn hydrogen-enriched natural gas available in the UK safely at
up to 20% v/v without modification
•
It is not expected that the fire and explosion hazards arising from
the ignition of accumulations of mixtures of natural gas and
hydrogen (up to 20% v/v) from unintentional escapes will be
significantly more severe than for leaks of natural gas alone.
GAS GRID INJECTION
RESEARCH BY HEALTH AND SAFETY LABORATORY
DEPLOYMENT
THUGA PROJECT
RWE
ON-SITE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL
NRM: MIXING PLANT
HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS
ON-SITE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL
GRID BALANCING AND SUPPORT:
POWER-TO-GAS ENERGY STORAGE
5 TH MAY 2015 | ALL ENERGY
Summary:
•
Renewable power needs energy storage
•
Power-to-Gas is at the required scale
•
Power-to-Gas provides long timescale energy storage
•
Low cost | small footprint | mature technology
GRID BALANCING AND SUPPORT:
POWER-TO-GAS ENERGY STORAGE
5 TH MAY 2015 | ALL ENERGY
DR KRIS HYDE
TECHNOLOGY MANGER – ITM POW ER
@H2KH