Name _____________________________
Period _________
AP Biology
Date ______________________
CLASSIFICATION / TAXONOMY / SYSTEMATICS REVIEW
DOMAINS
1. Draw a phylogenetic tree (an evolutionary tree
diagram) illustrating the relationship between the three
domains.
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Eukarya
internal membranes
Common ancestor
2. In the table below outline the key characteristics that distinguish the three domains. Include examples of organisms in each
domain.
DOMAIN
Bacteria (Eubacteria)
Archaebacteria
Eukarya
CHARACTERISTICS
unicellular prokaryotes
cell wall (peptidoglycans), cell membrane, ribosomes
naked DNA; single circular chromosome
no membrane-bound organelles
asexual reproduction = binary fission
heterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs
rods, spheres, spirals; Gram positive & negative stain
unicellular prokaryotes
cell wall (no peptidoglycans), cell membrane, ribosomes
DNA + histone proteins; single circular chromosome,
no membrane-bound organelles
asexual reproduction = binary fission
extremophiles: halophiles, thermophiles, methanogens
unicellular & multicellular eukaryotes
membrane-bound organelles: nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts,
Golgi complex, ER, lysosomes, vesicles, vacuoles
heterotrophs, autotrophs
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EXAMPLES
Bacillus, E. coli, Streptococcus
Cyanobacteria = “blue-green
algae”
Methanococcus, Halobaterium,
Thermoproteus
animals, plants, protests, fungi
Name _____________________________
AP Biology
EUKARYOTIC KINGDOMS
3. In the table below outline the key characteristics that distinguish the four kingdoms of the Domain Eukarya by making notes on
the following: (1) mode of nutrition, (2) presence or absence of cell wall, (3) method(s) of reproduction, and (4) any other notable
characteristic.
KINGDOM
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
MODE OF NUTRITION
autotrophs (algae)
heterotrophs (predators)
heterotrophs
(by absorption)
autotrophs
(photosynthesis)
heterotrophs
(by ingestion)
CELL WALL
• some have cell wall
• some have only cell
membrane
• diatoms & forams have
silica (glass) cell walls
Cell wall (chitin)
Cell wall (cellulose)
REPRODUCTION
• mostly asexual
- binary fission
- budding
• sometimes sexual
• mostly sexual
- + and - strains
• asexual for unicellular
yeast
OTHER
• photoplankton & zooplankton
• locomotion via flagella, cilia,
pseudopods
• mostly unicellular & some
multicellular
• examples: Euglena, Amoeba,
Paramecium, kelp
• multi-nucleated cells
• Basidiomycetes = mushrooms
• bread mold
• yeast
• sexual
- alternation of generations
- spores & seeds
• asexual
- cuttings, tubers, etc.
• mosses
• ferns
• gymnosperm
• angiosperm
sexual (gametes)
• all multicellular
• invertebrates: sponges,
worms, molluscs, arthropods
• vertebrates: fish, amphibians,
reptiles, birds, mammals
No
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Name _____________________________
AP Biology
EUKARYOTES: PLANTS
4. Draw a phylogenetic tree illustrating the relationship
between the four groups of land plants. Note the key
characteristic that distinguishes each major branch.
Bryophytes Pteridophytes Gymnosperm
Angiosperm
flower
s
seed
plants
vascular
plants
colonization of land
5. In the table below outline the key characteristics that distinguish the four groups of land plants by making notes on the following:
(1) presence or absence of vascular system, (2) dominance of gametophyte vs. sporophyte, (3) mode of reproduction, and (4)
any other notable characteristic.
PLANT GROUP
Bryophytes
(mosses)
Pteridophytes
(ferns)
Gymnosperm
(conifers)
Angiosperm
(flowering plants)
VASCULAR SYSTEM
No
GAMETOPHYTE &
SPOROPHYTE
• dominant gametophyte
• dependent sporophyte
Yes
“tracheophytes”
• dominant sporophyte
• independent fragile
gametophyte
Yes
“tracheophytes”
• dominant sporophyte
• highly reduced gametophyte
- male gametophyte in pollen
- female gametophyte in ovule
Yes
“tracheophytes”
• dominant sporophyte
• highly reduced gametophyte
- male gametophyte in pollen
- female gametophyte in ovule
REPRODUCTION
OTHER
• spores
• motile sperm
mosses, liverworts
• spores
(develop on bottom surface of
leaves in sporangium)
• motile sperm
• heterospory
• cones
• pollen in male cones
- wind pollinated
• egg & seeds in female cones
• heterospory
• flowers
- animal pollinators
• double fertlization
• seeds in fruit
ferns & horsetails
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pines, spruce, fir,
redwood, cycads,
Ginkgo
monocots
dicots (eudicots)
Name _____________________________
AP Biology
EUKARYOTES: ANIMALS
6. Complete the diagram below: (1) label the key advances at each evolutionary branch point, and (2) explain the significance of
each evolutionary advance.
Porifera
Cnidaria
Nematoda
Platyhelminthes
Mollusca
Annelida
Echinoderm
Arthropoda
increase in body
size, mobility &
brain size;
– complex life on
land
Chordata
8. backbone
redundancy in body sections – 7. segmentation
specialization of segments;
increase mobility
6. endoskeleton
5. true coelom
4. body cavity
– increase in body
size; life on land
– increases tissue complexity in
digestive system
– increases body complexity = organ systems;
can have larger digestive & reproductive systems
3. bilateral symmetry – now have distinct parts to body plan & specialization
of body parts; leads to cephalization & greater mobility
2. tissues
– cellular organization: allows for specialized structure & function;
muscle tissue & nervous tissue
1. multicellularity – makes it possible to increase size & to have specialization & body complexity
Ancestral Protist
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Name _____________________________
AP Biology
7. In the table below outline the key characteristics that distinguish the groups of the Kingdom Animalia by making notes on the
following: (1) type of symmetry, (2) presence of coelom, (3) presence of segmentation, (4) soft body vs. exoskeleton vs. endoskeleton,
and (5) any other notable characteristic (e.g., proto- vs. deutersotome, etc.). Also include examples of organisms in each group.
SYMMETRY
COELOM
SEGMENTATION
BODY
Porifera
none
No
No
soft body
Cnidaria
radial
No
No
soft body
bilateral
No
No
soft body
ANIMAL GROUP
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
bilateral
No
No
soft body
Mollusca
bilateral
Yes
No
soft body,
many have shells
Annelida
bilateral
Yes
Yes
soft body
Arthropoda
bilateral
Yes
Yes
(jointed
appendages)
exoskeleton
(chitin)
radial
Yes
No
endoskeleton
(calcium plates)
bilateral
Yes
Yes
endoskeleton
backbone
Echinodermata
Chordata
OTHER
no specialized tissues
protostome
stinging cells that shoot
nematocysts
protostome
beginning of cephalization
many parasites
protostome
many live in soil, pests of
crops & animal parasites
protostome
rasping tongue = radula,
terrestrial & sea
protostome
segmented but segments
undifferentiated
protostome
most successful animal
phyla
protostome
able to regenerate lost
body parts
deuterostome
notocord, dorsal nerve
cord, tail, pharyngeal slits,
deuterostome
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EXAMPLES/ COMMON
NAMES
sponges
jellyfish, hyrdra,
anemones, corals
flatworms, Planaria,
tapeworms
roundworms, pinworm,
hookworm
mollusks,
snails, oysters, octopus
segmented worms,
earthworms, leeches
insects, crabs,
(crustaceans), spiders
(arachnids)
starfish. sea urchins,
sand dollars
vertebrates,
fish, amphibians,
reptiles, birds, mammals
Name _____________________________
AP Biology
EUKARYOTES: ANIMALS: VERTEBRATES
8. In the table below outline the key characteristics that distinguish the five subgroups of the Vertebrates by making notes on the
following: (1) body structure & type of body covering, (2) structure used for gas exchange, (3) structure of heart, (4) ectotherm vs.
endotherm, (5) mode of fertilization, (6) mode of development, and (7) any other notable characteristic. Also include examples of
organisms in each group.
VERTEBRATE
SUBGROUP
BODY
GAS
EXCHANGE
HEART
ECTO- VS.
ENDOTHERM
FERTILIZATION
DEVELOPMENT
trout,
salmon,
shark
external,
aquatic egg,
metamorphosis
first land
animals, first
tetrapods
frogs,
salamander
internal
external,
amniotic egg
first animals
to remain out
of water
whole life
turtle,
lizards,
alligator
internal
external,
amniotic egg
flight
eagles,
robin,
parrots
internal
internal,
placenta
live young,
produce milk,
specialized
teeth
humans,
rabbits,
lions
scales,
fins, tail
gills
2
chambers
ectotherm
external
external,
aquatic egg
Amphibian
wet skin
lungs & skin
3
chambers
ectotherm
external
Reptiles
dry skin,
some are
armored
lungs
3
chambers
ectotherm
Birds (Aves)
feathers,
wings,
hollow
bones
lungs &
air sacs
4
chambers
endotherm
lungs
4
chambers
hair
endotherm
EXAMPLES
aquatic
Fish
Mammals
OTHER
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Name _____________________________
AP Biology
EUKARYOTES: ANIMALS: VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS
9. In the table below outline the key characteristics that distinguish the 3 subgroups of the Mammals by making notes on the
following: (1) mode of development, (2) care of the young, (3) any other notable characteristic. Also include examples of
organisms in each subgroup.
MAMMAL SUBGROUP
CHARACTERISTICS
EXAMPLE
Montremes
egg laying mammals, no mammary glands = ooze milk from skin
duck-billed platypus, echidna
Marsupials
pouched mammals, short-lived placenta so offspring must develop
further in pouch
kangaroo, koala, opossum
Placentals
fully developed placenta = supplies nutrients to fetus in uterus &
removes waste. Fetus can develop to full term in utero.
rodents, primates, elephants,
canines, felines
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