American Federation of Labor
1
American Federation of Labor
AFL
American Federation of Labor
Founded
December 8, 1886
Date dissolved December 4, 1955
Merged into
AFL-CIO
Country
United States
Key people
Samuel Gompers
John McBride
William GreenGeorge Meany
Office location New York City; later Washington, D.C.
The American Federation of Labor (AFL) was one of the first federations of labor unions in the United States. It
was founded in 1886 by an alliance of craft unions disaffected from the Knights of Labor, a national labor
association. Samuel Gompers (1850–1924) was elected president of the Federation at its founding convention and
was reelected every year except one until his death. As the Knights of Labor faded away, the AFL coalition
gradually gained strength. In practice, AFL unions were important in industrial cities, where they formed a central
labor office to coordinate the actions of different AFL unions. Most strikes were assertions of jurisdiction, so that the
plumbers, for example, used strikes to ensure that all major construction projects in the city used union plumbers. To
win they needed the support of other unions, hence the need for AFL solidarity.
Gompers promoted harmony among the different craft unions that comprised the AFL. Focused on higher wages and
job security, the AFL fought against socialism and the Socialist party. After 1907 it formed alliances with the
Democratic party at the local, state and national levels. The AFL enthusiastically supported the war effort in World
War I, and saw rapid growth in union membership and wage rates. The AFL unions lost membership in the 1920s,
and did not recover from the doldrums until the New Deal passed the Wagner Act in 1935. The AFL enthusiastically
supported the New Deal Coalition led by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt.
John L. Lewis led a group of industrial unions to break away in the 1930s to form the CIO. The two federations
competed for new members furiously, even violently. The AFL was always larger, and added more members in the
very rapid growth period in the late 1930s and World War II era, while avoiding the radicalism of the CIO. William
Green was president (1925–1952), but after 1940 the dominant leader was George Meany (1894–1980).
The AFL was always hostile to Communists, especially as they were powerful inside the rival CIO. The AFL
boycotted the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) because of its decision to admit Soviet trade unions. The
AFL was instrumental in establishing a rival federation, the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions
(ICFTU), which eventually won the allegiance of all labor federations save those of the Soviet Union and its
American Federation of Labor
satellites. The AFL hailed the Truman administration's Cold War policies and strongly supported American military
intervention in the Korean War. Corruption in labor unions became a major political issues in the 1950s. Meany
convinced the AFL to expel the racketeer-influenced International Longshoremen's Association (ILA) in 1953, and
several other corrupt affiliates, most notably the Teamsters union, several years later. The AFL was at its peak in
1955, when it reunited with the CIO to form the AFL-CIO, which has seen its membership steadily decline since the
1970s but remains active today.
Organizational history
Origins
By the late 1880s there were over 40 international unions, comprising local chapters of skilled craftsmen in specific
fields, such as carpenters, printers and cigar makers. They formed the "Federation of Organized Trades and Labor
Unions" (FOTLU) in 1881. By 1886 they were threatened by the explosive growth of the Knights of Labor, a
national reform organization that had little interest in such local issues as jurisdiction over specific trades, strikes,
qualifications of craftsmen, wage scales, or local working conditions. The Knights wanted to enroll practically
everyone, and quest of social reforms. To meet the challenge, FOTLU disbanded and was succeeded by the
American Federation of Labor in 1886. The AFL was an umbrella group, designed to assist and coordinate the
international unions that comprised its membership. That is, individuals belong to locals of the international union
which in turn were members of the AFL.
In April 1886, a circular letter was issued by two FOTLU unions calling on 43 national trade unions to attend an
organizing conference in Philadelphia in May. Twenty unions sent delegates and 12 others indicated their
approval.[1] The meeting charged the K of L with conspiring with anti-union bosses to provide labor at below going
union rates and with making use of individuals who had crossed picket lines or defaulted on payment of union dues
and demanded that the K of L cease attempting to organize members of international unions into its own assemblies.
The K of L refused to enter into serious discussions.[2]
Formation and early years
A followup convention met in December 1886 in Columbus, Ohio in order to construct "an American federation of
alliance of all national and international trade unions." Forty-two delegates representing 13 national unions and
various other local labor organizations responded to the call, agreeing to form themselves into an American
Federation of Labor.[3]
Revenue for the new organization was to be raised on the basis of a "per-capita tax" of its member organizations, set
at the rate of one-half cent per member per month (i.e. six cents per year). Governance of the organization was to be
by annual conventions, with one delegate allocated for every 4,000 members of each affiliated union. Gompers was
elected president at a salary of $1,000 per year. Gompers set up his headquarters in Washington, D.C., and was
re-elected every year save 1893 until his death nearly four decades later.[4]
Gompers made use of the existing labor press to generate support for the position of the craft unions against the
Knights of Labor. Powerful opinion-makers of the American labor movement such as the Philadelphia Tocsin,
Haverhill Labor, the Brooklyn Labor Press, and the Denver Labor Enquirer granted Gompers space in their pages,
in which he made the case for the unions against the attacks of employers, "all too often aided by the K of L."[5]
Knights soon lost over 95% of its members and lost its importance.
The fledgling American Federation of Labor showed steady growth in its first years, reaching the 250,000 member
mark in 1892.[6] The group from the outset concentrated upon the income and working conditions of its membership
as its almost sole focus. The AFL's founding convention declaring "higher wages and a shorter workday" to be
"preliminary steps toward great and accompanying improvements in the condition of the working people."
Participation in partisan politics was avoided as inherently divisive, and the group's constitution was structured to
2
American Federation of Labor
3
prevent the admission of political parties as affiliates.[7]
This fundamentally conservative "pure and simple" approach limited the AFL to matters pertaining to working
conditions and rates of pay, relegating political goals to its allies in the political sphere. The Federation favored
pursuit of workers' immediate demands rather than challenging the property rights of owners, and took a pragmatic
view of politics which favored tactical support for particular politicians over formation of a party devoted to workers'
interests. The AFL's leadership believed the expansion of the capitalist system was the best path to betterment of
labor, an orientation making it possible for the AFL to present itself as the conservative alternative to working class
radicalism.[8]
The AFL spent most of its energy setting up federations in larger cities that brought multiple unions together, in
negotiating jurisdictional disputes between two or more of its unions, and helping member unions with
organizational drives, and with establishing themselves in new cities. The AFL itself did not call strikes, but it did
assist member unions and their strike operations.[9]
Early 20th Century
The AFL faced its first major reversal when employers
launched an open shop movement in 1903 designed to
drive unions out of construction, mining, longshore and
other industries. Membership in the AFL's affiliated
unions declined between 1904 and 1914 in the face of
this concerted anti-union drive, which made effective
use of legal injunctions against strikes, court rulings
given force when backed with the armed might of the
state.
Ever the pragmatist, Gompers argued that labor should
"reward its friends and punish its enemies" in both
major parties. However, in the first decade of the 20th
century the two parties began to realign, with the main
faction of the Republican Party coming to identify with
the interests of banks and manufacturers, while a
substantial portion of the rival Democratic Party took a
more labor-friendly position. While not precluding its
members from belonging to the Socialist Party or
working with its members, the AFL traditionally
refused to pursue the tactic of independent political
action by the workers in the form of the existing
Socialist Party or the establishment of a new labor
party. After 1908, the organization's tie to the
Democratic party grew increasingly strong.
Samuel Gompers with John Mitchell of the United Mine Workers of
America.
National Civic Federation
Some unions within the AFL helped form and participated in the National Civic Federation. The National Civic
Federation was formed by several progressive employers who sought to avoid labor disputes by fostering collective
bargaining and "responsible" unionism. Labor's participation in this federation, at first tentative, created internal
division within the AFL. Socialists, who believed the only way to help workers was to remove large industry from
private ownership, denounced labor's efforts at cooperation with the capitalists in the National Civic Federation. The
American Federation of Labor
4
AFL nonetheless continued its association with the group, which declined in importance as the decade of the 1910s
drew to a close.
Canada
By the 1890s Gompers was planning an international federation of labor, starting with the expansion of AFL
affiliates in Canada, especially Ontario. He helped the Canadian Trades and Labour Congress with money and
organizers, and by 1902 the AFL came to dominate the Canadian union movement.[10]
Immigration restriction
The AFL vigorously opposed unrestricted immigration from Europe for moral, cultural, and racial reasons. The issue
unified the workers who feared that an influx of new workers would flood the labor market and lower wages.[11]
Nativism was not a factor because upwards of half the union members were themselves immigrants or the sons of
immigrants from Ireland, Germany and Britain. Nativism was a factor when the AFL even more strenuously opposed
all immigration from Asia because it represented (to its Euro-American members) an alien culture that could not be
assimilated into American society. The AFL intensified its opposition after 1906 and was instrumental in passing
immigration restriction bills from the 1890s to the 1920s, such as the 1921 Emergency Quota Act and the
Immigration Act of 1924, and seeing that they were strictly enforced.[12]
Mink (1986) concludes that the link between the AFL and the Democratic Party rested in part on immigration issues,
noting the large corporations, which supported the Republicans, wanted more immigration to augment their labor
force.[13]
The AFL in World War I
The AFL reached a zenith of sorts during the administration of
Democrat Woodrow Wilson. Particularly during the years of
World War I, American unions were given considerable
government protection and cooperation between capital and labor
was actively sought as the best means of rationalizing and
increasing American production on behalf of the war effort.
Unions, including the AFL itself, welcomed governmental
intervention in favor of collective bargaining during World War I.
Unions in the packinghouse industry were able to form due to
governmental pressure on the largest employers to recognize the
unions rather than face a strike. Expansion of the organized labor
movement followed and by 1920 the AFL had nearly 4 million
members.
Cartoon from the American Federationist, published in
The Railroad Trainman in 1922. The caption reads:
THE UNION MAN'S BURDEN, Every Organized
Worker Carries an Unorganized Worker "Strapped to
His Back".
American Federation of Labor
The 1920s
After conclusion of the European war in 1919, business
launched a vast and coordinated offensive on behalf of
the so-called "open shop", and the member unions lost
membership at an alarming rate. This trend continued
throughout the 1920s.
The organization endorsed pro-labor progressive
Robert M. LaFollette in 1924. The campaign failed to
establish a permanent independent party closely
connected to the labor movement, however, and
thereafter the Federation embraced ever more closely
the Democratic Party, despite the fact that many union
leaders remained Republicans.
The New Deal years
The Great Depression were hard times for the unions,
and membership fell sharply across the country. As the
national economy began to recover in 1933, so did
union membership. The New Deal of president
Franklin D. Roosevelt, a Democrat strongly favored
labor unions. He made sure that relief operations like
American Federation of Labor head Samuel Gompers (right)
endorsed
the pro-labor independent Presidential candidate Robert M.
the Civilian Conservation Corps did not include a
LaFollette in 1924.
training component that would produced skilled
workers who would compete with union members in a
still glutted market. The major legislation was the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, called the Wagner Act. It
greatly strengthened organized unions, especially by weakening the company unions that many workers belonged to.
It was to the members advantage to transform a company union into a local of an AFL union, and thousands did so,
dramatically boosting the membership. The Wagner Act also set up to the National Labor Relations Board, which
used its powers to rule in favor of unions and against the companies. However, the NLRB was later taken over by
leftist elements who favored the CIO over the AFL.
The AFL — now led by William Green (president, 1924–1952) — faced increasing dissension within its ranks, led
by John L. Lewis of the coal miners. Lewis argued that the AFL was too heavily oriented toward traditional
craftsmen, and was overlooking the opportunity to organize millions of semiskilled workers, especially those in
industrial factories that made automobiles, rubber, glass and steel. In 1935 Lewis led the dissenting unions in
forming a new Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) within the AFL. Both the new CIO industrial unions,
and the older AFL crafts unions grew rapidly after 1935. In 1936 union members enthusiastically supported
Roosevelt's landslide reelection. Proposals for the creation of an independent labor party were rejected.[14]
Unions now comprised a major compounded of the New Deal Coalition, along with big-city machines, Catholics and
Jews, poorer farmers, and the white South. The AFL continued to concentrate its legislative efforts on obtaining
political protection for the right of unions to organize and strike, rather than on obtaining social change through
legislative action.
5
American Federation of Labor
World War II and after
The AFL retained close ties to the Democratic machines in big cities through the 1940s. Its membership surged
during the war and it held on to most of its new members after wartime legal support for labor was removed. Despite
its close connections to many in Congress, the AFL was not able to block the Taft-Hartley Act in 1947.
In 1955, the AFL and CIO merged to form the AFL-CIO, headed by George Meany.
Historical problems
Racism
During its first years, the AFL admitted nearly anyone. Gompers opened the AFL to radical and socialist workers
and to some semiskilled and unskilled workers. Women, African Americans, and immigrants joined in small
numbers. But by the 1890s, the Federation had begun to organize only skilled workers in craft unions and became an
organization of mostly white men. Although the Federation preached a policy of egalitarianism in regard to African
American workers, it actively discriminated against black workers.
The AFL sanctioned the maintenance of segregated locals within its affiliates — particularly in the construction and
railroad industries — a practice which often excluded black workers altogether from union membership and thus
from employment in organized industries. The AFL also actively supported legislation, such as literacy tests, that
would reduce unskilled immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe.
In 1901, the AFL lobbied Congress to reauthorize the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act, and issued a pamphlet entitled
"Some reasons for Chinese exclusion. Which shall survive?" The AFL also began one of the first organized labor
boycotts when they began putting white stickers on the cigars made by unionized white cigar rollers while
simultaneously discouraging consumers from purchasing cigars rolled by Chinese workers.
Sexism
In most ways, the AFL’s treatment of women workers paralleled its policy towards black workers. The AFL never
adopted a strict policy of gender exclusion and, at times, even came out in favor of women’s unionism. But despite
such rhetoric, the Federation only half-heartedly supported women’s attempts to organize and, more often, took pains
to keep women out of unions and the workforce altogether. Only two national unions affiliated with the AFL at its
founding openly included women, and others passed by-laws barring women’s membership entirely. The AFL hired
its first female organizer, Mary Kenney O'Sullivan, only in 1892, released her after five months, and it did not
replace her or hire another women national organizer until 1908.[15] Women who organized their own unions were
often turned down in bids to join the Federation, and even women who did join unions found them hostile or
intentionally inaccessible. AFL unions often held meetings at night or in bars when women might find it difficult to
attend and where they might feel uncomfortable, and male unionists heckled women who tried to speak at meetings.
Generally the AFL viewed women workers as competition, as strikebreakers, or as an unskilled labor reserve that
kept wages low. As such, the Federation often opposed women’s employment entirely. When it did organize women
workers, most often it did so to protect men’s jobs and earning power and not to improve the conditions, lives, or
wages of women workers. In response, most women workers remained outside the labor movement. In 1900, only
3.3% of working women were organized into unions. In 1910, even as the AFL surged forward in membership, the
number had dipped to 1.5%. And while it improved to 6.6% over the next decade, women remained mostly outside
of unions and practically invisible inside of them into the mid-1920s.[16]
Attitudes gradually changed within the AFL due to the pressure of organized female workers. Female-dominated
began to emerge in the first two decades of the 20th century, including particularly the International Ladies Garment
Workers’ Union. Women organized independent locals among New York hat makers, in the Chicago stockyards, and
among Jewish and Italian waist makers, to name only three examples. Through the efforts of middle class reformers
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American Federation of Labor
and activists, often of the Women's Trade Union League, these unions joined the AFL.[17]
Conflicts between affiliated unions
From the beginning, unions affiliated with the AFL found
themselves in conflict when both unions claimed jurisdiction
over the same groups of workers: both the Brewers and
Teamsters claimed to represent beer truck drivers, both the
Machinists and the International Typographical Union
claimed to represent certain printroom employees, and the
Machinists and a fledgling union known as the "Carriage,
Wagon and Automobile Workers Union" sought to organize
the same employees — even though neither union had made
any effort to organize or bargain for those employees. In
some cases the AFL mediated the dispute, usually favoring
the larger or more influential union. The AFL often reversed
its jurisdictional rulings over time, as the continuing
jurisdictional battles between the Brewers and the Teamsters
showed. In other cases the AFL expelled the offending
union, as it did in 1913 in the case of the Carriage, Wagon
and Automobile Workers Union (which quickly
disappeared).
These jurisdictional disputes were most frequent in the
building trades, where a number of different unions might
claim the right to have work assigned to their members. The
craft unions in this industry organized their own department
The AFL arbitrated disputes between member unions and
within the AFL in 1908, despite the reservations of Gompers
enforced its decisions by rescinding charters, when necessary.
and other leaders about creation of a separate body within
(1919 Cigar Makers' Union charter certificate.)
the AFL that might function as a federation within a
federation. While those fears were partly borne out in
practice, as the Building Trades Department did acquire a great deal of practical power gained through resolving
jurisdictional disputes between affiliates, the danger that it might serve as the basis for schism never materialized.
Affiliates within the AFL formed "departments" to help resolve these jurisdictional conflicts and to provide a more
effective voice for member unions in given industries. The Metal Trades Department engaged in some organizing of
its own, primarily in shipbuilding, where unions such as the Pipefitters, Machinists and Iron Workers joined together
through local metal workers' councils to represent a diverse group of workers. The Railway Employees Department
dealt with both jurisdictional disputes between affiliates and pursued a common legislative agenda for all of them.
Even that sort of structure did not prevent AFL unions from finding themselves in conflict on political issues. For
example, the International Seamen's Union opposed passage of a law applying to workers engaged in interstate
transport that railway unions supported. The AFL bridged these differences on an ad hoc basis.
7
American Federation of Labor
Historical achievements
Organizing and coordination
The AFL made efforts in its early years to assist its affiliates in organizing: it advanced funds or provided organizers
or, in some cases, such as the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, the Teamsters and the American
Federation of Musicians, helped form the union. The AFL also used its influence (including refusal of charters or
expulsion) to heal splits within affiliated unions, to force separate unions seeking to represent the same or closely
related jurisdictions to merge, or to mediate disputes between rival factions where both sides claimed to represent the
leadership of an affiliated union. The AFL also chartered "federal unions" — local unions not affiliated with any
international union — in those fields in which no affiliate claimed jurisdiction.
The AFL also encouraged the formation of local labor bodies (known as central labor councils) in major
metropolitan areas in which all of the affiliates could participate. These local labor councils acquired a great deal of
influence in some cases. For example, the Chicago Federation of Labor spearheaded efforts to organize
packinghouse and steel workers during and immediately after World War I. Local building trades councils also
became powerful in some areas. In San Francisco, the local Building Trades Council, led by Carpenters official P. H.
McCarthy, not only dominated the local labor council but helped elect McCarthy mayor of San Francisco in 1909. In
a very few cases early in the AFL's history, state and local bodies defied AFL policy or chose to disaffiliate over
policy disputes.
Political action
While the organization was founded by socialists such as Gompers and Peter J. McGuire, it quickly became more
conservative. The AFL adopted a philosophy of "business unionism" that emphasized unions' contribution to
businesses' profits and national economic growth. The business unionist approach also focused on skilled workers'
immediate job-related interests, while ignoring larger political issues.
In some respects the AFL leadership took a pragmatic view toward politicians, following Gompers' slogan to
"reward your friends and punish your enemies" without regard to party affiliation. Over time, after repeated
disappointments with the failure of labor's legislative efforts to protect workers' rights, which the courts had struck
down as unconstitutional, Gompers became almost anti-political, opposing some forms of protective legislation, such
as limitations on working hours, because they would detract from the efforts of unions to obtain those same benefits
through collective bargaining.
8
American Federation of Labor
9
Employers discovered the efficacy of labor injunctions, first
used with great effect by the Cleveland administration
during the Pullman strike in 1894. While the AFL sought to
outlaw "yellow dog contracts," to limit the courts' power to
impose "government by injunction" and to obtain exemption
from the antitrust laws that were being used to criminalize
labor organizing, the courts reversed what few legislative
successes the labor movement won.
The AFL concentrated its political efforts during the last
decades of the Gompers administration on securing freedom
from state control of unions — in particular an end to the
court's use of labor injunctions to block the right to organize
or strike and the application of the anti-trust laws to
criminalize labor's use of pickets, boycotts and strikes. The
AFL thought that it had achieved the latter with the passage
of the Clayton Antitrust Act in 1914 — which Gompers
referred to as "Labor's Magna Carta". But in Duplex
Printing Press Co. v. Deering, 254 U.S. 443 (1921), the
United States Supreme Court narrowly read the Act and
codified the federal courts' existing power to issue
injunctions rather than limit it. The court read the phrase
"between an employer and employees" (contained in the
first paragraph of the Act) to refer only to cases involving
an employer and its own employees, leaving the courts free
to punish unions for engaging in sympathy strikes or
secondary boycotts.
The American Federation of Labor Building, a National
Historic Landmark, in Washington, D.C.
The AFL's pessimistic attitude towards politics did not, on the other hand, prevent affiliated unions from pursuing
their own agendas. Construction unions supported legislation that governed entry of contractors into the industry and
protected workers' rights to pay, rail and mass production industries sought workplace safety legislation, and unions
generally agitated for the passage of workers' compensation statutes.
At the same time, the AFL took efforts on behalf of women in supporting protective legislation. It advocated fewer
hours for women workers, and based its arguments on assumptions of female weakness. Like efforts to unionize,
most support for protective legislation for women came out of a desire to protect men’s jobs. If women’s hours could
be limited, reasoned AFL officials, they would infringe less on male employment and earning potential. But the AFL
also took more selfless efforts. Even from the 1890s, the AFL declared itself vigorously in favor of women’s
suffrage. It often printed pro-suffrage articles in its periodical, and in 1918, it supported the National Union of
Women’s Suffrage.[18]
The AFL relaxed its rigid stand against legislation after the death of Gompers. Even so, it remained cautious. Its
proposals for unemployment benefits (made in the late 1920s) were too modest to have practical value, as the Great
Depression soon showed. The impetus for the major federal labor laws of the 1930s came from the New Deal. The
enormous growth in union membership came after Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act in 1933
and National Labor Relations Act in 1935. The AFL refused to sanction or participate in the mass strikes led by John
L. Lewis of the United Mine Workers and other left unions such as the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America.
After the AFL expelled the CIO in 1936, the CIO undertook a major organizing effort. The AFL responded with its
own massive organizing drive that kept its membership totals 50 percent higher than the CIO's.
American Federation of Labor
10
Footnotes
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
Samuel Gompers, Seventy Years of Life and Labor: An Autobiography (1925) vol. 1, pp. 236-258.
Philip Taft, The A.F. of L. in the Time of Gompers, (1957) ch 3
Taft, AFL in the Time of Gompers pp 35-38
Taft, AFL in the Time of Gompers pp 38-53
Gompers, Seventy Years of Life and Labor, vol. 1, pg. 275.
William C. Roberts (ed.), American Federation of Labor: History, Encyclopedia, Reference Book. Washington, DC: American Federation of
Labor, 1919; pg. 63.
[7] Roberts, American Federation of Labor: History, Encyclopedia, Reference Book, pg. 6.
[8] Melvyn Dubofsky, We Shall Be All, (2000) pp. 5-6.
[9] Taft, AFL in the Time of Gompers ch 6
[10] Robert H. Babcock, Gompers in Canada: A Study in American Continentalism before the First World War (1974)
[11] Catherine Collomp, "Unions, Civics, and National Identity," Labor History, Fall 1988, Vol. 29#4 pp 450-74
[12] A. T. Lane, "American Trade Unions, Mass Immigration and the Literacy Test: 1900-1917," Labor History, Winter 1984, Vol. 25#1 pp 5-25
[13] Gwendolyn Mink, Old Labor and New Immigrants in American Political Development: Union, Party, and State, 1875-1920 (1986).
[14] The Social Economic Foundation, A Labor Party for the United States. New York: The Social Economic Foundation, 1936.
[15] Phillip Foner, Women and the American Labor Movement from Colonial Times to the Eve of World War I. New York: The Free Press, 1979;
pg. 214.
[16] Alice Kessler-Harris, "Where Are the Organized Women Workers?" Feminist Studies, vol. 3, no. 1. (Autumn, 1975), pg. 96.
[17] Foner, Women and the American Labor Movement, pp. 304-340.
[18] Alice Kessler-Harris, Out to Work: A History of Wage Earning Women in the United States. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982; pp.
200-202.
Presidents of the American Federation of Labor
•
•
•
•
•
Samuel Gompers 1886-1894
John McBride 1894-1895
Samuel Gompers 1895-1924
William Green 1924-1952
George Meany 1952-1955 (afterwards President of the AFL-CIO)
Affiliated unions and brotherhoods
Sources: American Federation of Labor: History, Encyclopedia, Reference Book, pp. 434-446. American Labor Year Book, 1926, pp.
85-87, 103-172. American Labor Press Directory, pp. 1-11.
Union
Date
Organized
Date
Affiliated
1925
Members
Comments
Asbestos Workers, International Union of
Heat and Frost Insulators and
1887
1887
2,400
Journal: Official Journal.
Actors and Artistes of America, Associated
1919
1919
10,100
Includes: Actors' Equity Association, American Guild of
Musical Artists, American Guild of Variety Artists,
Screen Actors Guild.
Auto Workers, United
1935
1935
N/A
Bakery and Confectionery Workers of
America, International Union of
1886
1887
21,800
Started as Journeymen Bakers' Union. Journal: The
Bakers' Journal.
Barbers International Union, Journeymen
1887
1888
48,000
Journal: The Journeyman Barber.
Bill Posters and Billers of United States and
Canada International Alliance
1902
1903
1,600
Blacksmiths, Drop Forgers and Helpers,
International Brotherhood of
1890
1890
5,000
Suspended 1936 due to Communist influence; helped
form CIO.
Journal: Blacksmiths Journal.
American Federation of Labor
11
Boilermakers and Iron Shipbuilders,
International Brotherhood of
1880
1882
17,100
Two Boilermakers unions amalgamated in 1893,
considered the start date of this union by some. Journal:
The Boilermakers and Iron Shipbuilders' Journal.
Bookbinders, International Brotherhood of
1892
1892
13,600
Journal: The International Bookbinder.
Boot and Shoe Workers' Union
1895
1895
36,200
Journal: The Shoe Workers' Journal.
Brewery, Flour, Cereal and Soft Drink
Workers of America
1884
1887
16,000
Journal: Brewery, Flour, Cereal and Soft Drink Workers'
Journal.
Brick and Clay Workers of America, United
1894
1898
5,000
Journal: Union Clay Worker.
Bricklayers', Masons and Plasterers'
International Union of America
1865
1916
70,000
Journal: The Bricklayer, Mason and Plasterer.
Bridge, Structural and Ornamental Iron
Workers, International Association of
1896
1903
16,300
Journal: The Bridgemen's Magazine.
Broom and Whisk Makers' Union,
International
1893
1893
700
Building Service Employees International
Union
1921
1921
6,200
Carpenters and Joiners, Amalgamated
Association of
1869
1890
N/A
Carpenters and Joiners of America, United
Brotherhood of
1867
1886
317,000
Cigarmakers' International Union
1864
1887
23,500
Journal: Cigarmakers' Official Journal.
Cloth Hat, Cap and Millinery Workers'
International Union
1901
1902
7,800
Suspended for protracted period in early 1920s for failure
to comply with convention decision. Journal: The
Headgear Worker.
Conductors, Order of Sleeping Car
1918
1919
2,300
Journal: The Sleeping Car Conductor.
Coopers' International Union of North
America
1864
1892
1,300
Journal: The Coopers' International Journal.
N/A
Suspended for non-payment of dues, 1923 on.
Cutting Die and Cutter Makers of America,
International Union of
Journal: The Broom Maker.
AF of L charter revoked by 1912 convention for refusing
to amalgamate with Brotherhood of Carpenters. Journal:
The Carpenter.
Diamond Workers' Protective Union of
America
1910
1912
400
Elastic Goring Weavers, Amalgamated
Association of
1894
1894
100
Electrical Workers, International
Brotherhood of
1891
1891
142,000
Elevator Constuctors, International Union of
1901
1903
8,100
Journal: The Elevator Constructor.
Federal Employees, National Federation of
1917
1917
20,200
Disaffiliated from AF of L, December 1931. Journal:
Federal Employe.
Fire Fighters, International Association of
1918
1918
16,000
Journal: International Fire Fighter.
Foundry Employees, International
Brotherhood of
1904
1904
3,500
Later amalgamated with the Molders.
Fur Workers' Union of the United States and
Canada, International
1913
1913
11,400
Journal: The Fur Worker.
Garmernt Workers of America, United
1891
1891
47,500
Journal: The Garment Worker.
Glass Bottle Blowers' Association
1847
1899
6,000
Journal: The Bottle Maker.
Journal: The Journal of Electrical Workers and
Operators.
American Federation of Labor
12
Glass Workers' Union, American Flint
1878
1912
5,300
Glass Workers, National Window
1872
1918
2,000
Glove Workers' Union of America,
International
1902
1902
300
Granite Cutters' International Union
1877
1886
8,500
Hatters of North America, United
1854
1886
11,500
Hod Carriers, Building and Common
Laborers' Union, International
1903
1903
61,500
Now Laborers' International Union of North America.
Horseshoers of United States and Canada,
International Union of Journeymen
1874
1893
2,000
Journal: International Horseshoers' Monthly Magazine.
Hotel and Restaurant Employees'
International Alliance and Bartenders'
League of America
1890
1890
38,500
Journal: The Mixer and Server.
Iron, Steel and Tin Workers, Amalgamated
Association of
1876
1887
11,400
Journal: The Amalgamated Journal.
Jewelry Workers' Union, International
1916
1916
800
Journal: Jewelry Workers' Monthly Bulletin.
N/A
Suspended c. 1920 for failure to comply with decisions of
convention.
Lace Operatives of America, The Chartered
Association of
Journal: American Flint.
Journal: Granite Cutters Journal.
Ladies' Garment Workers Union,
International
1900
1900
90,000
Journals: Justice (English); Gerechtigkeit (Yiddish);
Giustizia (Italian);
Lathers, International Union of Wood, Wire
and Metal
1899
1899
8,900
Journal: The Lather.
Laundry Workers' International Union
1900
1900
5,500
Leather Workers' International Union,
United
1896
1896
2,000
Journal: Leather Workers' Journal.
Letter Carriers, National Association of
1889
1917
32,500
Journal: Postal Record.
Letter Carriers, National Association of
Rural
1919
1919
300
Lithographers of America, Amalgamated
1882
1906
5,300
Journal: Lithographers' Journal.
Longshoremen's Association, International
1892
1896
31,800
Journal: The Longshoreman.
Machinists, International Association of
1888
1895
71,400
Journal: Machinists Monthly Journal.
Maintenance of Way Employees, United
Brotherhood of
1886
1900
37,400
Journal: Railway Maintenance of Way Employees'
Journal.
Marble, Slate and Stone Polishers, Rubbers
and Sawyers, Tile and Marble Setters'
Helpers, International Association of
1916
1916
3,200
Marine Engineers' Beneficial Association,
National
1875
Masters, Mates and Pilots of America
1897
1914
3,900
Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen,
Amalgamated
1897
1897
12,200
Metal Engravers' International Union
1920
1921
100
Metal Polishers Union of North America,
International
1891
1896
6,000
N/A
Disaffiliated with AF of L, 1923.
American Federation of Labor
13
Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers,
International Union of
1893
1896
8,500
Journal: The Miners' Magazine.
Mine Workers of America, United
1890
1890
400,000
Journal: United Mine Workers' Journal.
Molders' Union of America, International
1859
1886
27,500
Later amalgamated with Foundry Employees. Journal:
International Molders' Journal.
Musicians, American Federation of
1896
1896
80,000
Journal: International Musician.
Office Employees International Union
1942
1945
N/A
Oil Field, Gas Well and Refinery Workers of
America, International Association of
1919
1919
1,200
Painters, Decorators and Paperhangers of
America, Brotherhood of
1887
1887
107,600
Papermakers, International Brotherhood of
1892
1897
5,000
Journal: Paper Maker Journal.
Pattern Makers' League of North America
1887
1894
7,000
Journal: Pattern Makers Journal.
Pavers, Rammersmen, Flag Layers, Bridge
and Stone Setters, International Union of
1860
1905
2,000
Paving Cutters' Union of the United States
1901
1904
2,400
Journal: Paving Cutters' Journal.
Photo-Engravers' Union of North America,
International
1900
1904
7,200
Journal: The American Photo Engraver.
Piano, Organ and Musical Instrument
Workers' Union of America, International
1898
1902
600
Plasterers and Cement Finishers'
International Association of the United
States and Canada, Operative
1862
1908
30,000
Journal: The Plasterer.
Plate Printers' and Die Stampers' Union of
North America, International
1891
1898
1,200
Amalgamated with Steel and Copper Plate Engravers'
League, late 1925. Journal: The Plate Printer.
Plumbers and Steamfitters of the United
States and Canada, United Association of
1889
1897
39,200
Journal: Plumbers, Gas and Steam Fitters' Journal.
Pocketbook Workers of America,
International
1923
1925
N/A
Postal Employees, National Federation of
1906
1906
23,700
Was National Federation of Postal Employees. Journal:
Union Postal Clerk.
Potters, National Brotherhood of Operative
1899
1899
8,100
Journal: The Potters' Herald.
Powder and High Explosive Workers, United
1902
1902
200
Now International Union of Painters and Allied Trades.
Journal: The Painter and Decorator.
Journal: International Pocketbook Worker.
Print Cutters' Association of America,
International
N/A
Amalgamated with Timber Workers, 1923.
Printers and Color Mixers of the United
States, International Association of Machine
N/A
Amalgamated with Timber Workers, 1923.
Printing Pressman and Assistants' Union of
North America, International
1889
1890
40,000
Journal: The American Pressman.
Pulp, Sulphite and Paper Mill Workers,
International Brotherhood of
1906
1909
5,000
Quarry Workers' International Union of
North America
1903
1903
3,000
Journal: Quarry Workers' Journal.
Railroad Carmen, Brotherhood of
1888
1900
125,000
Journal: Railway Carmen's Journal.
Railroad Signalmen of America,
Brotherhood of
1908
1914
8,000
Journal: Signalmen's Journal.
American Federation of Labor
14
Railroad Telegraphers, Order of
1886
1899
39,200
Journal: The Railroad Telegrapher.
Railway Clerks, Brotherhood of
1899
1908
91,200
Journal: The Railway Clerk.
Railway Mail Association
1898
1917
19,100
Journal: The Railway Post Office.
Retail Clerks' International Protective
Association
1890
1891
10,000
Journal: Retail Clerks' International Advocate.
Roofers, United Slate, Tile and Composition
+ Damp and Waterproof Workers'
Association
1902
1903
3,000
Amalgamated with Slate and Tile Roofers in 1919. Now
United Union of Roofers, Waterproofers and Allied
Workers.
N/A
Apparently defunct from 1924.
Sawsmiths' National Union
Seamen's International Union of America
1892
1893
16,000
Journal: The Seamen's Journal.
Sheet Metal Workers' Union, Amalgamated
1888
1890
25,000
Journal: Sheet Metal Workers Journal.
Spinners' Union, International
Stage Employees and Moving Picture
Machine Operators of the United States and
Canada
N/A
1893
1894
1932
1936
N/A
Stationary Firemen and Oilers, International
Brotherhood of
1898
Steam and Operating Engineers,
International Union of
Apparently absorbed through amalgamation or defunct by
1925.
20,000
Journal: General Bulletin.
1898
10,000
Journal: Firemen and Oilers Journal.
1896
1897
25,300
Now International Union of Operating Engineers. Journal:
International Steam Engineer.
Steam Shovel and Dredgemen, International
Brotherhood of
1896
1915
N/A
Suspended by AF of L in 1920 due to jurisdictional
dispute with Steam Engineers. Journal: Steam Shovel and
Dredge.
Stereotypers and Electrotypers' Union,
International
1902
1902
6,800
Journal: International Stereotypers and Electrotypers'
Union Journal.
Stone Cutters' Association, Journeymen
1853
1907
5,100
Journal: The Stone Cutters Journal.
Stove Mounters' International Union
1892
1894
1,600
Journal: Stove Mounters and Range Workers' Journal.
Street and Electric Railway Employees of
America, Amalgamated Association of
1892
1893
101,000
Switchmen's Union of North America
1894
1906
8,900
Journal: The Journal of the Switchmen's Union of North
America.
Tailors' Union of America, Journeymen
1883
1887
9,300
Journal: The Tailor.
Teachers, American Federation of
1916
1916
3,500
Journal: American Federation of Teachers Monthly
Bulletin.
Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Stablemen and
Helpers, International Brotherhood of
1899
1899
78,900
Journal: Official Magazine.
Technical Engineers', Architects' and
Draftsmen's Unions, International Federation
of
1916
1916
600
Telegraphers' Union of America,
Commercial
1902
1902
4,100
Journal: The Commercial Telegraphers' Journal.
Textile Workers of America, United
1901
1901
30,000
Journal: The Textile Worker.
Timber Workers, International Union of
Tobacco Workers' International Union
1895
1895
Now Amalgamated Transit Union. Journal: The
Motorman and Conductor.
N/A
Disbanded 1923.
1,400
Journal: Tobacco Worker.
American Federation of Labor
15
Transferrers' Association of America,
International Steel Plate
N/A
Apparently absorbed through amalgamation or defunct by
1925.
Tunnel and Subway Constructors
1910
1910
3,000
Typographical Union, International
1852
1881
71,000
Journals: The Typographical Journal (English);
Buchdrucker-Zeitung (German).
Upholsters' International Union of North
America
1882
1892
7,600
Journal: Upholsterers' Journal.
Wall Paper Crafts of North America, United
1923
1923
600
Wire Weavers' Protective Association,
America
1876
1895
400
Wood Carvers' Association of North
America, International
1883
1896
1,000
Journal: The International Woodcarver.
align="left" | State, County and Municipal Employees, American Federation of
Non-affiliated railroad brotherhoods
Union
Date
Organized
Date
Affiliated
Locomotive Engineers,
Brotherhood of
1863
N/A
Journal: Locomotive Engineers' Journal.
Locomotive Firemen and
Enginemen, Brotherhood of
1873
N/A
Now part of United Transportation Union. Journal: Brotherhood
of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen's Magazine.
Railroad Conductors, Order of
1868
N/A
Journal: The Railroad Conductor.
Railroad Trainmen, Brotherhood
of
1883
N/A
Journal: The Railroad Trainman.
N/A
Journal: The Railroad Worker.
Railroad Workers, American
Federation of
Railroad Yardmasters,
Brotherhood of
1918
1925
Members
Comments
N/A
Railway Employees,
Brotherhood of
N/A
Journal: Railway Employees' Journal
Railway Expressmen, Order of
N/A
Journal: The Railway Expressman.
Sleeping Car Porters,
Brotherhood of
1924
N/A
Train Dispatchers Association
1917
N/A
Other independent trade unions
Journal: The Train Dispatcher.
American Federation of Labor
Union
16
Date
Organized
Date
Affiliated
1914
N/A
Journals: The Advance (English); Darbas (Lithuanian); Fortschrift
(Yiddish); Il Lavoro (Italian); Prace (Czech); Przemyslowa Democracia
(Polish); Rabochii Golos (Russian).
Food Workers,
Amalgamated
N/A
Journals: Free Voice of the Amalgamated Food Workers; Hotel Worker.
Marine Engineers'
Beneficial Association,
National
N/A
Journal: The American Marine Engineer.
Clothing Workers of
America, Amalgamated
1925
Members
Comments
Bibliography and further reading
Secondary sources
•
Arnesen, Eric, ed. Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History (2006), 2064pp; 650 articles by experts excerpt and text search
(http://www.amazon.com/dp/0415968267)
•
Beik, Millie, ed. Labor Relations: Major Issues in American History (2005) over 100 annotated primary documents excerpt and text search
(http://www.amazon.com/dp/0313318646/)
•
Boris, Eileen, Nelson Lichtenstein, and Thomas Paterson. Major Problems In The History Of American Workers: Documents and Essays
(2002)
•
Brody, David. In Labor's Cause: Main Themes on the History of the American Worker (1993) excerpt and text search
(http://www.
amazon.com/dp/0195067908)
•
Brooks, George W.; Derber, Milton; McCabe, David A.; and Taft, Philip (eds.), Interpreting the Labor Movement. Madison: Industrial
Relations Research Association, 1952.
•
Browne, Waldo Ralph. What's what in the Labor Movement: A Dictionary of Labor Affairs and Labor (1921) 577pp; encyclopedia of labor
terms, organizations and history. complete text online
•
•
(http://books.google.com/books?id=epc3AAAAMAAJ)
Commons, John R, et al. History of Labour in the United States. esp. Vol. 2: 1860-1896 (1918); Vol. 4: Labor Movements, 1896-1932 (1935).
Currarino, Rosanne. "The Politics of 'More': The Labor Question and the Idea of Economic Liberty in Industrial America." Journal of
American History. vol. 93, no. 1 (June 2006).
•
•
Dubofsky, Melvyn, and Foster Rhea Dulles. Labor in America: A History (2004), textbook
Dubofsky, Melvyn, and Warren Van Tine, eds. Labor Leaders in America (1987) biographies of key leaders, written by scholars excerpt and
text search
•
(http://www.amazon.com/dp/0252013433/)
Foner, Philip S. History of the Labor Movement in the United States. In 10 volumes. New York: International Publishers, 1947–1994; Vol. 2:
From the Founding of the American Federation of Labor to the Emergence of American Imperialism (1955); Vol. 3: The Policies and
Practices of the American Federation of Labor, 1900-1909 (1964); Vol. 5: The AFL in the Progressive Era, 1910-1915 (1980); Vol. 6: On the
Eve of America's Entrance into World War I, 1915-1916 (1982); Vol. 7: Labor and World War I, 1914-1918 (1987); Vol. 8: Post-war
Struggles, 1918-1920 (1988). a view from the Left that is hostile to Gompers
•
Galenson, Walter. The CIO Challenge to the AFL: A History of the American Labor Movement, 1935-1941 (1960) online edition
(http://
www.questia.com/read/57135935)
•
Greene, Julie. Pure and Simple Politics: The American Federation of Labor and Political Activism, 1881-1917 (1998) online edition
(http://
www.questia.com/read/107379879)
•
Karson, Marc. American Labor Unions and Politics, 1900-1918. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1958.
•
Kersten, Andrew. Labor's Home Front: The American Federation of Labor during World War II (2006) excerpt and text search
(http://
www.amazon.com/dp/0814747868/)
•
Lichtenstein, Nelson. State of the Union: A Century of American Labor (2003) excerpt and text search
dp/0691116547/)
(http://www.amazon.com/
American Federation of Labor
•
•
17
Livesay, Harold C. Samuel Gompers and Organized Labor in America (1993), short biography
McCartin, Joseph A. Labor's Great War: The Struggle for Industrial Democracy and the Origins of Modern American Labor Relations,
1912-21. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1997.
•
•
Mandel, Bernard. Samuel Gompers: A Biography (1963) online edition
(http://www.questia.com/read/14119763)
•
Orth, Samuel Peter. The Armies of Labor: A Chronicle of the Organized Wage-Earners.
Mink, Gwendolyn. Old Labor and New Immigrants in American Political Development: Union, Party, and State, 1875-1920 (1986)
(http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/
webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=3038) New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1919.
•
Roberts, William C. (ed.), American Federation of Labor: History, Encyclopedia, Reference Book.
(http://ia311028.us.archive.org/
3/items/cu31924014538288/cu31924014538288.pdf) Washington, DC: American Federation of Labor, 1919.
•
•
Taft, Philip. The A.F. of L. in the Time of Gompers. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1957.
Taft, Philip. The A.F. of L. from the Death of Gompers to the Merger. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1959.
Primary sources
•
American Federation of Labor. Some Reasons for Chinese Exclusion. Meat vs. Rice. American Manhood against Asiatic Coolieism. Which
Shall Survive? Washington, D.C.: American Federation of Labor, 1901.
•
Gompers, Samuel. American Labor and the War.
(http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924032724696) New York: George
H. Doran Co., n.d. [1918].
•
Gompers, Samuel. Labor and the Employer.
(http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924013854553) New York: E.P. Dutton &
Co., 1920.
•
•
Gompers, Samuel. Seventy Years of Life and Labor: An Autobiography. In two volumes. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co. , 1925.
The Samuel Gompers Papers. Currently published in 11 volumes, coverage to 1921. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991-2009.
See also
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Labor unions in the United States
Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions
Knights of Labor
Industrial Workers of the World
Labor federation competition in the United States
Congress of Industrial Organizations
Western Federation of Miners
AFL-CIO
External links
•
Unions of the AFL-CIO
(http://www.aflcio.org/aboutus/unions/), List and links to current AFL-CIO affiliated unions.
aflcio.org
•
•
•
(http://www.history.umd.edu/Gompers/index.htm) University of Maryland.
Bibliography of the Samuel Gompers Papers. (http:/ / www. history. umd. edu/ Gompers/ index. htm) University of Maryland.
Introductory Summary of AF of L History (http:/ / www. lexisnexis. com/ academic/ guides/ labor_studies/ afl/ afla. asp),
Guide to the Samuel Gompers Papers.
Lexis-Nexis.
Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors
American Federation of Labor Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=427853662 Contributors: 172, A More Perfect Onion, AgnosticPreachersKid, Aitias, Allthewhile, Amalthea,
Atif.t2, Bbailey8811, Biruitorul, BlastOButter42, Bookandcoffee, Borameer, Brant Jones, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Carabinieri, Carrite, Cenarium, Chulk90, Chwech, Ciaccona,
Cometstyles, Ctirado, Cwmhiraeth, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DJ Silverfish, Darwinek, Degroot, Dude1818, ESkog, EdBever, Edderso, Epbr123, Fcendejas, Godbug11, Gurch, HexaChord, Hmains,
Hyfen, Inclusivedisjunction, IncognitoErgoSum, Infrogmation, Interiot, Italo Svevo, J.delanoy, JForget, JLaTondre, JW1805, Jamesontai, Jbmurray, Jerry Ritcey, John K, Jonathan.s.kt, Kaldari,
Kelvinc, Knotwork, KnowledgeOfSelf, Kyle1278, L Kensington, Lacrimosus, Landon1980, Laurinavicius, Ldrhcp, Lightmouse, Localzuk, Logan, Lquilter, Macy, Malepheasant, MarcoTolo,
Maximus Rex, Mickrock0567, Mumia-w-18, Ndteegarden, Octane, Odie5533, Orange Suede Sofa, Ot, Paul August, Personman, Piano non troppo, Possum, Quadell, R'n'B, RUL3R,
Radicalsubversiv, RandomP, Ravonaus, Rdsmith4, Reach Out to the Truth, RedWolf, RevelationDirect, Reywas92, Richard Myers, RickK, Rjensen, RunOrDie, SE7, Scartol, Sfuser,
Spitfire8520, Sunshine4921, Supasheep, TeaDrinker, Teh tennisman, The Thing That Should Not Be, Theda, Tim1965, Tjepsen, Tkynerd, Tom harrison, Tommy2010, Topbanana, Trekphiler,
Vaughn davis bornet, Vincent Gray, Wayward, Wiki alf, Wikipelli, Wilkos, Wimt, Woohookitty, Zachlipton, Zzedar, Δ, Алтухов Сергей, 362 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:AFL-label.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AFL-label.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Carrite, Fastilysock
File:Gompers-Mitchell.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gompers-Mitchell.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Carrite
File:Union mans burden.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Union_mans_burden.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: the American Federationist
File:Lafollette-and-gompers-240919.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lafollette-and-gompers-240919.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Carrite
File:AFL-certificate-1919.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AFL-certificate-1919.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Carrite at
en.wikipedia
File:American Federation of Labor Building.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:American_Federation_of_Labor_Building.JPG License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: APK like a lollipop
License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
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18