Review for Test I
Review for Exam I to 1800
to 1800
This review sheet is a study aid. It in no way guarantees that only those terms and
questions on this sheet will be on the exam.
People
William Pitt
John Hancock
John Locke
John Adams
Gen. Braddock
King George III
Gen. James Wolfe
Sam Adams
Beaumarchais
Sir William Howe
Gen. Nathaniel Greene
Edmund Andros
Ben Franklin
Citizen Genet
Terms
Mercantilism
Quebec Act
Loyalists
Salutary Neglect
Navigation Acts
Yorktown
Port Royal and Louisburg
Albany Plan of Union
Proclamation of 1763
Boston "Massacre"
Townsend Acts
Committees of Correspondence
Whiskey Rebellion
Jay Treaty
Farewell Address
Alien and Sedition Acts
Gaspee
Glorious Revolution
Hessians
mercantilism
Dominion of New England
battle of Quebec
virtual representation
Sons of Liberty
Valley Forge
Saratoga
Declaratory Act
"Common Sense"
Neutrality Proclamation
Pinckney Treaty
XYZ Affair
compact theory
1. Compare and contrast the empires of Spain, France, and England in the New World as
to motives, duration, and relations with the Indians etc.
2. Discuss the relative power of the colonial assemblies and the Royal Governor.
In theory who was more powerful?
In reality who had more power?
3. Contrast the English and American view of the Proclamation of 1763.
4. How did the results of the French and Indian War lead to the American Revolution?
5. Why did England issue the Stamp Tax?
What was its effect in America?
6. Why did England issue the Intolerable Acts?
What was the colonial reaction to these Acts?
7. Mention American strengths and weaknesses in the American Revolution. Given all its
weaknesses, why did American win the war?
8. What is the importance of the battle of Saratoga in the American Revolution?
9. What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris, 1783?
Who got the best of these negotiations, England or America?
What part did France have to play in the Treaty?
10. What was the importance of the French Alliance to the United States?
11. What kind of person would most likely be a Patriot? a Loyalist?
12 .Evaluate the leadership role of George Washington as Commander in Chief of the
American forces in the Revolution.
13. What are the four main components of Hamilton's financial program?
Who opposed any part of that program? Why?
14. What is the chief historical significance of the Whiskey Rebellion?
15. What were the main differences of opinion between the Federalists and the
Democratic-Republicans?
16. What problems did the US encounter as a neutral nation from 1800-1812?
(during the wars of the French Revolution)?
What was the general US policy regarding involvement in European affairs at
this time?
17. Why was the Jay Treaty so unpopular in the United States?
What, if any, were its benefits?
18. What were the positive and negative aspects of John Adams' Presidency?
Election of 1800
Jefferson
73 electoral votes
Burr
73
Adams
65
Pinckney
64
House of Representatives decides disputed elections
Pivotal role of Alexander Hamilton
Thomas Jefferson as President
Jefferson: "the Renaissance Man"
"Republican Simplicity"
Jefferson the adroit politician
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Marbury vs. Madison: a test of Adams' Midnight Judges
Marbury: Federalist who sued to get job
Madison: Jefferson's Secretary of State- did not deliver new judicial
appointments
Marbury v. Madison established the principle of:
Judicial review: the right of the Supreme Court to declare a law of Congress (the
Judiciary Act) unconstitutional
Louisiana Purchase: the best real estate deal in history
Background:
1800 Napoleon demands Spain give him Louisiana Territory
Why is this a problem for the United States?
Jefferson: "We shall have to marry ourselves to the British fleet and
nation."
Napoleon's plans for a "Whiskey Empire"
1. wheat: Louisiana
2. sugar: Haiti
Revolution in Haiti: Toussaint L'Overture
fate of French fleet and army
"Buying an empire to get a port" for $15 million
Louisiana Purchase: a conscience problem for Jefferson Why?
Effect of the Louisiana Purchase on the Federalists?
Exploration of the Louisiana Purchase
Lewis and Clark and their Corps of Discovery
Sacagawea
Background: War of 1812
By 1899 Napoleon had conquered most of Europe, except England
France: the “tiger” supreme on land
England: the “shark” rules the sea
Napoleon decides to starve England, the island of “little shopkeepers”
Continental System of Napoleon
1. Berlin Decree: France said that England was in a state of blockade so no neutral
nation could trade with England,
All commerce with England is illegal
Orders in Council: England’s answer to the Berlin decree
England declared a blockade on most European ports and said that all neutral ships
could not trade with France
2. Milan Decree: France’s reply to England’s Orders in Council
Any neutral ship entering England, in compliance with the Orders in Council,
would be seized by France
United States caught in the middle; number of US ships seized:
England
France
1803-1807
500
200
1807-1812
389
358
--------889
558
1807 Chesapeake Affair
US naval vessel USS Chesapeake fired upon by British ship, HMS Leopard
Role of English sailor Ratford
3 US sailors killed, 18 wounded
The Chesapeake affair the “ultimate in frustration for Jefferson
1807 Embargo Act: Jefferson’s response to the Chesapeake affair
Embargo: no American ship could leave port
Embargo: a political and economic disaster
Economic effects of the embargo
US shipping declines by 80%
1807: $108 million in exports
1808: $ 22 million in exports
Political Effects of the Embargo Act: helped to revive the Federalist party
1804 election: Dem.-Rep. Jefferson 176
Federalists 14 (Pinckney and King)
1808 election:
Madison 122
Federalists 53
Revisions of the Embargo Act: “An Embargo by any other name…”
1. 1809 Non-Intercourse Act: US could trade with every country
except England and France
2. Macon’s Bill no.2
1. free trade with all countries including England and France until either England or
France stopped its violation of US neutral rights
2. if either England or France repealed their commerce restrictions, US will stop
trading with the other country
1811 US breaks off the trade with England because of France’s promise according
to the terms of Macon’s Bill no. 2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1808-1816 James Madison as President “He reigned but he did not rule.”
Dolly Madison
---------------------------------------War Hawks: new Congressmen elected in 1810
Their important characteristics?
Some important War Hawks:
1. Henry Clay of Kentucky elected Speaker of the House at age 34
2. John C. Calhoun of South Carolina
3. William Crawford of Georgia
4. Felix Grundy of Tennessee
Land Hunger as a Cause of the War: “On to Canada!”
Remote cause of the War of 1812:
US blames England for Indian attacks on US frontier fact or fiction?
1811 Battle of Tippecanoe in Indiana Territory
Role of Native American leader: Tecumseh
General William Henry Harrison’s great “victory”?
Special Report: Indian Population of the Ohio River Valley
To: House Foreign Affairs Committee
From: Preston Porter
Director, Bureau of the Census
Washington, D.C.
Honorable Congressmen:
To answer your question: “Does the Indian population threaten the existence of the
white population of the Ohio River Valley?” Please be advised of the following
facts:
The Indians of the Ohio Valley, as of the census of 1810, were distributed over not
quite 6 million acres and were found to number 3,036. This total included both
sexes and all ages. They are divided into six principle tribes. The largest tribe, the
Shawnee, numbered in all 840 people. The Wyandot, next in size, total 695 in all.
On the other hand, concentrated in the southern part of Ohio are 230,760 white
people, of whom 64,556 are males over the age of 21. In Kentucky, the population
of white people is similar. From the point of numbers, it is difficult to see how the
Indian danger could ever be considered in a serious light.
Should not the question be: “Are the Indians a threat to small isolated settlements?”
In this case, the answer could be yes. In the year 1810, there were 23 reported deaths
in Ohio attributed to Indian raids. In the same year there were over 1000 buildings
destroyed by Indian attacks.
Much of the “Indian problem” can be attributed to the attitudes of the pioneer. He
regards the Indians as an inferior creature, no better than a beast of the forest. He
refuses to extend to him the rights of English Common Law, nor will he allow the
Indian to attain citizenship or purchase land. In many parts of the Northwest,
Indians are hunted down and cruelly slain. In my opinion, the Indian is more sinned
against than sinning.
Preston Proctor
Director, Bureau of the Census
June 14, 1812 Madison asks Congress for war
l. impressment
2. violation of US neutral rights
3. English blockade of some US ports
4. Indian attacks blamed on England
Causes of the war of 1812 not mentioned by Madison
1. land hunger: desire for Florida and Canada
2. patriotism: desire to defend US honor
Vote on the war of 1812 in Congress: 98-62
Not one Federalist Congressman voted for the war
Why was New England, an important shipping center, opposed to a war for
“freedom of the seas”?
Vote to go to war with France rejected
Why did Congress vote for war with England and not with France?
June 16, 1812 England revokes her Orders in Council
US disadvantages in the War of 1812
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The War of 1812
1813
1. Battle of Lake Erie: Oliver Hazard Perry: “We have met the enemy and they are
ours!”
2. also in 1813 General William H. Harrison defeated
England at battle of the Thames
Tecumseh, who had joined the British army, died in this battle
1814 English offensive
1. Lake Champlain: US: Capt. McDonough
2. August 24, 1814 Washington, D.C.
then Ft. McHenry, Baltimore Harbor
3. January 8, 1815 New Orleans
British army:
11,000
US army:
4,500
“For once in this war of error and incompetence, the US had the right man at the
right place at the right time:” Andrew Jackson
Treaty of Ghent December 24, 1814
Status quo ante bellum
1. no exchange of territory
2. no mention of impressment, Indians, neutral rights. WHY?
US delegates to Ghent
1. John Quincy Adams
2. Henry Clay
3. Albert Gallatin
US boasts about “easy” Treaty of Ghent: “Not one inch of territory ceded or lost!”
Did the US win the War of 1812?
---------------------------------------------------Fall, 1814 Hartford Convention
What it was: a meeting of Federalists: how to protect their minority rights
Federalists suggest a list of amendments to the Constitution to protect their interests
such as?
What it was not?
Later libel of Hartford Convention?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Madison’s Presidential message of 1815
1. increased military spending
2. second bank of the US
3. protective tariff of 25%
4. federal funding for internal improvements
He later vetoed this last proposal as unconstitutional
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Clay’s American system: Integrated Economy
Examples of nationalism after the War of 1812
“We may not have fought the war as one nation but we surely emerged from the
war as one nation.”
1. great pride in our “heroes”
2. began to celebrate the Fourth of July
3. Painting: Hudson River Valley School:
American artists now paint American scenes, not British
4. Literature: new American themes
a. Washington Irving: Knickerbocker Tales
b. James Fennimore Cooper: Last of the Mohicans
5. Architecture: copied Greek and Roman models
6. Manufacturing begins in the US: Slater’s mill in Rhode Island
Less economic dependence on Europe
President Monroe and the Era of Good Feelings
Only one political party but there were political factions
James Monroe as President 1816-1824
1. Lucky: peace and prosperity
2. Monroe’s shortcomings
3. Cabinet- Monroe appointed all his rivals
a. Calhoun Secretary of War
b. Crawford: Secretary of Treasury
c. John Quincy Adams: Secretary of State
Election of 1820 “unanimity of indifference”
Nationalism in Foreign Affairs: Florida
1. Spain pulls out
2. Georgia asks federal government for help
a. Indian raids
b. runaway slaves
Calhoun calls for help: Whom would you suggest?
Told to “respect Spanish territory”
Adams to Spain: “Either cede or control”
Adams-Onis Treaty aka Transcontinental Treaty
1. Spain cedes Florida to the US
2. US renounced all claims to Texas
3. US will pay Americans’ claims against Spain of $5 million
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Missouri Compromise
1819 11 slave states
11 free states
Congressman Tallmadge’s resolution: no slavery in Missouri
Clay’s Missouri Compromise
1. Missouri: a slave state
2. Maine: free state
3. no slavery north of 36’30
Missouri Compromise lasts for 34 years
South now becomes more defensive about slavery: from “our peculiar institution” and a
“necessary evil” before 1820 to
A positive good after 1820
McCulloch vs. Maryland
McCulloch: treasurer of the Maryland branch of the Bank of the US
Supreme Court addresses two questions:
1. is the Bank of the US constitutional?
2. can a state tax federal property?
Chief Justice Marshall: “The power to tax includes the power to destroy;
the power to create implies the power to preserve.”
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The Monroe Doctrine
A. 1800-1820 Latin America becomes independent of Spain
1. role of Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin
2. England replaces Spain as trading partner for Latin America
B. Holy Alliance: reactionary –conservative
European countries determined to quell any revolts
C. British PM Canning: proposes joint resolution with US warning Europe to stay out
Latin America
D. role of John Quincy Adams
E. Dec. 2, 1823 Monroe’s Message
1. Non-Colonization: by Europe in Western Hemisphere
2. Non-Intervention
a. by US in Europe
b. by Europe in the Western Hemisphere
F. Monroe Doctrine in Perspective
1. European reaction
2. later use by the US
a. 1846 Polk warns England to get out of Oregon
b. T.Roosevelt’s Corollary: preventive intervention
3. How powerful is the Monroe Doctrine
A unilateral doctrine
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Election of 1824: a “Corrupt Bargain”?
1828 Tariff of Abominations
Jacksonians in Congress raise the tariff rates to 45%
Why? A huge political miscalculation by the Jacksonians
Jacksonians sure that Jackson will veto the tariff after he’s elected
Election of 1828: very dirty campaign
Jackson gets 56% of the popular vote
Jackson as President: Age of the Common Man?
Was Andrew Jackson a “Common Man”?
Abernathy: The Frontier Aristocrat
“Jackson did not champion the cause of the Common Man, but only invited him
(Common Man) to champion his cause.”
Jackson’s Inauguration: “The reign of King Mob has begun!”
Andrew Jackson’s Presidency
I The Petticoat War starring Peggy O’Neil Timberlake Eaton
Role of Floride and John Calhoun
Political Effect of the Petticoat War:
Van Buren replaces Calhoun as Jackson’s heir apparent
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------2. Maysville Veto
Jackson vetoes $150,000 for a road from Maysville to Lexington Kentucky
Motive: “a slap at the old Corrupt Bargainer”
.
Effect: established Jackson’s laissez faire policy concerning internal improvements
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. Native Americans: Cherokee Nation in Georgia
Editorial comment: who are the real savages here?
Cherokee ancestral land in Georgia: 33 million acres of unspoiled land
State of Georgia passes Indian Removal Act
Supreme Court Cases
1. Cherokee Nation s. Georgia
Decision: if the Cherokees are a “domestic dependent” nation, Supreme Court can’t
hear the case
2. Worcester vs. Georgia
Marshall invalidated a Georgia law requiring a state license to interact with Indians
Decision: as a nation, the Cherokees are entitled to the protection of the Federal
government
Jackson: “John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it.!”
Trail of Tears: 125,000 Native Americans forced west to Oklahoma territory;
4,000 die en route
Note: Georgia got away with defying the federal government and John Marshall;
South Carolina, however, will not.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------The Great Tariff Debate
1. Senator Foote of Connecticut: resolution to limit the sale of western land;
his motives?
2. Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri: represents the West;
Benton says Foote’s resolution is a manufacturers’ plot to keep workers in the east
3. Senator Robert Y. Hayne of SC: offers a deal to Benton: if the West supports
low tariffs which the South wants, then the South will support cheap western land.
Hayne then attacks northern capitalists, especially those in “treasonous New England.”
Hayne then denounces the Tariff of Abominations and acclaims Calhoun’s theory of
Nullification explained in Calhoun’s pamphlet, SC Exposition and Protest.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Calhoun’s Theory of Nullification: to offset the “tyranny of the majority,” the people
of a state had the right to nullify a law of Congress.
Calhoun insists that since the Union is a contract, what you join you can leave.
A hidden agenda in the tariff and Nullification controversy: if the South gives in on the
tariff, they might soon have to capitulate on the abolition of slavery.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4. Daniel Webster of MA the greatest orator of the age
It is the nullification issue which brings the “God-like” Daniel to his feet
 Webster first defends his home state: “Strange that Massachusetts should be
called disloyal…”

He demolishes the compact theory of Calhoun: “Assume for the sake of
argument that the Union is a contract…”breech of contract is still illegal.”
“This is, Sir, the people’s Constitution, made of the people, by the people and for
the people.”
Finale of speech: “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!”
Webster turned an abstraction: the Union- into something that northerners will die for.
Where is Jackson in all of this?
At Jefferson Day dinner: “Our Federal Union, it must be preserved!”
Calhoun’s reply:
November, 1832 South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification
Jackson’s reaction?
Clay’s Compromise tariff: Gradual reduction of all tariff duties over a 9 year period to
25%
How does the threat to the Union posed by South Carolina in 1832 differ from the
threat to the Union in 1860?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Jackson and His “War” on the Bank
Irony: the friends of the bank instigated its death
1832 Election Whig party
Clay wants a campaign issue
Clay’s mistake: the people who support the bank are already anti-Jackson
Nicholas Biddle: President of the Bank of the US
Election of 1832 Jackson wins with 56% of the vote; Jackson now claims a “mandate” to
“kill” the bank that “hydra of corruption
How do you kill a bank?
Secretary(s) of the Treasury: McClane
Duane
Taney
Results of Jackson’s War on the Bank?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Supreme Court Decision: Charles River Bridge Case vs. Warren Bridge
1828 Warren Bridge: charter from state to build a toll free bridge
Charles River Bridge Co. sues Warren Bridge Co. for breech of its original contract
What would John Marshall have ruled?
1836: Roger B. Taney new Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
Taney’s decision: government can alter contracts if it is in the public good
Taney Court:
1. less rigid concerning the sanctity of contracts
2. more aware of the right of the community
Taney’s decision stimulates the US economy: new businesses no longer fear lawsuits from
established companies
Jacksonian Diplomacy: a contradiction in terms?
French Spoliation Claims: France owes US $50 million in damages from Napoleonic
War days.
1831 another revolution in France-so France can’t make payment to the US
Jackson furious: he threatens to seize French property in US
US breaks off diplomatic relations with France-last step before war
French Ambassador to US: Alphonse Pageot and his son Andrew Jackson Pageot sail
back to France
1835 France read an “apology” into a Presidential message of Jackson’s so the debt is
paid and diplomatic relations are restored
The French Spoliation Claims show that Jackson was willing to take great risks to win
petty victories
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Election of 1836 Democratic candidate: Martin Van Buren
Whig party favorite son strategy
Webster 14 electoral votes
White 26
Harrison 72
Van Buren as President
The Panic of 1837: its causes
Van Buren’s one accomplishment as President: The Independent Treasury System
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The Election of 1840
Whigs: Harrison: “Tippecanoe and Tyler, too”
Why the election of 1840 is called “The first modern election campaign.”
“Tyler, too” as President: “A Democrat in Whig’s clothing.”