Southern Cross University
ePublications@SCU
Theses
2013
Orientation invariant sex cells! Possible neural
mechanisms for discriminating sex from movement
Coralia MacHatch
Southern Cross University
Publication details
MacHatch, C 2103, 'Orientation invariant sex cells! Possible neural mechanisms for discriminating sex from movement', PhD thesis,
Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW.
Copyright C MacHatch 2013
ePublications@SCU is an electronic repository administered by Southern Cross University Library. Its goal is to capture and preserve the intellectual
output of Southern Cross University authors and researchers, and to increase visibility and impact through open access to researchers around the
world. For further information please contact [email protected].
Orientation invariant sex cells!
Possible neural mechanisms for discriminating sex
from movement.
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&
Z!
!
Table of Tables
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QN7 I#C,(!L!-(#$5!J(T3+(55(%!#5!3+*3*+'&*$!X-#,(Y!+(53*$5(5K!#$%!1?5!*9!'0(!(99(.'!*9!
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Q\7 I#C,(!Q!S99(.'5!*9!*+&($'#'&*$!#$%!5(T!*9!'(5'!*$!3(+.(&4(%!5(T7 77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 Z\!
QV7 I#C,(!W!8#&+>&5(!.*P3#+&5*$5!*9!'0(!(99(.'5!*9!*+&($'#'&*$!*$!3(+.(&4(%!5(T!#'!(#.0!,(4(,!*9!
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QZ7 I#C,(!R!-(#$5!#$%!1?5!*9!'0(!(99(.'!*9!*+&($'#'&*$!#$%!5(T!*9!'(5'!*$!:I57 77777777777777777777777777 ZZ!
QO7 I#C,(!N!-(#$5!J(T3+(55(%!#5!3+*3*+'&*$!X-#,(Y!+(53*$5(5K!#$%!1?5!*9!'0(!(99(.'!*9!
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W_7 I#C,(!\!-(#$5!#$%!1?5!*9!'0(!(99(.'!*9!*+&($'#'&*$!#$%!5(T!*9!'(5'!*$!3(+.(&4(%!5(T77777777777 ON!
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WW7 I#C,(!O!-(#$5!*9!'0(!(99(.'!*9!*+&($'#'&*$!#$%!5(T!*9!'(5'!*$!3(+.(&4(%!5(T7 777777777777777777777 L_Q!
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WN7 I#C,(!LL!-(#$5!#$%!1?5!*9!'0(!(99(.'!*9!*+&($'#'&*$!#$%!5(T!*9!'(5'!*$!3(+.(&4(%!5(T7777777 LL_!
W\7 I#C,(!LQ!-(#$5!*9!'0(!(99(.'!*9!*+&($'#'&*$!#$%!5(T!*9!'(5'!*$!3(+.(&4(%!5(T7 7777777777777777777 LLO!
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WZ7 I#C,(!LR!-(#$5!*9!'0(!(99(.'!*9!*+&($'#'&*$!#$%!5(T!*9!'(5'!*$!3(+.(&4(%!5(T7 7777777777777777777 LQN!
WO7 I#C,(!LN!1?5!*9!'0(!(99(.'!*9!*+&($'#'&*$!#$%!5(T!*9!'(5'!*$!3(+.(&4(%!5(T77777777777777777777777777 LQN!
R_7 I#C,(!L\!-(#$5!#$%!1?5!*9!'0(!(99(.'!*9!*+&($'#'&*$F!5(T!*9!'(5'!#$%!.2(5!'*!5(T!*$!3(+.(&4(%!
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RL7 I#C,(!LV!-(#$5!J(T3+(55(%!#5!3+*3*+'&*$!X-#,(Y!+(53*$5(5K!#$%!1?5!*9!8BH5!3+(5($'(%!#'!
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RQ7 I#C,(!LZ!10*>5!9#.'*+&#,!#$#,<5&5!*9!4#+&#$.(!9*+!'0(!(99(.'!*9!*+&($'#'&*$!JA]LK!#$%!5(T!*9!
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RW7 I#C,(!LO!-(#$5!#$%!1?5!9*+!'0(!(99(.'!*9!#%#3'#'&*$!JA]LK!#$%!5(T!*9!8BH!JA]QK!*$!3(+.(&4(%!
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RR7 I#C,(!Q_!10*>&$D!'0(!(99(.'!*9!#%#3'*+!JA]LK!#$%!5(T!*9!'(5'!JA]QK!*$!3(+.(&4(%!5(T!*9!8BH5!
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RN7 I#C,(!QL!10*>&$D!5&P3,(!(99(.'5!*$(!>#<!6EU]65!#$%!9*,,*>!23!3#&+>&5(!.*P3#+&5*$5!9*+!
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#$%!8BHLK77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 LN_!
R\7 I#C,(!QQ!10*>&$D!'0(!(99(.'!*9!#%#3'*+!JA]LK!#$%!5(T!*9!'(5'!JA]QK!*$!3(+.(&4(%!5(T!*9!8BH5!
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RV7 I#C,(!QW!10*>&$D!5&P3,(!(99(.'5!*$(!>#<!6EU]65!#$%!9*,,*>!23!3#&+>&5(!.*P3#+&5*$5!9*+!
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#$%!8BHLK77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 LNQ!
RZ7 I#C,(!QR!10*>&$D!'0(!(99(.'!*9!#%#3'*+!JA]LK!#$%!5(T!*9!'(5'!JA]QK!*$!3(+.(&4(%!5(T!*9!8BH5!
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RO7 I#C,(!QN!10*>&$D!5&P3,(!(99(.'5!*$(!>#<!6EU]65!#$%!9*,,*>!23!3#&+>&5(!.*P3#+&5*$5!9*+!
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#$%!8BHLK77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 LNW!
O!
!
N_7 I#C,(!Q\!10*>&$D!'0(!(99(.'!*9!#%#3'*+!JA]LK!#$%!5(T!*9!'(5'!JA]QK!*$!3(+.(&4(%!5(T!*9!8BH5!
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NL7 I#C,(!QV!10*>&$D!5&P3,(!(99(.'5!*$(!>#<!6EU]65!#$%!9*,,*>!23!3#&+>&5(!.*P3#+&5*$5!9*+!
'0(!(99(.'!*9!#%#3'*+5!JA]K!*$!3(+.(&4(%!5(T!J?]K!#'!(#.0!,(4(,!*9!5(T!*9!'(5'!J8BH`LF!8BH_!
#$%!8BHLK77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 LNN!
NQ7 I#C,(!QZ!-(#$5!#$%!1?5!9*+!#,,!*+&($'#'&*$5!JA]LK!#$%!5(T!*9!#%#3'*+5!JA]QK!#'!'0(!W!,(4(,5!*9!
5(T!*9!'(5'!*$!'0(!#C5*,2'(!%&99(+($'!5.*+(5!*9!3(+.(&4(%!5(T!>&'0!#$%!>&'0*2'!#%#3'#'&*$!
J?]K7 77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 LNZ!
NW7 I#C,(!QO!"*P3#+&5*$!*9!#C5*,2'(!%&99(+($.(5!*9!3(+.(&4(%!5(T!J?]K!>&'0!#$%!>&'0*2'!
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NR7 I#C,(!W_!8#&+>&5(!.*P3#+&5*$5!&$!#,,!#%#3'#'&*$!.*$%&'&*$5!#'!8BH`L7 7777777777777777777777777777777 LNO!
!
L_!
!
Statement of Candidate
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B0%B"0"+1'*&'(&+3%&+3%,1,&1+,%$(&3"9%&#%%*&"BB0'B01"+%$2&"/5*'4$%6:%6F&&
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"@61+'02&/@%,&"((%/+&91,@"$&O@6:%8%*+,&'(&:%*6%0&1*&#1'$':1/"$&8'+1'*&61,B$"2,P&
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Abstract
!3%&'9%0"0/31*:&"18&'(&+31,&0%,%"0/3&4",&+'&1*9%,+1:"+%&+3%&3@8"*&"#1$1+2&+'&
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Acknowledgements
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4",&#'0*F&&&
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,@0919"$F&G,&,@/3H&1+&1,&*'+&,@0B01,1*:&+3"+&+3%&91,@"$&1*+%0B0%+"+1'*&'(&MS&1,&0'#@,+F&
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R_!
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TJJIRH&8''6&,+"+%,&Qf1++01/3H&!0',/1"*5'H&X%%H&j&S'0:"*H&Ull\`&S'*+%B"0%H&L'$6,+%1*H&j&
)$"@,%*H&UlkmRH&"*6&,%=&Qi'c$'4,51&j&)@++1*:H&Ulmm`&?'$$1/5H&i"2H&d%18H&j&C+01*:%0H&
TJJI`&Z@*%,'*&j&W0253'$8H&UlkV`&!0'O%H&TJJT#`&!0'O%&%+&"$FH&TJJ\RF&
Neural models of BM processing
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QM%0+%*+3"$&j&?1*+'H&Ullo`&!3'0*+'*H&UllkRF&)%0+"1*$2H&,'8%&,+18@$@,&1*+%0B0%+"+1'*,&
0%E@10%&%=/$@,19%$2&#'++'8;@B&"*"$2,1,&431$,+&'+3%0,&*%%6&(%%6#"/5&(0'8&+3%&+'B;6'4*&
8%/3"*1,8,F&M'++'8;@BH&$'4;$%9%$&8%/3"*1,8,&,B'*+"*%'@,$2&B0'/%,,&+3%&
8"+3%8"+1/"$$2&$"4(@$&,B"+1';+%8B'0"$&0%$"+1'*,31B,&'(&%"0$2&91,@"$&B"++%0*,&'(&
,+18@$"+1'*&Q['3"*,,'*H&UlmVRF&M2&/'*+0",+&+'&+3%&#'++'8;@B&B0'/%,,%,H&+'B;6'4*&Q'0&
:$'#"$;+';$'/"$R&8%/3"*1,8,&'B%0"+%&#",%6&'*&,+'0%6&0%B0%,%*+"+1'*,&'(&'@0&#'61%,&Q,%%&
('0&%F:F&L1%,%&j&?'::1'H&TJJVRF&?%0,@",19%&%916%*/%&3",&#%%*&B@+&('04"06&,@BB'0+1*:&+3%&
"661+1'*"$&0'$%&'(&+3%&+'B;6'4*&8%/3"*1,8,&QM%0+%*+3"$&j&?1*+'H&Ullo`&!3'0*+'*H&
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#@+&'+3%0,&*%%6&(%%6#"/5&(0'8&+'B;6'4*&8%/3"*1,8,F&W'0&%="8B$%H&+3%&610%/+1'*&"&?XY&
1,&("/1*:&8"2&*'+&*%%6&+'B;6'4*&1*B@+&Q!0'O%&j&Y%,+3'((H&TJJ\R&431$,+&"/+1'*&
16%*+1(1/"+1'*&4'@$6F&Y31$,+&:%*%0"$$2&1+&1,&":0%%6&+3"+&#'+3&#'++'8;@B&"*6&+'B;6'4*&
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QM$"5%&j&C31((0"0H&TJJmRF&Y1+3&+31,&1*&81*6H&1+&3",&#%%*&B0'B',%6&+3"+&,+18@$@,&
RL!
!
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1,&'*%&,@/3&+2B%&'(&+",5H&%=B$'0%6&1*&+3%&/@00%*+&4'05N&!3%&%=B%018%*+,&0%B'0+%6&3%0%&
",5&1(&,%=&61,/0181*"+1'*&1,&"((%/+%6&#2&/3"*:%,&1*&61,B$"2&'01%*+"+1'*F&
.*('081*:&"$,'&+3%&*%@0"$&8%/3"*1,8,&'(&MS&"*"$2,1,&"0%&,+@61%,&+3"+&"18%6&"+&
%,+"#$1,31*:&43%+3%0&,+0@/+@0%&Q'0&('08R&'0&51*%8"+1/,&Q'0&8'+1'*R&1*('08"+1'*&1,&8',+&
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['3"*,,'*&@*6%0$1*%6&+3"+&+3%&%=B%01%*/%&B"0+1/1B"*+,&0%B'0+%6&43%*&91%41*:&?Xf,&
4",&+3"+&1*&8'+1'*H&+3%2&%$1/1+%6&"&7,B'*+"*%'@,&0%,B'*,%&"(+%0&+3%&(10,+&'*%&'0&+4'&
,+%B,N&+31,&1,&"&4"$51*:&3@8"*&#%1*:>P&QB:F&TJVRF&d1,&"//'@*+,&,@::%,+&+3"+&?Xf,&/"002&
1*('08"+1'*&"#'@+&"/+'0,&"*6&"/+1'*,&'*$2&43%*&+3%2&"0%&8'91*:F&!3%&18B'0+"*+&0'$%&'(&
51*%8"+1/&1*('08"+1'*H&1*&B"0+1/@$"0&+3"+&/"001%6&#2&+3%&$'/"$&8'+1'*&'(&+3%&(%%+&"$,'&4",&
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,%*,1+19%&+'&:0"91+"+1'*"$&"//%$%0"+1'*&"*6&"@+'8"+1/"$$2&6%+%/+,&+3%&%=1,+%*/%&'(&$191*:&
'0:"*1,8,H&610%/+1*:&"++%*+1'*&+'&+3%8F&&
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M%1*+%8"&"*6&X"BB%&QTJJTR&"*6&0%(%00%6&+'&",&7$181+%6;$1(%+18%P&61,B$"2&4",&/'8B01,%6&
RQ!
!
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+3%&O'1*+,F&!3%,%&61,B$"2,&$"/5%6&$'/"$&18":%&8'+1'*&#@+&4%0%&*%9%0+3%$%,,&0%/':*1,%6&
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4",&/$"18%6&+3"+&$'/"$&18":%&8'+1'*&1,&*'+&*%/%,,"02&('0&MS&B%0/%B+1'*&#@+&+3"+&+31,&1,&
6%019%6&(0'8&62*"81/&,+0@/+@0"$&/@%,&'(&#'62&B',+@0%,&/3"*:1*:&'9%0&+18%F&&&
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Q,%%&('0&%F:F&L1%,%&j&?'::1'H&TJJVRF&G//'061*:$2H&1+&3",&#%%*&,@::%,+%6&+3"+&+3%&91,@"$&
,2,+%8&1,&8'6%$$%6&1*&"&31%0"0/31/"$&8"**%0H&"*6&3",&6%9%$'B%6&"&,B%/1"$&*%@0"$&
*%+4'05&1*9'$9%6&1*&B0'/%,,1*:&#1'$':1/"$$2&0%$%9"*+&,1:*"$,F&!31,&/$"18&3",&#%%*&
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!3'0*+'*H&UllkRF&.*6%%6H&1+&1,&4%$$&%,+"#$1,3%6&+3"+&+3%&91,@"$&,2,+%8&1,&'0:"*1,%6&1*&+4'&
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/'8B$%=1+2&'(&,+18@$1&"6%E@"+%&+'&%$1/1+&*%@0"$&"/+191+2&1*/0%",%,&+'4"06,&31:3%0;'06%0&
91,@"$&"0%",&QC"1+'H&UllVRF&!3%&1*B@+&(0'8&$'4&$%9%$&B0'/%,,1*:&1,&B",,%6&(@0+3%0&+'&#%&
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1*9"01"*/%&'(&+3%&*%@0'*,&":"1*,+&,/"$1*:&"*6&+0"*,$"+1'*&1*/0%",%&"$'*:&+3%&31%0"0/32&
QX':'+3%+1,H&?"@$,H&M@$+3'((H&j&?'::1'H&UllIRF&.*&+3%&8'*5%2&"*6&3@8"*&#0"1*&+3%&('08&
"*6&8'+1'*&B"+34"2,&"0%&/'**%/+%6&"+&,%9%0"$&$%9%$,&Qi'@0+c1&j&i"*41,3%0H&TJJJ`&
C%0%*'H&!01*"+3H&G@:"+3H&j&X':'+3%+1,H&TJJTR&"*6&/'*9%0:%&"+&"&$%9%$&+3"+&/'00%,B'*6,&+'&
+3%&,@B%01'0&+%8B'0"$&,@$/@,&QC!CR&QC"$%%8H&C@c@51H&!"*"5"H&j&d",315"4"H&TJJJRF&!3%&
RW!
!
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"*6&"*"$2,1,&'(&1*('08"+1'*&(0'8&+3%&+4'&B0'/%,,1*:&,+0%"8,F&&
!3%&('08&B"+34"2&"*"$2,%,&MS&#2&+3%&0%/':*1+1'*&'(&+3%&61,+01#@+1'*&'(&+3%&
%$%8%*+,&'(&+3%&#'62F&G+&1+,&31:3%,+&$%9%$&6%+%/+'0,&"0%&,%$%/+19%&('0&/'8B$%=&,3"B%,&+3"+&
/'00%,B'*6&+'&,*"B,3'+,&'(&MS&,%E@%*/%,&Q,';/"$$%6&,*"B,3'+&*%@0'*,RH&"*6&"0%&
$'/"$1c%6&1*&+3%&C!C&Qr"1*"H&C'$'8'*H&)3'463@02H&C1*3"H&j&M%$$19%"@H&TJJURH&"*6&+3%&
(@,1('08&"*6&+3%&'//1B1+"$&("/%&"0%"&QL0',,8"*&j&M$"5%H&TJJTRF&!3%&8'+1'*&B"+34"2&"$,'&
1,&'0:"*1,%6&31%0"0/31/"$$2F&!3%,%&*%@0'*,&"0%&,B%/1"$1,%6&('0&'B+1/&($'4&1*('08"+1'*F&
C181$"0$2H&"+&1+,&31:3%,+&$%9%$H&0%E@10%6&('0&+3%&"*"$2,1,&'(&/'8B$%=&B0'B%0+1%,&,@/3&",&,%=H&
+3%&8'+1'*&,+0%"8&/'*,1,+,&'(&.6&"/*;3.<*6%&&)($**%@0'*,&%E@19"$%*+&+'&+3%&,*"B,3'+&
6%+%/+'0,&QL1%,%&j&?'::1'H&TJJVRF&G:"1*H&+3%,%&6%+%/+'0,&3"9%&#%%*&('@*6&1*&+3%&C!C&
QG$$1,'*&%+&"$FH&TJJJ`&M%"@/3"8BH&X%%H&G0:"$$H&j&S"0+1*H&TJJo`&L0',,8"*&j&M$"5%H&TJJTR&
"*6&+3%&(@,1('08&"*6&'//1B1+"$&("/%&"0%"&QL0',,8"*&j&M$"5%H&TJJT`&r"1*"&%+&"$FH&TJJURF&
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0%/':*1,%6&+3"+&(%%6;#"/5&/'**%/+191+2&6'%,&%=1,+&"*6&+31,&1,&,@BB'0+%6&#2&"*"+'81/"$&
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%"0$1%0H&+'B;6'4*&"*"$2,%,&"0%&1*9'$9%6&1*&1*+%0B0%+1*:&/'8B$%=&MS&B0'B%0+1%,&QC31((0"0&
j&W0%26H&UllJRF&&&
Sex discrimination from BM
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%=B0%,,%6&1*&/@%,&+3"+&+3%&91,@"$&,2,+%8&/"*&"*"$2,%F&a9%0&+3%&B",+&6%/"6%,&"&9",+&#'62&
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RR!
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+3"*&+3"+&'(&+3%&8"$%F&C181$"0$2H&"*6&",&,3'4*&#2&+3%&+0"/1*:&'(&+3%&51*%8"+1/&B"+3,H&+3"+&
'(&+3%&(%8"$%A,&,3'@$6%0&+0"9%$,&"&,3'0+%0&61,+"*/%&+3"*&+3"+&'(&+3%&8"$%A,F&&
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0%B0%,%*+%6&1*&+3%&#0"1*F&.*6%%6H&+3%&(@,1('08&("/%&"0%"&QWWGR&"*6&"*&18B'0+"*+&0%:1'*&
'(&+3%&#'62;B0'/%,,1*:&*%+4'05H&+3%&(@,1('08&#'62&"0%"&QWMGRH&"0%&"6O"/%*+&+'&%"/3&
'+3%0&"*6&'(+%*&('@*6&+'&'9%0$"B&1*&18":1*:&,+@61%,&Q,%%&('0&%F:F&?%%$%*&j&f'4*1*:H&
TJJIRF&.*&"661+1'*H&M16%+;)"@$%+H&r'1,1*H&M%0+0"*6&"*6&W'*$@B+&QTJJIR&B0'B',%6&+3"+&+3%&
BC!C&'0&"+&$%",+&B"0+&'(&1+&81:3+&#%&"&,@B0"8'6"$&"0%"&1*9'$9%6&1*&3@8"*&8'+1'*&
0%/':*1+1'*H&100%,B%/+19%&'(&+3%&,%*,'02&8'6"$1+2&1*B@+F&W@0+3%08'0%H&+3%2&B0'B',%&+3"+&
+31,&"0%"&1,&1*9'$9%6&1*&31:3;$%9%$&1*+%:0"+1'*&'(&8%"*1*:(@$&,+18@$1&",,'/1"+%6&41+3&+3%&
B%0/%B+1'*&'(&B%'B$%A,&"/+1'*,&"*6&,'/1"$&8%,,":%,F&.*6%%6H&,%=&61,/0181*"+1'*&#",%6&'*&
("/%,&"*6&3"*6,&3",&#%%*&('@*6&+'&"/+19"+%&+3%&B',+%01'0&+%8B'0"$&"0%",&&QS'@/3%+"*+;
Z',+"1*:&%+&"$FH&TJJJRF&!3%&"@+3'0,&B0'B',%&+3"+&+3%&8%/3"*1,8&,@#,%091*:&,%=&
61,/0181*"+1'*&1,&610%/+&"*6&1*6%B%*6%*+&'(&+3%&'@+B@+&'(&,+0@/+@0"$&%*/'61*:&'(&+3%&
,+18@$@,F&Y1+3&"$$&+31,&1*&81*6H&1+&1,&B',,1#$%&+3"+&4%&3"9%&6%9%$'B%6&"&*%@0"$&*%+4'05&
+3"+&1*+%0B0%+,&,%=&1*('08"+1'*&(0'8&9"01'@,&,%*,'02&8'6"$1+1%,&"*6&"/0',,&,+18@$@,&
N_!
!
/$",,%,&Q1F%F&#'61%,&"*6&("/%,R&+3"+&1,&$15%$2&+'&@,%&"&@*1E@%&"*6&610%/+&8%/3"*1,8&+'&
%*/'6%&+31,&,'/1"$$2&0%$%9"*+H&31:3;'06%0&,+18@$@,&B0'B%0+2F&&
The “inversion effect”
G,&61,/@,,%6&%"0$1%0H&+3%&%((1/1%*/2&'(&+3%&91,@"$&,2,+%8&1*&1*+%0B0%+1*:&MS&3",&
#%%*&B0'#%6&#2&%8B$'21*:&"&9"01%+2&'(&,+18@$@,&8"*1B@$"+1'*,&,@/3&",&0%6@/%6&*@8#%0&
'(&B'1*+;$1:3+,&Q['3"*,,'*H&UlmVRH&"$+%0"+1'*,&'(&+3%10&,B"+1"$&$'/"+1'*&QM%0+%*+3"$&j&
?1*+'H&UlloR&"*6&8",51*:&QM%0+3%*+3"$&j&?1*+'H&UlloRF&W'0&%="8B$%H&"++%8B+,&+'&2%-7*"&
?X&+"0:%+&,3'4%6&+3"+&+3%&'*$2&%((%/+19%&91,@"$&*'1,%&/'*,1,+%6&'(&,/0"8#$%6&?Xf,H&+3"+&
1,H&B'1*+;$1:3+,&41+3&16%*+1/"$&/3"0"/+%01,+1/,&"*6&51*%8"+1/&+0"O%/+'01%,&",&+3%&MS&(1:@0%F&
.*6%%6H&8",51*:&3",&#%%*&@,%6&+'&+%,+&"&*@8#%0&'(&E@%,+1'*,&"#'@+&MS&B%0/%B+1'*&
"8'*:,+&431/3&+3%&0'$%&'(&$'/"$&9%0,@,&:$'#"$&B0'/%,,1*:&QM%0+%*+3"$&j&?1*+'H&UlloRH&+3%&
0'$%&'(&"++%*+1'*&Q!3'0*+'*H&Z%*,1*5H&j&C31((0"0H&TJJTR&"*6&+3"+&'(&8'+1'*&8%/3"*1,8,&
QS"+3%0&%+&"$FH&UllTRF&a*%&/'*,1,+%*+&(1*61*:&"/0',,&+3%,%&1*9%,+1:"+1'*,&4",&+3"+&
62*"81/&?X&+"0:%+,&"0%&61((1/@$+&+'&316%H&%9%*&#2&@,1*:&+3%&8',+&/'8B$%=&91,@"$&*'1,%F&&
!31,&1*61/"+%,&+3"+&MS&B0'/%,,%,&/"*&%8B$'2&9"01'@,&,+0"+%:1%,&"*6&0%/0@1+&
8%/3"*1,8,&"+&8@$+1B$%&$%9%$,&1*&+3%&91,@"$&,2,+%8F&C%=&61,/0181*"+1'*&+''&1,&0%,1$1%*+&+'&
,+18@$@,&8"*1B@$"+1'*,F&W'0&%="8B$%H&C@81&QTJJJR&,3'4%6&+3"+&%9%*&'*$2&k&B'1*+;$1:3+,&
Q,3'@$6%0,H&31B,H&5*%%,&"*6&"*5$%,R&"0%&,@((1/1%*+&8"05%0,&('0&,%=F&.*&"661+1'*H&i'c$'4,51&
"*6&)@++1*:&QUlmmR&,3'4%6&+3"+&61((%0%*+1"+1*:&#%+4%%*&"&(%8"$%&"*6&"&8"$%&?Xf&4",&
*'+&,1:*1(1/"*+$2&"((%/+%6&#2&9"021*:&+3%&"08&,41*:H&/3"*:1*:&+3%&,B%%6&'(&4"$51*:&"*6&
'//$@61*:&B"0+,&'(&+3%&#'62F&&
G*&%((%/+19%&,+18@$@,&8"*1B@$"+1'*&/'*,1,+%*+$2&0%B'0+%6&+'&#%&%=/$@,19%$2&
",,'/1"+%6&41+3&B%0('08"*/%&6%/0%8%*+,&('0&+3%&B0'/%,,1*:&'(&MS&"*6&('0&+3"+&'(&("/%,&
NL!
!
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%=/$@,19%$2&('0&+3%&B0'/%,,1*:&'(&("/%,&"*6&#'61%,&#@+&*'+&'#O%/+,&%*/'@0":%6&
0%,%"0/3%0,&+'&/'*,16%0&+3%&,';/"$$%6&7&1*9%0,1'*&%((%/+,P&",&1*61/"+19%&'(&"&+2B%&'(&
,+18@$@,&B0'/%,,1*:&+3"+&1,&-6)/"%3F&!3"+&1,H&+3%&%916%*/%&+3"+&+3%&1*+%0B0%+"+1'*&'(&("/%,&
"*6&#'61%,&#@+&*'+&+3"+&'(&'+3%0&'#O%/+,&1,&@B,%+&#2&1*9%0,1'*&3",&#%%*&+3'@:3+&'(&",&
,3'41*:&+3"+&+3%,%&,+18@$@,&/$",,%,&"0%&"*"$2,%6&#2&,B%/1"$&8%/3"*1,8,&"*6&1*6%%6&
*%@0"$&*%+4'05,&Q,%%&('0&%F:F&!0'O%&j&Y%,+3'((H&TJJ\RF&&
!3%&1*9%0,1'*&%((%/+&1,&,'&/'*,1,+%*+&+3"+&1+&"BB%"0,&+3"+&),)(9&B0'/%,,1*:&+",5&'(&
("/%&"*6&MS&,+18@$1&1,&"((%/+%6F&)%0+"1*$2H&+3%&B0'/%,,1*:&@*6%0$21*:&,'8%&31:3;'06%0&
+",5,&,@/3&",&,%B"0"+1*:&MS&+"0:%+&(0'8&*'1,%&Q?"9$'9"&j&C'5'$'9H&TJJJR&"*6&("/1"$&
"1)$&"&9&"0%&61,+@0#%6&1(&+3%&,+18@$1&"0%&B0%,%*+%6&@B,16%;6'4*&Qf1"8'*6&j&)"0%2H&
Ulk\`&S"@0%0H&X%&L0"*6H&j&S'*6$'/3H&TJJT#RF&&d'4%9%0H&41+31*&+3%&("/%&$1+%0"+@0%H&"&
61,+1*/+1'*&3",&#%%*&8"6%&#%+4%%*&+3%&8%/3"*1,8,&,@BB'0+1*:&"1)$&"&9&"*"$2,1,&"*6&
+3',%&@*6%0$21*:&'+3%0&B%0/%B+@"$&+",5,H&$15%&,%=&61,/0181*"+1'*H&+3"+&"0%&/%&)#.("/%3&1*&
*"+@0%&Q,%%&('0&%F:F&M0@/%&j&e'@*:H&Ulk\#RF&&
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0%/0@1+&,';/"$$%6&/.$;"#'(%3&B0'/%,,1*:&+3"+&1*9'$9%,&+3%&"*"$2,1,&'(&+3%&(1*%&61,+1*/+1'*,&
'(&+3%&0%$"+19%&,3"B%&"*6&,B"+1"$&0%$"+1'*,31B,&#%+4%%*&(%"+@0%,&",&4%$$&",&+3%10&:$'#"$&
1*+%:0"+1'*&QX%6%0&j&M0@/%H&TJJJRF&!'&+31,&%((%/+H&1+&3",&#%%*&,3'4*&+3"+&1*&("/+H&1(&+3%&
/'*(1:@0"$&8"5%;@B&'(&+3%&,+18@$@,&1,&5%B+&1*+"/+H&+3%&1*9%0,1'*&%((%/+&1,&"**@$$%6&QW0%10%H&
X%%H&j&C28'*,H&TJJJ`&S"@0%0&%+&"$FH&TJJT#RF&=%&)#.("/%3&"*"$2,1,&3'4%9%0&1,&#",%6&'*&
+3%&'@+B@+&'(&+3%&,';/"$$%6&(%"+@0"$&Q"$,'&0%(%00%6&+'&",&/'8B'*%*+1"$H&"*"$2+1/&'0&
,+0@/+@0"$R&B0'/%,,1*:&QZ%%6H&C+'*%H&L0@##H&j&S/L'$601/5H&TJJ\RF&!31,&61,+1*/+1'*&1,&
18B'0+"*+&"*6&9"$16&*'+&'*$2&('0&+3%&B0'/%,,1*:&'(&("/%,&#@+&"$,'&+3"+&'(&MSF&&
NQ!
!
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?Xf,&3",&#%%*&9",+F&W'0&%="8B$%H&"*6&",&*'+%6&%"0$1%0H&43%*&+3%&B'1*+;$1:3+&4"$51*:&
+"0:%+&1,&1*9%0+%6H&+3%&"//@0"/2&('0&%=+0"/+1*:&1+&(0'8&"&8",5&'(&,';/"$$%6&,/0"8#$%6&
4"$5%0,&60'B,&+'&/3"*/%&QM%0+%*+3"$&j&?1*+'H&UlloRF&!31,&1,&+3%&/",%&"$,'&43%*&
'#,%09%0,&"0%&",5%6&+'&1*+%0B0%+&+3%&+2B%&'(&"/+1'*&B%0('08%6&Qf1++01/3H&UllVRF&C%=&
61,/0181*"+1'*&+''&1,&"((%/+%6&#2&+@0*1*:&+3%&61,B$"2&@B,16%;6'4*&3'4%9%0H&#@+H&431$,+&
+31,&'(+%*&1,&$1,+%6&",&2%+&"*'+3%0&%="8B$%&'(&+3%&6"8":1*:&%((%/+,&'(&1*9%0,1'*H&+3%&
/'*,%E@%*/%,&1*&+31,&/",%&"0%&"+2B1/"$F&&
)%0+"1*$2H&,%=&61,/0181*"+1'*&1,&*'+&"((%/+%6&#2&1*9%0,1'*&1*&+3%&,"8%&4"2&'+3%0&
B%0/%B+@"$&MS&+",5,&"0%N&43%*&+@0*%6&@B,16%&6'4*H&(%8"$%&4"$5%0,&"0%&O@6:%6&8"$%&
"*6&8"$%&4"$5%0,&"0%&O@6:%6&(%8"$%&QM"0/$"2&%+&"$FH&UlmkRF&!3"+&1,H&1*9%0,1'*&1,&*'+&
",,'/1"+%6&41+3&B%0('08"*/%&()1'/&".$&#@+&0"+3%0&41+3&6)(/)6&'%3*(),)(-%3F&!'&6"+%&"*6&
+'&82&5*'4$%6:%&+31,&B3%*'8%*'*&3",&'*$2&#%%*&0%B'0+%6&#2&M"0/$"2&%+&"$FH&"*6&$%(+&
#",1/"$$2&@*%=B$"1*%6F&!31,&,3'0+("$$&1,&"660%,,%6&1*&+3%&/@00%*+&4'05F&
D*0"9%$$1*:&+3%&6%(&"/'3%(&%((%/+,&1*9%0,1'*&3",&'*&("/%&"*6&MS&+",5,&1,&
18B'0+"*+&",&1+&0%9%"$,&+3%&*%@0"$&B0'/%,,1*:&$15%$2&+'&#%&1*9'$9%6F&.*&5%%B1*:&41+3&
%916%*/%&(0'8&+3%&("/%&B0'/%,,1*:&0%,%"0/3&"*6&1*6%%6&4'0+32&'(&+31,&"*"$':2&
/'*,16%01*:&+3%&'9%0$"B&1*&*%@0"$&0%"$&%,+"+%&"*6&8%/3"*1,8,&,@#,%091*:&+3%&+4'&Q,%%&
('0&%F:F&L3@8"*&%+&"$FH&TJUJRH&+3%&1*9%0,1'*&%((%/+,&'#,%09%6&('0&MS&,+18@$1&+''&3"9%&
#%%*&"++01#@+%6&+'&/'*(1:@0"$&B0'/%,,1*:&Q?0'((1++&j&M%0+%*+3"$H&UllJRF&!'&+31,&%((%/+H&1+&
3",&"$,'&#%%*&,3'4*&+3"+&43%*&*'*$191*:&.5>)/&-&Q,@/3&",&/"0,R&"0%&B0'/%,,%6&1*&"&
/'*(1:@0"$&8"**%0H&"*&1*9%0,1'*&%((%/+&1,&1*6@/%6&QL"@+31%0H&)@00"*H&)@0#2H&j&)'$$1*,H&
TJJVRF&!3"+&1,H&@*6%0&+3',%&B0'/%,,1*:&/10/@8,+"*/%,&'#O%/+,&+''&/"*&#%&+0%"+%6&$15%&
("/%,&"*6&#'61%,F&&
NW!
!
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%=B%0+1,%RH&("/%,H&#'61%,&"*6&'#O%/+,&"0%&B0'/%,,%6&1*&"&,181$"0&8"**%0&QL"@+31%0&%+&"$FH&
TJJVRF&!31,&1,&/'*,1,+%*+&41+3&+3%&16%"&+3"+&+4'&+2B%,&'(&,2,+%8,&%=1,+&41+31*&91,@"$&
B0'/%,,1*:`&+3%,%&"0%&*'+&61,+1*:@1,3%6&#2&/'*+%*+&B0'/%,,1*:&Q1F%F&("/%_#'62&9,&'#O%/+R&
#@+&1*,+%"6&#2&(%"+@0%;#",%6&9%0,@,&/'*(1:@0"$;#",%6&B0'/%,,1*:F&G,&,@/3H&+3%&7,B%/1"$P&
B0'/%,,1*:&@,%6&('0&("/%,&"*6&#'61%,&/'@$6&#%&1*&("/+&"&:%*%0"$&7"$:'01+38P&('0&/'*(1:@0"$&
B0'/%,,1*:&"*6&*%@0"$&*%+4'05,&8"2&1*6%%6&#%++%0&#%&+3'@:3+&'(&",&(@*/+1'*"$$2&
,%$%/+19%&('0&+3%&1*+%0B0%+"+1'*&'(&B"0+1/@$"0&+",5,&Q,@/3&",&,%=&61,/0181*"+1'*R&0"+3%0&
+3"*&'0:"*1c%6&8'6@$"0$2&+'&%=/$@,19%$2&"*"$2,%&,B%/1(1/&,+18@$1F&
S'0%'9%0&"*6&+'&(@0+3%0&@*6%0$1*%&+3%&61,+1*/+1'*&#%+4%%*&/'*(1:@0"$&"*"$2,1,&
@*6%0$21*:&,+18@$@,&()/.#$"&".$&"*6&+3"+&'(&(%"+@0"$&B0'/%,,1*:&,@BB'0+1*:&/%&)#.("/%3*
1"-/("2"$%&".$&1+&3",&#%%*&B0'B',%6&+3"+&+3%&+4'&+2B%,&'(&B0'/%,,1*:&,%09%&61((%0%*+&
B@0B',%,F&!3%&"18&'(&/'*(1:@0"$&B0'/%,,1*:&1,&+'&("/1$1+"+%&+3%&(",+&"*6&"//@0"+%&
0%/':*1+1'*&'(&/$',%$2&,B"/%6H&,181$"0&61,B$"2,&<"&8"$&/"+%:'01%,&QX%6%0&j&M0@/%H&TJJJRF&
)'*9%0,%$2H&(%"+@0"$&B0'/%,,1*:&1,&"18%6&"+&("/1$1+"+1*:&'#O%/+&61,/0181*"+1'*&5)&<))$&
/"+%:'01%,F&.*6%%6H&)$'@+1%0H&S",'*&"*6&S"/0"%&QTJJIR&3"9%&B0'B',%6&+3"+&+3%&
B%0/%B+1'*&'(&'+3%0&,'/1"$&":%*+,&1*&"&/"+%:'01/"$&8"**%0&1,&$%,,&B%0/%B+@"$$2&+"=1*:&+3"*&
1*61916@"+1*:&+3%&,"8%&+"0:%+&(0'8&'+3%0&8%8#%0,&'(&+3%&:0'@B&Q!"00&j&L"@+31%0H&
TJJJRF&&
!'&,@BB'0+&+31,H&%916%*/%&'(&'01%*+"+1'*&1*9"01"*/%&3",&#%%*&('@*6&('0&
/"+%:'01/"$&B0'/%,,1*:&,@/3&",&,%=&"*6&0"/%&61,/0181*"+1'*&(0'8&("/%,&Q)$'@+1%0&j&
S"/0"%H&TJJmRF&!31,&1,&18B'0+"*+&",&1+&31:3$1:3+,&+3%&B%0/%B+@"$&%((1/1%*/2&'(&/"+%:'01/"$&
B0'/%,,1*:&",&+01::%0%6&#2&#",1/H&(%"+@0"$&1*('08"+1'*&QM$"10H&[@66H&j&W"$$8"*H&TJJoR&"*6&
0%,1,+"*+&+'&1*9%0,1'*&Qf1"8'*6&j&)"0%2H&Ulk\`&C%"0/2&j&M"0+$%++H&Ull\RF&W@0+3%08'0%H&
NR!
!
"*6&",&8%*+1'*%6&%"0$1%0H&1+&3",&#%%*&B0'B',%6&+3"+&/"+%:'01/"$&"*6_'0&/'*(1:@0"$&
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+'&("/%,&"*6&#'61%,F&)%0+"1*$2H&/"+%:'01c"+1'*&"*6&/'*(1:@0"$&B0'/%,,1*:&"BB%"0&+'&#%&
B%0/%B+@"$&,'$@+1'*,&+3"+&8"5%&61((%0%*+&6%8"*6,&'*&"&61,+01#@+%6&*%@0"$&*%+4'05&+3"+&
,@#,%09%&("/%&"*6&#'62&B0'/%,,1*:F&&
Y1+3&"$$&+3"+&1*&81*6H&+31,&4'05&41$$&@,%&8"*1B@$"+1'*,&+'&,+18@$@,&'01%*+"+1'*&+'&
+%,+&,%=&61,/0181*"+1'*&(0'8&MSH&41+3&+3%&"18&'(&%$@/16"+1*:&+3%&*"+@0%&'(&+3%&*%@0"$&
8%/3"*1,8,&1*9'$9%6F&.+&41$$&"$,'&+%,+&8@$+18'6"$&B0'/%,,1*:&'(&,%=F&d"91*:&61,/@,,%6&
+3%&%916%*/%&B%0+"1*1*:&+'&+3%&%((%/+,&'(&/3"*:%,&1*&,+18@$@,&'01%*+"+1'*&'*&,%=&
61,/0181*"+1'*H&1*&+3%&*%=+&,%/+1'*,&"++%*+1'*&41$$&#%&+@0*%6&+'&0%91%41*:&+3%&%916%*/%&
,3'41*:&+3"+&,%=&/"*&"//@0"+%$2&#%&61,/0181*"+%6&(0'8&8'6"$1+1%,&'+3%0&+3"*&91,@"$F&
W@0+3%08'0%H&1+&41$$&#%&,3'4*&+3"+&43%*&+3%&/@%,&+'&,%=&(0'8&'*%&8'6"$1+2&"0%&
"8#1:@'@,H&8'0%&,"$1%*+&,%=&1*('08"+1'*&(0'8&'+3%0&8'6"$1+1%,&"0%&1*+%:0"+%6&"*6&
1*+%0B0%+%6&+'&,'$9%&+3%&"8#1:@1+2F&&
Sex discrimination from auditory cues
Stimuli containing sex cues: voices and footsteps
Voices
G51*&+'&61,/0181*"+1*:&+3%&,%=&'(&'+3%0,&@,1*:&91,@"$&/@%,&/@%,H&+3%&"#1$1+2&+'&+%$$&
"B"0+&(%8"$%,&(0'8&8"$%,&#",%6&'*&+3%&-.'$1&'(&+3%10&9'1/%,&'//@0,&%"0$2&1*&+3%&3@8"*&
6%9%$'B8%*+F&g916%*/%&,3'4,&+3"+&1*&+3%&$"+%&,+":%,&'(&:%,+"+1'*&('%+@,%,&"++%*6&+'&
9'1/%,&QM10*3'$+c&j&M%*"/%00"(H&UlkV`&t@%0$%@H&Z%*"06H&M'@++%91$$%H&j&)0%B1*H&UlklR&
,3'41*:&B0%*"+"$&B0%(%0%*/%&('0&+3%&,'@*6&'(&,B%%/3H&"*6&1*&B"0+1/@$"0&('0&+3%&,'@*6&'(&
+3%10&8'+3%0A,&9'1/%&Qf%)",B%0&j&W1(%0H&UlkJ`&f%)",B%0&j&CB%*/%H&Ulk\RF&&W@0+3%08'0%H&
1+&3",&#%%*&,3'4*&+3"+&41+31*&+3%&(10,+&8'*+3,&'(&$1(%&1*("*+,&"0%&"#$%&+'&/"+%:'01c%&
NN!
!
9'1/%,&'*&+3%&#",1,&'(&,%=&QS1$$%0H&UlkV`&S1$$%0H&e'@*:%0H&j&S'0,%H&UlkTRF&W'0&%="8B$%H&
%8B$'21*:&"*&3"#1+@"+1'*&B0'/%6@0%&S1$$%0&QUlkVR&('@*6&+3"+&\&8'*+3,&'$6&1*("*+,&
,3'4%6&0%*%4%6&1*+%0%,+&+'&"&9'1/%&(0'8&"*&'BB',1+%&,%=&/"+%:'02&#@+&*'+&+'&'*%&'(&+3%&
,"8%&,%=&/"+%:'02F&&
Y31$,+&1+&1,&2%+&*'+&/$%"0&431/3&B0'B%0+1%,&'(&+3%&9'1/%,&'(&(%8"$%,&"*6&8"$%,&"0%&
,%=&61":*',+1/H&"&(%4&,@::%,+1'*,&3"9%&#%%*&8"6%F&W'0&%="8B$%H&'*&"9%0":%&(%8"$%&
9'1/%,&+%*6&+'&#%&31:3%0&B1+/3%6H&"$+3'@:3&+3%0%&1,&,'8%&'9%0$"BF&G,&,@/3H&1+&1,&B',,1#$%&
+3"+&B1+/3&1,&"&61,+1*:@1,31*:&,%=&(%"+@0%F&.*&"661+1'*H&9'4%$,&B0'6@/%6&#2&4'8%*&"0%&
61((%0%*+&1*&('08"*+&(0%E@%*/1%,&Q'0&+3%&B%"5,&1*&+3%&"/'@,+1/&(0%E@%*/2&,B%/+0@8R&+3"*&
+3',%&B0'6@/%6&#2&8%*&Q?%+%0,'*&j&M"0*%2H&UlITRF&!3%,%&61((%0%*/%,&"0%&"BB"0%*+&
8"1*$2&",&61,+1*/+1'*,&1*&+18#0%&"*6&0%,@$+&(0'8&,%=;0%$"+%6&"*"+'81/"$&61((%0%*/%,&1*&
+3%&$%*:+3&'(&+3%&,@B0"$"02*:%"$&9'/"$&+0"/+&"*6&+3%&,1c%&'(&+3%&9'/"$&/'06,&Q,%%&('0&%F:F&&
X1%#%08"*&j&M$@8,+%1*H&UlkkRF&!3%2&+''&/'@$6&/'*+01#@+%&+'&'*%A,&"#1$1+2&+'&1*(%0&,%=&
#",%6&'*&+3%&,'@*6&'(&"*'+3%0A,&9'1/%F&)%0+"1*$2H&(@+@0%&4'05&/'@$6&1*('08&'*&43"+&
/3"0"/+%01,+1/,&1*&+3%&,'@*6&'(&+3%&3@8"*&9'1/%,&"0%&,%=&61":*',1,F&&
!3%&"#1$1+2&'(&1*("*+,&+'&61,/0181*"+%&,%=&(0'8&9'/"$&,1:*"$,&3",&"$,'&#%%*&
6%8'*,+0"+%6&1*&,+@61%,&+3"+&%8B$'2%6&+3%&+",5&'(&8"+/31*:&"@61+'02&"*6&91,@"$&,%=&
/@%,F&W'0&%="8B$%H&1+&3",&#%%*&,3'4*&+3"+&#2&+3%&":%&'(&\&8'*+3,H&#"#1%,&"0%&/"B"#$%&'(&
8"+/31*:&("/%,&"*6&9'1/%,&'*&+3%&#",1,&'(&,%=&QY"$5%0;G*60%4,H&M"301/5H&Z":$1'*1H&j&
f1"cH&UllURF&.*6%%6H&43%*&,3'4*&+4'&"0+1/@$"+1*:&("/%,&8"+/3%6&%1+3%0&41+3&,%=&
/'8B"+1#$%&'0&,%=&1*/'8B"+1#$%&"@61+'02&,1:*"$,&Q9'1/%,RH&1*("*+,&61,B$"2%6&B0%(%0%*+1"$&
$''51*:&+'&+3%&("/%&8"+/3%6&41+3&,%=&"BB0'B01"+%&9'1/%&%9%*&+3'@:3&#'+3&91,@"$&,+18@$1&
4%0%&%E@"$$2&61,B$"2%6&(0'8&+3%&,'@*6&,'@0/%&"*6&,3"0%6&"&+%8B'0"$&,2*/30'*2&
0%$"+1'*,31B&41+3&+3%&,'@*6F&!3%,%&6"+"&,3'4&*'+&'*$2&+3"+&,%=&/@%,&(0'8&9'/"$&,1:*"$,&
N\!
!
/"*&#%&B%0/%19%6&%"0$2&1*&'*%A,&6%9%$'B8%*+&#@+&"$,'&+3"+&2'@*:&3@8"*,&"0%&/"B"#$%&'(&
6%+%/+1*:&1*+%08'6"$&0%$"+1'*,&,B%/1(21*:&,B%"5%0&,%=&QY"$5%0;G*60%4,&%+&"$FH&UllURF&&
G6@$+,&+''&/"*&61,/0181*"+%&,%=&(0'8&9'1/%,F&W'0&%="8B$%H&X",,H&d@:3%,H&M'42%0H&
Y"+%0,H&"*6&M'@0*%H&QUlm\R&3"9%&,3'4*&+3"+&$1,+%*%0,&B%0/%19%6&"&,B%"5%0A,&,%=&(0'8&
3%0&'0&31,&9'1/%&41+3&31:3&"//@0"/2H&%9%*&43%*&+3%&1*('08"+1'*&"9"1$"#$%&/'*,1,+%6&'*$2&
'(&,3'0+&,"8B$%,&'(&1,'$"+%6&9'4%$,F&W@0+3%08'0%H&%916%*/%&,@::%,+,&*'+&'*$2&+3"+&+3%&
3@8"*&"@61+'02&,2,+%8&1,&+@*%6&+'&,%=&1*('08"+1'*H&#@+&"$,'&+3"+&1+&1,&31:3$2&($%=1#$%&
41+3&0%,B%/+&+'&+3%&#'@*6"02&"$'*:&431/3&*"00"+'0&,%=&1,&/"+%:'01c%6F&!3"+&1,H&$15%&1*&+3%&
91,@"$&6'8"1*H&"@61+'02&,%=&%*/'61*:&,%%8,&"$,'&+'&#%&'BB'*%*+$2&+@*%6H&",&%916%*/%6&
#2&"6"B+"+1'*&"(+%0;%((%/+,F&
.*6%%6H&('$$'41*:&B0'$'*:%6&%=B',@0%&+'&(%8"$%&9'1/%,H&'#,%09%0,&1*+%0B0%+%6&
,%=&*%@+0"$&9'1/%,&+'&#%&+3',%&'(&8"$%,&431$,+&"(+%0&"6"B+"+1'*&+'&8"$%&9'1/%,H&*%@+0"$&
9'1/%,&4%0%&O@6:%6&(%8"$%&QC/34%1*#%0:%0&%+&"$FH&TJJk`&bv,5%H&C/34%1*#%0:%0H&
i"@(8"**H&j&i"4"3"0"H&TJJlRF&!31,&#%3"91'@0"$&"6"B+"+1'*&4",&,@::%,+%6&+'&#%&6@%&+'&
0%,B'*,%&,@BB0%,,1'*&1*&"*+":'*1,+1/&*%@0"$&B'B@$"+1'*,&%*/'61*:&(%8"$%&"*6&8"$%&
9'1/%,F&S'0%'9%0H&+31,&#%3"91'@0"$&%916%*/%&4",&,@BB'0+%6&#2&ggL&0%/'061*:,&'(&+3%&,';
/"$$%6&]U;?TH&16%*+1(1%6&",&+3%&*%@0"$&/'00%$"+%,&'(&+3%&9'1/%;,%=&"(+%0;%((%/+,F&!3"+&1,H&
,2,+%8"+1/&0%,B'*,%&"++%*@"+1'*&1*&]U;?T&3",&#%%*&0%/'06%6&('0&+%,+&9'1/%,&B0%/%6%6&#2&
,%=&,B%/1(1/&"6"B+1*:&9'1/%,F&!3%&"@+3'0,&1*+%0B0%+%6&+3%10&6"+"&+'&,@::%,+&+3"+&+3%&
"8B$1+@6%&0%6@/+1'*&0%($%/+%6&+3%&"6"B+"+1'*;%$1/1+%6&3"#1+@"+1'*&'(&'BB',1*:&*%@0'*&
B'B@$"+1'*,&/'61*:&(%8"$%&"*6&8"$%&9'1/%,F&&
NV!
!
Footsteps
.*&"661+1'*&+'&+3%&,%=;/3"0"/+%01,+1/&,'@*6&'(&'*%A,&9'1/%H&"*'+3%0&"@61+'02&,%=&
/@%&1,&+3%&,'@*6&'(&'*%A,&(''+,+%B,F&Y31$,+&+3%&%916%*/%&+'&6"+%&1,&$181+%6H&1+&3",&#%%*&
,3'4*&+3"+&#",%6&'*&+3%&/3"0"/+%01,+1/,&'(&+3%&,'@*6&B"++%0*,&",,'/1"+%6&41+3&'*%A,&:"1+H&
'#,%09%0,&/"*&61,/0181*"+%&#%+4%%*&(%8"$%,&"*6&8"$%,&Qf%X'*%2H&S%,:"0"*1H&j&W01+cH&
TJJk`&X1&%+&"$FH&UllURF&!3%&/3"0"/+%01,+1/,&'(&+3%&(''+,+%B&,'@*6&+3"+&"0%&,%=&61":*',+1/&
"0%&2%+&+'&#%&%,+"#$1,3%6F&.+&3",&3'4%9%0&#%%*&6%8'*,+0"+%6&+3"+&+3%&#1'$':1/"$&
61((%0%*/%,&",,'/1"+%6&41+3&+3%&(%8"$%&",&'BB',%6&+'&8"$%&#'61%,&+0"*,$"+%&1*+'&+3%&
,'@*6&'(&(''+,+%B,&Qb@*1:"&j&X%"91++H&UlmoRF&!3"+&1,H&+2B1/"$$2&(%8"$%,&3"9%&,3'0+%0&(''+&
$%*:+3&+3"*&8"$%,&+3"+&/'*9%0+,&1*+'&"&61((%0%*+&(''+&("$$&B0'(1$%F&G$,'H&0%$"+19%&+'&8"$%,H&
(%8"$%,&"0%&'*&"9%0":%&$1:3+%0H&,3'0+%0&"*6&3"9%&"&$'4%0&/%*+0%&'(&:0"91+2F&G$$&+3%,%&
#1'$':1/"$&61((%0%*/%,&0%*6%0&1*+'&+3%&/3"0"/+%01,+1/,&'(&+3%&4"$51*:&,'@*6,F&!3%,%H&1*&
+@0*&"//@0"+%$2&"0%&B%0/%19%6&",&%1+3%0&(%8"$%,&'0&8"$%,&QX1&%+&"$FH&UllURF&W@0+3%08'0%H&
O@,+&",&+3%&,%=&B0'B%0+1%,&'(&9'1/%,&/"*&/3"*:%&B%0/%19%6&,%=&QC81+3H&L0"#'4%/52H&j&
C@c@51H&TJJmRH&1+&0%8"1*,&+'&#%&%,+"#$1,3%6&43%+3%0&"&,181$"0&%((%/+&/'@$6&#%&6019%*&#2&
+3%&,%=&/3"0"/+%01,+1/,&1*&+3%&,'@*6&'(&(''+,+%B,F&&
Sex discrimination from olfactory cues
Stimuli containing sex cues: pheromones
W0'8&1+,&0'$%&1*&0%B0'6@/+1'*&1*&#"/+%01"&/'$'*1%,&QM",,$%0H&TJJTR&+'&B%0/%191*:&
,8%$$&"*6&+",+%&1*&3@8"*,&&Qr"*&!'$$%0&j&i%*6"$;Z%%6H&UllIRH&/8)2.-)$-%&".$H&'0&+3%&
"#1$1+2&+'&1*+%0B0%+&/3%81/"$&/@%,&1,&/'*,16%0%6&+'&#%&+3%&8',+&#",1/&'(&,%*,%,&QM3@++"H&
TJJmRF&Y31$,+&1+,&(@*/+1'*&3",&#%%*&+3'@:3+&'(&8',+$2&",&"*&%9'$9%6&/"B"/1+2&+'&6%+%/+&
3"c"06'@,&,@#,+"*/%,&,@/3&",&B'1,'*'@,&(''6,&QM3@++"H&TJJmRH&+3%&16%"&+3"+&
NZ!
!
/3%8',%*,"+1'*&1,&1*9'$9%6&1*&/'88@*1/"+1'*&3",&0%/%*+$2&:"+3%0%6&8'0%&"*6&8'0%&
,@BB'0+&QY2"++H&TJJlRF&&
.*6%%6H&"*&1*/0%",1*:&"8'@*+&'(&%916%*/%&,@::%,+,&'$("/+'02&,2,+%8,&1*&"*18"$,&
"0%&"&5%2&,%*,'02&/'8B'*%*+&1*&8"+%&,%$%/+1'*&QM3@++"H&TJJmRF&!3%&@,%&'(&68)(.2.$)-?*
'0&,%=;,B%/1(1/&/3%81/"$&/@%,&+'&+3%&,%=@"$&"*6&,'/1"$&,+"+@,&'(&"*&"*18"$&Qf@$"/&j&
!'0%$$'H&TJJV`&Y2"++H&TJJlRH&",&/'88@*1/"+1'*&+''$,&3",&#%%*&'#,%09%6&1*&"&*@8#%0&'(&
,B%/1%,H&1*&B"0+1/@$"0&,'/1"$&"*18"$,FF&W'0&%="8B$%H&$"#'0"+'02&(%8"$%&81/%&3"9%&#%%*&
('@*6&+'&"6"B+&+3%10&8%*,+0@"$&/2/$%&1*&0%,B'*,%&+'&+3%&B0%,%*/%&QY31++%*H&UlIlR&'0&
"#,%*/%&Qr"*&6%0&X%%&j&M''+H&UlIIR&'(&8"$%,F&W@0+3%0H&43%*&"&B0%:*"*+&(%8"$%&4",&
3'@,%6&41+3&"&(%0+1$%&8"$%&+3"+&4",&*'+&+3%&("+3%0H&+%081*"+1'*&'(&B0%:*"*/2&4",&
0%/'06%6&QM0@/%H&Ul\JRF&G661+1'*"$$2H&%"0$2&B@#%0+2&'*,%+&('0&(%8"$%,&3'@,%6&41+3&
(%0+1$%&8"$%,&"$,'&3",&#%%*&'#,%09%6&Qr"*6%*#%0:3H&Y31+,%++H&j&X'8#"061H&UlmIRF&
S'0%'9%0H&1+&3",&#%%*&,3'4*&+3"+&81/%&$"/51*:&+3%&B3%0'8'*%&0%/%B+'0&1*&+3%&
9'8%0'*","$&'0:"*&Qr]aH&0%E@10%6&('0&16%*+1(21*:&+3%&,%=&'(&/'*,B%/1(1/,`&C+'4%0,H&d'$2H&
S%1,+%0H&f@$"/H&j&i'%*+:%,H&QTJJTRRH&"0%&@*"#$%&+'&61,+1*:@1,3&#%+4%%*&(%8"$%,&"*6&
8"$%,H&"++%8B+1*:&+'&8"+%&41+3&"*18"$,&'(&%1+3%0&,%=F&
Y1+3&+3"+&1*&81*6H&+3%&0'$%&'(&'$("/+'02&/'88@*1/"+1'*&1*&"*18"$,&3",&#%%*&
"++01#@+%6&$"0:%$2&+'&+3%&"69%0+1,1*:&'(&"*&1*61916@"$A,&16%*+1+2&"*6&1+,&B'+%*+1"$&8"+%&
E@"$1+2&Q['3"*,,'*&j&['*%,H&TJJmRF&.*6%%6H&1+&3",&#%%*&,@::%,+%6&+3"+&"*18"$,&@,%&
'$("/+'02&/@%,&+'&,1:*"$&:''6&:%*%,&QL0"88%0H&W1*5H&j&]%"9%H&TJJIR&"*6&,1:*1(2&+3%&
,'/1"$&,+"+@,&'(&"&8%8#%0&'(&"&,B%/1%,&QC3"3&j&M0%%6$'9%H&TJJmRF&&
Y31$,+&3@8"*,&3"9%&+0"61+1'*"$$2&#%%*&+3'@:3+&'(&",&B018"01$2&,"-'%3&"*18"$,&
41+3&0%$"+19%$2&B''0&,%*,%&'(&,8%$$H&1*&0%/%*+&2%"0,&+31,&",,@8B+1'*&3",&@*6%0:'*%&,'8%&
NO!
!
0%91,1'*F&G*&1*/0%",1*:&*@8#%0&'(&,+@61%,&3"9%&,3'4*&+3"+&3@8"*,&*'+&'*$2&B0'6@/%&
#@+&"$,'&B%0/%19%&B3%0'8'*%,&"*6&",&,@/3&@,%&'$("/+'02&/'88@*1/"+1'*&1*&51*&
0%/':*1+1'*&QX@*6,+0w8H&M'2$%H&b"+'00%H&j&L'+8"*;['*%,H&TJJlR&"*6&8"+%&,%$%/+1'*&
#%3"91'@0&QL0"88%0&%+&"$FH&TJJIRF&!31,&/"B"#1$1+2&1,&8"*1(%,+%6&%"0$2&1*&$1(%H&,+"0+1*:&
41+3&1*61916@"$&16%*+1(1/"+1'*&"*6&%=+%*61*:&+'&,%=&0%/':*1+1'*F&&
.*6%%6H&8@+@"$&0%/':*1+1'*&#%+4%%*&8'+3%0&"*6&*%4#'0*&'//@0,&%"0$2&1*&+3%&
6%9%$'B8%*+&'(&+3%&#"#2&"*6&1*/$@6%,&'$("/+'02&/@%,&1*&"661+1'*&+'&'+3%0&,1:*"$,F&a6'@0&
/@%,&(0'8&+3%&*%4#'0*,&3"9%&#%%*&,3'4*&+'&#%&9%02&,"$1%*+&+'&+3%10&8'+3%0,&Qi"1+cH&
L''6H&j&Z'5%8H&UlkmRF&!3"+&1,H&8'+3%0,&/"*&61,+1*:@1,3&+3%&,/%*+&'(&+3%10&#"#1%,&(0'8&
+3"+&'(&'+3%0,F&M"#1%,&",&4%$$H&3"9%&#%%*&,3'4*&+'&B0%(%0&'#O%/+,&18B0%:*"+%6&41+3&+3%10&
8'+3%0A,&,8%$$&Qr"0%*61&j&?'0+%0H&TJJURF&W@0+3%08'0%H&1+&3",&#%%*&0%B'0+%6&+3"+&"6@$+,&
"0%&"#$%H&@,1*:&,8%$$H&+'&%9%*&61,/0181*"+%&+3%&,%=&'(&*'*;0%$"+%6&/31$60%*&QX1:"#@%&
C+01/5%0H&TJJJRF&
]'+&'*$2&"0%&3@8"*,&"#$%&+'&@,%&,'$%$2&'$("/+'02&/@%,&+'&61,+1*:@1,3&#%+4%%*&
(%8"$%,&"*6&8"$%,H&#@+&1+&0%/%*+$2&3",&#%%*&6%8'*,+0"+%6&+3"+&'$("/+'02&,%=&%=B%01%*/%,&
/"*&%9%*&1*($@%*/%&+3',%&1*&'+3%0&,%*,'02&6'8"1*,F&.*&"&#%3"91'@0"$&,+@62&@,1*:&+3%&
"6"B+"+1'*&"(+%0;%((%/+,&B"0"61:8H&i'9"/,&"*6&/'$$%":@%,&QTJJoR&('@*6&%916%*/%&+3"+&
,8%$$1*:&,%=;,B%/1(1/&'6'@0,&/"*&#1",&91,@"$&("/%&,%=&61,/0181*"+1'*F&.*6%%6H&43%*&
'#,%09%0,&B",,19%$2&1*3"$%6&,%=&3'08'*%;$15%&/'8B'@*6,&+3%2&O@6:%6&"&B0%91'@,$2&
0"+%6&,%=;*%@+0"$&("/%&+'&#%&+3%&,%=&'BB',1+%&+'&+3"+&'(&+3%&'6'@0,&+3%2&1*3"$%6F&]'+&'*$2&
1,&+31,&"&6%8'*,+0"+1'*&'(&+3%&"#1$1+1%,&'(&3@8"*,&+'&61,/0181*"+%&,%=&#",%6&'*&/3%81/"$&
,1:*"$,&#@+&+3%,%&(1*61*:,&3"9%&18B$1/"+1'*,&('0&+3%&1*+%:0"+1'*&'(&'$("/+'02&,%=&/@%,&41+3&
+3',%&(0'8&"&61((%0%*+&,%*,'02&,2,+%8F&.*6%%6H&+3%,%&6"+"&"0%&+%,+18'*2&('0&+3%&
\_!
!
1*+%:0"+1'*&'(&,%=&/@%,&1*+'&"&,1*:$%&B%0/%B+H&B'+%*+1"$$2&"*"$2,%6&#2&+3%&,';/"$$%6&7,%=&
*%@0'*,PF&
Y1+3&"$$&+31,&1*&81*6H&%916%*/%&,3'4,&+3"+&/@%,&+'&,%=&(0'8&+3%&91,@"$H&"@61+'02H&
"*6&'$("/+'02&6'8"1*,&"0%&1*+%0B0%+%6&"//@0"+%$2&43%*&B0%,%*+%6&1*&1,'$"+1'*&#@+&"$,'&
/"*&#%&1*+%:0"+%6&1*+'&"&@*1+"02&,%=&%=B%01%*/%&"/0',,&8'6"$1+1%,F&.*+%0%,+1*:$2H&"*6&",&
61,/@,,%6H&43%*&+3%&%=1,+1*:&/@%,&+'&,%=&1*&'*%&8'6"$1+2&"0%&"8#1:@'@,H&,%=&O@6:8%*+,&
/"*&#%&8"6%&#",%6&'*&+3%&1*+%0B0%+"+1'*&'(&"9"1$"#$%&,%=&/@%,&(0'8&"*'+3%0&8'6"$1+2F&&
W@0+3%08'0%H&1+&3",&#%%*&6%8'*,+0"+%6&+3"+&"6"B+"+1'*&,%=&"(+%0;%((%/+,&/"*&#%&1*6@/%6&
Q,%%&('0&%="8B$%&91,@"$&,%=&"(+%0;%((%/+,&",&0%B'0+%6&#2&['06"*&%+&"$FH&TJJ\&"*6&!0'O%&%+&
"$FH&TJJ\&",&4%$$&",&"@61+'02&,%=&"(+%0;%((%/+,&%916%*/%&",&6%,/01#%6&#2&C/34%1*#%0:%0&%+&
"$FH&TJJk&"*6&'$("/+'02&,%=&"(+%0;%((%/+,&,3'4*&#2&i'9"/,&%+&"$FH&TJJoR&+3"+&1*61/"+%&+3%&
%=1,+%*/%&'(&,%=&+@*%6&*%@0'*,F&&
!31,&,+@62&41$$&@,%&8"*1B@$"+1'*,&+'&,+18@$@,&'01%*+"+1'*&+'&+%,+&,%=&
61,/0181*"+1'*&(0'8&MSH&41+3&+3%&"18&'(&%$@/16"+1*:&+3%&*"+@0%&'(&+3%&*%@0"$&
8%/3"*1,8,&1*9'$9%6F&G,&/3"*:%,&1*&,+18@$@,&'01%*+"+1'*&1,&,"16&+'&"((%/+&+3%&B0'/%,,1*:&
'(&+'B;6'4*&8%/3"*1,8,&1*9'$9%6&1*&+3%&%=+0",+01"+%&%*/'61*:&'(&31:3%0;'06%0&,+18@$@,&
B0'B%0+1%,&Q,%%&('0&%F:F?"9$'9"&j&C'5'$'9H&TJJJR&1*&+3%&(10,+&B"0+&'(&+31,&+3%,1,H&+31,&
,+18@$@,&8"*1B@$"+1'*&41$$&,2,+%8"+1/"$$2&#%&@,%6&+'&%=B$'0%&+3%&*"+@0%&'(&,%=&%*/'61*:F&
.*6%%6H&1+&41$$&#%&%=B$'0%6&1(&+3%&%*/'61*:&'(&,%=&1,&1*6%B%*6%*+&'(&61,B$"2&'01%*+"+1'*F&.+&
1,&32B'+3%,1c%6&+3"+H&",&,%=&1,&"&/"+%:'01/"$&,+18@$@,&B0'B%0+2H&1+A,&B0'/%,,1*:&41$$&1*&("/+&
#%&@*"((%/+%6&#2&/3"*:%,&1*&61,B$"2&'01%*+"+1'*F&W@0+3%0H&1*&+3%&,%/'*6&B"0+&'(&+31,&
61,,%0+"+1'*&Q8"*@,/01B+N&GBB%*61=&GRH&+3%&*"+@0%&'(&,%=&%*/'61*:&"/0',,&,%*,'02&
,2,+%8,&41$$&#%&1*9%,+1:"+%6F&
\L!
!
!
\Q!
!
General Methods
Participants
UJ&'#,%09%0,&+''5&B"0+&1*&%"/3&g=B%018%*+F&&!3%&,"8%&B"0+1/1B"*+,&/'8B$%+%6&
g=B%018%*+,&U&+'&\F&G&61((%0%*+&:0'@B&/'8B$%+%6&g=B%018%*+,&m&"*6&kH&2%+&":"1*&%"/3&
B"0+1/1B"*+&/'8B$%+1*:&%"/3&%=B%018%*+F&G$$&B"0+1/1B"+%6&41+3'@+&1*6@/%8%*+H&3"6&
*'08"$&'0&/'00%/+%6;+';*'08"$&91,1'*&"*6&3%"01*:&"*6&"$$&4%0%&'9%0&+3%&":%&'(&Uk&2%"0,F&
a*%&B"0+1/1B"*+&1*&%"/3&,+@62&4",&+3%&"@+3'0&"*6&*'&8'0%&+3"*&+30%%&'+3%0&B"0+1/1B"*+,&
4%0%&%=B%01%*/%6&B,2/3'B32,1/"$&'#,%09%0,F&.*&'06%0&+'&81*181c%&B0"/+1/%&%((%/+,H&+3%&
'06%0&1*&431/3&+3%&g=B%018%*+,&4%0%&/'8B$%+%6&4%0%&0"*6'81,%6H&",&4%0%&+3%&'06%0&'(&
+01"$,&41+31*&%"/3&%=B%018%*+F&G$$&B"0+1/1B"*+,H&41+3&+3%&%=/%B+1'*&'(&+3%&"@+3'0H&4%0%&
*"19%&+'&+3%&"18,&'(&"*2&%=B%018%*+&1*&431/3&+3%2&+''5&B"0+F&
Apparatus
g=B%018%*+,&4%0%&/'*6@/+%6&1*&"&$1:3+&"*6&,'@*6&"++%*@"+%6&0''8F&r1,@"$&
,+18@$1&4%0%&B0%,%*+%6&@,1*:&"&?%*+1@8&o&B0'/%,,'0&B"10%6&41+3&"&f%$$&!01*1+'*&W$"+&
C/0%%*&8'*1+'0H&61,B$"2&0%,'$@+1'*&'(&UJTo&=&m\k&B1=%$,H&,%+&"+&"&0%(0%,3&0"+%&'(&UJJdc&
41+3&VT&#1+&/'$'@0&0%,'$@+1'*F&r1%41*:&61,+"*/%&4",&,%+&+'&Im/8&,'&+3"+&U/8&'*&+3%&
,/0%%*&4",&%E@19"$%*+&+'&U-&'(&91,@"$&"*:$%&('0&'#,%09%0,F&
G@61+'02&,+18@$1H&43%0%&@,%6H&4%0%&B0%,%*+%6&@,1*:&"&d1+"/31&,+%0%'&"8B$1(1%0&
dGVVJ&"++"/3%6&+'&G+3%*"&$'@6,B%"5%0,&QGC;MU;TM;URF&!3%&,B%"5%0,&4%0%&B',1+1'*%6&
"6O"/%*+&+'&+3%&91,@"$&61,B$"2F&G&)'8B"E&iM;JUVV&/'8B@+%0&5%2#'"06&4",&@,%6&+'&
0%/'06&'#,%09%0,A&5%2;B0%,,&0%,B'*,%,F&
\W!
!
Stimuli
Visual stimuli
)@,+'8&6%,1:*%6&,'(+4"0%&Q?'1*+X1:3+X"#H&9oFJFUVN&
3++BN__444FB'1*+$1:3+$"#F/'8_R&4",&@+1$1c%6&+'&:%*%0"+%&91,@"$&MS&,+18@$1F&a*/%&+3%&
(1:@0%,&Q'0&8'6%$,R&4%0%&:%*%0"+%6H&+3%&,+18@$1&4%0%&B0%,%*+%6&%1+3%0&@,1*:&
?'1*+X1:3+X"#&'0H&1*&+3%&/",%&'(&+3%&"6"B+"+1'*&"(+%0;%((%/+,&%=B%018%*+,H&@,1*:&C@B%0X"#&
oFJF&!3%&61,B$"2,&@,%6&4%0%&8'6%$,&'(&?XY,&,@BB$1%6&#2&+3%&M1'8'+1'*&X"#&
Q3++BN__444F#1'8'+1'*$"#F/"_RF&g"/3&'(&+3%&UV&8'6%$,&@,%6&1*&+3%,%&%=B%018%*+,&4%0%&
6%019%6&@,1*:&+3%&B0'/%6@0%,&6%,/01#%6&#2&!0'O%&QTJJT"H&TJJkRF&&
.*&,@88"02H&,+18@$1&4%0%&/'*,+0@/+%6&#2&(10,+&0%/'061*:&+3%&:"1+,&'(&IJ&(%8"$%&
"*6&IJ&8"$%&4"$5%0,F&&!3%*&?01*/1B"$&)'8B'*%*+&G*"$2,1,&Q?)GR&4",&@,%6&+'&0%6@/%&+3%&
618%*,1'*"$1+2&'(&%"/3&4"$5%0&+'&+3%&(10,+&,%+&'(&%1:%*9%/+'0,F&!3@,&"&$1*%"0&8'+1'*&
/$",,1(1%0&4",&:%*%0"+%6&+'&0%B0%,%*+&+3%&61((%0%*/%,&#%+4%%*&(%8"$%&"*6&8"$%&:"1+,F&
W1:@0%&T&1$$@,+0"+%,&,'8%&B01*/1B$%&B'1*+,&'*&+3%&:%*6%0&/'*+1*@@8&"*6&B0'916%,&,+"+1/&
0%B0%,%*+"+1'*,&'(&+3%&8'6%$,&@,%6&3%0%F&?',1+1'*&J&'*&+3%&"=1,&/'1*/16%,&41+3&+3%&
"9%0":%&Q'0&,%=&*%@+0"$R&4"$5%0F&.*&%E@161,+"*+&1*/0%8%*+,&'(&U&,+"*6"06&6%91"+1'*&QCfR&
(0'8&+3%&8%"*H&*%:"+19%&,/'0%,&"$'*:&+3%&0;"=1,&/'00%,B'*6&+'&4"$5%0,&41+3&1*/0%",1*:$2&
(%8"$%&:"1+,F&!3@,&B',1+1'*&;\&0%B0%,%*+,&+3%&8',+&%="::%0"+%6&(%8"$%&4"$5%0F&C181$"0$2H&
"*6&":"1*&1*&%E@161,+"*+&1*/0%8%*+,H&B',1+19%&,/'0%,&'*&+3%&"=1,&/'00%,B'*6&+'&4"$5%0,&
41+3&1*/0%",1*:$2&8"$%&:"1+,F&G+&+3"+&@BB%0&%*6&'(&+3%&/'*+1*@@8&B',1+1'*&u\&0%B0%,%*+,&
+3%&8',+&%="::%0"+%6&8"$%&4"$5%0F&&
\R!
!
&
!"#$%&'E!F%,B&>0'=EGGE@'EGGH?')IJ0'%-1#&'"1'K('LM'"1*%&7&1+0'2%,7'-1',6B&*+"5&.A'-5&%-#&';-.<&%'=N&$+%-.C')IJG?D'
O&/%&0&1+&8'"1'+3"0'/"*+$%&'-%&'01-/03,+0',2'+3&'P4-##&%-+&8'!&7-.&'=)IJ:Q?C'N&$+%-.'=)IJG?'-18'P4-##&%-+&8'R-.&'
=)IJSQ?D'N,+&'+3-+'&5&1'"1'0+-+"*'%&/%&0&1+-+",1'+3&%&'-%&'$0&2$.'0+%$*+$%-.'*$&0'+,'+3&'0&4',2'&-*3';-.<&%'=0&&'2,%'&#D'
O&"8'&+'-.DC'EGGT?'
g"/3&'(&+3%&4"$5%0,&,'&6%(1*%6&4%0%&/'8B01,%6&'(&UI&B'1*+;$1:3+,&B',1+1'*%6&",&1(&
"++"/3%6&+'&+3%&8"O'0&O'1*+,&'(&"*&'+3%041,%&1*91,1#$%&"/+'0F&Y3%*&1*&8'+1'*&%"/3&
,+18@$@,&$''5%6&",&1(&4"$51*:&'*&"&+0%"681$$F&&.*61916@"$&B'1*+;$1:3+,&,@#+%*6%6&"&91,@"$&
"*:$%&'(&JFV-H&41+3&43'$%&(1:@0%,&,@#+%*61*:&'*&"9%0":%&TU-&1*&3%1:3+&"*6&\FI-&1*&416+3F&
?'1*+;$1:3+,&4%0%&#$"/5H&Q$@81*"*/%&n&JFo/6_8TR&"*6&4%0%&B0%,%*+%6&'*&"&:0%2&
#"/5:0'@*6&Q$@81*"*/%&n&UT/6_8TRF&!3%&S1/3%$,'*&/'*+0",+&xQX8"=;X81*R_QX8"=uX81*Ry&'(&
+3%&B'1*+;$1:3+,&+'&+3%&#"/5:0'@*6&4",&JFloF&
Stimulus orientation
g"/3&61,B$"2&4",&,3'4*&%1+3%0&1*&,":1++"$&91%4&Qg=B%018%*+&UR&'0&1*&(0'*+"$&91%4&
Q"$$&'+3%0&%=B%018%*+,H&,%%&W1:@0%&VRF&.*&,'8%&%=B%018%*+,&,+18@$1&4%0%&0'+"+%6&1*&+3%&
)"0+%,1"*&B$"*%&(0'8&+3%&@B01:3+&B',1+1'*&Q6%(1*%6&3%0%&",&J-R&/$'/541,%&1*&oI-&
\N!
!
1*/0%8%*+,F&!3%&'01%*+"+1'*,&+3@,&+%,+%6&4%0%&J-H&oI-H&lJ-H&UVI-H&UkJ-H&TTI-H&TmJ-&"*6&
VUI-&Q,%%&W1:@0%&VRF&
&
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.*&%=B%018%*+,&%8B$'21*:&+3%&"6"B+"+1'*&"(+%0;%((%/+,&B"0"61:8&4"$5%0,&"$4"2,&
4%0%&B0%,%*+%6&,@/3&+3"+&+3%2&4%0%&/%*+0%6&'*&+3%&,"8%&$'/"+1'*&'*&+3%&,/0%%*&
1*6%B%*6%*+&'(&+3%10&0'+"+1'*&"*:$%F&.*&+3%&0%8"1*1*:&%=B%018%*+,&+3%&/%*+0%&'(&%"/3&
4"$5%0H&'*&%"/3&B0%,%*+"+1'*H&4",&B$"/%6&0"*6'8$2&41+31*&"&\FIJ&91,@"$&"*:$%&,E@"0%&
1+,%$(&/%*+0%6&1*&+3%&8166$%&'(&+3%&/'8B@+%0&,/0%%*&'*&431/3&,+18@$1&4%0%&61,B$"2%6F&
\\!
!
!31,&+%/3*1E@%&4",&%8B$'2%6&+'&B0%9%*+&B"0+1/1B"*+,&(1="+1*:&'*&"&,1*:$%&$'/"+1'*&43%*&
8"51*:&61,/0181*"+1'*,F&&
Structural and Kinematic Cues
Y"$5%0,&/'*+"1*&/@%,&+'&,%=&+3"+&"0%&/'*9%2%6&#2&+3%10&,+0@/+@0%H&'0&+3%&:$'#"$&
/'*(1:@0"+1'*&'(&+3%&B'1*+;$1:3+,&Q,%%&('0&%="8B$%&W1:@0%&T&43%0%&%9%*&1*&,+"+1/&
0%B0%,%*+"+1'*,H&+3%&?XY&+'&+3%&$%(+&'(&+3%&(1:@0%&/$%"0$2&$''5,&(%8"$%&431$,+&+3"+&+'&+3%&
01:3+&@*6'@#+%6$2&$''5,&8"$%R&",&4%$$&",&+3%2&4"2&+3%2&8'9%H&'0&+3%&51*%8"+1/&
1*('08"+1'*&Q+3%&B"+3&%"/3&B'1*+;$1:3+&+0"9%$,H&,%%&W1:@0%&oRF&&
&
!"#$%&'W')"*+,%"-.'%&/%&0&1+-+",1',2'+3&'0+%$*+$%-.'-18'<"1&7-+"*'*$&0'=.&2+?C'0+%$*+$%-.:,1.A'*$&0'=7"88.&?'-18'<"1&7-+"*:
,1.A'*$&0'=%"#3+?'&-*3';-.<&%'*,1+-"10D'
G,&,@/3H&%"/3&4"$5%0&8'6%$&@,%6&1*&+3%,%&%=B%018%*+,&3"6&",,1:*%6&+'&%"/3&
7B'1*+;$1:3+P&"&,B"+1"$&/''061*"+%&6%,1:*"+1*:&1+,&,+"0+1*:&B',1+1'*&Q'0&'01:1*R&"*6&+3%*&"&
,%+&'(&/''061*"+%,&6%(1*1*:&1+A,&51*%8"+1/H&'0&8'+1'*&B"+3F&!3%&,%B"0"+1'*&'(&+3',%&+4'&
B"0"8%+%0,&8%"*+&+3"+&('0&%"/3&B'1*+H&"*6&,'&('0&%"/3&8'6%$H&1+&4",&B',,1#$%&+'&
8"*1B@$"+%&1*6%B%*6%*+$2&,+0@/+@0"$&"*6&51*%8"+1/&/@%,F&&C'H&('0&%="8B$%H&1+&4",&
\V!
!
B',,1#$%&+'&6%9%$'B&32#016&8'6%$,&+3"+&@,%6&+3%&,+0@/+@0"$&1*('08"+1'*&(0'8&'*%&8'6%$&
B"10%6&41+3&+3%&51*%8"+1/&B"+3&'(&"*'+3%0F&
&!3%&,+0@/+@0"$&1*('08"+1'*&'(&"&?XY&1,&:19%*&#2&+3%&0%$"+19%&,B"+1"$&$'/"+1'*,&'(&
1+,&B'1*+;$1:3+,F&!3%&,B"+1"$&$'/"+1'*&'(&1*61916@"$&B'1*+;$1:3+,&1,&6%019%6&(0'8&+3%10&'01:1*&
41+31*&"&,';/"$$%6&7#'@*61*:&#'=P&Q,%%&W1:@0%&I"RF&&
&
!"#$%&'X!)"*+,%"-.'%&/%&0&1+-+",1',2'+3&'0+"7$.$0'7-1"/$.-+",10'$0&8'+,'0$/&%"7/,0&'<"1&7-+"*'"12,%7-+",1'0/&*"2"*'+,'
,1&';-.<&%',5&%'+3&'0+%$*+$%-.'"12,%7-+",1',2'-1,+3&%D'!"#$%&'X-'03,;0'-')IJ';3,0&'<"1&7-+"*'/-+30'-%&'+%-*&8D'!,%'
8&7,10+%-+"5&'/$%/,0&0'+3&'<"1&7-+"*'/-+3',2'+3&'03,$.8&%'"0'7-#1"2"&8'-18'%&/%&0&1+&8';"+3"1'"+0'6,$18"1#'6,4C';"+3'
+3&'K'Z'-18'K'['*,,%8"1-+&0D'\1'!"#$%&'X6'+3&'+%-*"1#',2'+3&'0+%$*+$%-.'"12,%7-+",1'"0'%&/%&0&1+&8D'!"1-..AC'!"#$%&'X*'
"..$0+%-+&0'+3&'/%,*&00',2',5&%.-A"1#'+3&'<"1&7-+"*'"12,%7-+",1',2'"18"5"8$-.'/,"1+:."#3+0'2%,7',1&';-.<&%',5&%'+3&'
0+%$*+$%&',2'-1,+3&%D'
!3%&#'@*61*:&#'=&6%$181+,&+3%&51*%8"+1/&B"+3&+3"+&%"/3&B'1*+;$1:3+&+0"9%$,&
+30'@:3F&&!3%&@BB%0&%6:%&'(&+3%&#'@*61*:&#'=&1,&+3%&78"=18@8P&e&$'/"+1'*&+3"+&+3%&
B'1*+&$1:3+&0%"/3%,&"+&"*2&+18%&1*&1+,&B"+3&431$,+&+3%&#'++'8&%6:%&'(&+3%&#'@*61*:&#'=&1,&
+3%&781*18@8P&B'1*+&'*&+3%&e&"=1,&+3"+&+3%&B'1*+&$1:3+&0%"/3%,&"+&"*2&+18%&1*&1+,&B"+3F&&
C181$"0$2H&+3%&$%(+&%6:%&'(&+3%&#'@*61*:&#'=&1,&+3%&781*18@8P&z&$'/"+1'*&+3"+&+3%&B'1*+&
$1:3+&0%"/3%,&"+&"*2&+18%&1*&1+,&B"+3&"*6&(1*"$$2&+3%&01:3+&,16%&'(&+3%&#'@*61*:&#'=&1,&+3%&
78"=18@8P&z&$'/"+1'*&+3"+&+3%&B'1*+&$1:3+&0%"/3%,&"+&"*2&B'1*+&1*&1+,&B"+3F&!3%&'01:1*&'(&
+3%&B'1*+;$1:3+&1,&+3%&816B'1*+&'(&+3%&9%0+1/"$&"*6&3'01c'*+"$&/''061*"+%,&"*6&1+&1,&1+A,&
7,+0@/+@0%P&B'1*+F&G,&,@/3H&+3%&'01:1*&'(&%"/3&'(&+3%&B'1*+&$1:3+,&1*&+3%&(1:@0%&('08,&+3%&
\Z!
!
+'+"$&7,+0@/+@0%P&'(&+3"+&(1:@0%&Q,%%&W1:@0%&I#RF&a*/%&+3%&,+0@/+@0%&'(&+3%&(1:@0%&3",&#%%*&
/"$/@$"+%6&@,1*:&+3%&'01:1*,&'(&+3%&#'@*61*:&#'=%,H&+3%&51*%8"+1/&B"+3,&1*('08"+1'*&/"*&
#%&0%8'9%6&$%"91*:&O@,+&+3%&,+0@/+@0%F&!3%&51*%8"+1/&6"+"&(0'8&"*'+3%0&?XY&/"*&#%&
,@B%018B',%6&'9%0&+31,&,+0@/+@0%&"661*:&51*%8"+1/&1*('08"+1'*&(0'8&"*'+3%0&8'6%$&+'&
+3%&,+0@/+@0%&'(&+3%&'01:1*"$&Q,%%&W1:@0%&I/RF&&
!3@,H&,%=&/@%,&/"*&1*6%B%*6%*+$2&#%&8"6%&"9"1$"#$%&",&/'*(1*%6&,'$%$2&+'&+3%&
,+0@/+@0"$&/@%,&'(&?XY,&QW1:@0%&\"R&'0&'*$2&+'&+3%&51*%8"+1/&1*('08"+1'*&QW1:@0%&\#RF&&
&
&
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03,;0')IJ0';"+3'<"1&7-+"*'*3-%-*+&%"0+"*0',2')IJ'G'=N&$+%-.C'7"88.&',2'+3&'!"#$%&?D'F3&'*$&0'+,'0&4';&%&'/%,5"8&8'6A'
+3&'0+%$*+$%&',2'&-*3')IJ9'%&/%&0&1+&8'-%&'2&7-.&'+,'+3&'.&2+C'1&$+%-.'"1'+3&'7"88.&'-18'7-.&'+,'+3&'%"#3+',2'+3&'2"#$%&?D'
],15&%0&.AC'!"#$%&'Q6'03,;0')IJ0'+3-+'5-%A'"1'<"1&7-+"*'*$&0'+,'0&4'6$+'-..'3-5&'+3&'0&4:1&$+%-.'0+%$*+$%-.'*$&0',2'
)IJGD'^#-"1C'+,'+3&'.&2+',2'+3"0'2"#$%&'+3&'1&$+%-.'0+%$*+$%&'"0'0$/&%"7/,0&8';"+3'2&7-.&'<"1&7-+"*'*$&0C'"1'+3&'7"88.&'
+3&'0&4'<"1&7-+"*'*$&0'-%&'1&$+%-.'-18'+,'+3&'%"#3+'<"1&7-+"*'7-.&'*$&0'-%&'03,;1D'
Scrambled walkers
!'&:%*%0"+%&,';/"$$%6&,/0"8#$%6&?XY,H&"&pA+''$AA&1*/'0B'0"+%6&1*&?'1*+X1:3+X"#&
0"*6'8$2&0%$'/"+%,&+3%&,1*:$%;6'+&+0"O%/+'01%,&41+31*&"&0%,+01/+%6&"0%"&6%$181+1*:&+3%&
'01:1*"$&(1:@0%&Q'0&+3%&:$'#"$&#'@*61*:&#'=RH&431$,+&B0%,%091*:&+3%&B0'(1$%&'(&+3%&$'/"$&
\O!
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Q,%%&('0&%F:F&)@++1*:H&S''0%&"*6&S'01,,'*&QUlkkR&"*6&W1:@0%&mRF&.*&W1:@0%&m"&"*&1*+"/+&
,%=;*%@+0"$&?XY&1,&6%B1/+%6&431$,+&1*&W1:@0%&m#H&1+A,&,/0"8#$%6&9%0,1'*&1,&1$$@,+0"+%6F&&
&
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#.,6-.'6,$18"1#'6,4'+3-+'%&0+%"*+0'+3&'6,$18-%"&0',2'"+0'*,10+"+$+"1#'/,"1+:."#3+0D'J"+3"1'+3"0'#.,6-.'6,$18"1#'6,4C'
"18"5"8$-.'/,"1+:."#3+0'%-18,7.A'-%&'%&-00"#1&8'0$*3'+3-+'+3&'*,3&%&1+'*,12"#$%-+",1',2'+3&'2"#$%&'"0'8&0+%,A&8'6$+'+3&'
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M",%6&'*&'01:1*"$&?XY&(1:@0%,&"+&%"/3&'(&+3%&'01%*+"+1'*,&+%,+%6H&"+&%"/3&$%9%$&1*&
+3%&,%=&/'*+1*@@8H&I&,/0"8#$%6&9%0,1'*,&4%0%&:%*%0"+%6F&!3"+&1,H&I&@B01:3+&"*6&I&
1*9%0+%6&,/0"8#$%6&9%0,1'*,&'(&%"/3&?XY&4%0%&/0%"+%6H&+3@,&%$181*"+1*:&+3%&B',,1#1$1+2&
+3"+&'#,%09%0,&4'@$6&8"5%&61,/0181*"+1'*,&#",%6&'*&$%"0*%6&B"++%0*,&'(&B'1*+;$1:3+,F&
Y1+31*&'*%&#$'/5&'(&+01"$,H&"$$&'(&+3%&,/0"8#$%6&61,B$"2,&4%0%&0"*6'8$2&B0%,%*+%6&#@+&
43%*&6"+"&4",&"*"$2,%6H&O@6:8%*+,&'*&+3%&I&61((%0%*+&,/0"8#$%6&9%0,1'*,&'(&%"/3&(1:@0%&
4%0%&"9%0":%6F&
V_!
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Auditory stimuli
G@61+'02&,+18@$1&/'*,1,+%6&'(&(''+;,+015%&,%E@%*/%,&/0%"+%6&(0'8&"&,+'/5&$1#0"02&
'(&31:3;0%,'$@+1'*&0%/'061*:,&'(&"/+@"$&(''+,+%B,&Q,@BB$1%6&#2&+3%&X"#'0"+'02&('0&+3%&
Z%/':*1+1'*&"*6&a0:"*1c"+1'*&'(&CB%%/3&"*6&G@61'H&X"#ZaCGH&)'$@8#1"&D*19%0,1+2N&
3++BN__$"#0',"F%%F/'$@8#1"F%6@_RF&g"/3&0%/'061*:&(0'8&+3%&$1#0"02&6%B1/+%6&"&,1*:$%&
(''+,+015%&Q$%(+&'0&01:3+R&(0'8&"&,1*:$%&1*61916@"$&Q(%8"$%&'0&8"$%RH&4%"01*:&"&,B%/1(1%6&
+2B%&'(&(''+4%"0H&"*6&'*&"&,B%/1(1%6&,@0("/%F&
!'&,+"*6"061,%H&",&("0&",&4",&B',,1#$%H&+3%&E@"$1+2&'(&+3%&"@61+'02&/@%,&+'&#%&@,%6&
1*&+3%&8@$+1,%*,'02&%=B%018%*+,H&"@61'&,%E@%*/%,&4%0%&/'*,+0@/+%6&#2&,%$%/+1*:&
$%(+_01:3+&(''+,+015%&/'8#1*"+1'*,&'*$2&(0'8&/'*/0%+%&'0&4''6%*&,@0("/%,&"*6&'*$2&(0'8&
4"$5%0,&4%"01*:&3"06;,'$%6&(''+4%"0F&S"+/31*:&$%(+&"*6&01:3+&(''+;,+015%&B"10,&('0&
1*61916@"$&4"$5%0,&4%0%&,B$1/%6&+':%+3%0&+'&/0%"+%&4"$51*:&,%E@%*/%,F&CB$1/1*:&"*6&
'+3%0&8"*1B@$"+1'*,&'(&+3%&0%/'061*:,&4%0%&6'*%&@,1*:&G@6"/1+2&UFTF\&,'(+4"0%&+'&
/0%"+%&('@0;,+%B&,%E@%*/%,&",&0%B0%,%*+%6&1*&W1:@0%&kF&&
&
VL!
!
&
!"#$%&'H'L/&*+%,#%-70',2'2&7-.&'-18'7-.&'2,,+:0+%"<&'0,:*-..&8'L&_$&1*&0'('-18'XC'%&0/&*+"5&.AD'^.+&%1-+"1#'.&2+'-18'
%"#3+'2,,+:0+%"<&0';&%&'0/."*&8'2%,7'"18"5"8$-.'%&*,%8"1#0'6$+'-.;-A0C';"+3"1'-'0&_$&1*&C'2%,7'+3&'0-7&'"18"5"8$-.',1'+3&'
0-7&'0$%2-*&'"1'+3&'0-7&'03,&0D'P-*3'0&_$&1*&';-0'*,7/,0&8',2'2,$%'*,7/.&+&'0+&/0C'&-*3'6&#"11"1#';"+3'-1'"1"+"-.'
"7/-*+'0,$18'+3-+';-0'-.;-A0'+3&'.,$8&0+'/-%+',2'+3&'2,,+:0+%"<&'.,$81&00'/%,2".&D'R-4"7$7'.,$81&00'&_$-+&8'2,%'-..'
-$8"+,%A'0&_$&1*&0D'\1+&%'2,,+0+%"<&'"1+&%5-.0';&%&'*,10"0+&1+'=TXG'70?'-18'"1"+"-.'"7/-*+'0,$180';&%&'0A1*3%,1"0&8';"+3'
+3&'5"0$-.')IJ0'0,'+3-+'+3&A'-.;-A0',**$%%&8'-+'+3&'/,"1+'"1'+3&';-.<"1#'/-++&%1'+3-+'*,%%&0/,18&8';"+3'+3&';-.<&%0>'
2&&+'3"++"1#'+3&'#%,$18D'
!'&8"=181,%&B%0/%B+@"$&#1*61*:&'*&2'3&"-)$-.(9*B0%,%*+"+1'*,H&+3%&+181*:&'(&+3%&
(''+;,+015%,&4",&8"+/3%6&+'&+3%&(''+("$$&'(&+3%&91,@"$&/@%,&#2&+%8B'0"$$2&"$1:*1*:&+3%&
#%:1**1*:&'(&%"/3&(''+;,+015%&41+3&+3%&#%:1**1*:&'(&%"/3&(''+("$$H&+3%&#%:1**1*:&'(&+3%&
$'4&B'1*+&'(&+3%&B"+3&'(&%"/3&"*5$%&6'+F&C@/3&8"+/31*:&8%"*+&+3"+&1*+%0;(''+;,+015%&
1*+%09"$&4",&0%:@$"0&"*6&3%$6&/'*,+"*+&"/0',,&/'*61+1'*,F&S"=18@8&$'@6*%,,&'(&+3%&
(''+;,+015%,&4",&8"+/3%6&"/0',,&,%E@%*/%,&QII&6M&QGR&(",+&,/"$%R&0%,@$+1*:&1*&,%E@%*/%,&
+3"+&61((%0%6&'*$2&1*&+%08,&'(&+3%10&(0%E@%*/2&/'8B',1+1'*&"*6&1*+%0*"$&$'@6*%,,&B0'(1$%F&
G,B%/+,&'(&#'+3&+3',%&618%*,1'*,&$15%$2&/"002&,%=&1*('08"+1'*H&"$+3'@:3&(@0+3%0&
6%/'8B',1+1'*&'(&+3%&,+18@$1&1,&0%E@10%6&+'&%$@/16"+%&431/3&(%"+@0%,&"0%&*%/%,,"02&"*6&
,@((1/1%*+F&W19%&,@/3&('@0;,+%B&,%E@%*/%,&4%0%&/0%"+%6H&+30%%&(%8"$%,&"*6&+4'&8"$%,H&
VQ!
!
"*6&+3',%&,%E@%*/%,&4%0%&$"#%$$%6&"0#1+0"01$2&(0'8&U&+'&I&'*&+3%&#",1,&'(&"&B1$'+&,+@62&
+3"+&,@09%2%6&B%0/%19%6&(%8"$%*%,,&'0&8"$%*%,,&'(&%"/3&0%/'061*:F&
Task and Procedure
?"0+1/1B"*+,&4%0%&9'$@*+%%0,&0%/0@1+%6&(0'8&+3%&C'@+3%0*&)0',,&D*19%0,1+2&
@*6%0:0"6@"+%&B,2/3'$':2&,+@6%*+,H&)'((,&d"0#'@0H&]CY&/"8B@,F&a#,%09%0,&4%0%&
",5%6&+'&0%B'0+&+3%&,%=&'(&%"/3&?XY&B0%,%*+%6&'*&+3%&/'8B@+%0&,/0%%*&#2&8%"*,&'(&5%2;
B0%,,N&pbA&('0&(%8"$%&"*6&pSA&('0&8"$%&QTGW)H&/'@*+%0#"$"*/%6&"/0',,&'#,%09%0,&"*6&
%=B%018%*+,RF&?01'0&+'&/'88%*/%8%*+H&"*6&1*&'06%0&+'&%,+"#$1,3&("81$1"01+2&41+3&+3%&
,+18@$1H&"&+0"1*1*:&B3",%&4",&18B$%8%*+%6F&]'&(%%6#"/5&'*&B%0('08"*/%&4",&B0'916%6F&
g"/3&1*61916@"$&+%,+1*:&,%,,1'*&4",&*'&$'*:%0&+3"*&I&81*@+%,&41+3&"&+'+"$&+%,+1*:&+18%&
B%0&B"0+1/1B"*+H&B%0&%=B%018%*+H&'(&*'&$'*:%0&+3"*&T&3'@0,F&&
!4'&,+18@$@,&B0%,%*+"+1'*&,'(+4"0%&B"/5":%,&4%0%&@,%6&+'&/'*6@/+&+3%,%&
%=B%018%*+,N&?'1*+X1:3+X"#H&+3"+&4",&@,%6&"$,'&+'&:%*%0"+%&"$$&?XY,&Q,%%&C+18@$1&
,%/+1'*RH&"*6&C@B%0$"#&oFJF&S'0%&,B%/1(1/"$$2H&,+@61%,&@+1$1c1*:&+3%&"6"B+"+1'*&"(+%0;
%((%/+,&B"0"61:8&4%0%&/'*6@/+%6&@,1*:&C@B%0X"#&oFJ&431$,+&+3%&0%8"1*1*:&%=B%018%*+,&
4%0%&0@*&@,1*:&?'1*+X1:3+X"#F&&
Experiments using PointLightLab
C+18@$1&4%0%&#$'/5%6&1*&1*61916@"$&+01"$,&'(&*'&8'0%&+3"*&UIJ&,+18@$@,&
B0%,%*+"+1'*,F&Y1+31*&%"/3&+01"$&61,B$"2,&4%0%&B0%,%*+%6&1*&0"*6'81c%6&'06%0F&
Z%,B'*,%,&/'@$6&#%&8"6%&%1+3%0&431$,+&+3%&,+18@$@,&4",&'*&+3%&,/0%%*H&'0&6@01*:&+3%&.C.&
Q.C.&B0%,%*+"+1'*&6@0"+1'*N&UJJJ&8,%/R&#%+4%%*&%"/3&B0%,%*+"+1'*F&&
VW!
!
Experiments using Superlab 4.0
S'91%,&QF"91R&4%0%&:%*%0"+%6&@,1*:&+3%&?XY&8'6%$,&/0%"+%6&1*&?'1*+X1:3+X"#&
"*6H&1*&+3%&/",%&'(&+3%&8@$+1,%*,'02&%=B%018%*+,H&"$,'&+3%&,'@*6&(1$%,&'(&+3%&(''+,+015%,F&
!3%,%&4%0%&B0%,%*+%6&1*&1*61916@"$&+01"$,&+3"+&+''5&*'&$'*:%0&+3"*&U&81*@+%&+'&/'8B$%+%F&
!3%&"6"B+"+1'*&B"0"61:8&4",&"6"B+%6&(0'8&+3"+&%,+"#$1,3%6&#2&!0'O%H&C"60H&L%2%0&"*6&
]"5"2"8"&QTJJ\RF&&.*6%%6H&!0'O%&"*6&/'$$%":@%,&6%8'*,+0"+%6&+3"+&B0'$'*:%6&91%41*:&
'(&"&?XY&'(&'*%&,%=&:19%,&01,%&+'&"*&"(+%0;%((%/+&,'&+3"+&,@#,%E@%*+$2&B0%,%*+%6&,%=;
*%@+0"$&?XY,&"0%&O@6:%6&+'&#%&+3%&'BB',1+%&,%=F&!4'&p"6"B+1*:A&?XY,&4%0%&/3',%*&(0'8&
+3%&/'*+1*@@8N&+3%&%=+0%8%&(%8"$%&Q?XY;\R&"*6&+3%&%=+0%8%&8"$%&Q?XY\RF&!3%&+%,+&
4"$5%0,&@,%6&4%0%&?XY;UH&?XYJ&"*6&?XYUH&,+18@$1&+3"+&#%,+&/"B+@0%&B%0/%B+@"$&,%=&
"8#1:@1+2F&G:"1*H&@,1*:&+181*:&"*6&B0'+'/'$&"6"B+%6&(0'8&!0'O%&%+&"$F&QTJJ\R&&+3%&
p"6"B+1*:A&,+18@$@,&4",&1*1+1"$$2&B0%,%*+%6&('0&Uo&,&QW1:@0%&lFUR&('$$'4%6&#2&"*&.*+%0;
C+18@$@,&.*+%09"$&Q.C.R&'(&TJJ&8,%/&Q#$"*5&,/0%%*H&W1:@0%&lFTRH&"*6&"&p+%,+A&,+18@$@,&
B0%,%*+%6&"+&VIJ&8,%/&QW1:@0%&lFVRF&a#,%09%0,&4%0%&+3%*&B0'8B+%6&+'&0%,B'*6&
1*61/"+1*:&+3%&,%=&'(&+3%&+%,+&4"$5%0&QW1:@0%&lFoRF&&
&
VR!
!
&
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03,;1'3&%&'&4+%&7&'2&7-.&';-.<&%?'/%&0&1+&8'2,%'(W'0&*';"+3'-88"+",1-.'Y'0&*'+,/:$/0C';-0'2,..,;&8'6A'-'6.-1<'\L\'=ED?'
,2'EGG'70&*C'-'`+&0+>';-.<&%9')IJ:(C')IJG'-18')IJ'('%-18,7.A'/%&0&1+&8'=U9')IJG'03,;1'3&%&?',2'UXG'70&*'-18'-'
`%&0/,10&>'0*%&&1'=W?D'a60&%5&%0'"18"*-+&8'+3&'0&4',2'+3&'`+&0+>')IJ'6A'7&-10',2'-'<&A:/%&00D'
DB'*&B0%,%*+"+1'*&'(&%"/3&+%,+&,+18@$@,H&+3%&p"6"B+1*:A&4"$5%0&4",&":"1*&
B0%,%*+%6H&+31,&+18%&('0&"&m&,&+'B;@B&Qr"*&6%0&b4"*&j&Y%*6%0'+3H&UlloR&B0%/%61*:&
":"1*&"&TJJ&8,%/&.C.&"*6&"&,%/'*6&p+%,+A&4"$5%0F&Y1+31*&'*%&#$'/5&'(&+01"$,&'*$2&'*%&
"6"B+'0&4",&B0%,%*+%6&#@+&0"*6'8$2H&"$$&+%,+&4"$5%0,&4%0%&61,B$"2%6F&!31,&B0'+'/'$&4",&
0%B%"+%6&I&+18%,&0%,@$+1*:&1*&+'+"$&B0%,%*+"+1'*,&'(&\&p"6"B+1*:A&"*6&0%,B%/+19%$2&\&p+%,+A&
,+18@$1&B%0&#$'/&'(&+01"$,F&&?"0+1/1B"*+,&4%0%&0%E@10%6&+'&(1="+%&'*&"&(1="+1'*&B'1*+&B$"/%6&
1*&+3%&8166$%&'(&+3%&,/0%%*F&!3%&(1="+1'*&"0%"H&100%,B%/+19%&'(&+3%&'01%*+"+1'*&'(&+3%&
4"$5%0&Q+3"+&1,H&@B01:3+&'0&1*9%0+%6H&g=B%018%*+&kR&4",&"+&+3%&/%*+0%&'(&+3%&?XY,A&31B,F&
A note on “adaptation”
C%=&61,/0181*"+1'*&"#1$1+1%,&3"9%&#%%*&%=B$'0%6&@,1*:&#%3"91'@0"$&"*6&
*%@0'18":1*:&+%/3*1E@%,F&M%3"91'@0"$&+%/3*1E@%,&/'*,1,+&'(&B,2/3'B32,1/"$&8%+3'6,&
%8B$'21*:&8"1*$2&@<.*A3&)($%&",)*B.(/)1*=8."/)&QTGW)R&"*6&8'0%&0%/%*+$2&%1%6&%&".$&
VN!
!
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+3%&*"+@0%&'(&+3%&*%@0"$&8%/3"*1,8,&"*6&3"9%&0%/%*+$2&:"1*%6&1*+%0%,+&1*&B0'#1*:&
31:3%0;'06%0&B0'/%,,1*:&+",5,&,@/3&",&,%=&61,/0181*"+1'*F&!3%&:0'@*6,&('0&@,1*:&+31,&
+%/3*1E@%&1,&+3"+&1*('08"+1'*&"#'@+&+3%&4'0$6&1,&+3'@:3+&+'&#%&%*/'6%6&"+&+3%&0"+%&"+&
431/3&*%@0'*,&(10%&QY"6%&j&r%0,+0"+%*H&TJJIRH&"*6&0%B%"+%6&%=B',@0%&+'&"&,+18@$@,&
(%"+@0%&1,&",,'/1"+%6&41+3&0%6@/%6&"/+191+2&'(&*%@0'*,&+@*%6&('0&7'BB'*%*+P&(%"+@0%,F&&
.*6%%6H&+3%&%;&)(:);;)/&-*'(&"6"B+"+1'**"0%&+3'@:3+&+'&#%&,B%/1(1/&+'&"&,+18@$@,&
/3"0"/+%01,+1/&"*6&1*+%0B0%+%6&",&%916%*/%&('0&+3%&%=1,+%*/%&'(&*%@0'*,&+@*%6&('0&+3"+&
/3"0"/+%01,+1/F&.*&+31,&/'*+%=+H&"6"B+"+1'*&3",&#%%*&0%(%00%6&+'&",&+3%&B,2/3'B32,1/1,+,A&
%$%/+0'6%&Q,%%&('0&%F:F&Y"6%&j&r%0,+0"+%*H&TJJIRF&7.(&'*%&,@,B%/+,&+3"+&"&B"0+1/@$"0&
"++01#@+%&'(&+3%&,+18@$@,&1,&,@#O%/+&+'&,B%/1"$1c%6&"*"$2,1,H&+3%*&+3%&B01*/1B$%&1,&+'&+02&+'&
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VV!
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Section 1 - Orientation effects on sex discrimination
Introduction
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Experiment 1
Introduction
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0%9%0,"$F&.*6%%6H&@B'*&+@0*1*:&+3%&61,B$"2,&@B,16%;6'4*H&(%8"$%&4"$5%0,&4%0%&O@6:%6&
8"$%&"*6&8"$%&?XY,&4%0%&+3'@:3+&+'&#%&(%8"$%F&!3%&@*1E@%&*"+@0%&'(&+3%,%&0%,@$+,H&",&
4%$$&",&+3%&$"/5&'(&"*&%=B$"*"+1'*&('0&+3%10&'//@00%*/%&8%01+,&(@0+3%0&1*9%,+1:"+1'*F&
)%0+"1*$2H&"&B%0/%B+@"$&0%9%0,"$&",,'/1"+%6&41+3&,+18@$@,&1*9%0,1'*&4",&@*B0%/%6%*+%6N&
+3%&,';/"$$%6&"$,)(-".$*);;)/&-&"0%&1*&("/+&%=B0%,,%6&",&"&6%/0%",%&1*&B%0('08"*/%&0%$"+19%&
+'&+3"+&#",%6&'*&@B01:3+&,+18@$1F&&&
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",,'/1"+%6&41+3&6%/0%",%6&B%0('08"*/%&('0&31:3%0;'06%0&B%0/%B+@"$&+",5,H&1+&4",&
B0%61/+%6&+3"+&+31,&41$$&1*&("/+&*'+&"BB$2&+'&,%=&61,/0181*"+1'*F&.*6%%6H&,%=&
61,/0181*"+1'*&1*9'$9%,&B%0/%191*:&(%"+@0%,&+3"+&"0%&/'88'*&+'&"&,+18@$@,&/%&)#.(9&
Q(%8"$%&9%0,@,&8"$%R&"*6&*'+&,B%/1(1/&+'&"&B"0+1/@$"0&1*61916@"$F&M2&/'*+0",+H&"&61((%0%*+&
+2B%&'(&B0'/%,,1*:H&*"8%$2&/'*(1:@0"$&"*"$2,1,H&1,&1*9'$9%6&43%*&+3%&B%0/%B+@"$&+",5&
0%E@10%,&()/.#$"&".$&'(&31:3%0&'06%0&,+18@$@,&(%"+@0%,&Qr"$%*+1*&%+&"$FH&UllmRF&&
!31,&61,+1*/+1'*&1,&B"0+1/@$"0$2&18B'0+"*+&1*&+3%&/'*+%=+&'(&+3%&/@00%*+&4'05&",&1+&
3",&#%%*&6%8'*,+0"+%6&+3"+&1*&/'*+0",+&+'&/'*(1:@0"$&"*"$2,1,H&/"+%:'01/"$&B0'/%,,1*:&1,&
1*&("/+&188@*%&+'&,+18@$@,&1*9%0,1'*F&.*6%%6H&1+&1,&+3%&/'*(1:@0"$&"*"$2,1,&+3"+&1,&+3'@:3+&
+'&#%&"((%/+%6&#2&+@0*1*:&+3%&,+18@$@,&@B,16%;6'4*&Q,%%&('0&%:F&W0%10%&%+&"$FH&TJJJRF&M2&
'BB',1+1'*H&+3%&61,/0181*"+1'*&'(&/"+%:'01/"$&1*('08"+1'*&,@/3&",&,%=&3",&#%%*&,3'4*&+'&
#%&@*"((%/+%6&#2&+31,&,+18@$@,&8"*1B@$"+1'*N&,%=&O@6:8%*+,&#",%6&'*&1*9%0+%6&3@8"*&
("/%,&4%0%&,181$"0&+'&+3',%&#",%6&'*&@B01:3+&61,B$"2,&QS"@0%0H&X%&L0"*6H&j&S'*6$'/3H&
TJJT"RF&Y1+3&+31,&1*&81*6H&1+&4",&%=B%/+%6&+3"+&'#,%09%0,&41$$&#%&"#$%&+'&61,+1*:@1,3&+3%&
,%=&'(&4"$5%0,&100%,B%/+19%&'(&+3%&,+18@$@,&'01%*+"+1'*F&
ZQ!
!
Methods
Participants, Apparatus and Task
?"0+1/1B"*+,H&GBB"0"+@,&"*6&!",5&"0%&6%,/01#%6&1*&+3%&L%*%0"$&S%+3'6,&'(&+31,&
+3%,1,F&
Stimuli
C":1++"$&91%4,&'(&?Xf,&0%B0%,%*+1*:&(%8"$%H&,%=;*%@+0"$&"*6&8"$%&4"$5%0,&4%0%&
%8B$'2%6N&W0'8&+3%&,%=&/'*+1*@@8&6%9%$'B%6&#2&!0'O%&QTJJT`&TJJkR&"*6&6%,/01#%6&1*&
+3%&L%*%0"$&S%+3'6,&'(&+31,&61,,%0+"+1'*H&+3%&4"$5%0,&,%$%/+%6&4%0%&?XY;V&Q(%8"$%RH&
?XYJ&Q*%@+0"$R&"*6&?XYV&Q8"$%RF&?XY&;V&"*6&?XY&V&4%0%&/3',%*&",&,+"+1,+1/"$$2H&+3%2&
"0%&,1+@"+%6&3"$(&4"2&#%+4%%*&+3%&%=+0%8%&%*6,&'(&+3%&'#O%/+19%&,%=&/'*+1*@@8&"*6&+3%&
*%@+0"$&Q"8#1:@'@,R&B'1*+H&1*&+3%&(%8"$%&"*6&8"$%&0"*:%&0%,B%/+19%$2F&!3@,H&"+&V&Cf,&
(0'8&+3%&B'1*+&'(&'#O%/+19%&"8#1:@1+2&+3%,%&4"$5%0,&/"002&,"$1%*+&,%=&/@%,&+3"+&8"5%&('0&
0%$1"#$%&61,/0181*"+1'*&(0'8&/3"*/%&B%0('08"*/%H&2%+&6'&*'+&0%+@0*&B%0(%/+&,%=&
O@6:8%*+,F&G,&,@/3H&+3%,%&,+18@$1&8"5%&('0&+3%&8',+&"BB0'B01"+%&+''$,&+'&6%+%/+&+3%&
%=1,+%*/%&'(&"*&1*9%0,1'*&%((%/+H&,3'@$6&1+&#%&8"*1(%,+%6F&&
Procedure
Y1+31*&'*%&#$'/5&'(&+01"$,H&4"$5%0,&4%0%&B0%,%*+%6&("/1*:&0"*6'8$2&%1+3%0&+'&+3%&
01:3+H&'0&+'&+3%&$%(+H&431$,+&4"$51*:&",&1(&'*&"&+0%"681$$F&G$,'H&41+31*&'*%&#$'/5&'(&+01"$,H&
#'+3&,+18@$@,&'01%*+"+1'*,&QJ-H&@B01:3+&"*6&UkJ-H&1*9%0+%6R&4%0%&%8B$'2%6F&a#,%09%0,&
4%0%&1*,+0@/+%6&+'&1*61/"+%&",&"//@0"+%$2&"*6&E@1/5$2&",&B',,1#$%&B%0/%19%6&,%=F&G$$&'+3%0&
8%+3'6,&"0%&",&B%0&+3%&L%*%0"$&S%+3'6,&'(&+31,&61,,%0+"+1'*F&
ZW!
!
Results
f"+"&('0&g=B%018%*+&U&6%,/01#1*:&,@#O%/+19%&,%=&O@6:8%*+,&"/0',,&+3%&'#O%/+19%&
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"/0',,&'#,%09%0,&"*6&"0%&B$'++%6&",&"&8%"*&B0'B'0+1'*&'(&7S"$%P&0%,B'*,%,F&
)'8B"01,'*,&#%+4%%*&/'@*+%0#"$"*/%6&0%,B'*,%&B"++%0*,&Q0%,B'*,%,&@,1*:&pSA&('0&8"$%&
9%0,@,&pSA&('0&(%8"$%R&0%9%"$%6&*'&61((%0%*/%,&1*&B%0('08"*/%&"*6&,'&'9%0"$$&:0'@B&6"+"&
"0%&0%B'0+%6F&?%0@,"$&'(&6"+"&:0"B3%6&1*61916@"$$2&",&4%$$&",&"9%0":%6&"/0',,&+3%&*"19%&
'#,%09%0,&1*61/"+%6&+3"+&+3%&B"++%0*,&'(&B%0('08"*/%&4%0%&,181$"0&('0&"$$&,@#O%/+,&
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,%=&"8#1:@1+2F&&
ZR!
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+"7&0';3".0+')IJU';-0'7,0+.A'%-+&8'-0'7-.&D'F3&0&'8-+-'0$##&0+'+3-+'+3&%&';-0'1,'&22&*+',2'"15&%0",1',1',60&%5&%0>'
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0%,B%/+19%$2&*'0&+3%&1*+%0"/+1'*&%((%/+&Q6&n&FJ\R&4%0%&,1:*1(1/"*+F&G,&,@/3H&+31,&/'*(108,&
+3"+&+3%&,+"+1,+1/"$$2&1*61,+1*:@1,3"#$%&,%=&O@6:8%*+,&'(&?XY,&1*&+3%&@B01:3+&"*6&
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0%9%0,"$F&&
Discussion
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ZZ!
!
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188@*%&+'&1*9%0,1'*&QS"@0%0&%+&"$FH&TJJT"RF&&
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/"+%:'02&0%B0%,%*+"+19%,F&!3%10&,+18@$1&4%0%&#",%6&'*&4"$51*:&B"++%0*,&'(&'*$2&m&(%8"$%&
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ZO!
!
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,%"&1+-+",10D']"%*.&8'-%&'+3&'3"/'=-D'-18'6D?'-18'03,$.8&%'/,"1+:."#3+0'=*D'-18'8D?D'F3"0'2"#$%&'03,;0'+3-+C'8$&'+,'+3&"%'
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2"#$%&';3".0+'+3,0&'%&/%&0&1+"1#'03,$.8&%0'*,$.8',1.A'6&'7"0+-<&1';"+3'-1<.&0D'
O_!
!
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,%=&61,/0181*"+1'*&Q)@++1*:H&Ulmk"H&Ulmk#`&)@++1*:&%+&"$FH&UlmkRF&&
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+31,&4'@$6&8'0%&$15%$2&%=B$"1*&+3%&1*9%0,1'*&0%,@$+,&+3%2&'#,%09%6&"*6&+3%&/'*+0",+1*:&
0%,@$+,&+3%&/@00%*+&6"+"&,@::%,+N&!3%&,+18@$1&@,%6&1*&+3%&B0%,%*+&%=B%018%*+&/'*+"1*%6&
,%=&/@%,&1*+01*,1/&+'&(%8"$%&"*6&8"$%&#'61%,H&"*6&",&,@/3&8'0%&"//@0"+%&0%B0%,%*+"+1'*,&
'(&+3%&4"$51*:&,+2$%,&'(&(%8"$%,&"*6&8"$%,F&
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0%9%0,"$&4"00"*+,&(@0+3%0&/'*,16%0"+1'*F&)%0+"1*$2H&4%&('@*6&*'&18B"/+&'(&+31,&,+18@$@,&
'01%*+"+1'*&'*&,%=&O@6:8%*+,&Qg=B%018%*+&URF&.*&"&#16&+'&0%B$1/"+%&"*6&+3@,&/'*,'$16"+%&
+3%&0%,@$+,&(0'8&g=B%018%*+&UH&g=B%018%*+&T&4",&6%,1:*%6&+'&,2,+%8"+1/"$$2&+%,+&('0&+31,&
%((%/+F&G,&,@/3H&g=B%018%*+&T&%8B$'2%6&":"1*&+3%&J-&"*6&UkJ-&'01%*+"+1'*,H&#@+&@,%6&"*&
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91%4F&&&
OL!
!
Experiment 2
Introduction
g=B%018%*+&U&,3'4%6&+3"+&1*9%0,1'*&'(&?XY,&"BB%"0,&+'&3"9%&*'&18B"/+&@B'*&
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+'&8'0%&,2,+%8"+1/"$$2&%=B$'0%&1*9%0,1'*&%((%/+,&'*&,%=&61,/0181*"+1'*H&+3%&"18&'(&
g=B%018%*+&T&4",&+'&%="81*%&,%=&O@6:8%*+,&"/0',,&"&,%=&/'*+1*@@8&'(&?XY,&B0%,%*+%6&
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+31,&,+@62&%8B$'2%6&(0'*+"$&91%4,&'(&+3%&4"$5%0,&1*&"&#1+&+'&*'+&'*$2&/'*,'$16"+%&+3%&
B0%91'@,&0%,@$+,&#@+&+'&:%*%0"$1c%&+3%8&+'&'+3%0&61,B$"2&91%41*:&/'*61+1'*,N&(0'*+"$&
,+18@$@,&B0%,%*+"+1'*,F&&
Methods
Participants, Stimuli, Apparatus and Task
?"0+1/1B"*+,H&C+18@$1H&GBB"0"+@,&"*6&!",5&"0%&6%,/01#%6&1*&+3%&L%*%0"$&S%+3'6,&
'(&+31,&+3%,1,F&
Procedure
a*/%&":"1*H&?XY,&4%0%&B0%,%*+%6&1*&0"*6'8&'06%0&"+&'*%&'(&+3%&+4'&
'01%*+"+1'*,N&&J-&Q@B01:3+R&"*6&UkJ-&Q1*9%0+%6RH&+31,&+18%&1*&(0'*+"$&91%4,&"*6&,B"**1*:&
+3%&%*+10%&,%=&/'*+1*@@8&6%9%$'B%6&#2&!0'O%&QTJJT`&TJJkN&,%%&L%*%0"$&S%+3'6,RF&G$$&
'+3%0&8%+3'6,&"0%&",&6%,/01#%6&1*&+3%&L%*%0"$&S%+3'6,&,%/+1'*&'(&+31,&61,,%0+"+1'*F&
Results
f"+"&('0&g=B%018%*+&T&6%,/01#%&,@#O%/+19%&,%=&O@6:8%*+,&"/0',,&+3%&'#O%/+19%&,%=&
/'*+1*@@8&43%0%&*%:"+19%&9"$@%,&0%B0%,%*+&(1:@0%,&41+3&'#O%/+19%$2&(%8"$%&
OQ!
!
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&
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OW!
!
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ON!
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Discussion
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1*9%0,1'*&%((%/+&'#,%09%6&1*&+3%&/",%&'(&,%=&61,/0181*"+1'*F&&
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OV!
!
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OZ!
!
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,'8%&18B$1/1+&"69"*+":%F&
Experiment 3
Introduction
?"9$'9"&"*6&C'5'$'9&QTJJJR&3"9%&1*61/"+%6&+3"+&18":%&B$"*%&'01%*+"+1'*&
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'(&"&+"0:%+&?XY&41+31*&8",51*:&91,@"$&*'1,%F&!3%&"@+3'0,&1*+%0B0%+&+3%10&(1*61*:&",&
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%=B%018%*+,F&G,&,@/3H&1*&+31,&%=B%018%*+&'+3%0&'01%*+"+1'*,&"0%&%8B$'2%6&+'&%*,@0%&+3"+&
OO!
!
+3%&9%0+1/"$&8%0161"*&6'%,&*'+&3"9%&,'8%&18B$1/1+&"69"*+":%&#@+&0"+3%0&+3%&8%/3"*1,8&
"*"$2,1*:&,%=&1,&'01%*+"+1'*&1*6%B%*6%*+F&&
Methods
Participants, Stimuli, Apparatus, and Task
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L%*%0"$&S%+3'6,&'(&+31,&+3%,1,F&
Procedure
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B0%,%*+%6H&1*&0"*6'8&'06%0H&"+&'*%&'(&k&61((%0%*+&'01%*+"+1'*,&1*/$@61*:&J-&Q@B01:3+RH&
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L%*%0"$&S%+3'6,RF&G$$&'+3%0&8%+3'6,&"0%&",&B%0&L%*%0"$&S%+3'6,F&
Results
f"+"&('0&,@#O%/+19%&,%=&O@6:8%*+,&,B"**1*:&+3%&'#O%/+19%&,%=&/'*+1*@@8&"0%&
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Introduction
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/'3%0%*+&,+0@/+@0%H&1+&4",&"0:@%6&+3"+&+31,&1*9%0,1'*&%((%/+&/"**'+&#%&"++01#@+%6&+'&+3%&
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+4'&1*9%0,1'*&%((%/+,&*%%6&+'&#%&/'*,16%0%6&1*&MS&B%0/%B+1'*N&Y31$%&+3%0%&"BB%"0,&+'&#%&
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+3%0%&"$,'&,%%8,&+'&%=1,+&"&,%/'*6&'*%H&431/3&0%$1%,&'*&1+,&$'/"$&8'+1'*F&&
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3"9%&('@*6&+3"+&B%0/%B+1'*&'(&"*18"/2&(0'8&,/0"8#$%6&B'1*+;$1:3+&61,B$"2,&1,&"$,'&
'01%*+"+1'*;,B%/1(1/N&Y3%*&B0%,%*+%6&41+3&/'3%0%*+&"*6&,/0"8#$%6&61,B$"2,&"+&%1+3%0&
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$191*:&#%1*:H&'#,%09%0,&0"+%6&@B01:3+&,/0"8#$%6&61,B$"2,&8'0%&"*18"+%&+3"*&1*9%0+%6H&
,/0"8#$%6&61,B$"2,F&&
L_\!
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7,%/'*6"02P&1*9%0,1'*&%((%/+&%=1,+,&1*&+3%&/",%&'(&,%=&0%/':*1+1'*F&&
Methods
Participants, Apparatus, Task and Procedure
G,&*'+%6&"#'9%H&?"0+1/1B"*+,H&GBB"0"+@,H&!",5&"*6&?0'/%6@0%&"0%&6%,/01#%6&1*&
+3%&L%*%0"$&S%+3'6,&'(&+31,&+3%,1,F&
Stimuli
C+18@$1&4%0%&/'8B01,%6&'(&,/0"8#$%6&9%0,1'*,&'(&%"/3&(0'*+"$$2&91%4%6&?XY&
(0'8&+3%&,%=&/'*+1*@@8H&B0%,%*+%6&"+&#'+3&+3%&J-&Q@B01:3+RH&"*6&UkJ-&Q1*9%0+%6R&
'01%*+"+1'*,F&M01%($2H&1*&,/0"8#$%6&?XY,H&+3%&B0'(1$%&'(&+3%&$'/"$&51*%8"+1/,&1,&B0%,%09%6&
#@+&+3%&,1*:$%;6'+&+0"O%/+'01%,&"0%&0"*6'8$2&0%$'/"+%6&41+31*&+3%&0%,+01/+%6&"0%"&'(&+3%&
'01:1*"$&(1:@0%H&+3@,&6%,+0'21*:&+3%&:$'#"$&/'*(1:@0"+1'*&'0&,3"B%&'(&+3%&(1:@0%&Q,%%&('0&
%F:F&)@++1*:H&S''0%H&j&S'001,'*H&Ulkk&"*6&+3%&L%*%0"$&S%+3'6,&'(&+31,&+3%,1,RF&!'&"9'16&
+3%&B',,1#1$1+2&+3"+&B"0+1/1B"*+,&4'@$6&$%"0*&,B%/1(1/&B"++%0*,&'(&B'1*+;$1:3+&"*18"+1'*,H&
I&61((%0%*+&,/0"8#$%6&9%0,1'*,&'(&%"/3&?XY&"+&+3%&@B01:3+&"*6&1*9%0+%6&'01%*+"+1'*,&
4%0%&:%*%0"+%6&"*6&"$$&B0%,%*+%6&1*&0"*6'8&'06%0&41+31*&"&#$'/5&/'8B01,1*:&,+18@$1&
(0'8&#'+3&'01%*+"+1'*&/'*61+1'*,F&&Y1+31*&'*%&#$'/5&'(&+01"$,H&"$$&'(&+3%&,/0"8#$%6&
61,B$"2,&4%0%&0"*6'8$2&B0%,%*+%6&#@+&43%*&6"+"&4%0%&"*"$2,%6H&O@6:8%*+,&'*&+3%&I&
61((%0%*+&,/0"8#$%6&9%0,1'*,&'(&%"/3&(1:@0%&4%0%&"9%0":%6F&
Results
f"+"&(0'8&g=B%018%*+&o&6%,/01#1*:&,@#O%/+19%&,%=&O@6:8%*+,&"/0',,&+3%&'#O%/+19%&
,%=&/'*+1*@@8&"0%&0%B0%,%*+%6&1*&W1:@0%&U\F&&a*/%&":"1*&+3%&=;"=1,&"*6&2;"=1,&*"81*:&
L_V!
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+3%&J-&Q@B01:3+R&"*6&UkJ-&Q1*9%0+%6R&/'*61+1'*,F&.*&+31,&/",%H&'*$2&W1:@0%&U\"&0%B0%,%*+,&
:0'@B&B%0('08"*/%&^&+3%&'+3%0&(1:@0%,&,3'4&6"+"&(0'8&,%$%/+%6&1*61916@"$,H&#'+3&
%=B%01%*/%6&'#,%09%0,&#@+&*"~9%&+'&+3%&"18,&'(&+3%&%=B%018%*+,&QW1:@0%&U\#&"*6&/RF&G,&
/"*&#%&'#,%09%6&1*&W1:@0%&U\"&Q,3'41*:&8%"*&B0'B'0+1'*&7S"$%P0%,B'*,%,R&
B%0('08"*/%&1*&#'+3&'01%*+"+1'*&/'*61+1'*,&1,&,181$"0&"*6&3'9%0,&"0'@*6&/3"*/%&QJFI&
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B"0+1/1B"*+H&1$$@,+0"+%,&3'4%9%0&B%0('08"*/%&'(&'BB',1+%&B"++%0*F&.*6%%6H&",&'#O%/+19%&
p8"$%*%,,A&'(&+3%&(1:@0%,&1*/0%",%6H&B0'B'0+1'*,&'(&,@#O%/+19%&8"$%&O@6:8%*+,&0%6@/%6F&
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+3%2&3"9%&"0#1+0"01$2&6%/16%6&Q1F%F&:@%,,%6R&43"+&,%=&%"/3&+2B%&'(&8'+1'*&B"++%0*&
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&
L_Z!
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*,1+"1$$7D'\%%&0/&*+"5&',2'+3&'/,0"+",1',2'&-*3')IJ'"1'+3&'L&4'],1+"1$$7C',60&%5&%0'%&+$%1&8'7&-1'%&0/,10&0',2'-6,$+'
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L_O!
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LL_!
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Discussion
Z%,@$+,&'(&g=B%018%*+&o&,@::%,+&+3"+&1*&+3%&"#,%*/%&'(&:$'#"$&?XY&/'*(1:@0"+1'*&
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1*"#1$1+2&4",&0%($%/+%6&1*&+3%&:0'@B&6"+"N&?%0('08"*/%&"/0',,&'#,%09%0,&3'9%0%6&"0'@*6&
/3"*/%&$%9%$,F&.8B'0+"*+$2H&+3%&,%=&O@6:8%*+,&#",%6&'*&+3%&,/0"8#$%6&61,B$"2,&4%0%&
,181$"0&"+&#'+3&+3%&@B01:3+&"*6&+3%&1*9%0+%6&'01%*+"+1'*,F&
.*61916@"$&B"++%0*,&'(&6"+"&,3'4&/'*,1,+%*+&O@6:8%*+,&",&6019%*&#2&+3%&
'01%*+"+1'*&'(&+3%&61,B$"2,&#@+&1*/'*,1,+%*+&",&"&(@*/+1'*&'(&+3%&'#O%/+19%&,%=&'(&+3%&
?XY,F&W'0&%="8B$%H&'*%&%=B%01%*/%6&'#,%09%0&/'00%/+$2&",,1:*,&,%=&"+&#'+3&+3%&@B01:3+&
"*6&+3%&1*9%0+%6&'01%*+"+1'*,&431$,+&"*'+3%0&,2,+%8"+1/"$$2&81,16%*+1(1%6&+3%&,%=&'(&+3%&
,/0"8#$%6&?XY,F&.*&+3%&/",%&'(&+3%&O@6:8%*+,&0%B'0+%6&#2&+31,&'#,%09%0H&"&B%0/%B+@"$&
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,+18@$@,&1*9%0,1'*F&&!3"+&1,H&+3%&,2,+%8"+1/&81,16%*+1(1/"+1'*&'(&,%=&1,&*'+&'#,%09%6&'*$2&
LLL!
!
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,%*,1+19%&+'&+3%&61((%0%*/%,&1*&+3%&B0'(1$%&'(&+3%&51*%8"+1/,&B%0+"1*1*:&+'&'*%&/"+%:'02&'(&
,+18@$1&",&'BB',%6&+'&+3%&'+3%0&Q(%8"$%,&9%0,@,&8"$%,R&#@+&4%0%&*'+&"#$%&+'&",,1:*&
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'@0&'#,%09%0,&4%0%&B%0('081*:&4'@$6&#%&+3"+&'(&7,"8%;'0;61((%0%*+P&O@6:8%*+,F&&
G*&1*"#1$1+2&+'&/'00%/+$2&",,1:*&,%=&$"#%$,&+'&%"/3&/"+%:'02&/'@$6&#%&1*61/"+19%&'(&
+3%&0'$%&%=B%01%*/%&B$"2,&1*&8"51*:&+3',%&/'00%/+&,%=&16%*+1(1/"+1'*,F&.*6%%6H&431$,+&
6%+%/+1*:&61((%0%*/%,&",,'/1"+%6&41+3&(%8"$%&:"1+,&",&'BB',%6&+'&8"$%&:"1+,&81:3+&*'+&
0%E@10%&B01'0&%=B%01%*/%&41+3&+3%&+4'H&+3%&"++01#@+1'*&'(&"&/'00%/+&,%=&$"#%$&1,&$15%$2&+'&#%&
"&$%"0*%6&,51$$F&S'0%&18B'0+"*+$2&3'4%9%0&('0&+3%&B@0B',%&'(&+31,&,+@62H&1,&+3"+&+3%,%&
6%/1,1'*,&4%0%&,181$"0H&100%,B%/+19%&'(&+3%&'01%*+"+1'*&'(&+3%&61,B$"2,F&&
a9%0"$$H&,%=&61,/0181*"+1'*&1,&*'+&0%$1"#$%&(0'8&$'/"$&/@%,&'*$2H&431/3&1,&*'+"#$%&
('0&"&*@8#%0&'(&0%",'*,F&W10,+$2H&+31,&1,&1*&61,":0%%8%*+&41+3&,@::%,+1'*,&8"6%&#2&
i'c$'4,51&"*6&)@++1*:&QUlmmR&43'&3"9%&,3'4*&+3"+&,%%1*:&'*$2&B"0+,&'(&+3%&(1:@0%&/"*&
#%&61":*',+1/&('0&,%=F&]'+"#$2&3'4%9%0H&18B'0+"*+&8%+3'6'$':1/"$&61((%0%*/%,&#%+4%%*&
'@0&,+@62&"*6&+3%10,&/'@$6&%=B$"1*&+31,&61((%0%*/%&1*&0%,@$+,F&i'c$'4,51&"*6&)@++1*:A,&
,+18@$1&4%0%&B'1*+;$1:3+,&0%B0%,%*+1*:&+3%&"*5$%,&'(&+3%&?XY,F&G,&,@/3H&"&91,@"$&,%"0/3&
('0&0%$%9"*+&1*('08"+1'*&1*&+3%&61,B$"2&4",&*'+&*%%6%6F&.*&'+3%0&4'06,H&+3%10&'#,%09%0,&
5*%4&43%0%&+'&$''5&('0&+3%&/@%,&+3"+&4'@$6&1*61/"+%&61((%0%*/%,&1*&51*%8"+1/&B0'(1$%,&
",,'/1"+%6&41+3&'*%A,&,%=F&.+&1,&B',,1#$%&+3@,H&+3"+&43%*&'@0&'#,%09%0,&4%0%&B0%,%*+%6&
LLQ!
!
41+3&+3%&,/0"8#$%6&?XY,&Q43%0%&51*%8"+1/&+0"O%/+'01%,&'(&"$$&O'1*+,&4%0%&"9"1$"#$%R&
,'8%&1*('08"+1'*&"/+%6&",&*'1,%F&!3%0%&"0%&1*6%%6&,@::%,+1'*,&+3"+&B'1*+,&'(&$1:3+&
0%B0%,%*+"+19%&'(&+3%&61((%0%*+&O'1*+,&"0%&*'+&%E@"$$2&4%1:3+%6&1*&+3%&,"$1%*/%&'(&+3%&/@%,&
+3%2&/"002&QS"+3%0&j&S@06'/3H&UlloRH&"*6&",&,@/3H&'@0&'#,%09%0,&81:3+&*'+&3"9%&#%%*&
"#$%&+'&$'/"+%&+3%&8',+&0%$1"#$%&/"001%0,&'(&1*('08"+1'*F&&
C%/'*6$2H&'@0&6"+"&3",&18B$1/"+1'*,&('0&+3%&,';/"$$%6&7,%/'*6"02&1*9%0,1'*&%((%/+P&
Q!0'O%&j&Y%,+3'((H&TJJ\RF&.*6%%6H&+3%&B"++%0*&'(&0%,@$+,&'#,%09%6&1*&'@0&,+@62&1,&,181$"0&
"+&+3%&@B01:3+&"*6&1*9%0+%6&'01%*+"+1'*,F&Y31$,+&,%=&61,/0181*"+1'*&B%0&,%&"BB%"0,&+'&#%&
18B',,1#$%&(0'8&,/0"8#$%6&61,B$"2,H&,%*,1+191+2&+'&+3%&61((%0%*/%,&1*&$'/"$&/@%,H&
3'4%9%0H&Q,@/3&",&+3%&B0'(1$%&'(&+3%&51*%8"+1/,H&,%%&61,/@,,1'*&"#'9%R&1,&@*"((%/+%6&#2&
1*9%0,1'*F&!3"+&1*&+@0*H&1*61/"+%,&+3"+&+3%0%&81:3+&#%&,'8%&B%0/%B+@"$&+",5,H&,@/3&",&
61,/0181*"+1*:&#%+4%%*&7,"8%P&'0&761((%0%*+P&$'/"$&MS&/@%,&+3"+&"0%&188@*%&%9%*&+'&+3%&
,%/'*6"02&1*9%0,1'*&%((%/+F&&&
.*&+31,&%=B%018%*+&4%&+%,+%6&43%+3%0&,%=&B%0/%B+1'*H&@*$15%&'+3%0&,';/"$$%6&
31:3%0;'06%0&+",5,&+3'@:3+&+'&#%&#",%6&'*&3'$1,+1/&,+18@$@,&B0'/%,,1*:H&/"*&1*&("/+&#%&
"/31%9%6&91"&$'/"$&,1:*"$&"*"$2,%,F&)$%"0$2&+3%&6"+"&6'&*'+&,@BB'0+&,@/3&"*&"//'@*+F&]'+&
'*$2&6'&+3%,%&0%,@$+,&1*61/"+%&+3"+&,%=&O@6:8%*+,&"0%&*'+&0%$1"#$%&1*&+3%&"#,%*/%&'(&
:$'#"$&,+18@$@,&/'*(1:@0"+1'*&#@+&+3%2&0%1*('0/%&+3%&(1*61*:,&'(&+3%&(10,+&+4'&
%=B%018%*+,N&f1,B$"2&1*9%0,1'*&6'%,&*'+&@B,%+&+3%&1*+%0B0%+"+1'*&'(&,%=&1*('08"+1'*F&
d"91*:&B0%91'@,$2&*'+%6&+3%&61((%0%*/%,&1*&+3%&8%+3'6,&@,%6&1*&+31,&,+@62&"*6&+3',%&
%8B$'2%6&#2&M"0/$"2&%+&"$FH&QUlmkRH&431/3&/'@$6&"//'@*+&('0&+3%&61,+1*/+&0%,@$+,&'(&'@0&
0%,%"0/3&Q,%%&f1,/@,,1'*&g=B%018%*+&TRH&"++%*+1'*&*'4&4",&+@0*%6&+'4"06,&@*B"/51*:&
+3%&/@%,&,1:*"$$1*:&,%=&"*6&,2,+%8"+1/"$$2&%=B$'01*:&%((%/+,&'(&/3"*:%,&1*&'01%*+"+1'*&'*&
LLW!
!
,%=&61,/0181*"+1'*F&!3"+&1,H&'*/%&":"1*&"++%*+1'*&1,&+@0*%6&+'&432H&1*&+3%&/",%&'(&,%=&
61,/0181*"+1'*H&/3"*:%,&1*&,+18@$@,&'01%*+"+1'*&6'&*'+&"((%/+&B%0('08"*/%F&&
a*%&B',,1#$%&"*,4%0&+'&+3"+&E@%,+1'*&0%$"+%,&+'&+3%&"9"1$"#1$1+2&'(&#'+3&,+0@/+@0"$&
"*6&51*%8"+1/&/@%,&1*&?Xf,N&f%,B1+%&+0"61+1'*"$&6%,/01B+1'*,&+3"+&,@::%,+&+3%&"9"1$"#1$1+2&
'(&,+0@/+@0"$&1*('08"+1'*&1,&*%:$1:1#$%H&0%/%*+&6"+"&E@%,+1'*&+3"+&",,%0+1'*&QZ%16&%+&"$FH&
TJJlRF&.*6%%6H&+3%&(1*61*:,&0%B'0+%6&#2&Z%16&"*6&/'$$%":@%,&31:3$1:3+&+3%&"#1$1+2&'(&+3%&
91,@"$&,2,+%8&+'&%=B$'1+&1*('08"+1'*&#",%6&*'+&'*$2&'*&+3%&51*%8"+1/&1*('08"+1'*&
/'*9%2%6&#2&+3%&61,B$"2,H&#@+&"$,'&#2&+3%&1*3%0%*+&,+0@/+@0"$&1*('08"+1'*F&Y1+3&+3"+&1*&
81*6H&+3%&"18&'(&+3%&0%8"1*1*:&%=B%018%*+,&1*&+31,&,%/+1'*&Qg=B%018%*+,&I&"*6&\R&4",&
,2,+%8"+1/"$$2&+'&1*9%,+1:"+%&+3%&%((%/+,&'(&/3"*:%,&1*&61,B$"2&'01%*+"+1'*&'*&51*%8"+1/&
"*6&,+0@/+@0"$&,%=&/@%,&1*6%B%*6%*+$2F&
Experiment 5
Introduction
G,&*'+%6&"#'9%H&+0"61+1'*"$&"//'@*+,&,@::%,+&+3"+&1*&0%*6%01*:&+3%&3@8"*&#'62&
'*$2&",&"&,%01%,&'(&B'1*+;$1:3+,&"++"/3%6&+'&1+,&8"O'0&O'1*+,H&+3%&"9"1$"#1$1+2&'(&,+0@/+@0"$&
1*('08"+1'*&"#'@+&+3"+&#'62&#%/'8%,&*%:$1:1#$%F&.*6%%6H&1*&31,&'01:1*"$&0%B'0+H&
['3"*,,'*&QUlmVR&B0'B',%6&+3"+&?XY,&4%0%&,+0@/+@0%;/@%,&B''0H&#@+&51*%8"+1/;/@%,&
01/3N&!3%&'01:1*"$&6%,/01B+1'*&'(&+3%&%=B%01%*/%&'#,%09%0,&0%B'0+%6&43%*&91%41*:&+3%,%&
61,B$"2,&4",&+3"+&43%*&1*&8'+1'*H&+3%2&%$1/1+%6&"&7,B'*+"*%'@,&0%,B'*,%&"(+%0&+3%&(10,+&
'*%&'0&+4'&,+%B,N&+31,&1,&"&4"$51*:&3@8"*&#%1*:>P&QB:F&TJVRF&!3"+&1,H&['3"*,,'*&QUlmVR&
,@::%,+%6&+3"+&%=+0"/+1'*&'(&/3"0"/+%01,+1/,&(0'8&1*"*18"+%&?XY,&1,&*%"0&18B',,1#$%H&
43%0%",&"*18"+1*:&+3%8&8"5%,&+3%10&1*+%0B0%+"+1'*&1*,+"*+&"*6&%(('0+$%,,F&G,&,@/3H&"&
,+"+1/&?XYH&",&'BB',%6&+'&"&8'91*:&61,B$"2&'(&"&B%0,'*&4"$51*:&6%/0%",%,&'*%A,&"#1$1+2&
+'&1*+%0B0%+&1+F&d'4%9%0H&/$',%&1*,B%/+1'*&'(&W1:@0%&Um&0%9%"$,&+3"+&%=+0"/+1'*&'(&,%=&(0'8&
LLR!
!
?XY,&/'@$6&1*&("/+&#%&B',,1#$%&%9%*&(0'8&,+"+1/&6%B1/+1'*,F&S',+&'#,%09%0,&"0%&"#$%&+'&
16%*+1(2&+3%&$%(+&?XY&",&(%8"$%&"*6&+3%&01:3+&?XY&",&8"$%F&
&
&
!"#$%&'(Y'L+-+"*'%&/%&0&1+-+",10'=2"%0+'2%-7&',2'+3&';-.<"1#'*A*.&?',2'+3&'&4-##&%-+&8'2&7-.&')IJ'=:Q?',1'+3&'.&2+'-18'+3&'
&4-##&%-+&8'7-.&')IJ'=SQ?',1'+3&'%"#3+D'\+'8&7,10+%-+&0'+3-+'0&4'"12,%7-+",1'"0'0+"..'-5-".-6.&'"1'0+%$*+$%-.'*$&0',1.AD'
.*6%%6H&,@/3&"//'@*+,&'(&+3%&/@%,&1*3%0%*+&+'&B'1*+&$1:3+&61,B$"2,&8'0%&0%/%*+$2&
3"9%&#%%*&E@%,+1'*%6F&W'0&%="8B$%&Z%16&%+&"$FH&QTJJlR&B0%,%*+%6&'#,%09%0,&41+3&,+"+1/&
,*"B,3'+,&'(&?XY,&("/1*:&%1+3%0&+'&+3%&$%(+&'0&+'&+3%&01:3+F&!3%&"@+3'0,&('@*6&+3"+&%9%*&
*"~9%&B"0+1/1B"*+,&0%$1"#$2&/'@$6&1*61/"+%&+3%&610%/+1'*&+3%&61,B$"2,&4%0%&("/1*:F&G,&,@/3H&
1+&1,&%916%*+&+3"+&?XY,&/'*9%2&1*('08"+1'*&"#'@+&+3%&(1:@0%&+3%2&0%B0%,%*+&%9%*&43%*&
8'+1'*$%,,F&W@0+3%08'0%H&1+&3",&#%%*&6'/@8%*+%6&+3"+&?XY,&/'*+"1*&,%=;,B%/1(1/&
,+0@/+@0"$&1*('08"+1'*F&&W'0&%="8B$%H&"*6&",&*'+%6&%"0$1%0H&0"+1',&'(&,3'@$6%0&+'&31B&
416+3&3"9%&#%%*&6%8'*,+0"+%6&+'&61((%0&#%+4%%*&(%8"$%,&"*6&8"$%,&Q)@++1*:&%+&"$FH&
Ulmk`&?'$$1/5&%+&"$FH&TJJIRF&.*&"661+1'*&+'&,%=;,B%/1(1/&,+0@/+@0"$&/@%,H&/%0+"1*$2&(%8"$%,&
61((%0&(0'8&8"$%,&1*&+3%10&51*%8"+1/,F&W'0&1*,+"*/%H&+3%0%&"0%&6'/@8%*+%6&61((%0%*/%,&1*&
LLN!
!
$"+%0"$&,4"2&+3"+&"0%&/3"0"/+%01c%6&#2&1*/0%",%6&(%8"$%&+0"*,$"+1'*&'(&+3%&31B,&"*6&8"$%&
+0"*,$"+1'*&'(&+3%&3%"6&"*6&,3'@$6%0,&Q('0&"&0%91%4H&,%%&?'$$1/5&%+&"$FH&TJJIRF&&
Y1+3&+3"+&1*&81*6H&1+&4",&+3%&B@0B',%&'(&+3%&('$$'41*:&+4'&,+@61%,&+'&",,%,,&+3%&
18B"/+&'(&/3"*:%,&1*&?XY&'01%*+"+1'*&'*&%"/3&'(&+3%&,%=&/"001%0,N&C+0@/+@0"$&1*('08"+1'*&
1*3%0%*+&+'&B'1*+&$1:3+&61,B$"2,&1,&"9"1$"#$%&"*6&/"*&#%&%=B$'1+%6&#2&+3%&91,@"$&,2,+%8&+'&
%=+0"/+&8%"*1*:(@$&1*('08"+1'*F&G,&,@/3H&1*&'06%0&+'&+0@$2&1,'$"+%&+3%&"#1$1+2&'(&+3%&91,@"$&
,2,+%8&+'&%=B$'1+&51*%8"+1/&/@%,&^&+3%&'01:1*"$&:'"$&'(&@,1*:&?Xf,&+'&",,%,,&91,@"$&
,%*,1+191+2&;&(@0+3%0&8"*1B@$"+1'*&'(&+3%&?XY,&4",&0%E@10%6F&&
D,1*:&!0'O%A,&,%=&/'*+1*@@8&,+18@$@,&Q!0'O%H&TJJT"H&TJJT#H&TJJkRH&1+&1,&B',,1#$%&
+'&1,'$"+%&,+0@/+@0"$&(0'8&51*%8"+1/&/@%,F&C1*/%&,+0@/+@0"$&/@%,&*'+&'*$2&"16&+3%&
B%0/%B+1'*&'(&,%=&(0'8&(0'*+"$$2&91%4%6&?XY,H&#@+&8"2&"$,'&3"9%&6019%*&+3%10&
0%/':*1+1'*&"+&"$$&'01%*+"+1'*,H&g=B%018%*+&I&%=B$'0%6&,%=&61,/0181*"+1'*&(0'8&?XY,&
41+3&*'&,%=&1*('08"+19%&,+0@/+@0"$&1*('08"+1'*F&!'&"/31%9%&+3"+H&+3%&,B"+1"$&"00"*:%8%*+&
'(&"$$&+3%&4"$5%0,&+%,+%6&4",&3%$6&/'*,+"*+&Q?XYJRF&!3%&51*%8"+1/&+0"O%/+'01%,&",,1:*%6&
+'&+31,&,+0@/+@0%&4%0%&+3',%&'(&,"8B$%6&?XY,&1*&+3%&,%=&/'*+1*@@8N&?XY;IH&?XY;TH&
?XY;UH&?XYJH&?XYuUH&?XYuTH&?XYuIH&,%%&W1:@0%&\&1*&+3%&L%*%0"$&S%+3'6,&,%/+1'*&'(&
+31,&61,,%0+"+1'*F&Y1+3&+3"+&1*&81*6H&+3%&"18&'(&g=B%018%*+&I&4",&+'&1,'$"+%&+3%&
/'*+01#@+1'*&'(&51*%8"+1/&/@%,&+'&,%=&B%0/%B+1'*&"*6&'*/%&":"1*&Q",&B%0&g=B%018%*+&VR&
%=B$'0%&+3%&%((%/+,&'*&B%0('08"*/%&'(&"&0"*:%&'(&61((%0%*+&'01%*+"+1'*,F&&
Methods
Participants, Stimuli, Apparatus and Task
?"0+1/1B"*+,H&C+18@$1H&GBB"0"+@,&"*6&!",5&"0%&6%,/01#%6&1*&+3%&L%*%0"$&S%+3'6,&
'(&+31,&+3%,1,F&
LL\!
!
Procedure
?"0+1/1B"*+,&":"1*&61,/0181*"+%6&,%=&(0'8&?XY,&"+&+3%&k&61((%0%*+&'01%*+"+1'*,&
%8B$'2%6&B0%91'@,$2&Qg=B%018%*+&VRF&&.*&+31,&%=B%018%*+&3'4%9%0H&1*&'06%0&+'&0%6@/%&
B"0+1/1B"*+&("+1:@%H&+3%&%*+10%&,%=&/'*+1*@@8&4",&*'+&@,%6F&Z"+3%0H&"&0%B0%,%*+"+19%&
,"8B$%&'(&,+18@$1&#"$"*/%6&"/0',,&+3%&(%8"$%&"*6&8"$%&0"*:%,&4%0%&%8B$'2%6&Q?XY;IH&
?XY;TH&?XY;UH&?XYJH&?XYuUH&?XYuTH&?XYuIRF&&G,&*'+%6&"#'9%H&('0&+31,&%=B%018%*+&
+3%&/@%,&"9"1$"#$%&#2&431/3&+'&B%0('08&+3%&+",5&4%0%&B@0%$2&51*%8"+1/N&G$$&?XY,&3"6&
+3%&,+0@/+@0%&'(&+3%&,%=;*%@+0"$&,+18@$@,N&?XYJF&G$$&'+3%0&8%+3'6,&"0%&",&B%0&L%*%0"$&
S%+3'6,#&
Results
W1:@0%&Uk&,3'4,&0%,@$+,&('0&,@#O%/+19%&,%=&O@6:8%*+,&,B"**1*:&+3%&'#O%/+19%&,%=&
/'*+1*@@8F&f"+"&":"1*&"0%&0%B0%,%*+%6&,%B"0"+%$2&('0&+3%&61((%0%*+&'01%*+"+1'*,N&J-&
Q@B01:3+RH&oI-H&lJ-H&UVI-H&UkJ-&Q1*9%0+%6RH&TTI-H&TmJ-&"*6&VUI-&Q"$$&/'*9%*+1'*,&",&
B0%91'@,$2&6%,/01#%6&@*$%,,&*'+%6RF&&
.*,B%/+1'*&'(&+3%&6"+"&0%9%"$,&+3"+&'*/%&":"1*H&+3%&,@#O%/+19%&,%=&%=B%01%*/%&
/'8B"0%,&+'&+3"+&'(&+3%&'#O%/+19%&,%=&/'*+1*@@8F&!3"+&1,H&",&+3%&?XY&1*/0%",%,&1*&
8",/@$1*%&/3"0"/+%01,+1/,H&+3%0%&1,&"&:0%"+%0&0%+@0*&'(&8"$%&0%,B'*,%,H&%9%*&+3'@:3&+3%&
(1:@0%,&@,%6&1*&+31,&,+@62&B0%,%*+%6&'*$2&51*%8"+1/&,%=;,B%/1(1/&1*('08"+1'*&+'&+3%&
'#,%09%0F&r1,@"$&1*,B%/+1'*&'(&+3%&(1:@0%&0%9%"$,&3'4%9%0&+3"+&+3%&,3"B%,&'(&+3%&/@09%,&
6'&*'+&"BB%"0&+'&#%&(1++%6&#2&+3%&,"8%&(@*/+1'*&",&1*&+3%&B0%91'@,&0%,@$+,&Qg=B%018%*+&T&
"*6&VRF&!31,&/'@$6&#%&0%$"+%6&+'&#'+3&+3%&,"8B$1*:&"/0',,&+3%&,%=&/'*+1*@@8&"*6&"$,'&+'&
+3%&0%$1"*/%&'(&'*$2&'*%&/@%&,1:*"$$1*:&,%=H&+3"+&'(&51*%8"+1/,F&S'0%&18B'0+"*+$2&+'&+3%&
"18,&'(&+31,&,+@62&3'4%9%0&1,&+3%&$"/5&'(&"*&'01%*+"+1'*&%((%/+&'*&,%=&O@6:8%*+,F&
LLV!
!
&
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Discussion
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Experiment 6
Introduction
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Methods
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Results
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LWN!
!
Section 2 - Orientation invariance at the point of sex encoding
Introduction&
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LWV!
!
Methods
Participants
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LWZ!
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Experiment 7
Introduction
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!3%,%&6"+"&,3'4&+3"+&B"0+1/1B"*+,&"0%&"#$%&+'&/'00%/+$2&61,/0181*"+%&+3%&,%=&'(&
?XY,&%9%*&43%*&+3%10&91%41*:&1,&#01%(&QVIJ&8,%/R&"*6&6'&,'&41+3&"//@0"/2&+3"+&
,+"+1,+1/"$$2&1,&@*61,+1*:@1,3"#$%&"+&+3%&@B01:3+&"*6&1*9%0+%6&'01%*+"+1'*,F&&a*/%&":"1*H&
+3%,%&6"+"&,3'4&+3"+&+3%0%&1,&*'&%((%/+&'(&1*9%0,1'*&'*&B%0/%19%6&,%=F&
Discussion
)'*,1,+%*+&41+3&+3%&0%,@$+,&'(&+3%&'+3%0&%=B%018%*+,&0%B'0+%6&3%0%H&+3%&B0%,%*+&
6"+"&,3'4,&+3"+&B"0+1/1B"*+,A&"#1$1+2&+'&%=+0"/+&'#O%/+19%&,%=&/@%,&(0'8&?XY,&,3'4*&"+&
#'+3&J-&Q@B01:3+R&"*6&UkJ-&Q1*9%0+%6R&'01%*+"+1'*,&1,&0%$1"#$%H&%9%*&43%*&,+18@$1&"0%&
91%4%6&('0&'*$2&VIJ&8,%/F&!3%,%&6"+"&"0%&(@0+3%0&+%,+18'*2&'(&+3%&0'#@,+*%,,&'(&,%=&
61,/0181*"+1'*F&.*6%%6H&+3%,%&0%,@$+,&'*/%&":"1*&/'*+%,+&+3%&,@::%,+1'*,&8"6%&#2&
M"0/$"2&%+&"$FH&QUlmkR&"*6&"0%&%916%*/%&+3"+&,%=&61,/0181*"+1'*&1,&B',,1#$%&%9%*&43%*&+3%&
"9"1$"#$%&1*('08"+1'*&1,&91%4%6&#01%($2F&W@0+3%08'0%H&"*6&8'0%&18B'0+"*+&+'&+3%&"18&'(&
+31,&%=B%018%*+H&,%=&O@6:8%*+,&"0%&,+"+1,+1/"$$2&1*61,+1*:@1,3"#$%&"+&+3%&@B01:3+&"*6&
1*9%0+%6&'01%*+"+1'*,H&/'*(1081*:&'*/%&8'0%&+3"+&+3%0%&1,&*'&%((%/+&'(&1*9%0,1'*&'*&,%=&
61,/0181*"+1'*F&
LRW!
!
Experiment 8
Introduction
G,&*'+%6&"#'9%H&['06"*&%+&"$F&QTJJ\R&"*6&!0'O%&%+&"$F&QTJJ\R&0%B'0+%6&+3"+&
B0'$'*:%6&91%41*:&'(&+3%&:"1+&'(&?XY,&'(&'*%&,%=&#1",%6&O@6:8%*+,&'(&,@#,%E@%*+&:"1+,&
+'4"06,&+3%&'BB',1+%&,%=F&a*&+3"+&#",1,H&1+&4",&,@::%,+%6&+3"+&,%=&1,&%*/'6%6&#2&,B%/1(1/&
B'B@$"+1'*,&'(&*%@0'*,&"*6&+3"+&+3%0%&"0%&1*31#1+'02&1*+%0"/+1'*,&#%+4%%*&+3%,%&
B'B@$"+1'*,F&!3%&"18&'(&+3%&('$$'41*:&%=B%018%*+&4",&+'&+%,+&43%+3%0&,%=&1,&%*/'6%6&1*&
"*&'01%*+"+1'*&1*9"01"*+&8"**%0F&.+&4",&32B'+3%,1c%6&+3"+&1(&+3%&*%@0"$&B'B@$"+1'*&
+@*%6&+'&,%=&%*/'6%,&1+&1*6%B%*6%*+&'(&,+18@$@,&'01%*+"+1'*H&@B01:3+&"*6&1*9%0+%6&
"6"B+'0,&,3'@$6&#%&,181$"0$2&%((%/+19%&1*&60191*:&,%=&"(+%0;%((%/+,H&100%,B%/+19%&"$,'&'(&
+3%10&'01%*+"+1'*&'0&'(&+3%&'01%*+"+1'*&'(&+3%&+%,+&,+18@$1F&&
Y1+3&+3"+&1*&81*6H&g=B%018%*+&k&4",&/'8B01,%6&'(&o&/'*61+1'*,N&?"0+&UH&43%0%&
+3%&"6"B+1*:&?XY&"*6&+3%&+%,+&?XY&4%0%&1*&+3%&@B01:3+&'01%*+"+1'*&Q",&1*&['06"*&%+&"$FA,&
"*6&!0'O%&%+&"$A,&0%B'0+,RF&.*&?"0+&TH&+3%&"6"B+1*:&"*6&+3%&+%,+&?XY,&4%0%&B0%,%*+%6&1*&
+3%&1*9%0+%6&'01%*+"+1'*F&.*&?"0+&VH&@B01:3+&"6"B+'0,&"*6&1*9%0+%6&+%,+;4"$5%0,&4%0%&
%8B$'2%6&431$,+&1*&?"0+&oH&+3%&'01%*+"+1'*&'(&+3%&"6"B+1*:&,+18@$@,&4",&1*9%0+%6&#@+&+3%&
+%,+&61,B$"2,&4%0%&'01%*+%6&@B01:3+F&f"+"&(0'8&+3%&M",%$1*%&%=B%018%*+&Q,%=&O@6:8%*+,&
41+3'@+&B01'0&"6"B+"+1'*N&]'G6"B+R&4%0%&@,%6&('0&/'8B"01,'*&41+3&6"+"&(0'8&+3%&
"6"B+"+1'*&/'*61+1'*,F&!3%&0"+1'*"$%&('0&@,1*:&+3%&#",%$1*%&6"+"&",&/'8B"01,'*&4",&+3"+&
B0%91'@,&0%,%"0/3&%8B$'2%6&,181$"0&B"0"61:8,&Q,%%&!0'O%&%+&"$FH&TJJ\RF&S'0%'9%0H&+31,&
B0'/%6@0%&81*181,%,&'#,%09%0,A&("+1:@%&431/3&1,&B'+%*+1"$$2&"&B0'#$%8&1*&0%B%"+%6&
8%",@0%,&6%,1:*,F&
LRR!
!
Methods
Participants, Stimuli, Apparatus and Task
?"0+1/1B"*+,H&C+18@$1H&GBB"0"+@,&"*6&!",5&"0%&6%,/01#%6&1*&+3%&L%*%0"$&S%+3'6,&
'(&+31,&+3%,1,F&
Procedure
M01%($2H&41+31*&'*%&#$'/5&'(&+01"$,H&+3%&,"8%&+%*&'#,%09%0,&+%,+%6&1*&g=B%018%*+&m&
91%4%6&"*&"6"B+1*:&?XY&('0&Uo&,%/F&!3%&"6"B+1*:&?XY,&4%0%&%1+3%0&+3%&%=+0%8%&W%8"$%&
Q?XY;\R&'0&+3%&%=+0%8%&S"$%&Q?XY\R&,+18@$1&(0'8&+3%&,%=&/'*+1*@@8F&G(+%0&"&#01%(&
#$"*5&.C.&QTJJ&8,%/RH&"&+%,+&4"$5%0&4",&B0%,%*+%6&('0&VIJ&8,%/&"*6&B"0+1/1B"*+,&
0%B'0+%6&1+,&B%0/%19%6&,%=&Q(%8"$%&'0&8"$%RF&Y1+31*&'*%&#$'/5&'(&+01"$,H&(19%&7+'B;@BP&
B0%,%*+"+1'*,&'(&+3%&"6"B+'0,&Q%"/3&$",+1*:&m&,%/R&4%0%&":"1*&('$$'4%6&#2&+3%&.C.H&+%,+&
4"$5%0&"*6&0%/'061*:,&'(&+3%&'#,%09%0A,&0%,B'*,%F&G$,'&41+31*&'*%&#$'/5&'(&+01"$,&
"6"B+"+1'*&4",&"$4"2,&+'&+3%&,"8%&,%=;4"$5%0&431$,+&+3%&+%,+&4"$5%0,&4%0%&0"*6'8&
B0%,%*+"+1'*,&'(&?XY;UH&?XYJ&"*6&?XYUF&!3%&0%",'*&('0&/3'',1*:&+3%,%&+%,+&4"$5%0,&
4",&+'&#%,+&/"B+@0%&B%0/%B+@"$&,31(+,&0%$"+%6&+'&?XY,&,1+@"+%6&1*&+3%&7c'*%&'(&,@#O%/+19%&
,%=&"8#1:@1+2PH&'*%&Cf&'*&#'+3&+3%&(%8"$%&"*6&+3%&8"$%&,16%,&'(&+3%&,+"+1,+1/"$$2&*%@+0"$&
4"$5%0F&&G,&0%B'0+%6&1*&+3%&%"0$1%0&,+@61%,&6%,/01#%6&1*&+31,&61,,%0+"+1'*H&B"0+1/1B"*+,&
8"6%&"&#1*"02&6%/1,1'*&"#'@+&+3%&,%=&'(&+3%&+%,+&4"$5%0F&[@6:8%*+,&4%0%&0%/'06%6H&('0&
%"/3&'#,%09%0&'*&%"/3&,+18@$@,&",&"&B0'B'0+1'*&'(&+3%&*@8#%0&'(&+18%,&"&:19%*&,+18@$@,&
"BB%"0%6&+'&#%&8"$%&61916%6&#2&+3%&+'+"$&*@8#%0&'(&B0%,%*+"+1'*,&'(&+3"+&,+18@$@,F&&
!3%&%=B%018%*+&4",&0@*&1*&o&B"0+,N&?"0+&U&/'*,1,+%6&'(&#$'/5,&'(&+01"$,&43%0%&+3%&
"6"B+1*:&"*6&+3%&+%,+&4"$5%0,&4%0%&1*&+3%&@B01:3+&'01%*+"+1'*&QDB@BRF&?"0+&T&/'*,1,+%6&
'(&#$'/5,&'(&+01"$,&43%0%&+3%&"6"B+1*:&"*6&+3%&+%,+&?XY,&4%0%&1*&+3%&1*9%0+%6&
'01%*+"+1'*&Q.*91*9RF&?"0+&V&/'*,1,+%6&'(&#$'/5,&'(&+01"$,&43%0%&+3%&"6"B+1*:&?XY&4",&1*&
LRN!
!
+3%&@B01:3+&'01%*+"+1'*&431$,+&+3%&+%,+&4"$5%0&4",&1*&+3%&1*9%0+%6&'01%*+"+1'*&QDB1*9RF&
.*&?"0+&o&+3%&"6"B+1*:&4"$5%0&4",&1*&+3%&1*9%0+%6&'01%*+"+1'*&431$,+&+3%&+%,+&4"$5%0&4",&
1*&+3%&@B01:3+&'01%*+"+1'*&Q.*9@BRF&g"/3&#$'/5&/'*,1,+%6&'(&\&+01"$,&"*6&%"/3&B"0+1/1B"*+&
/'8B$%+%6&T&0%B%"+,&'(&%"/3&#$'/5&'(&+01"$,F&G$$&'+3%0&8%+3'6,&"0%&6%,/01#%6&1*&+3%&
L%*%0"$&S%+3'6,F&&
Results
W1:@0%&TT&1$$@,+0"+%,&6"+"&(0'8&g=B%018%*+&kF&.*&+31,&(1:@0%H&%"/3&:0"B3&,3'4,&,%=&
O@6:8%*+,&Q%=B0%,,%6&",&8%"*&B0'B'0+1'*&'(&7S"$%P&0%,B'*,%,R&'(&?XY;UH&?XYJ&"*6&
?XYU&"(+%0&"6"B+"+1'*&+'&(%8"$%&4"$5%0,&QG6"B+W%8"$%H&(1$$%6&61"8'*6,R&"*6&8"$%&
4"$5%0,&QG6"B+S"$%H&(1$$%6&,E@"0%,R&",&4%$$&",&41+3'@+&"6"B+"+1'*F&f"+"&('0&+3%&7*'&
"6"B+"+1'*P&/'*61+1'*&1,&+3%&8%"*&,%=&O@6:8%*+,&"/0',,&+3%&,+"+1,+1/"$$2&
1*61,+1*:@1,3"#$%&@B01:3+&"*6&1*9%0+%6&?XY,&91%4%6&1*&+3%&"#,%*/%&'(&"6"B+"+1'*N&
g=B%018%*+&mN&]'"6"B+H&(1$$%6&/10/$%,F&&
!3%&:0"B3&"+&+3%&+'B&$%(+&,16%&'(&+3%&W1:@0%&TT&0%B0%,%*+,&6"+"&(0'8&?"0+&U&'(&+3%&
g=B%018%*+&Q@B01:3+&"6"B+1*:&4"$5%0,&"*6&@B01:3+&+%,+&?XY,N&DB@BRF&!3%&:0"B3&"+&+3%&
+'B&01:3+&,16%&'(&+3%&W1:@0%&TT&,3'4,&6"+"&(0'8&?"0+&T&'(&+3%&g=B%018%*+&Q1*9%0+%6&
"6"B+1*:&4"$5%0,&"*6&1*9%0+%6&+%,+&4"$5%0,N&.*91*9RF&!3%&:0"B3&"+&+3%&#'++'8&$%(+&,16%&
'(&+3%&W1:@0%&TT&0%B0%,%*+,&6"+"&(0'8&?"0+&V&'(&+3%&g=B%018%*+&Q@B01:3+&"6"B+1*:&
4"$5%0,&"*6&1*9%0+%6&+%,+&4"$5%0,N&DB1*9RF&W1*"$$2H&+3%&:0"B3&"+&+3%&#'++'8&01:3+&,16%&'(&
+3%&W1:@0%&TT&,3'4,&6"+"&(0'8&?"0+&o&'(&+3%&g=B%018%*+&Q1*9%0+%6&"6"B+1*:&?XY,&"*6&
@B01:3+&+%,+&4"$5%0,N&.*9@BRF&&
&
LR\!
!
&
!"#$%&'EE'F3"0'2"#$%&'03,;0'+3-+'-8-/+-+",1'+,'2&7-.&';-.<&%0'=2"..&8'8"-7,180?'#"5&0'%"0&'+,'-2+&%:&22&*+0'0$*3'+3-+'+3&'
+&0+'0+"7$."'7,0+.A'-%&'B$8#&8'c7-.&dD'],15&%0&.AC'-8-/+"1#'+,'-'7-.&';-.<&%'=2"..&8'0_$-%&0?'03"2+0'B$8#7&1+0',2'+3&'
0-7&'+&0+'8"0/.-A0'+,'7,0+.A'c2&7-.&dD'!,%'*,7/-%"0,1C'B$8#7&1+0',2'+3&'+&0+'0+"7$."';"+3,$+'-8-/+-+",1'-%&'
%&/%&0&1+&8'=2"..&8'*"%*.&0C'N,'^8-/+?D'F3&0&'-2+&%:&22&*+0'-%&'"18$*&8';"+3')IJ0'03,;1'"1'+3&'$/%"#3+',%"&1+-+",1',1'+&0+'
;-.<&%0'-.0,',%"&1+&8'$/%"#3+'=$//&%'.&2+'#%-/3C'f/h$/?D'L"7".-%.AC'0&4'-2+&%:&22&*+0'-%&'"18$*&8';"+3'-8-/+"1#')IJ0'-%&'
/%&0&1+&8'"1'+3&'"15&%+&8',%"&1+-+",1',1'"15&%+&8'+&0+';-.<&%09'\15h"15C'$//&%'%"#3+'#%-/3D'F3&'#%-/3'"1'+3&'6,++,7'.&2+'
0"8&',2'+3"0'2"#$%&'03,;0'0&4'-2+&%:&22&*+0'"18$*&8';"+3')IJ0'/%&0&1+&8'"1'+3&'$/%"#3+',%"&1+-+",1',1'"15&%+&8'+&0+'
;-.<&%09'f/h"15?D'!"1-..AC'0&4'-2+&%:&22&*+0'"18$*&8';"+3')IJ0'/%&0&1+&8'"1'+3&'"15&%+&8',%"&1+-+",1',1'$/%"#3+'+&0+'
;-.<&%0'-%&'03,;1'"1'+3&'#%-/3'+,'+3&'6,++,7'%"#3+',2'+3&'2"#$%&9'\15h$/D'e-%0'03,;'K',1&'0+-18-%8'&%%,%',2'+3&'7&-1D'
G,&W1:@0%&TT&,3'4,H&"(+%0;%((%/+,&4%0%&1*6@/%6&#2&"$$&"6"B+1*:_+%,+&,+18@$1&
/'*(1:@0"+1'*,N&a#,%09%0,&O@6:%6&"$$&+%,+&,+18@$1&",&"BB%"01*:&8'0%&8"$%&('$$'41*:&
"6"B+"+1'*&+'&(%8"$%&4"$5%0,H&43%*&/'8B"0%6&41+3&8%"*&B0'B'0+1'*&'(&8"$%&6%/1,1'*,&
'(&+3%&,"8%&4"$5%0,&91%4%6&41+3'@+&"6"B+1'*F&C181$"0$2H&O@6:8%*+,&'(&+%,+&4"$5%0,&
,31(+%6&+'&8'0%&(%8"$%&"(+%0&B0'$'*:%6&91%41*:&'(&8"$%&4"$5%0,H&/'8B"0%6&+'&8%"*&
B0'B'0+1'*&'(&8"$%&O@6:8%*+,&'(&+3%&,"8%&4"$5%0,&41+3'@+&"6"B+"+1'*F&&
.8B'0+"*+$2H&,%=&"(+%0;%((%/+,&4%0%&1*6@/%6&1*&"$$&'01%*+"+1'*&/'*61+1'*,N&43%*&
+3%&"6"B+1*:&"*6&+3%&+%,+&4"$5%0,&4%0%&91%4%6&1*&+3%&@B01:3+&'01%*+"+1'*H&43%*&+3%&
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LRV!
!
4%0%&B0%,%*+%6&1*&+3%&@B01:3+&'01%*+"+1'*&#@+&+3%&+%,+&4"$5%0,&4%0%&1*9%0+%6&",&4%$$&",&
43%*&+3%&"6"B+'0,&4%0%&1*9%0+%6&#@+&+3%&+%,+&?XY,&4%0%&1*&+3%&@B01:3+&'01%*+"+1'*F&&
!'&%=B$'0%&+3%&%((%/+,&'(&%"/3&"6"B+'0&QS"$%&"6"B+'0H&W%8"$%&"6"B+'0&"*6&]'&
"6"B+'0R&'*&%"/3&$%9%$&'(&+3%&,%=&'(&+3%&+%,+&?XY,&"/0',,&+3%&('@0&61((%0%*+&/'8#1*"+1'*,&
'(&+3%&'01%*+"+1'*,&'(&+3%&7G6"B+'0+%,+PH&('@0&V&=&V&(@$$2&41+31*&G]arG,&4%0%&
/'*6@/+%6F&&!"#$%&Ul&#%$'4&,3'4,&S%"*,&Q%=B0%,,%6&",&B0'B'0+1'*&7S"$%P&0%,B'*,%,R&
"*6&Cf,&('0&+3%&('@0&"*"$2,%,N&"6"B+"+1'*&+'&@B01:3+&?XY,H&+%,+1*:&41+3&@B01:3+&?XY,&
QDB@BR`&"6"B+"+1'*&+'&1*9%0+%6&?XY,H&+%,+1*:&41+3&1*9%0+%6&?XY,&Q.*91*9R`&"6"B+"+1'*&
+'&@B01:3+&?XY,H&+%,+1*:&41+3&1*9%0+%6&?XY,&QDB1*9R`&"*6&"6"B+"+1'*&+'&1*9%0+%6&?XY,&
"*6&+%,+1*:&41+3&@B01:3+&?XY,&Q.*9@BR&@,1*:&8"$%&"6"B+'0,H&(%8"$%&"6"B+'0,&'0&
41+3'@+&"6"B+'0,&Q8%"*&B0'B'0+1'*&8"$%&0%,B'*,%,&"/0',,&&@B01:3+&"*6&1*9%0+%6&
'01%*+"+1'*,H&g=B%018%*+&mN&]'G6"B+"+1'*RF&
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FVI& FToU&
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FIm& FTTI&
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Fml& FU\o&
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FJo& FJ\l&
FUI& FUmU&
FVJ& FTol&
FkJ& FTVJ&
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FVI& FToU&
FIm& FTTI&
Fml& FU\o&
DB1*9&
S& Cf&
FUV& FUoU&
FVV& FTol&
FIV& FVUl&
Fkm& FUmJ&
Flm& FJ\m&
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FVI& FToU&
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FV\& FT\V&
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FmV& FTVU&
Flo& FUJm&
Fll& FJVU&
FVI& FToU&
FIm& FTTI&
Fml& FU\o&
&
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'01%*+"+1'*&/'*61+1'*,F&
LRZ!
!
Adaptation to upright walkers, test with upright walkers:
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Adaptation to inverted walkers, test with inverted walkers:
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LN_!
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Adaptation to inverted walkers, test with upright walkers:
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Summary and Conclusion
Summary
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Multisensory integration of sex cues: “Gender Bending: auditory
cues affect visual judgements of gender in biological motion displays”
(Appendix A)
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LVL!
!
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QY1$6&%+&"$FH&TJJJRF&!3%&/"+%:'01c"+1'*&B0'/%,,&1*9'$9%,&:0'@B1*:&'(&B%0/%19%6&,+18@$@,&
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1*('08"+1'*&+3"+&8"5%,&1+&@*1E@%F&&
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LVQ!
!
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+3%&+",5F&&
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d"2H&j&g$$1,H&Ulk\RH&*%@0'B,2/3'$':1/"$&18B"108%*+,&6"+"&Q!0"*%$H&f"8",1'H&j&
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QM0@/%H&Ulk\R&4%0%&*'+&1*($@%*/%6&#2&("/%&("81$1"01+2F&&
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3'4%9%0H&616&*'+&61((%0&",&"&(@*/+1'*&'(&+3%&,"$1%*/%&'(&,%=&/@%,&"9"1$"#$%&1*&"6@$+,A&("/%,&
",&'BB',%6&+'&/31$60%*A,A&("/%,F&.+&4",&+3@,&/'*/$@6%6&+3"+&+3%&B0'/%,,1*:&'(&,%=&1,&
"/31%9%6&91"&"&610%/+H&1*6%B%*6%*+&8%/3"*1,8F&
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%="8B$%H&S'@/3%+"*+;Z',+"1*:&%+&"$FH&QTJJJR&3"9%&,3'4*&+3"+&+3%&gZ?&/'8B'*%*+&
LVW!
!
",,'/1"+%6&41+3&+3%&B0'/%,,1*:&'(&,+0@/+@0"$&1*('08"+1'*&(0'8&("/%,&Q]UmJR&1,&*'+&
"((%/+%6&#2&B0'/%,,1*:&'(&,%=&/@%,F&g((%/+,&'(&,%=&B0'/%,,1*:&4%0%&'#,%09%6&"+&'+3%0H&
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B0'/%,,1*:&'(&("/1"$&(%"+@0%,&QC%0:%*+&%+&"$FH&UllTRF&G,&,@/3&+3%&"@+3'0,&B0'B',%&+3"+&+3%&
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('0&%="8B$%&r"$%*+1*&%+&"$FH&UllmR&3",&:19%*&(@0+3%0&1*,1:3+&1*+'&+3%&+2B%&'(&B0'/%,,1*:&
",,'/1"+%6&41+3&+3%&61,/0181*"+1'*&'(&,%=&1*('08"+1'*F&?)G&('08&+3%&,+"+1,+1/"$$2;#",%6&
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%=+0"/+%6&(0'8&"&,%+&'(&)"@/",1"*&("/%,&4",&:%*%0"$1c%6H&41+3&*'&61((%0%*/%&1*&
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%=1,+%*+&1*&+3%&/",%&'(&,%=&61,/0181*"+1'*F&W@0+3%08'0%H&1+&4",&%,+"#$1,3%6&+3"+&
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LVR!
!
/"B+@01*:&31:3&(0%E@%*/2&1*('08"+1'*R&4%0%&8',+&9@$*%0"#$%&+'&8"*1B@$"+1'*,F&G,&"&
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Qr"$%*+1*&%+&"$FH&UllmRF&&
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B0%,%09"+1'*&'(&/"+%:'01/"$&1*('08"+1'*R&1,&0%81*1,/%*+&'(&,'8%&*%@0'B,2/3'$':1/"$&
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!3%&/"+%:'01/"$&%*/'61*:&'(&,%=&1,&"$,'&,@BB'0+%6&#2&+3%&%=1,+%*/%&'(&0%B@$,19%&
"(+%0;%((%/+,&1*&,%=&61,/0181*"+1'*F&W'0&%="8B$%&M%,+%$8%2%0&%+&"$FH&QTJJkR&,3'4%6&+3"+&
,%=&"(+%0&%((%/+,&/"*&#%&1*6@/%6&#%+4%%*&,%=&/"+%:'01%,&#@+&*'+&41+31*&/"+%:'02F&!3%&
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LVN!
!
B0'B%0+1%,&"0%&/'6%6&#2&"&,B%/1"$&('08&'(&/%*+0"$;+%*6%*/2&/'61*:H&*"8%$2&'BB'*%*+&
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Appendix A
k&18&%'6&18"1#9'-$8"+,%A'*$&0'-22&*+'5"0$-.'B$8#&7&1+0',2'#&18&%'"1'6",.,#"*-.'7,+",1'8"0/.-A07!!!
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Exp Brain Res
DOI 10.1007/s00221-009-1800-y
R ES EA R C H A R TI CLE
Gender bending: auditory cues aVect visual judgements of gender
in biological motion displays
R. van der Zwan · C. MacHatch · D. Kozlowski ·
N. F. Troje · O. Blanke · Anna Brooks
This article as been removed due to copyright restrictions. The
publishers version is available at
http://link.springer.com.ezproxy.scu.edu.au/content/pdf/10.1007%
2Fs00221-009-1800-y.pdf
or
DOI: 10.1007/s00221-009-1800-y
Exp Brain Res
123
Exp Brain Res
Exp Brain Res
Exp Brain Res
Exp Brain Res
Exp Brain Res
Exp Brain Res
Exp Brain Res
Exp Brain Res