From the Louisiana Purchase to
Harpers Ferry
1800 – 1860
Thomas Jefferson’s administration,
1800 – 1808


JEFFERSON ALLAYS FEARS OF FEDERALISTS
 THERE WILL BE NO ‘TERROR’
BACKS AWAY CONFRONTATION WITH CONGRESS;
NO LEGISLATION PROPOSED OR PRESIDENTIAL
VETO USED

JUDICIARY ACT OF 1801



MARBURY VERSUS MADISON
THE CONCEPT OF JUDICIAL REVIEW
ESTABLISHED
THE FAILURE TO IMPEACH SUPREME COURT
JUSTICE SAMUEL CHASE
Louisiana Purchase of 1803
THE PURCHASE OF THIS TERRITORY OF THE
CONSULAR FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY
GOVERNMENT IS ILLEGAL UNDER THE FEDERAL
CONSTITUTION

JEFFERSON, ONCE A CRITIC OF ‘IMPLIED
POWERS’ INTERPRETATION, NOW SUPPORTS IT




THE TERRITORY EXTENDS FROM BRITISH
CANADA TO THE GULF COAST OF MEXICO
THE ‘PRICE’ NEGOTIATED IS FOUR CENTS PER
ACRE FOR A TOTAL OF $ 15 MILLION
ANGERS FEDERALISTS; NEW TERRITORIES MAY
BE USED TO UNDERMINE THEIR INFLUENCE
Consequences of the Purchase


THE NORTHERN CONFEDERACY
ALEXANDER HAMILTON’S REFUSAL TO SUPPORT
VICE – PRESIDENT AARON BURR IN NEW YORK
LEADS TO INFAMOUS 1804 DUEL

1807: BURR TRIED FOR TREASON BUT
ACQUITTED
The Continental System & the
United States, 1805 – 1812
CONTINUING COALITION WAR AGAINST
REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE

1804 – 1815 : FIRST FRENCH EMPIRE

EMPEROR NAPOLEON I INSTITUTES
CONTINENTAL SYSTEM ; CLOSING OF FRENCH –
CONTROLLED PORTS TO BRITISH GOODS AND
SHIPS

SEIZURE OF ANY FOREIGN SHIPS WITH BRITISH
GOODS
 1807: ORDERS IN COUNCIL: ANY FOREIGN SHIP
MUST PAY TARIFF BEFORE HEADING FOR
EUROPE

The Continental System & the
United States, 1805 – 1812

CONTINUED FAILURE
MACON’S BILL NUMBER TWO: IF EITHER
BRITAIN OR REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE RESPECT
AMERICAN NEUTRALITY; THE U.S. WOULD STOP
TRADING WITH THE OTHER NATION



1810: REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE OFFICIALLY
REPEALS ALL RESTRICTIONS ON AMERICAN
TRADE
1811: PRESIDENT JAMES MADISON CUTS OFF
TRADE WITH BRITAIN AND RECALLS U.S.
AMBASSADOR TO LONDON
The War of 1812 – 1815 : causes,
course & consequences

COMPLETE CONQUEST OF BRITISH CANADA;
FAILED OBJECTIVE OF 1776 – 1783 WAR


WHY DECLARE WAR ON BRITAIN IN 1812?
INVADE SPANISH FLORIDA; HOME TO INDIGENES
AND FORMER SLAVES; EASY ESCAPE ROUTE
FROM CAROLINAS & GEORGIA
NEUTRALIZE MAJOR ALLY OF INDIGENOUS
PEOPLES WHO CONTINUE TO BLOCK SETTLER
EXPANSION

The War of 1812 – 1815 ; causes,
course & consequences


ENGAGE BRITAIN IN TWO – FRONT WAR WITH
REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE
HOWEVER, BRITAIN’S CONTINUED ABOLITIONIST
CAMPAIGN DRAWS PEOPLE OF AFRICAN
DESCENT, INCLUDING WITHIN THE U.S., TO
SUPPORT BRITAIN


BRITAIN WILL RELY HEAVILY ON AFRICAN
TROOPS TO DEFEND CANADA
1812 – 1813: U.S. ATTACKS ON CANADA FAIL
APRIL 1813: U.S. FORCES BURN DOWN
PROVINCIAL CAPITAL OF YORK (PRESENT – DAY
TORONTO)

The War of 1812 – 1815 ; causes,
course & consequences

BRITISH CANADA IS WEAKENED FOR YEARS TO
COME AS A RESULT OF FAILED INVASION
1814: EMPEROR NAPOLEON I ABDICATES IN
PARIS: BRITAIN NOW FOCUSES ON WAR AGAINST
THE U.S.

20,000 VETERAN BRITISH TROOPS
TRANSFERRED FOR INVASION OF THE U.S.


AUGUST 1814: BRITISH FORCES LAND ON
CHESAPEAKE BAY AND ADVANCE AIDED BY
ENSLAVED POPULATION
The War of 1812 – 1815 ; causes,
course & consequences
24 AUGUST 1814: FOUR THOUSAND CROWN
TROOPS ENTER THE U.S. CAPITAL



PRESIDENT JAMES MADISON & HIS WIFE
DOLLEY NARROWLY ESCAPE CAPTURE

FORCED TO HIDE IN ABANDONED SLAVE
QUARTERS IN MARYLAND
INCREASINGLY, ESPECIALLY IN NORTHERN
THEATER; INDIGENES AND PERSONS OF
AFRICAN DESCENT FIGHT ALONGSIDE CROWN
FORCES AGAINST THE UNITED STATES
The War of 1812 – 1815 ; causes,
course & consequences

JANUARY 1815: A BRITISH INVASION FLEET
ATTACKS NEW ORLEANS BUT DESPITE HEAVY
FIGHTING IS DEFEATED

MAJOR – GENERAL SIR EDWARD PAKENHAM,
COMMANDER – IN – CHIEF OF THE BRITISH
FORCES IS KILLED DURING THE ASSAULT
HARTFORD CONVENTION OF 1814;
SECESSIONIST PROPOSAL IF TERMS NOT
AGREED; ABOLITION OF SLAVERY, ONE – TERM
PRESIDENCY, RESTRICTIONS ON THE POWERS
OF FEDERAL CONGRESS


WAR HAS BEEN FOUGHT TO AN EFFECTIVE
STALEMATE
The War of 1812 – 1815 ; causes,
course & consequences


TREATY 0F GHENT, 1814: RETURN TO
CONDITIONS AS EXISTED BEFORE WAR
FEDERALIST PARTY DESTROYED AS EFFECTIVE
FORCE
SOURCE OF ASSISTANCE FOR INDIGENOUS
PEOPLES REMOVED: ROAD TO EXTERMINATION
OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IS NOW CLEARED


SPANISH WITHDRAWS FROM FLORIDA IN 1819
1815 – 1824 ; expansion of federal authority, economic
industrialization, and secessionist tremors

REPUBLICANS ADOPT ‘NEO – HAMILTONIAN’
POLICIES


NATIONAL BANK, TARIFFS, INTERNAL
TRANSPORTATION, A STANDING ARMY
NEW GENERATION OF LEADERSHIP, HENRY CLAY
(KENTUCKY), JOHN C. CALHOUN (SOUTH
CAROLINA) & DANIEL WEBSTER
(MASSACHUSETTS) BACK THE NEO –
HAMILTONIAN WAVE

1816: SECOND BANK OF THE UNITED STATES
CREATED FOR ANOTHER TWENTY YEARS
1815 – 1824 ; expansion of federal authority, economic
industrialization, and secessionist tremors


NEW TARIFF SYSTEM ENACTED POST – 1815

CONGRESS INTENDS TO PROTECT FLEDGLING
U.S. MANUFACTURING WITH HIGH TARIFFS AT
OVER 25% TO 30%

POST – 1815; SETTLERS MOVE INTO MODERN
DAY U.S. STATES OF ILLINOIS, OHIO,
NORTHERN GEORGIA, ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI,
LOUISIANA, TENNESSEE
LANDS CONTROLLED BY FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
SOLD AT LOW COSTS; $1.25 PER ACRE
1815 – 1824 ; expansion of federal authority, economic
industrialization, and secessionist tremors

POST – 1815: U.S. SUPREME COURT CONTINUES
TO EXPAND POWER OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
AT THE EXPENSE OF STATE POWERS

FLETCHER V. PECK (1810): U.S. SUPREME
COURT CAN VOID STATE LAWS
MARTIN V. HUNTER’S LESSEE (1816): U.S.
SUPREME COURT CAN REVIEW DECISIONS OF
STATE COURTS

MCCULLOCH V. MARYLAND (1819): STATES
CANNOT EXERT CONTROL ON THE FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT
 MARYLAND’S TAX ON SECOND BANK OF THE
UNITED STATES

1815 – 1824 ; expansion of federal authority, economic
industrialization, and secessionist tremors


DARTMOUTH V. WOODWARD (1819): STATES
CANNOT CHANGE BUSINESS CHARTERS
GIBBONS V. OGDEN (1824): OVERTURNING OF
STEAMSHIP MONOPOLY HELD BY NEW YORK
STATE
1815 – 1824 ; expansion of federal authority, economic
industrialization, and secessionist tremors


1819: SPAIN WITHDRAWS FROM FLORIDA
1823: MONROE DOCTRINE; WARNS AGAINST
OUTSIDE INTERFERENCE IN WESTERN
HEMISPHERE BUT IS HARBINGER OF MAJOR
CRISES IN COMING YEARS


OFFICIAL SLAVE TRADE ENDS: 1808
HOWEVER, MONROE DOCTRINE IS INTENDED TO
PROTECT THE ILLEGAL SLAVE TRADE –
HISTORIAN STEPHEN CHAMBERS

OVER 3.5 MILLION AFRICANS BROUGHT TO
AMERICAS AFTER 1808
1815 – 1824 ; expansion of federal authority, economic
industrialization, and secessionist tremors

STAGE COACH – TWELVE PASSENGERS MAXIMUM – IS
A MAJOR IMPEDIMENT TO INDUSTRIAL GROWTH IN
THE U.S.
1800 – 1845: LARGE INVESTMENT IN ROAD –
BUILDING

WATER & STEAM POWER ARE CRITICAL TO
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN

STEAM ENGINE TAKES FIFTY YEARS TO DEVELOP
 1807: ROBERT FULTON DEMONSTRATES THE POWER
OF STEAM ENGINES, 160-TON CLERMONT ; 150 MILES
FROM NEW YORK TO ALBANY IN THIRTY – TWO
HOURS



MASSIVE EXPANSION OF CANAL – BUILDING
1830: THE BRITISH RAIL ENGINE MAKES ITS DEBUT
IN THE UNITED STATES
1815 – 1824 ; expansion of federal authority, economic
industrialization, and secessionist tremors

1844: SAMUEL MORSE AND THE TELEGRAPH


1798: ORIGINS OF MASS PRODUCTION
ELI WHITNEY’S COTTON GIN: EXPONENTIALLY
INCREASE IN COTTON PRODUCTION


FARMING IMPLEMENTS REFINED
BY 1845: INDIVIDUALIZED MANUFACTURE OF
CLOTHES, SHOES ARE NO LONGER CRITICAL
1815 – 1824 ; expansion of federal authority, economic
industrialization, and secessionist tremors
THE MISSOURI AMENDMENT
 JAMES TALLMADGE
 RESTRICTING SLAVERY AS A CONDITION OF
STATEHOOD


ISSUE IS RESOLVED AFTER HIGH TENSIONS;
MISSOURI WILL BE ADMITTED AS A
SLAVEHOLDER STATE

MAINE, DETACHED FROM MASSACHUSETTS WILL
BE ADMITTED AS A NON – SLAVEHOLDER STATE

OF THE TERRITORY FROM THE 1803 PURCHASE;
NO MORE SLAVEHOLDER STATES WILL BE
CREATED NORTH OF 36°30’ NORTH LATITUDE
1824 – 1840: Disintegration of the Republican Party,
expansion of the franchise for males of Anglo –
Saxon descent, continued war against indigenous
peoples
1821: NEW STATE CONSTITUTIONS PAVE WAY
FOR FULL WHITE MANHOOD SUFFRAGE


EXPANSION OF POLLING STATIONS, STATE
CONVENTIONS, EXTENSION OF HOURS

VOTING BY VOICE DROPPED FOR COLOR CODED
BALLOTS IN OPEN VIEW BALLOT BOX

VOTING RESTRICTED TO PERSONS OF AFRICAN
DESCENT AND ALL WOMEN

1858: ONLY FOUR NORTHERN STATES WITH
VERY SMALL FREE AFRICAN POPULATIONS
ALLOW THEM TO VOTE
1824 – 1840: Disintegration of the Republican Party,
expansion of the franchise for males of Anglo –
Saxon descent, continued war against indigenous
peoples

THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE REPUBLICAN
PARTY





ELECTION OF 1824
JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, JOHN C. CALHOUN,
HENRY CLAY, GENERAL ANDREW JACKSON
JACKSON WINS ELECTORAL VOTE, BUT NOT THE
REQUIRED MAJORITY
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES CHOSES QUINCY
ADAMS
1824 – 1840: Disintegration of the Republican Party,
expansion of the franchise for males of Anglo –
Saxon descent, continued war against indigenous
peoples

REPUBLICANS BREAK INTO TWO FACTIONS:

NATIONAL REPUBLICANS & DEMOCRATS
ADAMS IS PERCEIVED AS SUPPORTER OF
EXPANSION OF FURTHER FEDERAL POWERS

SEEN AS SYMPATHETIC TO INDIGENOUS
PEOPLES
 1828: TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS; ATTEMPT TO
WEAKEN SUPPORT FOR ADAMS BY LOWERING
TARIFFS IN NEW ENGLAND BUT RAISING THEM
IN THE WEST; BUT WILL ANGER SOUTHERN
STATES REGARDLESS
 THEORY OF NULLIFICATION

1824 – 1840: Disintegration of the Republican Party,
expansion of the franchise for males of Anglo –
Saxon descent, continued war against indigenous
peoples


PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OF 1828

OVERWHELMING VICTORY FOR JACKSON

EXPANDING POWER OF THE PRESIDENCY
THE SPOILS SYSTEM – LESS ABOUT THEORY OF
ROTATION AND MORE ABOUT REWARDING
SUPPORTERS WITH OFFICES

RESUMPTION OF WAR OF EXTERMINATION
AGAINST INDIGENOUS PEOPLES
Jackson’s war of extermination
against indigenous peoples
OVER 125,000 NATIVE AMERICANS LIVED EAST
OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER
 ASSIMILATION OR EXTERMINATION
 JACKSON CHOOSES TO IGNORE U.S. SUPREME
COURT RULINGS ON VALIDITY OF FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT TREATIES WITH INDIGENOUS
PEOPLES
 “TRAIL OF TEARS”
 BLACK HAWK WAR OF 1832
 U.S. ARMY IS FACED WITH A SEVEN – YEAR WAR
BEFORE SEMINOLE INDIGENES ALLIED WITH
AFRICANS ARE DEFEATED
 ANDREW JACKSON’S ACTIONS ARE CRIMES
AGAINST HUMANITY IF HELD UP TO
INTERNATIONAL LAW

States’ Rights & Nullification
CONGRESSIONAL DISPUTE OVER SALE OF
FEDERALLY CONTROLLED LANDS LEADS TO
REEMERGENCE OF ‘NULLIFICATION’ THEORY

1832: NEW PROPOSED TARIFF ; ALTHOUGH
LOWER, ANGERS SOUTHERN STATES


SOUTH CAROLINA TAKES THE LEAD IN
DECLARING THE TARIFF VOID

CONFRONTATION IS NARROWLY AVOIDED

REAL ISSUE IS INSTITUTION OF SLAVERY
Panic of 1837
1 JANUARY 1835; U.S. TREASURY HAS $ 440,000
WITH NO BILLS OF CREDIT DUE


JACKSON ATTACKS BANK OF THE UNITED
STATES



WITHDRAWS REVENUES
SPECIE CIRCULAR OF 1836: ALL TRANSACTIONS
MUST BE CONDUCTED WITH HARD CURRENCY
TRIGGERS A RUN ON BANKS AND LEADS TO AN
ECONOMIC DEPRESSION
The formation of a new opposition
party
FORMER DEMOCRATS, NATIONAL REPUBLICANS
JOIN TOGETHER TO CREATE THE WHIG PARTY



HOWEVER THE WHIGS ARE MORE THAN JUST
FEDERALISTS UNDER A NEW NAME
WHIGS RUN ON PLATFORM TO RESURRECT BANK
OF THE UNITED STATES

HIGHER TARIFFS
1840: WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON DIES WITHIN
A MONTH OF TAKING OFFICE


HIS VICE – PRESIDENT, JOHN TYLER, TURNS
AGAINST WHIG PROGRAM
The formation of a new opposition
party


1843: TYLER IS IMPEACHED BY WHIGS IN
CONGRESS; BUT SURVIVES
1848 & 1852 : WHIGS FIELD FORMER GENERALS
IN BOTH ELECTIONS
Industrialization in the United
States, 1800 – 1860


SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE IS
COMMERCIALIZED
MANUFACTURING REPLACES ARTISANAL
PRODUCTION

FACTORY PRODUCTION
1820: 350,000 WORKERS IN FACTORIES
 1860: NUMBER HAS RISEN TO TWO MILLION


RISE OF AN EMERGING MIDDLE – CLASS IN THE
NORTH
Industrialization in the United
States, 1800 – 1860



URBAN, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, INDUSTRIAL
CENTERS REMAIN HEAVILY UNDERDEVELOPED
EDUCATION AMONGST EUROPEAN – AMERICAN
POPULATION REMAINS LOW IN THE SOUTH


SLAVERY REMAINS THE CORNERSTONE OF
SOUTHERN ECONOMY
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM REMAINS WEAK
BALTIMORE – NEW ORLEANS JOURNEY IN 1850
REQUIRES; FIVE RAILROAD JOURNEYS, TWO
STAGECOACHES, TWO STEAMBOATS
Issue of Slavery on the national
stage, 1845 – 1850

1845: THEORY OF ‘MANIFEST DESTINY’
1824: FIRST ANGLO – SAXON SETTLERS ARRIVE
IN TEXAS
 ¼ OF STEPHEN F. AUSTIN’S SETTLEMENTS ARE
ENSLAVED PEOPLES
 MEXICAN GOVERNMENT’S REASSERTION OF
PROHIBITION AGAINST INSTITUTION OF
SLAVERY TRIGGERS AN UPRISING AGAINST THE
MEXICAN GOVERNMENT IN 1835



1836: INSURRECTIONARIES IMMEDIATELY CALL
FOR ANNEXATION BY THE UNITED STATES
CONSTITUTION CALLS FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF
SLAVEHOLDER’S REPUBLIC
Issue of Slavery on the national
stage, 1845 – 1850

1835 – 1845: CONGRESS REJECTS ATTEMPT TO
BRING TEXAS INTO THE UNITED STATES AS A
SLAVEHOLDING STATE
PRO – SLAVERY ACTIVISTS CLAIM IF TEXAS IS
NOT ANNEXED BY THE U.S. THEN THE BRITISH
EMPIRE MIGHT SEIZE IT AND FREE THE
ENSLAVED
 1845: TYLER, A STRONG PRO – SLAVERY
ADVOCATE FORWARDS THE INCLUSION OF
TEXAS AS A RESOLUTION IN CONGRESS,
REQUIRING ONLY A SIMPLE MAJORITY
 NOT THE TWO – THIRDS MAJORITY REQUIRED
TO ADMIT A NEW STATE
 ISSUE POLARIZES SUPPORTERS ON EITHER SIDE

The road to Civil War

DISCOVERY OF GOLD IN CALIFORNIA & THE ISSUE
OF SLAVERY

BOTH POLITICAL PARTIES ARE WEAK


CONGRESS IS INDECISIVE
MILLARD FILLMORE AS PRESIDENT CANNOT PROVIDE
DIRECTION
CALIFORNIA ADMITTED TO US AS FREE STATE
NEW MEXICO AND UTAH FREE TO DECIDE SLAVERY
ISSUE
TEXAS RECEIVES $10 MILLION AS COMPENSATION FOR
ABANDONING CLAIMS TO NEW MEXICO TERRITORY
The Compromise of 1850
F E D E R A L F U G I T I V E S L A V E L A W
A N Y A F R I C A N A M E R I C A N C A N B E S E N T T O T H E S O U T H
BASED ON AFFIDAVIT
R U N A W A Y S L A V E S D O N O T H A V E R I G H T S ; C A N N O T
TESTIFY ON BEHALF OF SELF
S P E C I A L C O U R T S : C O M M I S S I O N E R S R E C E I V E $ 1 0 F O R
RUNAWAY SLAVE RETURNED AND $5 FOR FREED SLAVE
A F R I C A N A M E R I C A N S L E A V E F O R C A N A D A , A F R I C A A N D
CARIBBEAN

H A R R I E T B E E C H E R S T O W E , U N C L E T O M ’ S C A B I N
The road to Civil War

“KNOW – NOTHING PARTY” – ANTI – IMMIGRANT
PARTY

1855 – EMERGENCE OF REPUBLICAN PARTY
KANSAS – NEBRASKA ACT
SPLIT IN BOTH WHIG AND DEMOCRATIC PARTIES


‘BLEEDING’ KANSAS
TWO LEGISLATURES EMERGE



ELECTION OF 1856
The road to Civil War


DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE: JAMES BUCHANAN
KNOW – NOTHING PARTY CANDIDATE: MILLARD
FILLMORE
 REPUBLICAN PARTY: JOHN FREMONT

DRED SCOTT CASE

HARPER’S FERRY