Rules on Transformation of Sentences
Transformation of Sentences-এর িকছু Rule িনেচ দওয়া হেলা
Complex থেক Simple-এ পিরবতেনর িনয়ম:
Rule-1: If ারা গ ত শতমূলক Complex Sentence- ক Simple করার সময়
Negative হেল ‘without’ এবং Affirmative হেল ‘By’ ারা আর হয়;
i.
Sentences
ii.
If থেক Verb-এর পূব পয উেঠ যায়;
iii.
If যু
clause-এর Main Verb-এর সে ing যাগ হয়;
iv. Verb-এর পেরর অংশ বেস; v. ি তীয় Clause
অপিরবিতত থােক; যমন—
Complex : If you do not take physical exercise, you will not be healthy.
Simple: Without taking physical exercise, you will not be healthy.
Complex: If we read newspapers, we can learn many things of the world.
Simple: By reading newspapers, we can learn many things of the world.
Complex: If you had not studied hard, you could not do well in the exam.
Simple: Without studying hard, you could not do well in the exam.
Complex: If you work hard, you will prosper in life.
Simple: By working hard, you will prosper in life.
Rule-2: Though/Although যু
Complex Sentence- ক simple করার সময়—
i. Though/Although-এর পিরবেত ‘Inspite of ‘ বেস;
ii. Sub-ordinate Clause -এর Subject-এর Possessive form বেস;
iii. মূল verb-এর সে ‘ing’ যু
হয়;
iv. Sub-ordinate Clause-এর object ও Main Clause অপিরবিতত থােক; যমন:
Complex : Though the man looks cruel, he is kind.
Simple : Inspite of the man’s looking cruel, he is kind.
Complex : Although he has vast riches, he wants more.
Simple :Inspite of his having vast riches, he wants more.
Complex: Though he tried heart and soul, he could not succeed.
Simple : Inspite of his trying heart and soul, he could not succeed.
Complex : Although he was intelligent, he could not pass in the exam.
Simple : Inspite of his being intelligent, he could not pass in the exam.
Rule-3: So... that যু
Complex Sentence- ক Simple করার সময়—
i.
So-এর পিরবেত too বেস;
ii.
that থেক not পয অংশ উেঠ যায়;
iii. Sub-ordinate clause-এর verb-এর পূেব Infinitive to যু
হেয় Main Clause এর পের বেস;
যমন: Complex : The baby was so little that it could not walk.
Simple : The baby was too little to walk.
Complex : He is so poor that he can not buy a car.
Simple : He is too poor to buy a car.
Complex : He was so tired that he Could not move.
Simple : He was too tired to move.
Complex : The master of Aesop was so lazy that he could not rise early.
Simple : The master of Aesop was too lazy to rise early.
Rule-4: ‘So that’ যু
উে শ ব
Complex Sentence-এর Sub-ordinate Clouse ারা যিদ কােনা কােজর
হয়, তাহেল তােক Simple করার সময়—
i. Main Clause অপিরবিতত থেক Sentence-এর থেম বেস;
ii. So থেক Main verb-এর পূেবর অংশ উেঠ যায়;
iii. Sub-ordinate clause-এর Main verb এর পূেব to যু
হেয় বািক অংশ বেস;
যমন: Complex : He worked hard so that he could prosper in life.
Simple : He worked hard to prosper in life
Complex : I went there so that I could meet my brother.
Simple : I went there to meet my brother.
Complex : We eat so that we may live.
Simple : We eat to live.
Complex : Della sold her hair so that she could buy a gift.
Simple : Della sold her hair to buy a gift.
Rule-5: When যু ত Complex Sentence ারা কােনা চলমান সমেয়র উে খ থাকেল/ কােনা
কাজ করা বাঝােল Simple করার সময়—
i. When-এর পিরবেত ‘At the time of’ বেস;
ii. Sub-ordinate Clause-এর Subject-এর Possessive form বেস।
iii. Main verb-এর সে ing যু
হয়;
iv. Sub-ordinate Clause-এর object ও Main Clause অপিরবিতত থােক; যমন:
Complex: When he was digging the earth a snake came out.
Simple : At the time of his digging the earth, a snake came out.
Complex : When he was Climbing tree, he fell down.
Simple : At the time of his climbing tree, he fell down.
Complex : When she woke up, it was raining.
Simple : At the time of her waking up, it was raining.
Complex : When I was eating, the bell rang.
Simple : At the time of my eating, the bell rang.
Compound থেক Complex-এ পিরবতেনর িনয়ম:
Rule-1 : ‘So’ এবং ‘and’ যু
কােজর কারণ হয়; সই
i. কারণ যু
Compound Sentence-এর থম Clause
যিদ পরবত Clouse-এর
ে Complex-এ পিরবতেনর সময়—
Clause-এর থেম since/as/because বেস;
ii. ‘and’ উেঠ এর পিরবেত কমা (,) বেস;
iii. অপর Clause অপিরবিতত থােক;
যমন: Compound : He was ill and he could not attend school.
Complex : As he was ill, he could not attend school.
Compound : He was old so he could not walk fast.
Complex : As he was old, he could not walk fast.
Compound: There was an accident and I was late for school.
Complex : As there was an accident , I was late for school.
Compound: She did not feel well, she decided to stay at home.
Complex : As she did not feel well, she decided to stay at home.
Rule-2 : ‘And’ যু
Compound Sentence-এর দু
হওয়ার উে খ থােক, সই
Clause ারা যিদ পর পর দু
ে Complex-এ পিরবতেনর সময়—
i. থম Cause-এর পূেব ‘when’ বা ‘As soon as’ বেস;
ii. And উেঠ এর পিরবেত কমা (,) বেস;
কাজ সংঘ ত
iii. ি তীয় Clause অপিরবিতত থােক;
যমন: Compound: The marriage ceremony was over and the guests were going to the feast.
Complex : When the marriage ceremony was over, the guests were going to the feast.
Compound : The sun had risen and the fog dispersed.
Complex : As soon as the sun had risen, the fog dispersed.
Compound : The door opened and Jim stepped in.
Complex : As soon as the door opened , Jim stepped in.
Compound : The sun had set and we returned home.
Complex : As soon as the sun had set , we returned home.
Rule-3: And যু
Compound Sentence-এর থম Clause
কােজর ফলাফল ব
কের, সই
যিদ কােজর শত এবং ি তীয় Clause
ে Complex-এ পিরবতেনর সময়—
i. থম Clause-এর পূেব ‘If you’ বেস;
ii. ‘and’ উেঠ এর পিরবেত কমা (,) বেস;
iii. ি তীয় Clause অপিরবিতত থােক;
যমন:
Compound : Respect your friends and they will respect you.
Complex: If you respect your friends, they will respect you.
Compound: Eat fruits and vegetables and you will get vitamin.
Complex: If you cat fruits and vegetables, you will get vitamin.
Compound: Work hard and you will shine in life.
Complex : If you Work hard , you will shine in life.
Compound : Read and you will know.
Complex : If you Read , you will know.
Rule-4:
‘But’ যু
Compound Sentence- ক Complex করার সময়—
i. Sentence-এর থেম Though বা Although বেস;
ii. But উেঠ এর পিরবেত কমা (,) বেস;
iii. Sentence-এর আর কােনা পিরবতন হয় না;
যমন: Compound : He ran fast but he could not catch the train.
Complex : Though he ran fast, he could not catch the train.
Compound : He is poor but he is honest.
Complex : Although he is poor, he is honest.
Compound: He was found guilty but he was exempted from punishment.
Complex : Though he was found guilty , he was exempted from punishment.
Compound : He worked hard but he could not succeed in life.
Complex : Though he worked hard , he could not succeed in life.
Rule-5: ‘Or’ বা ‘otherwise’ যু
Compound Sentence-এর থম Clause
এর কােজর ফলাফেলর শত হয়, সই
যিদ ি তীয় Clouse-
ে Complex-এ পিরবতেনর সময়—
i. থম Clause-এর পূেব ‘If + Subject+ not’ বেস বা ‘unless’ বেস;
ii. ‘or’ বা otherwise উেঠ এর পিরবেত কমা (,) বেস;
iii. ি তীয় Clause অপিরবিতত থােক;
যমন: Compound : Leave the place at once otherwise you will be punished.
Complex : Unless you leave the place at once, you will be punished.
Compound : Obey me or you will be punished.
Complex : If you do not obey me, you will be punished.
Compound : Work hard otherwise you can not succeed in life.
Complex : Unless you Work hard , you can not succeed in life.
Compound : Walk fast or you can not get the train.
Complex : Unless you Walk fast , you can not get the train.
voice change
সাধারণ অেথ voice শে র অথ ক
অেন র মাধ েম স
র। িক
ব াকরেণ এেক বলা হয় বাচ । verb-এর য form ারা কতা যখন কাজ
াদন কিরেয় নয় এবং কতার সে কােজর স
িনেজ কের বা
ক দখায় এবং এভােব verb-এর েপর য পিরবতন ঘেট তাঁেক
voice বেল।
Voice is the form of the verb which shows whether the subject acts or is acted upon.
যমন: He makes a basket. A basket is made by him.
ওপেরর থম বােক কতা িনেজ কাজ কেরেছ এবং ি তীয় বােক কতার ওপর কাজ করােনা হেয়েছ।
Voice সাধারণত দুই কার। যথা: 1. Active voice (সি য় বাচ ) ও 2. Passive voice (িনি য় বাচ )।
Active Voice: কতা িনেজই কাজ কের অথাৎ কতা সি য় এ প বুঝােল verb-এর active voice হয়।
If the thing named by the subject does the action expressed by its verb, this is Active.
যমন: a) He makes a basket. b) They did the work. c) We play cricket. d) Why are you doing this? e) Do the sum. f)
Will you do the home work?
# ওপের আমরা দখেত পাি
active বােক কতা অথাৎ subject িনেজই কাজ
Passive voice: Verb-এর য form ারা কতা িনেজ কাজ স
স
াদন কেরেছ।
াদন কের না, বরং কাজ
অেন র ারা করােনা হয় এ প বাঝায়
তােক passive voice বলা হয়।
If the thing named by the subject suffers the action expressed by its verb, this verb is passive.
যমন: a) A basket is made by him. b) The work was done by them. c) Cricket is played by us. d) Why is this being
done by you? e) Let the sum be done. f) Will the home work be done by you?
# ওপ র আমরা দখেত পাি
Voice change-এর
ে
passive বােক object
অথাৎ subject িহেসেব বেস বােক র কাজ স
াদন কেরেছ।
মৗিলক য িনয়ম অনুসরণ কের তা িনেচ দওয়া হেলা।
(i) আমরা জািন য, মূল verb-এর পের object বেস।
(ii) তাহেল এবার object হেব subject।
(iii) তারপর বসেব to be verb/ auxiliary verb +
(iv) এবং মূল verb-এর past participle বসেব।
(v) Subject- object- েপ by-এর পের বসেব।
Voice change করার সময় একজন িশ াথ েক অবশ ই বােক র subject ও object স
েক পির ার
ান থাকেত হেব। িনেচর ছক
অনুযায়ী এেদর পিরবতন হেয় থােক। যমন:
Subject
I
SHE
THEY
WHO
Object
ME
HER
THEM
BY WHOM
Subject
HE
WE
YOU
WHOM
Object
HIM
US
YOU
WHO
Interrogative sentence
Rule: Why, when, where, how ইত ািদ ারা interrogative active বাক
হেল passive voice করার সময় ওই
interrogative adverb- েলাই বােক র থেম থেক যায়। Voice change-এর অন ান িনয়ম অবশ ই পালনীয়। যমন:
Active: Why does he disclose the fact?
Active: Why do they take the pen?
Active: When will Jibon write it?
Active: When will they make the kite?
Active: Where did Mamun find you?
Active: Where have you taken him?
Imperative sentence
Rule: Imperative sentence:
Passive: Why is the fact disclosed by him?
Passive: Why is the pen taken by them?
Passive: When will it be written by Jibon?
Passive: When will the kite be made by them ?
Passive: Where were you found by Mamun?
Passive: Where has be been taken by you ?
য sentence ারা আেদশ, উপেদশ ও অনুেরাধ বুঝায় তােক imperative sentence বেল।
ওই sentence-এর active voice-এর object- ক let-এর object- েপ ব বহার করেত হেব। মূল verb-এর past participle হয় এবং
তার পূেব be ব বহার করেত হয়। যমন:
Active: Do it.
Active: Make a Kite.
Active: Help the poor.
Active: Take care of your health.
Passive: Let it be done (by you).
Passive: Let a Kite be made (by you).
Passive: Let the poor be helped (by you).
Passive: Let your health be taken care of.
Rule: Imperative sentence-এর active voice যখন let ারা দওয়া থােক তখন passive voice করার সময় নতু ন কের
আর let ব বহার করার দরকার হয় না। ওই let- কই ওই বােক র
েত বিসেয় indirect object- েক subject কের passive করেত
হয়। যমন:
Active: Let Putul read the book.
Active: Let me sing a song.
Active: Let him do the sum.
Passive: Let the book be read by Putul.
Passive: Let a song be sung by me.
Passive: Let the sum be done by him.
ব : Let-এর পের second person বেস না।
Rule: Imperative sentence-এর active voice-এর থেম বা শেষ যিদ adverb থােক তেব passive করার সময় তােক বােক র
শেষ রেখ িদেত হয়। যমন:
Active: Help him now.
Passive: Let him be helped now.
Active: Always speak the truth.
Passive: Let the truth be spoken always.
Active: Shut the door immediately. Passive: Let the door be shut immediately.
Imperative sentence
Rule: Imperative sentence যিদ negative হয় তেব passive voice করার সময় বােক র থেম let not ব বহার করেত হয়।
অন ান িনয়ম পূেবর মেতাই থেক যায়। যমন:
Active: Do not break the temple.
Active: Don’t post the letter.
Active: Don’t open the door.
Complex Sentence
Rule: Complex sentence-
Passive: Let not the temple be broken (by you).
Passive: Let not the letter be posted (by you).
Passive: Let not the door be opened (by you).
ক passive voice করেত হেল principal clause ও sub-ordinate clause উভেয়র passive
করেত হয়। Principal clause-এর সাধারণত object থােক না। তাই ওই অংেশর object িহেসেব It িনেত হয়। যমন:
Active: I know that you helped him.
Passive: It is known to me that he was helped by you.
Active: I thought that Babul had sung a song.
Passive: It was thought by me that a song had been sung by Babul.
Rule: Complex sentence-এর sub-ordinate clause-এর যিদ object না থােক তেব ওই অংেশর passive voice করার
দরকার হয় না। এ ধরেনর sentence-এর বলায় principal clause-এর subject িহেসেব it িনেয়ও passive voice করা যায়। তা ছাড়া
sub-ordinate clause-এর that-সহ পেরর সবটু েক passive করার সময় বােক র subject কের passive করা যায়। যমন:
Active: I know that he is a good boy.
Passive: It is known to me that he is a good boy. Or, That he is a good boy is known to me.
Rule: And
ারা দু
বাক যু
হেল যিদ and-এর উভয় অংশ object থােক তেব উভেয়রই িনয়ম অনুযায়ী
পিরবতন হেব। আর and-এর পরবত অংেশ কােনা object না থাকেল থম অংশ বা পূববত অংশ পিরবিতত হয়। যমন:
Active: He ate rice and went to school.
Active: He ate rice and gave me a pen.
# অেনক সময় infinitive
Passive: Rice was eaten by him and (he) went to school.
Passive: Rice was eaten and I was given a pen by him.
ারাও voice change করা যায়। যমন: I don’t like to be hated.
A bank is going to be opened by the manager.
# ল ণীয়: কত েলা verb-এর পের by preposition না বেস with, at, to ইত
ািদ বেস। যমন:
Gratify = gratify with, please = pleased with,
satisfy = satisfied with, bless = blessed with,
glad = glad at, know = known to,
surprise = surprised at, fill = filled with ইত ািদ।
Known verb-এর পের to ও bY উভয়ই বেস। যমন:
He is known to me. A tree is known by its fruits.
Complex Sentence
# অেনক সময় আ পিরচয় িদেত হেল বা কােনা কােজর মাধ েম পিরচয় িদেত হেল known-এর পের by বেস। এেক অেন র সে
পিরচয় অেথ known-এর পের to বেস। যমন:
Active: The boy pleased us all.
Passive: We all were pleased by the boy হেব না।
Passive: We all were pleased with the boy.
Active: I know the man.
Active: Your work satisfied me.
Active: His conduct annoyed me.
Passive: The man is known to me.
Passive: I was satisfied with your work.
Passive: I was annoyed at his conduct.
# অেনক সময় দখা যায়, passive voice-এর doer বা agent থােক না—এ ধরেনর বােক র voice পিরবতন করেত
হেল someone, people, we, the boy, he ইত ািদেক subject িহেসেব ব বহার করেত হয়। তেব কােনা কাজ যখন এক ব ি
করা স বপর তখন singular subject িনেত হয়। আর যখন কােনা কাজ একার পে
ারা
সাধারণত করা স ব নয় তখন plural subject
িনেত হয়। যমন:
Passive: My pen was stolen.
Passive: He is not known here.
Passive: He is called a liar.
Passive: They were defeated.
# তামােদর িকছু িবষয় িবেশষভােব ল
Active: Someone stole my pen.
Active: None/Nobody knows him here.
Active: People/They call him a liar.
Active: Some one defeated him .
রাখেত হেব voice change করার
ে । যমন: িনেচ উি িখত
verb- েলার passive voice হয় না। কারণ এরা intransitive verb: die, appear, seem, disappear, happen,
belong, despair, allude, occur, ensure, wonder, comprise, perish, refer, issue, indulge ইত ািদ।
Incorrect: It was appeared.
Correct: It appeared.
Incorrect: It is happened.
Correct: It happened.
Incorrect: This book is belonged to me.
Correct: This book belongs to me.
# Active voice-এ যখন has to, had to, is going to, was going to, ought to, used to, have got to ইত ািদ
উে খ থােক তখন passive voice করার সময় ওই verb- েলার সে be ব বহার করেত হয়। যমন:
Active: He has to do work.
Active: We ought to love our country.
Active: They used to burn the dead body.
Passive: The work has to be done by him.
Passive: Our country ought to be loved by us.
Passive: The dead body used to be burn by them.
Quasi-passive verb
Rule: Quasi শে র অথ half বা অেধক। অথাৎ half-passive = quasi-passive. অতএব বলা যায়, যসব verb
passive-এর অথ কাশ কের তােক quasi-passive verb বেল। এেদর passive করেত হেল িনেচ উি িখত িনয়ম অনুসরণ করেত হেব।
১ ন র সূ : Sub + be verb + complement + when (if) + it/they + be verb + verb-এর past participle.
২ ন র সূ : Subject + be verb + verb-এর past participle + complement.
Active: Honey tastes sweet.
Passive: Honey is sweet when it is tasted. (১ ন র সূ )
or, Honey is tasted sweet. (২ ন র সূ )
Active: The bed feels soft.
or, The bed is felt soft.
Active: This story reads funny.
or, This story is read funny.
Passive: The bed is soft when it is felt
Passive: This story is funny when it is read.
Reflexive Verb
Rule: য verb-এর subject এবং object একই ব ি
তােক reflexive verb বেল এবং object- েক reflexive
object বেল। এেক subject করা যায় না। এেক by-এর পেরই রেখ িদেত হয়। যমন:
Active: He hurt himself .
Active: She killed herself .
Active: He poisoned himself .
Factitive object
Rule: যসব object
Passive: He was hurt by himself .
Passive: She was killed by herself .
Passive: He was poisoned by himself .
ণ ায়ী অথাৎ মানুেষর মতামেতর ওপর যােদর ািয় িনভর কের সসব object- ক
factitive object বেল। এেদর ািয়
িবধায় এেদরেক বােক র subject করা যায় না। তাই এেদর পূববত object- ক subject
কের passive voice করেত হয়। যমন:
Active: We made him captain .
Passive: He was made captain by us.
# Captain was made him by us. হেব না।
Active: We call him a fool.
Passive: He is called a fool by us.
# A fool is called him by us. হেব না।
অনুশীলেনর জন নমুনা
দওয়া হেলা। তামরা িনেজরা আেগ অনুশীলন করেব, তারপর উ েরর সে
িমিলেয় নেব।
1. Change the following active voice into passive voice.
(a) We made him captain.
(b) Always speak the truth.
(c) Do not open the door.
(d) Have you read the book?
(e) He will teach us English.
(f) Who has broken the plate?
(g) The book is printing.
(h) Nobody knows him here.
(i) Whom do you call?
স ক উ র: Voice change: Active voice into Passive voice
(a) He was made captain by us.
(b) Let the truth be always spoken.
(c) Let not the door be opened. (d) Has the book been read by you? (e) English will be taught us by him. (or) We
shall be taught English by him.
(f) By whom has the plate been broken?
(g) The book is being printed.
(h) He is not known here.
(i) Who is called by?
2. Change the following passive voice into active voice.
(a) My watch was stolen.
(b) Let a letter be written by me.
(c) Rice is sold in the market.
(d) By whom will the bill be paid?
(e) His brother was hurt by him.
(f) English is spoken all over the world.
(g) The book was placed on the table.
(h) I am surprised at his conduct
(i) Rome was not built in a day.
(j) He is well known to me.
স ক উ র: Voice change: Passive voice into Active voice
(a) Someone stole my watch.
(c) Rice sells in the market.
(e) He hurt his brother.
(g) Someone placed the book on the table.
(i) The Romans did not build Rome in a day.
(b) Let me write a letter.
(d) Who will pay the bill?
(f) People speak English all over the world.
(h) His conduct surprises me.
(j) I know him well.