Georgetown University Law Center Scholarship @ GEORGETOWN LAW 2010 Constitutionalism: A Skeptical View Jeremy Waldron New York University School of Law, [email protected] This paper can be downloaded free of charge from: http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/hartlecture/4 This open-access article is brought to you by the Georgetown Law Library. Posted with permission of the author. Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/hartlecture Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, and the Jurisprudence Commons ! " #" $ $ $% &'" "$ ( "" "" ) ! " * " "+ , *-".. * + $. /#, 0 %*. .$)112'$)34% 5! ' ) , $ $.0, % $! $263'$78 Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1722771 9 $ $(8: # ## $7 ;, .*" "". 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