Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Norman J. Ornstein
Resident Scholar, American Enterprise Institute
Thomas E. Mann
Senior Fellow, Governance Studies, The Brookings Institution
Michael J. Malbin
Executive Director, Campaign Finance Institute
Andrew Rugg
Research Assistant, American Enterprise Institute
Raffaela Wakeman
Special Project Manager, The Brookings Institution
(Data last updated April 23, 2014)
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Chapter 1: Demographics of Members of Congress
Table of Contents
1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4
1-5
1-6
1-7
1-8
1-9
1-10
1-11
1-12
1-13
1-14
1-15
1-16
1-17
1-18
1-19
1-20
Apportionment of Congressional Seats, by Region and State, 1910-2010
Democratic Party Strength in the House, by Region, 69th-113th Congresses, 1925-2014
Democratic and Republican Seats in the House, by Region, 69th-113th Congresses, 1925-2014
Democratic Party Strength in the Senate, by Region, 69th-113th Congresses, 1925-2014
Democratic and Republican Seats in the Senate, by Region, 69th-113th Congresses, 1925-2014
Seniority of Representatives, 1953 - 2014
Seniority of Senators, 1953 - 2014
Prior Occupations of Representatives, 83rd - 113th Congresses, 1953 - 2014
Prior Occupations of Democratic Representatives, 83rd - 112th Congresses, 1953 - 2012
Prior Occupations of Republican Representatives, 83rd - 112th Congresses, 1953 - 2012
Prior Occupations of Senators, 83rd - 113th Congresses, 1953 - 2014
Prior Occupations of Democratic Senators, 83rd - 112th Congresses, 1953 - 2012
Prior Occupations of Republican Senators, 83rd - 112th Congresses, 1953 - 2012
Religious Affiliations of Representatives, 89th - 113th Congresses, 1965 - 2014
Religious Affiliations of Senators, 89th - 113th Congresses, 1965 - 2014
African Americans in Congress, 41st - 113th Congresses, 1869 - 2014
Asian Americans in Congress, 58th - 113th Congresses, 1903 - 2014
Hispanic Americans in Congress, 41st - 113th Congresses, 1869 - 2014
Women in Congress, 65th - 113th Congresses, 1917 - 2014
Political Parties of Senators and Representatives, 34th - 113th Congresses, 1855 - 2014
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-1
Region and State
South
Alabama
Arkansas
Florida
Georgia
Louisiana
Mississippi
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
Virginia
Apportionment of Congressional Seats, by Region and State,
1910-2010 (435 seats)
1910
104
10
7
4
12
8
8
10
7
10
18
10
1920
1930
102
9
7
5
10
8
7
11
6
9
21
9
1940
105
9
7
6
10
8
7
12
6
10
21
9
1950
106
9
6
8
10
8
6
12
6
9
22
10
1960
106
8
4
12
10
8
5
11
6
9
23
10
1970
108
7
4
15
10
8
5
11
6
8
24
10
1980
116
7
4
19
10
8
5
11
6
9
27
10
1990
125
7
4
23
11
7
5
12
6
9
30
11
2000
131
7
4
25
13
7
4
13
6
9
32
11
2010
138
7
4
27
14
6
4
13
7
9
36
11
Border
Kentucky
Maryland
Missouri
Oklahoma
West Virginia
47
11
6
16
8
6
43
9
6
13
9
6
42
9
6
13
8
6
38
8
7
11
6
6
36
7
8
10
6
5
35
7
8
10
6
4
34
7
8
9
6
4
32
6
8
9
6
3
31
6
8
9
5
3
30
6
8
8
5
3
New England
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Rhode Island
Vermont
32
5
4
16
2
3
2
29
6
3
15
2
2
1
28
6
3
14
2
2
1
28
6
3
14
2
2
1
25
6
2
12
2
2
1
25
6
2
12
2
2
1
24
6
2
11
2
2
1
23
6
2
10
2
2
1
22
5
2
10
2
2
1
21
5
2
9
2
2
1
Mid-Atlantic
Delaware
New Jersey
New York
Pennsylvania
92
1
12
43
36
94
1
14
45
34
93
1
14
45
33
88
1
14
43
30
84
1
15
41
27
80
1
15
39
25
72
1
14
34
23
66
1
13
31
21
62
1
13
29
19
58
1
12
27
18
Midwest
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
86
27
13
13
22
11
90
27
12
17
24
10
87
26
11
17
23
10
87
25
11
18
23
10
88
24
11
19
24
10
86
24
11
19
23
9
80
22
10
18
21
9
74
20
10
16
19
9
69
19
9
15
18
8
65
18
9
14
16
8
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-1
Apportionment of Congressional Seats, by Region and State,
1910-2010 (435 seats)
Region and State
Plains
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
1910
41
11
8
10
6
3
3
Rocky Mountains
Arizona
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Nevada
New Mexico
Utah
Wyoming
Pacific Coast
Alaska
California
Hawaii
Oregon
Washington
1920
1930
34
9
7
9
5
2
2
1940
31
8
6
9
4
2
2
1950
31
8
6
9
4
2
2
1960
27
7
5
8
3
2
2
1970
25
6
5
8
3
1
2
1980
24
6
5
8
3
1
1
1990
22
5
4
8
3
1
1
2000
22
5
4
8
3
1
1
2010
21
4
4
8
3
1
1
14
1
4
2
2
1
1a
2
1
14
1
4
2
2
1
1
2
1
16
2
4
2
2
1
2
2
1
16
2
4
2
2
1
2
2
1
17
3
4
2
2
1
2
2
1
19
4
5
2
2
1
2
2
1
24
5
6
2
2
2
3
3
1
24
6
6
2
1
2
3
3
1
28
8
7
2
1
3
3
3
1
31
9
7
2
1
4
3
4
1
19
29
33
11
20
23
3
5
3
6
4
6
43
1b
30
1c
4
7
52
1
38
2
4
7
57
1
43
2
4
7
61
1
45
2
5
8
69
1
52
2
5
9
70
1
53
2
5
9
71
1
53
2
5
10
a. New Mexico became a state in 1912; in 1910 it had a nonvoting delegate in Congress.
b. Alaska became a state on January 3, 1959. In 1950 Alaska had a nonvoting delegate in Congress, making the total for that year
437; subsequent reapportionment reduced the total to 435.
c. Hawaii became a state on August 21, 1959. In 1950 Hawaii had a nonvoting delegate in Congress, making the total for that year
437; subsequent reapportionment reduced the total to 435.
Sources: Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, various editions);
Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report , various issues; U.S. Census data 2000, www.census.gov.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-2
Democratic Party Strength in the House, by Region, 69th-113th Congresses, 1925-2014
69th
(19251926)
75th
(19371938)
81st
(19491950)
87th
(19611962)
93rd
(19731974)
96th
(19791980)
97th
(19811982)
98th
(19831984)
100th
(19871988)
101st
(19891990)
97.1
104
98.0
101
98.1
105
93.4
106
68.2
107c
71.3
108
63.9
108
71.2
116
66.4
116
67.0
115h
Border
Percent
Seats
58.7
46
95.2
42
88.1
42
84.2
38
77.1
35
77.1
35
68.6
35
76.4
34
67.6
34
67.6
34
New England
Percent
Seats
12.5
32
44.8
29
39.3
28
50.0
28
60.0
25
72.0
25
64.0
25
66.6
24
62.5
24
58.3
24
Mid-Atlantic
Percent
Seats
26.4
91
68.0
94
48.4
93
48.9
88
53.8
80
63.8
80
53.8
80
58.3
72
56.9
72
58.3
72
Midwest
Percent
Seats
16.7
84
72.2
90
43.7
87
40.7
86a
37.6
85d
55.3
85f
50.0
86
55.0
80
57.5
80
59.5
79i
Plains
Percent
Seats
14.6
41
38.2
34
16.1
31
19.4
31
36.0
25
40.0
25
36.0
25
54.2
24
45.8
24
50.0
24
Rocky Mountains
Percent
Seats
28.6
14
93.3
15
75.0
16
68.8
16
42.1
19
47.4
19
36.8
19
33.3
24
37.5
24
37.5
24
Pacific Coast
Percent
Seats
19.0
21
80.0
30
36.4
33
51.2
43b
58.9
56e
66.1
56g
56.1
57
62.3
61
59.0
61
59.0
61
Congress
Region
South
Percent
Seats
Note: Figures represent the makeup of Congress on the first day of the session.
a. J. Edward Roush (D-IN) was not sworn in until June 14, 1961 due to a disputed election result.
b. Alaska was admitted as a state in 1958 and Hawaii in 1959. There were 437 representatives elected in 1960, both
included in the Pacific Coast row.
c. Hale Boggs (D-LA) was elected posthumously.
d. George Collins (D-IL) was elected in 1972 but died before being sworn into office.
e. Nicholas Begich (D-AK) was elected posthumously.
f. William Steiger (R-WI) was elected in 1978 but died before being sworn into office.
g. Leo Ryan (D-CA) was elected in 1978 but died before being sworn into office.
h. William Nichols (D-AL) was elected in 1988 but died before being sworn into office.
i. Daniel Coats (R-IN) won reelection in 1988 but was appointed to Dan Quayle's Senate seat on December 12, 1988.
Sources: Congressional Directory, various editions; Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, various issues; Clerk of the
U.S. House of Representatives, http://clerk.house.gov; The Almanac of American Politics (Washington, D.C.: National
Journal Group, various editions).
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-2
Democratic Party Strength in the House, by Region, 69th-110th Congresses, 1925-2014
102nd
(19911992)
103rd
(19931994)
104th
(19951996)
105th
(19971998)
106th
(19992000)
107th
(20012002)
108th
(20032004)
109th
(20052006)
110th
(20072008)
111th
(20092010)
112th
(20112012)
113th
(20132014)
66.4
116
61.6
125
48.8
125
43.2
125
43.5
124j
42.4
125
41.9
131
37.4
131
41.2
131
45
131
28.2
131
29
138
Border
Percent
Seats
67.6
34
65.6
32
50.0
32
40.6
32
40.6
32
37.5
32
45.1
31
45.2
31
48.4
31
51.6
31
41.9
31
36.6
30
New England
Percent
Seats
66.7
24
60.9
23
60.9
23
78.3
23
78.3
23
73.9
23
68.2
22
72.7
22
95.5
22
100
22
90.9
22
100
21
Mid-Atlantic
Percent
Seats
56.9
72
54.5
66
50.0
66
53.0
66
54.5
66
54.5
66
53.2
62
54.8
62
66.1
62
74.2
m
62
59.7
62
60.3
58
Midwest
Percent
Seats
61.2
80
58.1
74
43.2
74
50.0
74
50.0
74
48.6
74
40.6
69
40.6
69
47.8
69
56.5
69n
36.2
69
38.4
65
Plains
Percent
Seats
54.2
24
54.5
22
36.4
22
36.4
22
40.9
22
36.4
22
31.8
22
36.4
22
54.5
22
50
22
31.8
22
33.3
21
Rocky Mountains
Percent
Seats
45.8
24
45.8
24
25.0
24
20.8
24
20.8
24
25.0
24
25.0
28
28.6
28
39.3
28
60.7
28
35.7
28o
41.9
31
Pacific Coast
Percent
Seats
60.6
61
63.8
69
49.3
69
55.1
69
56.5
69
63.2
68k
64.3
70
63.8
L
69
65.7
70
65.7
70
64.3
70
70.4
71
Congress
Region
South
Percent
Seats
Note: Figures represent the makeup of Congress on the first day of the session.
j. Newt Gingrich (R-GA) was elected in 1998, but resigned from his seat before being sworn in.
k. Julian Dixon (D-CA) was elected in 2000 but died before being sworn into office.
L. Robert Matsui (D-CA) was elected in 2004 but died before being sworn into office.
M. Kirsten E. Gillibrand resigned to replace Hillary Clinton in the Senate on January 26, 2009, but was still present at the
N. Rahm Emanuel resigned his seat to enter the Obama administration.
O. Nevada's Second District is vacant as August 21, 2012. It was formerly held by Dean Heller (R).
Sources: Congressional Directory, various editions; Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, various issues; Clerk of the
U.S. House of Representatives, http://clerk.house.gov; The Almanac of American Politics (Washington, D.C.: National
Journal Group, various editions).
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-3
Congress
Democratic and Republican Seats in the House, by Region, 69th-113th Congresses, 1925-2014
69th
1925-1926
D
R
75th
1937-1938
D
R
81st
1949-1950
D
R
87th
1961-1962
D
R
93rd
1973-1974
D
R
96th
1979-1980
D
R
97th
1981-1982
D
R
98th
1983-1984
D
R
101st
1989-1990
D
R
102nd
1991-1992
D
R
Region
South
Percent
Seats
54.9
101
1.2
3
29.8
99
2.2
2
39.2
103
1.2
2
37.8
99
3.4
6
30.4
73
17.7
34
27.9 19.7
77
31
28.4
69
20.3
39
30.2
81
21.0
35
29.3
76
22.4
39
28.8 23.4
77
39
Border
Percent
Seats
14.7
27
7.8
19
12.0
40
2.2
2
14.1
37
2.9
5
12.2
32
3.4
6
11.3
27
4.2
8
9.8
27
5.1
8
9.9
24
5.7
11
9.7
26
4.8
8
8.9
23
6.3
11
8.6
23
6.6
11
New England
Percent
Seats
2.2
4
11.4
28
3.9
13
17.6
16
4.2
11
9.9
17
5.3
14
8.0
14
6.3
15
5.2
10
6.5
18
4.5
7
6.6
16
4.7
9
6.0
16
4.8
8
5.4
14
5.7
10
6.0
16
4.2
7
Mid-Atlantic
Percent
Seats
13.0
24
26.9
66
19.3 33.0
64
30
17.1 27.5
45
47
16.4
43
25.9
45
17.9
43
19.3
37
18.5 18.5
51
29
17.7
43
19.3
37
16.0
43
17.4
29
16.2
42
17.2
30
15.4 18.6
41
31
Midwest
Percent
Seats
7.6
14
28.2
69
19.6 19.8
65
18
14.4 28.7
38
49
13.4
35
29.3
51
13.3
32
27.6
53
17.0 24.2
47
38
17.7
43
22.4
43
16.4
44
21.6
36
18.1
47
18.4
32
18.4 18.6
49
31
Plains
Percent
Seats
3.3
6
13.5
33
3.9
13
17.6
16
1.9
5
15.2
26
2.3
6
14.4
25
3.8
9
8.3
16
3.6
10
9.6
15
3.7
9
8.3
16
4.5
12
7.2
12
4.6
12
6.9
12
4.9
13
6.6
11
Rocky Mountains
Percent
Seats
2.2
4
4.1
10
4.2
14
1.1
1
4.6
12
2.3
4
4.2
11
2.9
5
3.3
8
5.7
11
3.3
9
6.4
10
2.9
7
6.3
12
3.0
8
9.6
16
3.5
9
8.6
15
4.1
11
7.8
13
Pacific Coast
Percent
Seats
2.2
4
6.9
17
7.2
24
6.6
6
4.6
12
12.3
21
8.4
22
12.1
21
13.8
33
12.0
23
13.4 12.1
37
19
13.2
32
13.0
25
14.2
38
13.8
23
13.9
36
14.4
25
13.9 14.4
37
24
184
245
332
91
263
171
262
174
240
192
276
243
192
268
167
259
174
267
Total Seats
157
167
Note: D indicates Democrats; R indicates Republicans. Third parties are omitted. Figures represent the makeup of Congress on the first day of the
session.
Sources: Congressional Directory , various editions; Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report , various issues; Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives,
http://clerk.house.gov; The Almanac of American Politics (Washington, D.C.: National Journal Group, various editions).
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-3
Congress
Democratic and Republican Seats in the House, by Region, 69th-113th Congresses, 1925-2014
103rd
1993-1994
D
R
104th
1995-1996
D
R
105th
1997-1998
D
R
106th
1999-2000
D
R
107th
2001-2002
D
R
108th
2003-2004
D
R
109th
2005-2006
D
R
110th
2007-2008
D
R
111th
2009-2010
D
R
112th
2011-2012
D
R
113th
2013-2014
D
R
Region
South
Percent
Seats
29.8
77
27.3
48
29.9
61
27.8
64
26.1
54
31.3
71
25.6
54
31.5
70
25.1
53
32.3
71
26.8
55
33.2
76
24.4
49
35.3
82
23.2
54
38.1
77
23.5
59
40.5
72
19.2
37
39.0
94
19.8
40
42
98
Border
Percent
Seats
8.1
21
6.3
11
7.8
16
7.0
16
6.3
13
8.4
19
6.2
13
8.6
19
5.7
12
9.1
20
6.8
14
7.4
17
7.0
14
7.3
17
6.4
15
7.9
16
6.3
16
8.4
15
6.7
13
7.4
18
5.4
11
8.15
19
New England
Percent
Seats
5.4
14
4.5
8
6.9
14
3.5
8
8.7
18
1.8
4
8.5
18
1.8
4
8.1
17
2.3
5
7.8
16
2.2
5
8.0
16
2.2
5
9.0
21
0.5
1
8.6
22
0.0
0
10.4
20
0.8
2
10.4
21
0
0
Mid-Atlantic
Percent
Seats
14.0
36
17.0
30
16.2
33
14.3
33
16.9
35
13.7
31
17.1
36
13.5
30
17.1
36
13.6
30
16.1
33
12.7
29
16.9
34
12.1
28
17.6
41
10.4
21
18.0
46
9.0
16
18.7
36
10.7
26
17.3
35
9.9
23
Midwest
Percent
Seats
16.7
43
17.6
31
15.7
32
18.3
42
17.9
37
16.3
37
17.5
37
16.7
37
17.5
37
16.8
37
13.7
28
17.9
41
13.9
28
17.7
41
14.2
33
17.8
36
15.2
39
9.0
16
15.2
39
16.3
29
12.4
25
17.2
40
Plains
Percent
Seats
4.7
12
5.7
10
3.9
8
6.1
14
3.9
8
6.2
14
4.3
9
5.9
13
3.8
8
6.4
14
3.4
7
6.6
15
4.0
8
6.0
14
5.2
12
5.0
10
4.3
11
6.2
11
3.6
7
6.2
15
3.5
7
6
14
Rocky Mountains
Percent
Seats
4.3
11
7.4
13
2.9
6
7.8
18
1.9
4
8.8
20
2.4
5
8.6
19
2.8
6
8.2
18
3.4
7
9.2
21
4.0
8
8.6
20
4.7
11
8.4
17
6.6
17
6.2
11
5.2
10
7.4
18
6.4
13
7.7
18
Pacific Coast
Percent
Seats
17.1
44
14.2
25
16.7
34
15.2
35
18.4
38
13.7
31
18.5
39
13.5
30
19.9
42
11.4
25
22.0
45
10.9
25
21.9
44
10.8
25
19.7
46
11.9
24
18.0
46
13.5
24
23.3
45
10.3
25
24.8
50
9
21
258
176
204
230
207
227
211
222
211
220
205
229
201
232
233
202
256
178
193
242
202
233
Total Seats
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-4
Democratic Party Strength in the Senate, by Region, 69th-113th Congresses, 1925-2014
69th
(1925-1926)
75th
(1937-1938)
81st
(1949-1950)
87th
(1961-1962)
93rd
(1973-1974)
96th
(1979-1980)
97th
(1981-1982)
98th
(1983-1984)
100th
(1987-1988)
101st
(1989-1990)
102nd
(1991-1992)
Region
South
Percent
Seats
100.0
22
100.0
22
100.0
22
100.0
22
63.6
22
50.0
22
54.4
22
50.0
22
72.7
22
68.2
22
68.2
22
Border
Percent
Seats
50.0
10
100.0
10
80.0
10
60.0
10
50.0
10
70.0
10
70.0
10
70.0
10
60.0
10
60.0
10
60.0
10
New England
Percent
Seats
8.3
12
50.0
12
25.0
12
41.7
12
58.3
12
58.3
12
50.0
12
50.0
12
50.0
12
58.3
12
58.3
12
Mid-Atlantic
Percent
Seats
37.5
8
75.0
8
37.5
8
25.0
8
25.0
8
50.0
8
50.0
8
50.0
8
50.0
8
50.0
8
50.0
8
Midwest
Percent
Seats
10.0
10
80.0
10
20.0
10
70.0
10
60.0
10
80.0
10
60.0
10
60.0
10
70.0
10
70.0
10
70.0
10
Plains
Percent
Seats
0.0
12
50.0
12
16.7
12
25.0
12
58.3
12
41.7
12
25.0
12
25.0
12
50.0
12
50.0
12
58.3
12
Rocky Mountains
Percent
Seats
50.0
16
93.8
16
75.0
16
75.0
16
56.2
16
37.5
16
31.3
16
31.3
16
37.5
16
37.5
16
37.5
16
Pacific Coast
Percent
Seats
16.7
6
50.0
6
33.3
6
80.0
10
60.0
10
60.0
10
40.0
10
40.0
10
40.0
10
40.0
10
40.0
10
Congress
Note: Figures represent the makeup of Congress on the first day of the session.
a. Excludes Richard Shelby (AL) who switched from the Democratic to the Republican Party on the day following the election and before the beginning of the 104th Congress (1995).
Sources: Congresional Directory , various editions; Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report , various issues; US Senate, http://www.senate.gov; The Almanac of American Politics (Washington,
D.C.: National Journal Group, various editions).
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-4
Democratic Party Strength in the Senate, by Region, 69th-113th Congresses, 1925-2014
103rd
(1993-1994)
104th
(1995-1996)
105th
(1997-1998)
106th
(1999-2000)
107th
(2001-2002)
Region
South
Percent
Seats
59.1
22
36.4a
22
31.8
22
36.4
22
36.4
22
40.9
22
18.2
22
Border
Percent
Seats
60.0
10
50.0
10
50.0
10
40.0
10
50.0
10
40.0
10
New England
Percent
Seats
58.3
12
50.0
12
50.0
12
50.0
12
50.0
12
Mid-Atlantic
Percent
Seats
62.5
8
50.0
8
50.0
8
62.5
8
Midwest
Percent
Seats
80.0
10
60.0
10
60.0
10
Plains
Percent
Seats
58.3
12
58.3
12
Rocky Mountains
Percent
Seats
37.5
16
Pacific Coast
Percent
Seats
50.0
10
Congress
108th
(2003- 109th
(2005- 110th
(20072004)
2006)
2008)
111th
(2009-2010)
112th
(2011-2012)
113th
(2013-2014)
22.7
22
31.8
22
27.3
22
27.3
22
40.0
10
50.0
10
50.0
10
50.0
10
50.0
10
50.0
12
50.0
12
50.0
12
58.3
12
50.0
12
66.6
12
75.0
8
75.0
8
75.0
8
87.5
8
87.5
8
87.5
8
90
8
50.0
10
60.0
10
60.0
10
70.0
10
80.0
10
70.0
10
50.0
10
60
10
58.3
12
58.3
12
66.7
12
58.3
12
50.0
12
50.0
12
50.0
12
50.0
12
41.7
12
37.5
16
25.0
16
25.0
16
25.0
16
18.8
16
25.0
16
31.3
16
43.8
16
43.8
16
43.8
16
50.0
10
60.0
10
60.0
10
70.0
10
70.0
10
70.0
10
70.0
10
90.0
10
90.0
10
90.0
10
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-5
Region
South
Percent
Seats
Democratic and Republican Seats in the Senate, by Region, 69th-113th Congresses, 1925-2014
69th
Congress 1925-1926
D
R
75th
1937-1938
D
R
81st
1949-1950
D
R
87th
1961-1962
D
R
93rd
1973-1974
D
R
97th
1981-1982
D
R
101st
1989-1990
D
R
102nd
1991-1992
D
R
103rd
1993-1994
D
R
53.7
22
0.0
0
28.9
22
0.0
0
40.7
22
0.0
0
33.8
22
0.0
0
25.0 16.7
14
7
23.9 18.9
11
10
27.3 15.6
15
7
26.8 15.9
15
7
22.8 20.9
13
9
Border
Percent
Seats
12.2
5
9.3
5
13.2
10
0.0
0
14.8
8
4.8
2
9.2
6
11.4
4
8.9
5
15.2
7
10.9
6
10.7
6
10.5
6
New England
Percent
Seats
2.4
1
20.4
11
7.9
6
37.5
6
5.6
3
21.4
9
7.7
5
20.0
7
12.5 11.9
7
5
13.0 11.3
6
6
12.7 11.1
7
5
12.5 11.4
5
7
12.3 11.6
7
5
Mid-Atlantic
Percent
Seats
7.3
3
9.3
5
7.9
6
12.5
2
5.6
3
11.9
5
3.1
2
17.1
6
3.6
2
11.9
5
8.7
4
7.5
4
7.3
4
8.9
4
7.1
4
9.1
4
8.8
5
7.0
3
Midwest
Percent
Seats
2.4
1
16.7
9
10.5
8
6.3
1
3.7
2
19.0
8
10.8
7
8.6
3
10.7
6
9.5
4
13.0
6
7.5
4
12.7
7
6.7
3
12.5
7
6.8
3
14.0
8
4.7
2
Plains
Percent
Seats
0.0
0
20.4
11
7.9
6
18.8
3
3.7
2
23.8
10
4.6
3
25.7
9
12.5 11.9
7
5
6.5
3
17.0
9
10.9 13.3
6
6
12.5 11.4
7
5
12.3 11.6
7
5
Rocky Mountains
Percent
Seats
19.5 14.8
8
8
19.7
15
6.3
1
22.2
12
9.5
4
18.5 11.4
12
4
16.1 16.7
9
7
10.9 20.8
5
11
10.9 22.2
6
10
10.7 22.7
6
10
10.5 23.3
6
10
Pacific Coast
Percent
Seats
2.4
1
9.3
5
3.9
3
18.8
3
3.7
2
9.5
4
12.3
8
5.7
2
10.7
6
9.5
4
8.7
4
11.3
6
7.3
4
13.3
6
7.1
4
13.6
6
8.8
5
11.6
5
41
54
76
16
54
42
65
35
56
42
46
53
55
45
56
44
57
43
Total Seats
11.9
5
5.7
3
8.9
4
9.1
4
9.3
4
Note: D indicates Democrats; R indicates Republicans. Third parties are omitted. Figures represent the makeup of Congress on
the first day of the session.
a. Includes Richard Shelby (AL) who switched from the Democratic to the Republican Party on the day following the election and
before the beginning of the 104th Congress.
Sources: Congresional Directory, various editions; Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, various issues; US Senate,
http://www.senate.gov; The Almanac of American Politics (Washington, D.C.: National Journal Group, various editions).
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-5
Region
South
Percent
Seats
Democratic and Republican Seats in the Senate, by Region, 69th-113th Congresses, 1925-2014
104th
Congress 1995-1996
D
R
105th
1997-1998
D
R
106th
1999-2000
D
R
107th
2001-2002
D
R
108th
2003-2004
D
R
109th
2005-2006
D
R
110th
2007-2008
D
R
111th
2009-2010
D
R
112th
2011-2012
D
R
113th
2013-2014
D
R
11.3 35.5
6
16
19.1
9
24.5
13a
15.6 27.3
7
15
17.8
8
25.5
14
16.0 28.0
8
14
18.8 25.5
9
13
9.1
4
32.7
18
10.2
5
34.7
17
12.7
7
36.6
15
11.8 34.0
6
16
Border
Percent
Seats
10.6
5
9.4
5
11.1
5
9.1
5
8.9
4
10.9
6
10.0 10.0
5
5
8.3
4
11.8
6
9.1
4
10.9
6
10.2
5
10.2
5
9.1
5
12.2
5
9.8
5
10.6
5
9.4 11.1
5
5
New England
Percent
Seats
12.8
6
11.3
6
13.3 10.9
6
6
13.3
6
10.9
6
12.0 12.0
6
6
12.5
6
9.8
5
13.6
6
9.1
5
12.2
6
8.2
4
12.7
7
7.3
3
11.8
6
8.5
4
15
8
4.4
2
Mid-Atlantic
Percent
Seats
8.5
4
7.5
4
8.9
4
7.3
4
11.1
5
5.5
3
12.0
6
4.0
2
12.5
6
3.9
2
13.6
6
3.6
2
14.3
7
2.0
1
12.7
7
2.4
1
13.7
7
2.1
1
13.2
7
2.2
1
Midwest
Percent
Seats
12.8
6
7.5
4
13.3
6
7.3
4
11.1
5
9.1
5
12.0
6
8.0
4
12.5
6
7.8
4
15.9
7
5.5
3
16.3
8
4.1
2
12.7
7
4.9
2
9.8
5
10.6
5
11.3
6
8.9
4
Plains
Percent
Seats
14.9
7
9.4
5
15.6
7
9.1
5
15.6
7
9.1
5
16.0
8
8.0
4
14.6
7
9.8
5
13.6
6
10.9
6
12.2
6
12.2
6
10.9
6
12.2
5
11.8 12.8
6
6
Rocky Mountains
Percent
Seats
10.6
5
20.8
11
8.9
4
21.8
12
8.9
4
21.8
12
8.0
4
24.0
12
6.3
3
25.5
13
9.1
4
21.8
12
10.2
5
22.4
11
12.7
7
22.0
9
13.7 19.2
7
9
Pacific Coast
Percent
Seats
10.6
5
9.4
5
13.3
6
7.3
4
13.3
6
7.3
4
14.0
7
6.0
3
14.6
7
5.9
3
15.9
7
5.5
3
14.3
7
6.1
3
16.4
9
2.4
1
17.7
9
2.1
1
47
53
45
55
45
55
50
50
48
51
44
55
49
49
55
41
51
47
Total Seats
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
9.4 15.5
5
7
13.2
7
20
9
17
9
2.2
1
51
47
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-6
Congress
83rd (1953)
Percent
Seats
Seniority of Representatives, 1953 - 2014
Percentage of representatives serving
1-3
4-6
7-9
1 term 2 terms 3 terms terms
terms
terms
10 +
terms
Total
Mean
term
Median
term
4.5
3
5.0
4
18.7
81
16.9
73
14.8
64
50.3
218
27.0
117
13.4
58
9.2
40
433a
84th (1955)
Percent
Seats
13.1
57
16.8
73
14.5
63
44.4
193
27.4
119
16.8
73
11.5
50
435
85th (1957)
Percent
Seats
10.6
46
11.5
50
15.2
66
37.4
162
32.8
142
15.2
66
14.5
63
433b
5.4
4
86th (1959)
Percent
Seats
18.8
82
10.3
45
11.2
49
40.4
176
31.2
136
14.7
64
13.1
57
436c
5.2
4
87th (1961)
Percent
Seats
14.2
62
14.9
65
8.2
36
37.3
163
30.0
131
17.4
76
15.3
67
437
5.5
5
88th (1963)
Percent
Seats
15.4
67
14.3
62
12.2
53
41.9
182
24.4
106
18.0
78
15.7
68
434e
5.5
5
89th (1965)
Percent
Seats
20.9
91
13.3
58
11.3
49
45.5
198
22.3
97
16.8
73
15.4
67
435
5.1
4
90th (1967)
Percent
Seats
16.6
72
14.8
64
10.9
47
42.3
183
24.9
108
15.9
69
16.9
73
433
5.3
4
91st (1969)
Percent
Seats
9.2
40
17.2
75
12.9
56
39.3
171
29.0
126
14.9
65
16.8
73
435
5.6
5
92nd (1971)
Percent
Seats
12.9
56
9.7
42
14.7
64
37.2
162
28.0
122
15.6
68
19.1
83
435
5.8
5
93rd (1973)
Percent
Seats
16.0
69
12.7
55
8.8
38
37.5
162
29.6
128
15.3
66
17.6
76
432g
5.5
5
94th (1975)
Percent
Seats
21.1
92
14.7
64
9.2
40
45.1
196
23.0
100
17.9
78
14.0
61
435
5.2
4
95th (1977)
Percent
Seats
15.4
67
21.6
94
13.3
58
50.3
219
20.0
87
16.1
70
13.6
59
435
4.9
3
d
f
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-6
Congress
96th (1979)
Percent
Seats
Seniority of Representatives, 1953 - 2014
Percentage of representatives serving
1-3
4-6
7-9
1 term 2 terms 3 terms terms
terms
terms
10 +
terms
Total
Mean
term
Median
term
4.8
3
4.7
4
17.8
77
14.8
64
18.0
78
50.6
219
21.9
95
15.0
65
12.5
54
433h
97th (1981)
Percent
Seats
17.0
74
17.5
76
13.6
59
48.0
209
27.8
121
12.9
56
11.3
49
435
98th (1983)
Percent
Seats
18.4
80
14.7
64
15.2
66
48.4
210
28.8
125
10.4
45
12.4
54
434i
4.7
4
99th (1985)
Percent
Seats
9.9
43
18.2
79
14.3
62
42.4
184
31.8
138
13.4
58
12.4
54
434j
5.1
4
100th (1987)
Percent
Seats
11.5
50
8.7
38
17.2
75
37.5
163
32.9
143
14.7
64
14.9
65
435
5.5
5
101st (1989)
Percent
Seats
7.6
33
12.5
54
7.6
33
27.7
120
38.6
167
19.9
86
13.9
60
433k
5.8
5
102nd (1991)
Percent
Seats
10.1
44
9.4
41
11.0
48
30.6
133
31.5
137
20.9
91
17.0
74
435
6.1
5
103rd (1993)
Percent
Seats
25.3
110
10.1
44
8.7
38
44.1
192
25.1
109
15.9
69
14.9
65
435
5.2
4
104th (1995)
Percent
Seats
19.8
86
22.3
97
8.5
37
50.6
220
17.9
78
17.9
78
13.6
59
435
4.9
3
105th (1997)
Percent
Seats
18.2
79
17.5
76
20.2
88
55.9
243
16.3
71
14.9
65
12.9
56
435
4.8
3
106th (1999)
Percent
Seats
9.4
41
17.2
75
15.9
69
42.5
185
29.2
127
13.3
58
14.9
65
435
4.8
4
107th (2001)
Percent
Seats
9.2
40
9.4
41
15.7
68
34.3
149
35.7
155
12.4
54
17.5
76
434
5.6
5
l
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-6
Seniority of Representatives, 1953 - 2014
Congress
Percentage of representatives serving
1-3
4-6
7-9
1 term 2 terms 3 terms terms
terms
terms
10 +
terms
Total
Mean
term
Median
term
5.5
5
5.9
5
6.0
5
108th (2003)
Percent
Seats
14.3
62
9.4
41
10.6
46
34.3
149
36.3
158
13.8
60
15.6
68
435
109th (2005)
Percent
Seats
9.9
43
11.5
50
10.1
44
31.6
137
29.5
128
22.4
97
16.6
72
434m
110th (2007)
Percent
Seats
13.1
57
9.9
43
11.3
49
34.3
149
26.7
116
22.8
99
16.3
71
435
111th (2009)
Percent
Seats
12.4
54
13.4
58
8.1
35
33.9
147
23.5
102
24.4
106
18.2
79
434n
6.2
5
112th (2011)
Percent
Seats
20.5
89
9.7
42
9.0
39
39.2
170
22.4
97
15.9
69
22.4
97
433o
6.0
5
5.7
4
113th (2013)
Percent
Seats
16.5
19.5
9.0
45.1
20.9
16.6
17.0
433p
72
85
39
196
91
72
74
Note: Figures represent the makeup of Congress on the first day of the session.
a. E.E. Cox (D-GA) and Adolph Sabath (D-IL) were elected in 1952 but died before being sworn into office.
b. Antonio Fernandez (D-NM) and T. Millet Hand (R-NJ) were elected in 1956 but died before being sworn into office.
c. Alaska was admitted as a state in 1958. The total figure includes the addition of Alaska's representative.
d. Alaska was admitted as a state in 1958 and Hawaii in 1959. The total figure includes the addition of Alaska's and
Hawaii's representatives. In 1963 the other states absorbed the proportionate loss in representatives necessary to give
Alaska and Hawaii permanent representation under the 435-member figure established in 1911.
e. Clement Miller (D-CA) was elected posthumously.
f. John Fogarty (D-RI) was elected in 1966 but died before being sworn into office. Adam Powell (D-NY) was elected in
1966 but the results were contested and he was not sworn into office.
g. Nicholas Begich (D-AK) and Hale Boggs (D-LA) were elected posthumously. George Collins (D-IL) was elected in 1972
but died before being sworn into office.
h. Leo Ryan (D-CA) and William Steiger (R-WI) were elected in 1978 but died before being sworn into office.
i. Jack Swigert (R-CO) was elected in 1982 but died before being sworn into office.
j. Frank McCloskey's (D-IN) reelection in 1984 was disputed and he was not sworn into office until May 1, 1985.
k. William Nichols (D-AL) was elected in 1988 but died before being sworn into office. Daniel Coats (R-IN) won reelection in
1988 but was appointed to Dan Quayle's Senate seat on December 12, 1988.
l. Julian Dixon (D-CA) was elected in 2000 but died before being sworn into office.
m. Robert Matsui (D-CA) was elected in 2004 but died before being sworn into office.
n. The fifth district of Illinois, previously held by Rahm Emanuel, was vacant.
o. California's 36th district seat and Nevada's second district seat were vacant and so are not included in the total count.
p. South Carolina's first district seat and Illinois's second district seat were vacant and so are not included in the total count.
Sources: Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, various editions); Congressional
Quarterly Weekly Report , various issues; Congressional Directory , various editions; Clerk of the U.S. House of
Representatives, http://clerk.house.gov; The Almanac of American Politics (Washington, D.C.: National Journal Group,
various editions).
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Seniority of Senators, 1953 - 2014
Table 1-7
Number of Senators serving
Congress
83rd
84th
85th
86th
87th
88th
89th
90th
91st
92nd
93rd
94th
95th
96th
97th
98th
99th
100th
101st
102nd
103rd
104th
105th
106th
107th
108th
109th
110th
111th
112th
113th
(1953)
(1955)
(1957)
(1959)
(1961)
(1963)
(1965)
(1967)
(1969)
(1971)
(1973)
(1975)
(1977)
(1979)
(1981)
(1983)
(1985)
(1987)
(1989)
(1991)
(1993)
(1995)
(1997)
(1999)
(2001)
(2003)
(2005)
(2007)
(2009)
(2011)
(2013)
6 years
or less
46 (16)
42 (14)
37 (10)
42 (20)
42 (7)
42 (12)
29 (8)
28 (7)
32 (14)
25 (10)
40 (13)
36 (12)a
42 (17)
48 (20)
55 (18)
43 (5)
32 (7)
26 (13)
31 (10)
30 (5)
30 (13)
29 (11)
40 (15)
43 (8)
45 (11)
30 (10)
36 (9)
36 (10)
32 (11)b
42 (13)
54 (13)
7 - 12
years
29
37
36
30
25
26
36
34
32
24
20
22
25
24
20
28
38
44
26
23
17
26
24
25
18
29
26
23
19
17
17
13 - 18
years
14
8
13
14
22
18
16
19
17
29
20
23
13
10
10
16
18
16
29
28
32
20
13
12
15
16
15
13
20
14
11
19 years
or more
7
9
10
12
11
14
19
19
19
22
20
19
20
18
15
13
12
14
14
19
21
25
23
20
22
25
23
27
29
27
18
Total
96
96
96
98
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Mean
years
service
8.5
8.4
9.6
9.4
9.7
9.9
11.1
11.6
11.2
11.5
11.2
11.5
10.6
9.6
8.5
9.6
10.1
9.6
9.8
11.1
11.3
12.3
11.2
11.0
11.3
12.7
12.4
12.9
14.0
12.3
9.9
Median
years
service
7
7
9
8
9
7
9
9
11
11
9
9
9
7
5
7
9
8
10
11
12
11
9
10
8
9.5
10
10
11
9
6
Note: Figures in parentheses are the number of freshman senators. Senators who are
currently in their first full term are listed under the "6 years or less" column. Figures represent
the makeup of Congress on the first day of the session.
a. Total includes John Durkin (D-NH). After a contested election in 1974, the Senate
declared the seat vacant as of August 8, 1975. He was then elected by special election,
September 16, 1975, to fill the vacancy.
b. Total includes Al Franken (D-MN), who was declared elected after a challenge in court to
the vote count by his Republican challenger on June 30, 2009; and Roland Burris (D-IL) who
was appointed to fill the seat vacated by Barack Obama on December 31, 2008. Total also
includes Joe Biden (D-DE), who resigned his seat on January 15, 2009 and so was present
on the first day of the session.
Sources: Congressional Directory , various editions; Congressional Quarterly Almanac
(Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, various editions); Congressional Quarterly
Weekly Report , various issues; National Journal , various issues; US Senate,
http://www.senate.gov; The Almanac of American Politics (Washington, D.C.: National
Journal Group, various editions).
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-8
Occupation
Acting/entertainer
Aeronautics
Agriculture
Business or banking
Clergy
Congressional aide
Education
Engineering
Journalism
Labor leader
Law
Law enforcement
Medicine
Military
Professional sports
Public service/politics
Real estate
Veteran
New Occupations
Artistic/Creative
Healthcare
Homemaker/Domestic
Science
Secreterial/clerical
Technical/Trade
Miscellaneous
Prior Occupations of Representatives, 83rd - 113th Congresses, 1953 - 2014
83rd
1953
84th
1955
86th
1959
89th
1965
90th
1967
91st
1969
92nd
1971
93rd
1973
94th
1975
95th
1977
96th
1979
97th
1981
53
131
51
127
45
130
44
156
3
39
161
3
34
159
2
36
145
2
38
155
4
31
140
5
46
5
36
47
5
33
41
3
35
247
245
242
68
9
43
3
247
57
6
39
2
246
6
5
4
3
3
59
6
39
3
242
2
5
61
3
30
3
236
1
6
59
2
23
3
221
2
5
64
3
24
3
221
2
5
16
118
6
5
70
2
27
6
222
7
2
19
127
6
10
57
2
11
4
205
5
6
28
134
3
11
59
5
21
5
194
5
6
246
261
261
310
320
320
316
317
307
347
240
269
98th
1983
3
26
138
2
16
43
5
22
2
200
5
6
1
3
247
Note: Blanks indicate years and occupations for which Congressional Quarterly did not compile data.
Some members say they have more than one occupation.
Sources: Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, various
editions); Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report , various issues; Clerk of the U.S. House of
Representatives, http://clerk.house.gov; Military Officers Association of America; Veterans in Congress,
The Veterans of Foreign Wars National Legislative Service, “Representatives with Military Service, 108th
Congress;” Veterans’ Information: Veteran’s in Congress, House Committee on Veterans’ Affairs.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-8
Occupation
Acting/entertainer
Aeronautics
Agriculture
Business or banking
Clergy
Congressional aide
Education
Engineering
Journalism
Labor leader
Law
Law enforcement
Medicine
Military
Professional sports
Public service/politics
Real estate
Veteran
New Occupations
Artistic/Creative
Healthcare
Homemaker/Domestic
Science
Secreterial/clerical
Technical/Trade
Miscellaneous
Prior Occupations of Representatives, 83rd - 113th Congresses, 1953 - 2014
99th
1985
4
29
147
2
16
37
6
20
2
190
8
5
1
3
230
100th
1987
1
3
20
142
2
101st 102nd 103rd
1989 1991 1993
2
2
1
3
1
2
19
20
19
138
157
131
2
2
2
104th
1995
1
1
20
162
2
105th
1997
1
1
22
181
1
106th
1999
1
1
22
159
1
107th
2001
1
1
25
159
2
108th
2003
2
2
26
165
2
84
9
9
1
163
10
15
1
2
106
20
135
92
9
9
2
156
10
14
2
3
126
24
130
38
4
20
2
184
7
3
0
5
94
42
4
17
2
184
8
4
0
4
94
57
7
25
3
183
5
5
1
3
61
66
5
24
2
181
10
6
0
1
87
75
6
15
2
171
11
10
0
2
102
74
8
12
1
172
10
12
1
3
100
218
210
209
177
161
138
88
8
11
7
161
9
16
3
1
145
30
121
109th
2005
3
2
29
205
3
0
91
4
11
9
178
9
16
3
2
209
31
110
110th
2007
3
2
23
166
3
0
88
3
7
13
162
10
13
4
1
174
36
99
2
5
4
2
6
4
1
9
7
0
10
12
0
10
13
2
4
4
4
3
3
9
2
2
6
11
1
4
10
2
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
111th 112th 113th
2009 2011 2013
3
2
2
0
2
1
27
25
26
225
189
187
1
3
6
0
0
84
73
77
7
6
7
9
9
12
14
14
17
179
152
156
11
9
5
17
19
20
7
8
8
1
1
5
248
178
184
37
39
32
95
94
88
1
13
16
5
14
6
1
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-9
Occupation
Acting/entertainer
Aeronautics
Agriculture
Business or banking
Clergy
Congressional aide
Education
Engineering
Journalism
Labor leader
Law
Law enforcement
Medicine
Military
Professional sports
Public service/politics
Real estate
Veteran
New Occupations Included
Artistic/Creative
Healthcare
Homemaker/Domestic
Science
Secreterial/Clerical
Technical/Trade
Miscellaneous
Prior Occupations of Democratic Representatives, 83rd - 113th Congresses, 1953 - 2014
83rd
1953
84th
1955
86th
1959
89th
1965
90th
1967
91st
1969
92nd
1971
93rd
1973
94th
1975
95th
1977
96th
1979
97th
1981
21
55
22
59
28
71
26
98
2
17
82
1
14
76
1
19
70
1
14
72
2
13
84
4
18
3
18
26
3
16
30
2
21
130
136
168
54
6
27
3
171
43
4
22
2
150
2
2
2
1
1
40
3
22
3
150
1
2
39
2
17
3
150
1
4
41
1
16
3
137
1
3
51
1
19
3
158
2
3
6
69
4
3
56
0
15
6
154
7
1
10
71
4
7
44
0
6
3
135
4
1
11
58
2
9
39
2
9
4
121
4
2
118
131
175
210
183
181
185
175
198
98th
1983
0
13
73
2
10
29
2
13
2
132
2
2
0
2
Note: Blanks indicate years and occupations or occupational fields for which Congressional Quarterly did
not compile data. Some members say they have more than one occupation.
Sources: Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, various editions);
Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, various issues; Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives,
http://clerk.house.gov; Military Officers Association of America; Veterans in Congress, The Veterans of
Foreign Wars National Legislative Service, “Representatives with Military Service, 108th Congress;”
Veterans’ Information: Veteran’s in Congress, House Committee on Veterans’ Affairs.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-9
Occupation
Acting/entertainer
Aeronautics
Agriculture
Business or banking
Clergy
Congressional aide
Education
Engineering
Journalism
Labor leader
Law
Law enforcement
Medicine
Military
Professional sports
Public service/politics
Real estate
Veteran
New Occupations Included
Artistic/Creative
Healthcare
Homemaker/Domestic
Science
Secreterial/Clerical
Technical/Trade
Miscellaneous
Prior Occupations of Democratic Representatives, 83rd - 112th Congresses, 1953 - 2012
99th
1985
1
13
72
2
10
24
2
10
2
122
6
3
0
2
100th
1987
0
0
10
66
2
101st
1989
1
0
8
66
2
102nd
1991
1
0
11
77
2
103rd
1993
0
0
7
56
1
104th
1995
0
0
6
46
1
105th
1997
0
0
8
55
1
106th
1999
0
0
8
53
0
107th
2001
0
0
8
56
1
108th
2003
0
0
8
56
1
109th
2005
1
0
9
65
2
110th
2007
3
0
8
70
1
111th
2009
3
0
12
112
1
112th
2011
1
0
6
65
1
24
2
11
2
122
6
1
0
3
59
25
2
9
2
122
6
2
0
3
58
37
4
14
3
126
4
3
0
2
41
45
2
11
2
122
8
4
0
0
51
39
1
4
1
93
7
2
0
0
53
40
1
4
1
87
8
3
0
0
54
49
1
2
1
87
8
5
0
0
57
3
53
1
1
1
84
7
6
0
0
70
2
51
50
1
3
5
86
6
5
0
0
77
3
49
51
1
2
4
90
6
4
0
0
116
3
40
55
2
3
7
94
7
3
2
1
106
4
43
59
5
5
9
115
8
5
3
1
168
10
47
46
3
3
7
77
3
2
1
1
102
4
45
0
4
2
0
4
2
0
6
3
0
1
1
0
1
1
4
1
2
0
7
8
3
7
2
1
0
4
7
2
5
2
1
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-10
Occupation
Acting/entertainer
Aeronautics
Agriculture
Business or banking
Clergy
Congressional aide
Education
Engineering
Journalism
Labor leader
Law
Law enforcement
Medicine
Military
Professional sports
Public service/politics
Real estate
Veteran
New Occupations
Artistic/Creative
Healthcare
Homemaker/Domestic
Science
Secreterial/Clerical
Technical/Trade
Miscellaneous
Other
Prior Occupations of Republican Representatives, 83rd - 112th Congresses, 1953 - 2012
83rd
1953
84th
1955
86th
1959
89th
1965
90th
1967
91st
1969
92nd
1971
93rd
1973
94th
1975
95th
1977
96th
1979
97th
1981
32
76
29
68
17
59
18
58
1
22
79
2
20
83
1
17
75
1
24
83
2
18
56
1
28
2
18
21
2
17
11
1
14
117
109
74
14
3
16
0
76
14
2
17
0
96
4
3
2
2
2
19
3
17
0
92
1
3
22
1
13
0
86
0
2
18
1
7
0
84
1
2
13
2
5
0
63
0
2
10
49
2
2
14
2
12
0
68
0
1
9
56
2
3
13
2
5
1
70
1
5
17
76
1
2
20
3
12
1
73
1
4
128
130
86
100
137
139
131
142
109
98th
1983
3
13
65
0
6
14
3
9
0
68
3
4
1
1
Notes: Blanks indicate years and occupations or occupational fields for which Congressional Quarterly did
not compile data. Some members say they have more than one occupation.
Sources: Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, various editions);
Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, various issues; Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives,
http://clerk.house.gov; Military Officers Association of America; Veterans in Congress, The Veterans of
Foreign Wars National Legislative Service, “Representatives with Military Service, 108th Congress;”
Veterans’ Information: Veteran’s in Congress, House Committee on Veterans’ Affairs.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-10
Occupation
Acting/entertainer
Aeronautics
Agriculture
Business or banking
Clergy
Congressional aide
Education
Engineering
Journalism
Labor leader
Law
Law enforcement
Medicine
Military
Professional sports
Public service/politics
Real estate
Veteran
New Occupations
Artistic/Creative
Healthcare
Homemaker/Domestic
Science
Secreterial/Clerical
Technical/Trade
Miscellaneous
Other
Prior Occupations of Republican Representatives, 83rd - 110th Congresses, 1953 - 2012
99th
1985
3
16
75
0
6
13
4
10
0
68
2
2
1
1
100th
1987
1
3
10
76
0
101st
1989
1
3
11
72
0
102nd
1991
1
1
9
80
0
103rd
1993
1
2
12
75
1
104th
1995
1
1
14
116
1
105th
1997
1
1
14
126
0
106th
1999
1
1
14
106
1
107th
2001
1
1
17
103
1
108th
2003
2
2
18
109
1
109th
2005
2
2
20
140
1
110th
2007
0
2
15
96
2
111th
2009
0
112th
2011
1
15
113
0
14
2
9
0
62
1
2
0
2
35
17
2
8
0
62
2
2
0
1
36
19
3
10
0
57
1
2
1
1
20
20
3
12
0
59
2
2
0
1
36
35
5
10
1
78
4
8
0
2
49
33
7
7
0
85
2
9
1
3
46
34
8
6
0
76
2
10
1
2
49
17
38
8
7
1
71
3
8
2
3
56
22
78
37
7
7
2
75
3
11
3
1
68
27
72
39
3
8
5
88
3
12
3
2
93
28
70
33
1
4
6
68
3
10
2
0
68
32
56
25
2
4
5
64
3
12
4
0
80
27
48
19
124
2
2
27
3
6
7
75
6
17
7
0
76
35
49
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
3
4
2
3
3
4
2
2
5
1
0
0
3
4
3
4
2
0
88
0
6
6
2
5
2
1
130
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-11
Occupation
Acting/entertainer
Aeronautics
Agriculture
Business or banking
Clergy
Congressional aide
Education
Engineering
Journalism
Labor leader
Law
Law enforcement
Medicine
Military
Professional sports
Public service/politics
Real estate
Veteran
New Occupations
Artistic/Creative
Healthcare
Homemaker/Domestic
Science
Secretarial/Clerical
Technical/Trade
Miscellaneous
Other
Prior Occupations of Senators, 83rd - 113th Congresses, 1953 - 2014
83rd
1953
84th
1955
86th
1959
89th
1965
90th
1967
91st
1969
92nd
1971
93rd
1973
94th
1975
95th
1977
96th
1979
97th
1981
22
28
21
28
17
28
18
25
0
18
23
0
16
25
0
13
27
0
11
22
0
10
22
0
17
5
10
17
2
10
16
2
13
59
60
61
16
2
10
1
67
15
2
10
0
68
1
2
1
1
1
14
2
8
0
68
0
0
11
2
7
0
65
0
1
10
2
5
0
68
0
1
8
2
5
0
67
0
1
9
24
1
0
13
0
6
0
68
0
1
6
29
1
0
7
0
2
0
65
0
1
9
28
1
0
10
2
7
0
59
0
1
63
62
61
63
65
69
73
73
73
65
58
73
98th
1983
2
9
29
1
0
12
0
7
0
61
0
1
1
1
76
Note: Blanks indicate years and occupations or occupational fields for which Congressional Quarterly did
not compile data. Some members say they have more than one occupation.
Sources: Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, various
editions); Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report , various issues; US Senate, http://www.senate.gov;
Military Officers Association of America; Veterans in Congress, The Veterans of Foreign Wars National
Legislative Service, “Senators with Military Service, 108th Congress,” Veterans’ Information: Veteran’s in
Congress.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-11
Occupation
Acting/entertainer
Aeronautics
Agriculture
Business or banking
Clergy
Congressional aide
Education
Engineering
Journalism
Labor leader
Law
Law enforcement
Medicine
Military
Professional sports
Public service/politics
Real estate
Veteran
New Occupations
Artistic/Creative
Healthcare
Homemaker/Domestic
Science
Secretarial/Clerical
Technical/Trade
Miscellaneous
Other
Prior Occupations of Senators, 83rd - 113th Congresses, 1953 - 2014
99th
1985
2
10
31
1
0
12
1
8
0
61
0
1
1
1
75
100th
1987
0
2
5
28
1
101st 102nd 103rd
1989 1991 1993
0
0
0
2
1
1
4
8
8
28
32
24
1
1
1
104th
1995
1
1
9
24
0
105th
1997
1
1
8
33
1
106th
1999
1
0
6
24
1
107th
2001
1
1
6
24
1
108th
2003
0
1
5
25
0
13
0
8
0
55
0
2
1
1
18
4
43
16
0
7
1
53
0
3
1
1
28
4
38
12
1
6
2
60
0
3
1
1
30
3
35
12
1
8
0
62
0
1
1
1
20
11
0
8
0
63
0
0
1
1
20
10
0
10
0
61
0
0
1
1
5
11
0
9
0
58
0
0
1
1
10
10
0
8
0
54
0
1
1
1
12
13
0
9
0
53
0
2
1
0
26
69
69
68
59
56
48
109th
2005
0
0
5
40
0
0
13
1
7
3
64
1
4
1
1
45
3
31
110th
2007
1
0
6
27
0
0
14
1
8
3
59
0
3
1
1
32
3
30
111th 112th 113th
2009 2011 2013
1
3
3
0
0
0
4
5
5
36
29
27
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
15
15
0
0
0
4
6
4
3
3
4
63
54
55
0
0
0
3
5
4
1
1
1
1
3
0
48
38
42
7
7
7
25
26
18
2
0
1
0
0
0
1
29
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
3
0
1
0
0
0
1
35
2
0
5
0
1
1
1
1
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-12
Occupation
Acting/entertainer
Aeronautics
Agriculture
Business or banking
Clergy
Congressional aide
Education
Engineering
Journalism
Labor leader
Law
Law enforcement
Medicine
Military
Professional sports
Public service/politics
Real estate
Veteran
New Occupations
Artistic/Creative
Healthcare
Homemaker/Domestic
Science
Secretarial/Clerical
Technical/Trade
Miscellaneous
Other
Prior Occupations of Democratic Senators, 83rd - 110th Congresses, 1953 - 2012
83rd
1953
84th
1955
86th
1959
89th
1965
90th
1967
91st
1969
8
7
7
10
9
7
11
10
14
14
0
12
0
11
2
5
11
0
6
13
2
10
34
27
43
12
2
7
1
48
1
2
1
31
32
40
92nd
1971
93rd
1973
94th
1975
95th
1977
96th
1979
97th
1981
98th
1983
5
4
5
3
2
2
1
2
12
0
15
0
12
0
12
0
0
6
2
5
0
41
0
1
7
2
4
0
42
0
1
6
2
4
0
45
0
1
14
0
0
8
0
4
0
46
0
1
15
0
0
4
0
2
0
43
0
1
13
0
0
5
1
4
0
33
0
1
10
2
7
0
48
9
2
5
0
42
1
1
44
43
41
41
42
45
14
0
0
5
0
5
0
32
0
1
0
1
Note: Blanks indicate years and occupations or occupational fields for which Congressional Quarterly did
not compile data. Some members say they have more than one occupation.
Sources: Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, various
editions); Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, various issues; US Senate, http://www.senate.gov;
Military Officers Association of America; Veterans in Congress, The Veterans of Foreign Wars National
Legislative Service, “Senators with Military Service, 108th Congress,” Veterans’ Information: Veteran’s in
Congress.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-12
Occupation
Acting/entertainer
Aeronautics
Agriculture
Business or banking
Clergy
Congressional aide
Education
Engineering
Journalism
Labor leader
Law
Law enforcement
Medicine
Military
Professional sports
Public service/politics
Real estate
Veteran
New Occupations
Artistic/Creative
Healthcare
Homemaker/Domestic
Science
Secretarial/Clerical
Technical/Trade
Miscellaneous
Other
Prior Occupations of Democratic Senators, 83rd - 112th Congresses, 1953 - 2012
99th
1985
1
3
12
0
0
4
0
6
0
32
0
1
1
0
100th
1987
0
1
2
101st 102nd 103rd
1989 1991 1993
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
3
3
104th
1995
0
1
4
105th
1997
0
1
2
106th
1999
0
0
1
107th
2001
0
1
1
108th
2003
0
1
0
109th
2005
0
0
1
110th
2007
1
0
2
111th
2009
1
0
1
112th
2011
2
0
1
16
0
0
12
0
3
2
36
0
0
0
0
32
2
13
12
0
0
9
0
4
1
29
0
0
0
0
24
2
14
2
0
1
0
0
0
1
12
3
0
1
0
0
0
1
15
13
0
13
0
15
0
12
0
11
0
8
0
6
0
8
0
9
0
14
0
9
0
6
0
6
0
35
0
1
0
1
13
6
0
5
0
36
0
0
0
1
14
6
0
8
0
35
0
0
0
1
4
6
0
7
0
33
0
0
0
1
8
5
0
5
0
26
0
0
0
1
7
5
0
2
0
26
0
0
0
0
9
5
0
2
0
27
0
0
0
0
10
2
8
0
1
0
28
0
0
0
0
18
2
16
7
0
1
0
29
0
0
0
0
17
2
16
6
0
2
1
29
1
0
0
0
23
2
13
7
0
3
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
31
0
0
0
0
19
1
14
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-13
Occupation
Acting/entertainer
Aeronautics
Agriculture
Business or banking
Clergy
Congressional aide
Education
Engineering
Journalism
Labor leader
Law
Law enforcement
Medicine
Military
Professional sports
Public service/politics
Real estate
Veteran
New Occupations
Artistic/Creative
Healthcare
Homemaker/Domestic
Science
Secretarial/Clerical
Technical/Trade
Miscellaneous
Other
Prior Occupations of Republican Senators, 83rd - 112th Congresses, 1953 - 2012
83rd
1953
84th
1955
86th
1959
89th
1965
90th
1967
91st
1969
92rd
1971
93rd
1973
94th
1975
95th
1977
14
17
14
18
10
14
8
11
0
9
11
0
9
13
0
8
12
0
7
10
0
5
10
0
6
3
5
6
2
4
3
0
3
25
33
18
4
0
3
0
19
0
0
0
0
5
0
3
0
20
0
0
5
0
3
0
26
0
0
5
0
2
0
24
0
0
3
0
1
0
26
0
0
2
0
1
0
22
0
0
6
10
1
0
5
0
2
0
22
0
0
32
30
21
19
22
28
32
31
28
96th
1979
97th
1981
4
14
1
0
3
0
0
0
22
0
0
7
15
1
0
5
1
3
0
26
0
0
98th
1983
1
7
15
1
0
7
0
2
0
29
0
0
1
0
Note: Blanks indicate years and occupations or occupational fields for which Congressional Quarterly did
not compile data. Some members say they have more than one occupation.
Sources: Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, various editions);
Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, various issues; US Senate, http://www.senate.gov; Military
Officers Association of America; Veterans in Congress, The Veterans of Foreign Wars National Legislative
Service, “Senators with Military Service, 108th Congress,” Veterans’ Information: Veteran’s in Congress.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-13
Occupation
Acting/entertainer
Aeronautics
Agriculture
Business or banking
Clergy
Congressional aide
Education
Engineering
Journalism
Labor leader
Law
Law enforcement
Medicine
Military
Professional sports
Public service/politics
Real estate
Veteran
New Occupations
Artistic/Creative
Healthcare
Homemaker/Domestic
Science
Secretarial/Clerical
Technical/Trade
Miscellaneous
Other
Prior Occupations of Republican Senators, 83rd - 112th Congresses, 1953 - 2012
99th
1985
1
7
19
1
0
8
1
2
0
29
0
0
1
0
100th
1987
0
1
3
15
1
101st
1989
0
1
3
15
1
102nd
1991
0
0
5
17
1
103rd
1993
0
0
5
12
1
104th
1995
1
0
5
13
0
105th
1997
1
0
6
25
1
106th
1999
1
0
5
18
1
107th
2001
1
0
5
16
1
108th
2003
0
0
5
16
0
6
1
2
0
27
0
0
1
0
7
5
0
3
0
27
0
0
1
0
6
4
0
2
0
26
0
0
1
0
1
5
0
2
0
25
0
0
1
0
2
5
0
3
0
28
0
1
1
0
5
8
0
7
0
27
0
2
1
0
17
8
0
6
0
28
0
2
1
1
8
2
8
0
6
1
25
0
3
1
1
10
2
22
5
1
5
2
30
0
3
1
1
13
1
18
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
109th
2005
0
0
4
26
0
1
7
1
5
2
34
0
4
1
1
22
2
17
110th
2007
0
0
4
18
0
6
1
4
1
27
0
3
1
1
13
2
16
111th
2009
0
0
3
20
0
0
8
0
2
1
26
0
3
1
1
15
5
12
112th
2011
1
0
4
17
0
0
6
0
2
2
25
0
5
1
3
14
5
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-14
Religious Affiliations of Representatives, 89th - 113th Congresses, 1965 - 2014
Catholic
89th (1965)
D
R Total
81 13
94
90th (1967)
D
R Total
73 22 95
92nd (1971)
D
R Total
77
24 101
93rd (1973)
D
R Total
67 30
97
94th (1975)
D
R Total
88 22 110
95th (1977)
D
R Total
95 24 119
96th (1979)
D
R Total
92
23 115
Jewish
14
1
15
14
2
16
10
2
12
10
2
12
17
3
20
20
3
23
18
5
23
33
29
46
30
9
25
23
26
42
54
69
56
30
25
36
26
12
25
32
37
42
50
68
63
32
27
33
26
10
22
32
41
42
49
65
67
33
25
30
25
12
25
33
35
45
50
63
60
37
29
40
25
10
21
23
25
47
50
63
50
36
26
36
23
10
22
24
22
46
48
60
45
33
29
32
25
10
21
26
27
43
50
58
52
All other
62
43
105
42
57
99
50
49
98
50
55
105
55
40
95
56
38
94
47
45
92
Total
295 140 435
255
180
435
240 192 432
291 144
435
292 143
435
276 157 433
Protestant
Baptist
Episcopalian
Methodist
Presbyterian
Mormon
Lutheran
Protestant- other
a
249 184 433
b
c
Notes: D indicates Democrats; R indicates Republicans. Third parties are omitted unless otherwise noted. Figures represent the makeup
of Congress on the first day of the session.
a. John Fogarty (D-RI) was elected in 1966 but died before being sworn into office. Adam Powell (D-NY) was elected in 1966 but the
results were contested and he was not sworn into office.
b. Nicholas Begich (D-AK) and Hale Boggs (D-LA) were elected posthumously. George Collins (D-IL) was elected in 1972 but died before
being sworn into office.
c. Leo Ryan (D-CA) and William Steiger (R-WI) were elected in 1978 but died before being sworn into office.
Sources: Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, various editions); Congressional Quarterly
Weekly Report , various issues.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-14
Religious Affiliations of Representatives, 89th - 113th Congresses, 1965 - 2014
97th (1981)
R
Total
38
119
101st (1989)
D
R
Total
81
39
120
102nd (1991)
D
R
Total
85
37
122
103rd (1993)
D
R
Total
77
41
118
104th (1995)
D
R
Total
71 54
125
105th (1997)
D
R
Total
76
51
127
Catholic
Jewish
21
6
27
24
6
30
26
5
31
26
6
33
e
26
5
32
e
20
4
25
e
21
3
25
28
25
26
18
13
27
30
28
41
52
56
46
27
22
35
22
9
22
27
25
36
44
62
47
33
22
37
16
10
21
25
25
43
43
62
41
35
24
38
15
12
17
24
27
47
41
62
42
38
18
31
20
13
17
23
26
51
35
54
46
30
13
21
17
27
21
29
30
57
34
50
47
31
10
17
15
27
21
29
28
58
31
46
43
4
50
94
41
50
91
44
49
93
44
44
88
49
50
99
32
65
97
37
68
105
243 192
435
253
182
435
259
174
433d
267
167
435
258
176
435
204 230
435
207 227
435
Protestant
Baptist
Episcopalian
Methodist
Presbyterian
Mormon
Lutheran
Protestant- other
All other
Total
D
82
99th (1985)
R
Total
43
125
D
81
e
d. William Nichols (D-AL) was elected in 1988 but died before being sworn into office. Daniel Coats (R-IN) won reelection in 1988 but was appointed to Dan
Quayle's Senate seat on December 12, 1988.
e. Total includes Bernard Sanders (I-VT).
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-14
Religious Affiliations of Representatives, 89th - 113th Congresses, 1965 - 2014
Catholic
106th (1999)
D
R
Total
76
50
126
Jewish
21
1
23
e
24
2
27
e
24
1
26
34
9
16
15
28
21
34
26
62
30
50
41
33
7
16
15
30
23
34
23
64f
30
50
38
33
10
16
11
33
24
34
26
66
34
50
37
All other
40
62
102
40
60
100
40
58
Total
211
222
435
211
221
434g
205 229
Protestant
Baptist
Episcopalian
Methodist
Presbyterian
Mormon
Lutheran
Protestant- other
107th (2001)
D
R
Total
76
49
125
108th (2003)
D
R
Total
71
53
124
e
109th (2005)
D
R
Total
72
57
129
1
30
30
1
31
26
1
27
28
8
23
13
32
20
28
21
60
28
51
34
29
13
23
15
1
11
12
28
18
23
16
7
9
26
57
31
46
31
8
20
38
24
13
12
11
1
8
11
36
21
25
20
9
13
45
60
34
37
31
10
21
56
96
45
59
104
28
16
44
18
7
25
113th (2013)
D
R
Total
75
61
136
0
21
1
22
0
0
24
40
64
14
21
35
13
25
38
8
20
28
1
7
8
8
10
18
14
36
50
0
22
12
34
435
233 202
435
258
181
439
193 240
433
200 233
e
1
26
29
9
19
11
36
23
32
25
65
32
51
36
98
38
58
435
202 231
24
110th (2007)
D
R Total
87 41
128
29
e. Total includes Bernard Sanders (I-VT).
f. Total includes Virgil H. Goode, Jr. (I-VA).
g. Julian Dixon (D-CA) was elected in 2000 but died before being sworn into office.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
111th (2009)
D
R
Total
96
37
133
112th (2011)
D
R Total
69
63
132
433
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-15
Religious Affiliations of Senators, 89th - 113th Congresses, 1965 - 2014
Catholic
89th (1965)
D R Total
12 2
14
Jewish
90th (1967)
D R Total
11 2
13
92nd (1971)
D R Total
9 3
12
93rd (1973)
D R Total
10 4
14
94th (1975)
D R Total
12a 3
16b
95th (1977)
D R Total
10 3
13
96th (1979)
D R Total
9
4
13
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
3
4
1
5
5
2
7
9
8
15
8
3
7
7
3
12
15
22
11
7
8
15
8
4
7
8
4
11
15
23
12
5 3
4 13
13 7
10 6
8
17
20
16
5 3
6 11
13 5
8 6
8
17
18
14
6
5
11
10
3
9
5
7
9
15c
16
17
6
6
13
9
3
11
7
5
9
17
20
14
6
5
13
10
5
12
6
2
11
17
19
12
All other
15
9
24
14 10
24
13 12
25
15 12
27
15
9
24
14
8
22
11
10
21
Total
68 32
100
64 36
100
55 45
100
58 42
100
61
37
100
62
38
100
59
41
100
Protestant
Baptist
Episcopalian
Methodist
Presbyterian
Mormon
Lutheran
Protestant- other
Notes: D indicates Democrats; R indicates Republicans. Third parties are omitted unless otherwise noted. Figures represent the
makeup of Congress on the first day of the session.
a. Total includes John Durkin (D-NH) who was elected by special election to fill a disputed seat vacancy on September 16, 1975.
b. Total includes James Buckley (Conservative-NY)
c. Total includes Harry Byrd (I-VA)
Sources: Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, various years); Congressional Quarterly
Weekly Report , various issues and January 31, 2005, 241. The Almanac of American Politics 2004, 2006 (Washington, D.C.:
National Journal Group, 2003, 2005).
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-15
Religious Affiliations of Senators, 89th - 113th Congresses, 1965 - 2014
Catholic
97th (1981)
D R Total
9
8
17
99th (1985)
D R Total
11 8
19
101st (1989)
D R Total
12 7
19
102nd (1991)
D R Total
12 8
20
103rd (1993)
D R Total
15 8
23
104th (1995)
D R Total
12 8
20
105th (1997)
D R Total
15 9
24
Jewish
3
3
6
4
4
8
5
3
8
6
2
8
9
1
10
8
1
9
9
1
10
3
5
9
8
6
15
9
2
9
20
18
10
4
4
9
8
7
17
7
1
11
21
16
9
4
7
9
7
8
13
4
2
12
20
13
9
4
6
9
7
8
12
4
2
12
18
13
9
4
4
7
5
7
11
5
3
11
15
12
8
3
4
5
4
7
10
6
4
10
14
11
8
2
2
5
2
7
9
8
8
9
11
13
10
All other
10
10
20
7
9
16
11
8
19
11
9
20
13
8
21
11 17
28
10 13
23
Total
47
53
100
47
53
100
55
45
100
55
45
100
57 43
100
47 53
100
45 55
100
Protestant
Baptist
Episcopalian
Methodist
Presbyterian
Mormon
Lutheran
Protestant- other
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-15
Religious Affiliations of Senators, 89th - 113th Congresses, 1965 - 2014
Catholic
106th (1999)
D R Total
14 11
25
107th (2001)
D R Total
14 10
24
108th (2003)
D
R Total
14 11
25
109th (2005)
D R Total
13 11
24
110th (2007)
D R Total
16 9
25
111th (2009)
D R Total
17 9
26
112th (2011)
D R Total
15 9
24
Jewish
10
1
11
9
1
10
9
2
11
9
2
11
11e
2
13
11
1
12
12
0
12
1
4
5
1
7
9
7
6
8
13
12
7
2
3
10
3
7
7
6
7
9
10
16
10
1
3
7
3
5
7
5
10
6
10
12
13
1
3
5
3
6
7
7
11
7
10
12
14
1
4
5
2
6
6
7
8
7
10
12
10
1
3
5
4
2
4
7
6
3
5
8
3
0
3
7
6
10
12
5
4
10
0
1
4
5
2
3
7
8
3
7
9
3
1
3
8
4
11
14
5
4
10
All other
10 14
24
9
12
21
12d 11
23
11d 11
22
12
11
23
4
3
7
5
6
11
113th (2013)
D R Total
18 9
27
0
11 0
11
0
0
0 9
9
2 2
4
2 6
8
6 9
15
2 5
7
4 1
5
5 3
8
0
5 1
6
Total
45 55
100
50 50
100
49
100
45
100
51
49
100
58 41
99
54 49
103
55 45
Protestant
Baptist
Episcopalian
Methodist
Presbyterian
Mormon
Lutheran
Protestant- other
51
55
d. Total includes James Jeffords (I-VT).
e. Total includes Bernie Sanders (I-VT) and Joseph Lieberman (I-CT).
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
100
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-16 African Americans in Congress, 41st - 113th Congresses, 1869 - 2014
Congress
41st
42nd
43rd
44th
45th
46th
47th
48th
49th
50th
51st
52nd
53rd
54th
55th
56th
71st
72nd
73rd
74th
75th
76th
77th
78th
79th
80th
81st
82nd
83rd
84th
(1869)
(1871)
(1873)
(1875)
(1877)
(1879)
(1881)
(1883)
(1885)
(1887)
(1889)
(1891)
(1893)
(1895)
(1897)
(1899)a
(1929)
(1931)
(1933)
(1935)
(1937)
(1939)
(1941)
(1943)
(1945)
(1947)
(1949)
(1951)
(1953)
(1955)
House
D
R
2
5
7
7
3
2
2
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
Senate
D
R
1
1
1
1
Congress
85th
(1957)
86th
(1959)
87th
(1961)
88th
(1963)
89th
(1965)
90th
(1967)
91st
(1969)
92nd
(1971)
93rd
(1973)
94th
(1975)
95th
(1977)
96th
(1979)
97th
(1981)
98th
(1983)
99th
(1985)
100th
(1987)
101st
(1989)
102nd
(1991)
103rd
(1993)
104th
(1995)
105th
(1997)
106th
(1999)
107th
(2001)
108th
(2003)
109th
(2005)
110th
(2007)
111thb
(2009)
112th
(2011)
113thc
(2013)
House
D
R
3
3
3
4
5
5
9
13
16
16
15
15
17
20
20
22
23
25
1
38
1
37
2
36
1
36
1
35
1
37
40
40
39
40
2
41
Senate
D
R
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Notes: The data do not include nonvoting delegates or commissioners. Figures represent the
makeup of Congress on the first day of the session.
a. After the 56th Congress, there were no African American members in either the House or
Senate until the 71st Congress.
b. Roland Burris was not seated on the first day of the 111th session.
c. Tim Scott, who was appointed on December 17th to replace outgoing Senator Jim DeMint, is
included in the Senate totals.
Sources: Black Americans in Congress, 1870-1977 , H. Doc. 95-258, 95th Cong., 1st sess.,
1977; Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, various
editions); Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report , various issues; Clerk of the U.S. House of
Representatives, http://clerk.house.gov.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-17 Asian Americans in Congress, 58th - 113th Congresses, 1903-2014
Congress
58th
(1903)
59th
(1905)
60th
(1907)
61st
(1909)
62nd
(1911)
63rd
(1913)
64th
(1915)
65th
(1917)
66th
(1919)
67th
(1921)
68th
(1923)
69th
(1925)
70th
(1927)
71st
(1929)
72nd
(1931)
73rd
(1933)
74th
(1935)
75th
(1937)
76th
(1939)
77th
(1941)
78th
(1943)
79th
(1945)
80th
(1947)
81st
(1949)
82nd
(1951)
83rd
(1953)
84th
(1955)
85th
(1957)
House
D
R
1
Senate
D
R
Congress
86th
(1959)
87th
(1961)
88th
(1963)
89th
(1965)
90th
(1967)
91st
(1969)
92nd
(1971)
93rd
(1973)
94th
(1975)
95th
(1977)
96th
(1979)
97th
(1981)
98th
(1983)
99th
(1985)
100th
(1987)
101st
(1989)
102nd
(1991)
103rd
(1993)
104th
(1995)
105th
(1997)
106th
(1999)
107th
(2001)
108th
(2003)
109th
(2005)
110th
(2007)
111th
(2009)
112th
(2011)
113th
(2013)
House
D
R
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
1
3
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
5
4
4
1
5
1
4
1
7
1
10
Senate
D
R
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
Notes: The data do not include nonvoting delegates or commissioners. Figures represent
the makeup of Congress on the first day of the session.
Sources: Asian Pacific Americans in the United States Congress, Congressional Research Service .
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-17
Congress
41st
(1869)
42nd (1871)
43rd
(1873)
63rd
(1913)
64th
(1915)
65th
(1917)
66th
(1919)
67th
(1921)
68th
(1923)
69th
(1925)
70th
(1927)
71st
(1929)
72nd (1931)
73rd
(1933)
74th
(1935)
75th
(1937)
76th
(1939)
77th
(1941)
(1943)
78th
79th
(1945)
80th
(1947)
81st
(1949)
82nd (1951)
83rd
(1953)
84th
(1955)
85th
(1957)
86th
(1959)
Hispanic Americans in Congress, 41st - 113th Congresses, 1869 - 2014
House
D
R
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Senate
D
R
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Congress
87th
(1961)
88th
(1963)
89th
(1965)
90th
(1967)
91st
(1969)
92nd
(1971)
93rd
(1973)
94th
(1975)
95th
(1977)
96th
(1979)
97th
(1981)
98th
(1983)
99th
(1985)
100th
(1987)
101st
(1989)
102nd
(1991)
103rd
(1993)
104th
(1995)
105th
(1997)
106th
(1999)
107th
(2001)
108th
(2003)
109th
(2005)
110th
(2007)
111th
(2009)
112th
(2011)
113th
(2013)
House
D R
2
3
3
3
3 1
4 1
4 1
4 1
4 1
5 1
6 1
9 1
10 1
10 1
9 1
10 1
14 3
14 3
14 3
16 3
16 3
18 4
19 4
20 3
21 3
19 8
23 5
Senate
D R
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
Notes: The data do not include nonvoting delegates or commissioners. Figures
represent the makeup of Congress on the first day of the session.
Sources: Biographical Directory of the United States Congress 1774-1989;
Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly,
various editions); Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report , various issues; Clerk of the
U.S. House of Representatives, http://clerk.house.gov;
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-18
Women in Congress, 65th - 113th Congresses, 1917 - 2014
House
Congress
D
R
65th (1917)
1
66th (1919)
67th (1921)
2
68th (1923)
1
69th (1925) 1
2
70th (1927) 2
3
71st (1929) 4
5
72nd (1931) 4
3
73rd (1933) 4
3
74th (1935) 4
2
75th (1937) 4
1
76th (1939) 4
4
77th (1941) 4
5
78th (1943) 2
6
5
79th (1945) 6
80th (1947) 3
4
81st (1949) 5
4
82nd (1951) 4
6
83rd (1953) 5
7
84th (1955) 10
7
85th (1957) 9
6
86th (1959) 9
8
87th (1961) 11
7
88th (1963) 6
6
89th (1965) 7
4
Senate
D
R
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Congress
90th
(1967)
91st
(1969)
92nd (1971)
93rd (1973)
94th
(1975)
95th
(1977)
96th
(1979)
97th
(1981)
98th
(1983)
99th
(1985)
100th (1987)
101st (1989)
102nd (1991)
103rd (1993)
104th (1995)
105th (1997)
106th (1999)
107th (2001)
108th (2003)
109th (2005)
110th (2007)
111th (2009)
112th (2011)
113th (2013)
House
D
R
5
5
6
4
10
3
14
2
14
5
13
5
11
5
10
9
13
9
13
9
12 11
14 11
19
9
36 12
31 17
35 16
40 16
41 18
38 21
42 23
50 21
57 17
52 24
56 20
Senate
D
R
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
5
6
6
10
9
9
11
13
12
16
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
4
5
4
Notes: The data include only women who were sworn in as members and served
more than one day. Figures represent the makeup of Congress on the first day of
the session.
Sources: Women in Congress , H. Rept. 94-1732, 94th Cong., 2nd sess., 1976;
Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly,
various editions); Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report , various issues; Clerk of
the U.S. House of Representatives, http://clerk.house.gov; US Senate,
http://www.senate.gov.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-19
Political Parties of Senators and Representatives, 34th - 113th Congresses, 1855 - 2014
Senate
34th
35th
36th
37th
38th
39th
40th
41st
42nd
43rd
44th
45th
46th
47th
48th
49th
50th
51st
52nd
53rd
54th
55th
56th
57th
58th
59th
60th
61st
62nd
63rd
64th
65th
66th
67th
68th
69th
70th
71st
72nd
73rd
74th
75th
76th
77th
78th
79th
80th
81st
82nd
83rd
84th
85th
Congress
(1855 - 1857)
(1857 - 1859)
(1859 - 1861)
(1861 - 1863)
(1863 - 1865)
(1865 - 1867)
(1867 - 1869)
(1869 - 1871)
(1871 - 1873)
(1873 - 1875)
(1875 - 1877)
(1877 - 1879)
(1879 - 1881)
(1881 - 1883)
(1883 - 1885)
(1885 - 1887)
(1887 - 1889)
(1889 - 1891)
(1891 - 1893)
(1893 - 1895)
(1895 - 1897)
(1897 - 1899)
(1899 - 1901)
(1901 - 1903)
(1903 - 1905)
(1905 - 1907)
(1907 - 1909)
(1909 - 1911)
(1911 - 1913)
(1913 - 1915)
(1915 - 1917)
(1917 - 1919)
(1919 - 1921)
(1921 - 1923)
(1923 - 1925)
(1925 - 1927)
(1927 - 1929)
(1929 - 1931)
(1931 - 1933)
(1933 - 1935)
(1935 - 1937)
(1937 - 1939)
(1939 - 1941)
(1941 - 1943)
(1943 - 1945)
(1945 - 1947)
(1947 - 1949)
(1949 - 1951)
(1951 - 1953)
(1953 - 1955)
(1955 - 1957)
(1957 - 1959)
Number of
senators
62
64
66
50
51
52
53
74
74
74
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
84
88
88
88
90
90
90
90
90
92
92
92
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
Democrats
42
39
38
11
12
10
11
11
17
19
29
36
43
37
36
34
37
37
39
44
39
34
26
29
32
32
29
32
42
51
56
53
47
37
43
40
47
39
47
59
69
75
69
66
57
57
45
54
48
46
48
49
House of Representatives
Republicans
15
20
26
31
39
42
42
61
57
54
46
39
33
37
40
41
39
47
47
38
44
46
53
56
58
58
61
59
49
44
39
42
48
59
51
54
48
56
48
36
25
17
23
28
38
38
51
42
47
48
47
47
Other
parties
5
5
2
7
Vacant
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
3
5
10
11
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
4
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
Number of
representatives
234
237
237
178
183
191
193
243
243
293
293
293
293
293
325
325
325
330
333
356
357
357
357
357
386
386
386
391
391
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Democrats
83
131
101
42
80
46
49
73
104
88
181
156
150
130
200
182
170
156
231
220
104
134
163
153
178
136
164
172
228
290
231
a
210
191
132
207
183
195
163
216b
313
322
333
262
267
222
243
188
263
234
213
232
234
Republicans
108
92
113
106
103
145
143
170
139
203
107
137
128
152
119
140
151
173
88
126
246
206
185
198
207
250
222
219
162
127
193
216
237
300
225
247
237
267
218
117
103
89
169
162
209
190
246
171
199
221
203
201
Other
parties
43
14
23
28
Vacant
2
1
3
14
11
6
2
4
1
14
10
7
16
9
5
1
18
8
9
7
1
3
5
3
1
1
5
10
13
4
6
4
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
4
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 1-19
Political Parties of Senators and Representatives, 34th - 113th Congresses, 1855 - 2014
Senate
Congress
86th
(1959 - 1961)
87th
(1961 - 1963)
88th
(1963 - 1965)
89th
(1965 - 1967)
90th
(1967 - 1969)
91st
(1969 - 1971)
92nd
(1971 - 1973)
93rd
(1973 - 1975)
94th
(1975 - 1977)
95th
(1977 - 1979)
96th
(1979 - 1981)
97th
(1981 - 1983)
98th
(1983 - 1985)
99th
(1985 - 1987)
100th (1987 - 1989)
101st (1989 - 1991)
102nd (1991 - 1993)
103rd (1993 - 1995)
104th (1995 - 1997)
105th (1997 - 1999)
106th (1999 - 2001)
107th (2001 - 2003)
108th (2003 - 2005)
109th (2005 - 2007)
110th (2007 - 2009)
111th (2009 - 2011)
112th (2011 - 2013)
113th (2013 - 2015)
Number of
senators
98
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Democrats
64
64
67
68
64
58
54
56
61
61
58
46
46
47
55
55
56
57
47
45
45
50
48
44
49
55
51
53
House of Representatives
Republicans
34
36
33
32
36
42
44
42
37
38
41
53
54
53
45
45
44
43
53
55
55
50
51
55
49
41
47
45
Other
parties
Vacant
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
Number of
representatives
c
436
d
437
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
Democrats
283
262
258
295
246
243
255
239
291
292
276
243
268
252
258
259
267
258
204
207
211
211
205
201
233
256
193
200
Republicans
153
175
176
140
187
192
180
192
144
143
157
192
166
182
177
174
167
176
230
227
223
221
229
232
202
178
242
233
Other
parties
Vacant
1
2
1
3
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
Note: Figures represent the makeup of Congress on the first day of the session.
a. Democrats organized House with help of other parties.
b. Democrats organized House because of Republican deaths.
c. Alaska was admitted as a state in 1958. The total figure includes the addition of Alaska's representative.
d. Alaska was admitted as a state in 1958 and Hawaii in 1959. The total figure includes the addition of Alaska's and Hawaii's representatives.
Sources: Congressional Directory , various editions; Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report , various issues; Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives, http://clerk.house.gov;
US Senate, http://www.senate.gov; The Almanac of American Politics (Washington, D.C.: National Journal Group, various editions).
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Chapter 2: Congressional Elections
Table of Contents
2-1
2-2
2-3
2-4
2-5
2-6
2-7
2-8
2-9
2-10
2-11
2-12
2-13
2-14
2-15
2-16
2-17
2-18
2-19
Turnout in Presidential and House Elections, 1930 - 2012
Popular Vote and House Seats Won by Party, 1946 - 2012
Net Party Gains in House and Senate Seats, General and Special Elections, 1946 - 2012
Losses by the President's Party in Midterm Elections, 1862 - 2010
House Seats That Changed Party, 1954 - 2012
Senate Seats That Changed Party, 1954 - 2012
House Incumbents Retired, Defeated, or Reelected, 1946 - 2012
Senate Incumbents Retired, Defeated, or Reelected, 1946 - 2012
House and Senate Retirements by Party, 1930 - 2012
Defeated House Incumbents, 1946 - 2012
Defeated Senate Incumbents, 1946 - 2012
House Elections Won with 60 Percent of Major Party Vote, 1956 - 2012
Senate Elections Won with 60 Percent of Major Party Vote, 1944 - 2008
Marginal Races Among Members of the 113th Congress, 2012
Conditions of Initial Election for Members of the 112th Congress, 2011, and 113th Congress, 2013
Ticket Splitting between Presidential and House Candidates, 1900 - 2012
District Voting for President and Representative, 1952 - 2012
Shifts in Democratic Major Party Vote in Congressional Districts, 1956 - 2010
Party-Line Voting in Presidential and Congressional Elections, 1956 - 2010
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 2-1
Year
1930
1932
1934
1936
1938
1940
1942
1944
1946
1948
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
Turnout in Presidential and House Elections, 1930 - 2012 (percentage of voting
age population)
Presidential
elections
56.3
62.2
65.2
58.4
53.3
63.4
61.2
64.9
62.8
61.9
House
elections
33.7
49.7
41.4
53.5
44.0
55.4
32.5
52.7
37.1
48.1
41.1
57.6
41.7
55.9
43.0
58.5
49.2
59.0
49.3
56.3
48.4
Year
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Presidential
elections
56.6
55.1
54.7
56.0
53.1
58.1
51.5
54.3
60.7
61.6
58.2
House
elections
51.4
40.0
50.3
39.5
49.3
42.2
50.2
38.2
47.6
38.1
53.6
40.5
48.2
37.6
50.2
37.2
55.3
40.4
57.6
40.1
55.3
Note: For all presidential elections and House elections 1962-2004, turnout is
computed using the number of citizens eligible to vote in the United States. For
House elections before 1962, it is computed using the voting age population
(including non-citizens). For the 2006 elections and future editions of Vital
Statistics on Congress , turnout is of voting-eligible population (VEP.) The
voting-eligible population is the population that is eligible to vote. Counted
among the voting-age population are persons who are ineligible to vote, such
as non-citizens, felons (depending on state law), and mentally incapacitated
persons. Not counted are persons in the military or civilians living overseas.
Sources: For House elections 1930-60, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical
Abstract of the United States (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing
Office). For presidential elections and House elections 1962-2004, numbers
were provided by Curtis Gans of the Committee for the Study of the American
Electorate at American University. From 2006 to 2010, the VEP was calculated
by Michael McDonald found at http://elections.gmu.edu/voter_turnout.htm and
calculated against the Federal Election Commission voting data found at
http://www.fec.gov.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 2-2 Popular Vote and House Seats Won by Party, 1946 - 2012
Democratic candidates
Year
1946
1948
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Percentage of
b
all votes
44.3
51.6
48.9
49.2
52.1
50.7
55.5
54.4
52.1
56.9
50.5
50.0
53.0
51.7
57.1
56.2
53.4
50.4
55.2
52.1
54.5
53.3
52.9
50.8
45.4
48.5
47.1
47.0
45.0
46.6
52.0
52.9
44.8
48.5
Percentage of
c
seats won
43.3
60.6
54.0
49.1
53.3
53.8
64.9
60.0
59.4
67.8
57.0
55.9
58.6
55.8
66.9
67.1
63.7
55.9
61.8
58.2
59.3
59.8
61.4
59.3
46.9
47.6
48.5
48.7
47.0
46.4
53.6
59.1
44.4
46.2
Republican candidates
Percentage of
b
all votes
53.5
45.4
48.9
49.3
47.0
48.7
43.6
44.8
47.1
42.4
48.0
48.2
44.5
46.4
40.5
42.1
44.7
48.0
43.3
47.0
44.6
45.5
45.0
45.6
52.4
48.9
48.0
47.3
49.6
49.2
45.6
42.3
51.4
47.8
Percentage of
c
seats won
56.7
39.4
46.0
50.9
46.7
46.2
35.1
40.0
40.6
32.2
43.0
44.1
41.4
44.2
33.1
32.9
36.3
44.1
38.2
41.8
40.7
40.2
38.4
40.5
52.9
52.0
51.3
50.8
52.8
53.4
46.4
40.9
55.6
53.8
Change from last electiona
Percentage of
Percentage of
major party
c
seats won
votes
6.4R
12.8R
7.9D
17.3D
3.2R
6.6R
0.1R
4.9R
2.6D
4.2D
1.5R
0.5D
5.0D
11.1D
1.2R
4.9R
2.3R
0.6R
4.8D
8.4D
6.0R
10.8R
0.3R
1.1R
3.4D
2.7D
1.7R
2.8R
5.8D
11.1D
1.3R
0.2D
3.4R
2.8R
3.2R
7.8R
5.2D
5.9D
4.1R
3.6R
2.4D
1.1D
1.1R
0.5D
0.1D
1.6D
1.4R
2.1R
6.3R
12.4R
3.4D
0.7D
0.3R
0.9D
0.3D
0.2D
2.3R
2.0R
1.1D
0.6R
5.4D
7.2D
1.4D
5.5D
9.0R
14.7R
2.9D
1.8D
Difference between
Democratic
percentage of seats
and votes won
-1.0
9.0
5.1
-0.1
1.2
3.1
9.4
5.6
7.3
10.9
6.5
5.9
5.6
4.1
9.8
10.9
10.3
5.5
6.6
6.1
4.8
6.5
8.5
8.5
1.5
-0.9
1.4
1.7
2.0
-0.2
1.6
6.2
-0.4
-2.3
a. The data show the percentage-point increase over previous election in votes or seats won by Republicans (R) or Democrats (D).
b. Republican and Democratic percentages of all votes excludes districts in which candidates ran unopposed and no vote was recorded.
c. Total percentage of seats won does not equal 100% due to the election of independents and/or rounding.
Sources: Biographical Directory of the United States Congress 1774–1989 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1989);
Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, various years); National Journal , various issues; The
Almanac of American Politics (Washington, D.C.: National Journal Group, various years); Federal Election Commission, http://www.fec.gov.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 2-3
Year
Net Party Gains in House and Senate Seats, General and Special Elections, 1946 - 2012
General electionsa
House
Senate
1946
56R
13R
1948
75D
9D
1950
28R
5R
1952
22R
1R
1954
19D
2D
1956
2D
1D
Special electionsb
House
Senate
2R (13)
3R (8)
0 (16)
0 (10)
3R (13)
2D (8)
0 (2)
1958
1960
49D
22R
1964
37D
1D
1966
47R
4R
1D (3)
1972
12R
2D
0 (9)
4D (10)
1974
49D
4D
1976
1D
0
0 (6)
4R (6)
1978
15R
14R
2D
1986
5D
8D
1988
2D
0
1990
9D
1D
3R
10R
8R
1996
3De
2R
1998
5D
0
2000
2D
4D
0 (2)
1R (3)
0 (0)
2004
3R
4R
2006
31D
6D
0 (2)
0 (0)
2008
21D
8D
2010
63R
6R
1D (1)
1R (2)
8D
0 (0)
1R (7)
1R (1)
0 (4)
1D (1)
1R (6)
0 (0)
1D (11)
0 (1)
1D (6)
2D (3)c
2R (7)
1R (2)
1R (5)
1D (1)
0 (8)
0
0 (3)
0
1R (9)f
0
1D (3)g
0
0 (3)
0
3D (13)h
0 (0)
1R (11)
1R (1)
0 (6)
0 (0)
1R
0 (2)
2012
1D (8)
d
52R
8R
Special electionsb
House
Senate
1R (6)
0 (0)
0
1994
2002
3D (9)
2R
1984
0 (6)
6R
12D
1R
1992
1R (5)
1970
26D
2R (3)
1R (7)
0 (8)
5R
1982
0 (9)
1D (4)
2R (9)
1968
12R
2R (4)
0 (10)
0 (12)
3D
34R
2R (6)
2R
1R
1980
0 (3)
15D
1962
Year
General electionsa
House
Senate
2D
Note: D indicates Democrats; R indicates Republicans.
a. The general election figure is the difference between the number of seats won by the party gaining seats in that election and the
number of seats won by that party in the preceding general election.
b. The special election figure is the net shift in seats held by the major parties as a result of special elections held between the two
general elections. The figure does not include special elections held on the day of the general election. The number of special elections
appears in parentheses.
c. The total number of special elections (3) includes the special election of Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) to fill the seat to which John Seymour
was temporarily appointed. The special election was held at the same time as the general election (November 3, 1992).
d. Sen. Richard Shelby (AL) switched from the Democratic to the Republican Party the day after the election and brought the total
Republican gain to nine.
e. Between the two elections, six Representatives switched parties. When we consider those switches and special election Republican
gains, the total 1996 Democratic gain was nine seats.
f. Includes Ed Case (D-HI) who was elected November 30, 2002 after sine die adjournment of the House of Representatives, to fill Patsy
Mink's chair (D-HI) in the 107th Congress.
g. Includes Ed Case (D-HI) who was elected in a special election on January 4, 2003 to fill Patsy Mink's (D-HI) chair for the 108th
Congress.
h. Includes Marcia L. Fudge (D-OH) who was elected in a special election on November 18, 2008, to fill the remainder during the 110th
Congress of the term of Stephanie Tubbs Jones (D-OH) who died in office. Fudge was also elected in the general election on November
4, 2008, to serve in the 111th Congress.
Sources: Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, various years); Congressional Quarterly Weekly
Report , various issues; National Journal , various issues; Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives, http://clerk.house.gov; Clerk of the
U.S. Senate, http://clerk.senate.gov.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 2-4 Losses by the President's Party in Midterm Elections, 1862 - 2010
Year
1862
1866
1870
1874
1878
1882
1886
1890
1894
1898
1902
1906
1910
1914
1918
1922
1926
1930
1934
President's party
Party holding gain/loss of seats
in House
presidency
R
-3
R
-2
R
-31
R
-96
R
-9
R
-33
D
-15
R
-85
D
-125
R
-19
9a
R
R
-28
R
-57
D
-61
D
-22
R
-77
R
-9
R
-52
D
9
President's party
gain/loss of seats
in Senate
8
0
-4
-8
-6
3
3
0
-4
9
2
3
-8
5
-6
-6
-6
-8
10
Year
1938
1942
1946
1950
1954
1958
1962
1966
1970
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
President's party
Party holding gain/loss of seats
in House
presidency
D
-72
D
-44
D
-55
D
-28
R
-18
R
-48
D
-4
D
-48
R
-12
R
-48
D
-15
R
-26
R
-5
R
-8
D
-54
D
5
R
8
R
-30
D
-63
President's party
gain/loss of seats
in Senate
-7
-9
-12
-5
-1
-12
2
-4
1
-4
-3
1
-8
-1
-8b
0
1
-6
-6
Notes: D indicates Democrats; R indicates Republicans.
Each entry is the difference between the number of seats won by the president's party in that midterm election and the number of seats
won by that party in the preceding general election. Because of changes in the overall number of seats in the Senate and House, in the
number of seats won by third parties, and in the number of vacancies, a Republican loss is not always matched precisely by a
Democratic gain, or vice versa. Data reflects immediate election results.
a. Although the Republicans gained nine seats in the 1902 elections, they actually lost ground to the Democrats, who gained twentyfive seats after the increase in the overall number of Representatives after the 1900 census.
b. Sen. Richard Shelby (AL) switched from the Democratic to the Republican Party the day following the election, so that the total loss
was nine seats.
Sources: Biographical Directory of the United States Congress 1774–1989 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1989);
Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, various years); National Journal , various issues; The
Almanac of American Politics (Washington, D.C.: National Journal Group, various years); Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives,
http://clerk.house.gov; Clerk of the U.S. Senate, http://clerk.senate.gov.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 2-5
House Seats That Changed Party, 1954 - 2012
Incumbent defeated
Year
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Total
changes
26
20
49
37
19
55
47
11
25
21
55
22
32
41
31
22
22
9
20
43
60
31
18
18
15
13
31
31
69
29
D→R
3
7
1
23
9
5
38
5
2
8
4
7
15
28
1
13
2
2
6
19
35
3
1
2
2
6
0
5
52
4
R→D
18
7
34
2
5
39
2
0
9
3
36
5
5
3
23
3
7
4
8
12
0
16
5
4
2
2
22
14
2
15
Open seat
D→R
2
2
0
6
2
3
5
2
6
6
2
3
7
9
3
5
7
1
0
10
21
9
5
6
6
2
0
0
14
7
R→D
3
4
14
6
3
8
2
4
8
4
13
7
5
1
4
1
6
2
6
2
4
3
7
6
5
3
9
12
1
3
This table reflects shifts in party control of seats from immediately before to immediately after the
November elections. It does not include party gains resulting from the creation of new districts
and does not account for situations in which two districts were reduced to one, thus forcing
incumbents to run against each other.
Party gains that resulted from an incumbent being defeated in either a primary or general
election are classified as incumbent defeats. In situations where the incumbent declined to run
again, ran for another political office, or died or resigned before the end of the term are classified
as open seats.
Sources: Biographical Directory of the United States Congress 1774–1989 (Washington, D.C.:
Government Printing Office, 1989); Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.:
Congressional Quarterly, various years); National Journal , various issues; The Almanac of
American Politics (Washington, D.C.: National Journal Group, various years); The Green
Papers, http://thegreenpapers.com; Election 2012 Data: The Impact on the House (The
Brookings Institution).
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 2-6
Senate Seats That Changed Party, 1954 - 2012
Incumbent defeated
Year
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Total
changes
6
8
13
3
8
4
3
9
6
10
6
14
13
12
3
4
10
7
1
4
8b
3
6
8
3
8
6
7
6e
1
D→R
2
1
0
1
2
1
2
5
3
2
0
5
5
12
1
1
0
1
0
1
2
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
2f
0
R→D
3
3
10
1
4
3
0
1
2
4
2
4
3
0
1
2
7
3
1
3
0
1
2
5
1
0
6
4d
0
1
Open seat
D→R
1
3
0
1
0
0
1
2
1
2
1a
2
3
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
6
2
2
1
1c
5
0
0
4
0
R→D
0
1
3
0
2
0
0
1
0
2
3
3
2
0
1
1
2
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
3
0
0
Notes: D indicates Democrat; R indicates Republican.
This table reflects shifts in party control of seats from immediately before to immediately after the November election
Party gains that resulted from an incumbent being defeated in either a primary or general election are classified as incumbent
defeats. In situations where the incumbent declined to run again, ran for another political office, or died or resigned before the
end of the term are classified as open seats.
a. Includes John Durkin (D-NH). After a contested election in which incumbent Sen. Norris Cotton did not run, the Senate
declared the seat vacant as of August 8, 1975. Sen. Durkin was then elected by special election, September 16, 1975, to fill the
vacancy.
b. Sen. Richard Shelby (AL) switched from the Democratic to the Republican Party the day after the election and brought the
total change to nine.
c. Includes Norm Coleman (R-MN) who beat Walter Mondale (D-MN) after the death of Sen. Paul Wellstone (D-MN).
d. Does not include Al Franken (D-MN), who was declared on 30 June 2009 to have won the US Senate contest defeating
Incumbent Senator Norm Coleman (R-MN). This brings the R→D Incumbent Defeat up to 5, and the Total Changes up to 8.
e. Does not include Incumbent Senator Lisa Murkowski (R-AK), who lost her primary to Joe Miller (R-AK) but won the general
election as a Republican write-in candidate.
f. Includes Pat Toomey (R-PA), who defeated Senator Arlen Specter (D-PA). Specter had changed his affiliation from
Republican to Democrat in office on April 30, 2009.
Sources: Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, various years); Congressional
Quarterly Weekly Report , various issues; National Journal , various issues; The Green Papers, http://thegreenpapers.com.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 2-7
Year
1946
1948
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
House Incumbents Retired, Defeated, or Reelected, 1946 - 2012
Retireda
32
29
29
42
24
21
33
26
24
33
22
23
29
40
43
47
49
34
40
22
40
23
27
65
48
49
33
30
35
29
28
27
32
25
Total
Defeated
seeking Defeated in in general
reelection primaries
election
398
18
52
400
15
68
400
6
32
389
9
26
407
6
22
411
6
16
396
3
37
405
5
25
402
12
22
397
8
45
411
8
41
409
4
9
401
10
12
393
11
13
391
8
40
384
3
13
382
5
19
398
6
31
393
10
29
411
3
16
394
3
6
409
1
6
406
1
15
368
19
24
387
4
34
384
2
21
402
1
6
403
3
6
b
398
8
8
404
2
7
403
2
22
4d
399
19
397
4
54
391
13
27
Total
reelected
328
317
362
354
379
389
356
375
368
344
362
396
379
365
343
368
358
361
354
392
385
402
390
325
349
361
395
394
c
383
395
379
376
339
351
Percentage of
those seeking
reelection
82.4
79.3
90.5
91.0
93.1
94.6
89.9
92.6
91.5
86.6
88.1
96.8
94.5
93.6
87.7
95.8
93.7
90.7
90.1
95.4
97.7
98.3
96.0
88.3
90.2
94.0
98.3
97.8
96.2
92.9
94.0
94.2
85.4
89.9
Reelected as
percentage of
House membership
75.4
72.9
83.2
81.4
87.1
89.4
81.8
86.2
84.6
79.1
83.2
91.0
87.1
83.9
78.9
84.6
82.3
83.0
81.4
90.1
88.5
92.4
89.7
74.7
80.0
83.0
90.1
90.1
88.0
90.8
87.1
86.4
91.3
80.7
a. This entry does not include persons who died or resigned before the election.
b. Includes Jim Traficant (D- OH), who ran as an Independent in the election despite being expelled from the
House of Representatives in July 2002.
c. Includes Patsy Mink (D-HI) who died shortly before the election yet remained on the ballot.
d. Includes Albert R. Wynn (D-MD) who lost his primary on February 13, 2008, and promptly resigned his seat
effective May 31, 2008. Donna Edwards (D-MD) who won the primary and then won the special election to fill
Wynn's seat for the remainder of the term is not counted as an incumbent in this table.
Sources: Biographical Directory of the United States Congress 1774–1989 (Washington, D.C.: Government
Printing Office, 1989); Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, various
years); National Journal , various issues; The Almanac of American Politics (Washington, D.C.: National Journal
Group, various years); Center for Responsive Politics, http://opensecrets.org.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 2-8 Senate Incumbents Retired, Defeated, or Reelected, 1946 - 2012
Year
1946
1948
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Not seeking
reelectiona
9
8
4
4
6
5
6
5
4
3
3
7
4
6
7
8
10
5
3
4
6
6
4
9
9
13
5
5
7
8
5
5
12
10
Total
seeking
reelection
30
25
32
29
32
30
27
29
35
32
32
27
31
27
27
25
25
29
30
29
28
27
32
28
26
21
29
29
27
26
28
30
25
23
Defeated
Defeated in in general
Total
primaries election reelected
6
7
17
2
8
15
5
5
22
1
10
18
2
5
25
0
4
26
0
10
17
0
2
27
1
5
29
0
4
28
3
1
28
4
4
19
1
6
24
2
5
20
2
2
23
0
9
16
3
7
15
4
9
16
0
2
28
0
3
26
0
7
21
0
4
23
0
1
31
1
4
23
0
2
24
1b
1
19
0
3
26
0
6
23
1
2
24
0
1
25
1c
6
22
0
5
25
3d
2
21
21e
1
1
Reelected as
percentage of
those seeking
reelection
56.7
60.0
68.8
62.1
78.1
86.7
63.0
93.1
82.9
87.5
87.5
70.4
77.4
74.1
85.2
64.0
60.0
55.2
93.3
89.7
75.0
85.2
96.9
82.1
92.3
90.5
89.7
79.3
88.9
96.2
78.6
83.3
84.0
91.3
Note: Table includes all Senate contests in a given year, whether for full or partial terms.
a. This entry includes Senators who died or resigned before the election and those retiring at the end of their terms.
b. Sheila Frahm, appointed to fill Robert Dole's term, is counted as an incumbent in Kansas's "B" seat.
c. Sen. Joe Lieberman (CT) lost in the Democratic primary, but ran in the general election as an independent and won
reelection.
d. Sen. Lisa Murkowski (R-AK) lost her primary to Joe Miller (R-AK), but ran in the general election as a Republican write-in
candidate and won reelection.
e. Total includes Dean Heller (R-NV), who was appointed on May 9, 2011 and won reelection.
Sources: Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, various years); Congressional
Quarterly Weekly Report , various issues; National Journal , various issues; Center for Responsive Politics,
http://opensecrets.org.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 2-9
House and Senate Retirements by Party, 1930 - 2012
House
Year
1930
1932
1934
1936
1938
1940
1942
1944
1946
1948
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
D
8
16
29
29
21
16
20
17
17
17
12
25
11
7
6
11
10
17
14
13
11
Senate
R
15
23
9
3
5
6
12
5
15
12
17
17
13
13
27
15
14
16
8
10
19
D
2
1
3
4
3
1
0
3
4
3
3
2
1
4
0
3
2
1
1
4
3
House
R
5
1
1
2
1
2
0
2
3
4
1
1
1
1
6
1
2
1
2
3
1
Year
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
D
20
23
31
31
21
19
9
20
10
10
41
28
28
17
7
13
12
9
3
17
20
Senate
R
20
21
16
18
13
21
13
20
13
17
24
20
21
16
23
22
17
17
24
15
18
D
3
3
4
4
2
1
2
3
3
0
4
6
8
3
4
1
5
2
0
6
7b
R
3
4
4
5
3
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
5
2
1
5a
3
1
5
6
3
Notes: D indicates Democrat; R indicates Republican.
These figures include members who did not run again for the office they held and members who sought other offices; the
figures do not include members who died or resigned before the end of the particular Congress.
a. Includes Frank Murkowski (R-AK) who ran for governor, won and appointed Lisa Murkoswki to finish the last two years of
his term.
b. This total includes Sen. Joe Lieberman (I-CT), who caucused with Democrats.
Sources: Mildred L. Amer, “Information on the Number of House Retirees, 1930–1992,” (Washington, D.C.: Congressional
Research Service, Staff Report, May 19, 1992); Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, various issues; National Journal,
various issues; Center for Responsive Politics, http://opensecrets.org; Roll Call , Casualty List: 112th Congress.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 2-10 Defeated House Incumbents, 1946 - 2012
Consecutive terms served
Election
1946
Party
Democrat
Republican
Total
Incumbents
lost
62
7
69
Average
terms
2.7
3.6
2.8
1
35
2
37
2
5
0
5
3
4
1
5
1948
Democrata
Republican
Total
9
73
82
2.7
2.2
2.3
4
41
45
1
3
4
1
12
13
6
56
62
3
14
17
0
2
2
0
1
1
1958
Democratb
Republican
Total
6
34
40
5.0
4.3
4.4
1
9
10
1
0
1
0
4
4
2
13
15
2
14
16
1
6
7
1
1
2
1966
Democrat
Republican
Total
43
2
45
3.3
11.0
3.6
26
1
27
6
0
6
0
0
0
32
1
33
4
0
4
1
0
1
6
1
7
1974
Democrat
Republican
Total
9
39
48
4.7
3.8
4.0
1
11
12
1
2
3
1
6
7
3
19
22
3
15
18
2
2
4
1
3
4
1978
Democrat
Republican
Total
19
5
24
4.0
5.4
4.3
3
2
5
8
0
8
2
0
2
13
2
15
2
2
4
1
0
1
3
1
4
1980
Democrat
Republican
Total
32
5
37
5.2
5.3
5.2
5
1
6
2
0
2
10
1
11
17
2
19
5
1
6
4
1
5
6
1
7
1982
Democrat
Republicanc
Total
4
23
27
2.9
3.0
3.0
1
12
13
0
3
3
1
2
3
2
17
19
2
2
4
0
2
2
0
2
2
1984
Democrat
Republican
Total
16
3
19
4.1
3.7
4.0
6
0
6
1
0
1
2
2
4
9
2
11
4
1
5
1
0
1
2
0
2
1986
Democrat
Republican
Total
3
6
9
1.8
1.5
1.6
2
4
6
0
1
1
0
1
1
2
6
8
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 - 3 4 - 6 7 - 9 10+
44 11
5
2
3
3
1
0
47 14
6
2
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 2-10 Defeated House Incumbents, 1946 - 2012
Consecutive terms served
Election
1988
Party
Democrat
Republican
Total
Incumbents
lost
2
5
7
Average
terms
12.0
1.6
4.6
1
0
2
2
2
0
3
3
3
0
0
0
1990
Democrat
Republicand
Total
6
10
16
6.3
3.6
4.6
0
2
2
1
3
4
0
0
0
1
5
6
3
4
7
1
1
2
1
0
1
1992
Democrat
Republican
Total
30
13
43
5.6
6.8
6.0
2
2
4
1
0
1
4
2
6
7
4
11
12
1
13
10
6
16
1
2
3
1994
Democrat
Republican
Total
37
0
37
4.2
0.0
4.2
16
0
16
3
0
3
5
0
5
24
0
24
7
0
7
2
0
2
4
0
4
1996
Democrate
Republican
Total
3
18
21
4.7
1.8
2.2
1
12
13
0
4
4
1
1
2
2
17
19
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1998
Democrat
Republican
Total
1
6
7
1.0
1.7
1.6
1
3
4
0
2
2
0
1
1
1
6
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2000
Democrat
Republican
Total
4
5
9
6.5
2.4
4.2
0
1
1
0
2
2
1
1
2
1
4
5
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
2002
Democratf
Republican
Total
12
5
17
4.6
4.8
4.7
0
2
2
2
0
2
2
0
2
4
2
6
5
1
6
3
1
4
0
1
1
2004
Democratg
Republican
Total
5
2
7
3
9
4.7
1
1
2
0
0
0
2
0
2
3
1
4
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
1
1 - 3 4 - 6 7 - 9 10+
0
0
0
2
5
0
0
0
5
0
0
2
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 2-10 Defeated House Incumbents, 1946 - 2012
Consecutive terms served
Election
2006
Party
Democrat
Republican
Total
Incumbents
lost
0
22
22
Average
terms
0
5.9
5.9
1
0
2
2
2
0
2
2
3
0
2
2
2008
Democrath
Republican
Total
6
17
23
3.2
4.4
4.1
4
3
7
0
2
2
0
4
4
4
6
13
1
4
5
1
3
4
0
1
1
2010
Democrat
Republicani
Total
54
4
58
3.8
1.5
3.6
23
3
26
15
0
15
3
1
4
41
4
45
1
0
1
4
0
4
7
0
7
Democrat
Republican
Total
10
17
27
6.2
2.5
3.9
2
12
14
2
0
2
1
1
2
5
13
18
2
1
3
1
2
3
2
1
3
1 - 3 4 - 6 7 - 9 10+
0
0
0
0
6
9
3
4
6
9
3
4
2012
Note: The 1966 and 1982 numbers do not include races where incumbents ran against incumbents due to
redistricting. We counted incumbents who lost in the primary as their party's incumbent but then ran in the general
election as a write-in or third-party candidate as an incumbent loss.
a. This includes Leo Isacson (NY), who was a member of the American Labor Party.
b. This includes Vincent Dellay (NJ), who was elected as a Republican but switched to a Democrat. He ran for
reelection as an Independent.
c. This includes Eugene Atkinson (PA), who began his House service January 3, 1979, as a Democrat. He became
a Republican on October 14, 1981.
d. This includes Donald Lukens (OH) who was defeated in the primary and then resigned on October 24, 1990 and
Bill Grant (Fla.) who began his House service January 6, 1987, as a Democrat, but later switched parties. The
Republican Conference let his seniority count from 1987.
e. One Democratic incumbent, who served more than ten terms in office, was defeated.
f. Includes Jim Traficant (OH) who ran as an Independent after being expelled from the House.
g. Excludes two 13-term representatives, Charles Stenholm (TX) and Martin Frost (TX), that ran against
incumbents as a result of redistricting.
h. Includes Albert R. Wynn (D-MD) who lost his primary on February 13, 2008, and promptly resigned his seat
effective May 31, 2008.
i. Includes Parker Griffith (AL) who began his House service January 3, 2009, as a Democrat but switched to a
Republican on December 22, 2009.
Sources: Biographical Directory of the United States Congress 1774-2012, http://bioguide.congress.gov;
Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, various years); National Journal ,
various issues; The Almanac of American Politics (Washington, D.C.: National Journal Group, various years); Roll
Call , Casualty List: 112th Congress.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 2-11 Defeated Senate Incumbents, 1946 - 2012
Consecutive terms served
Election
1946
Party
Democrat
Republican
Total
Incumbents
lost
11
2
13
Average
terms
1.6
4.0
2.0
1
7
0
7
2
2
0
2
3
1
0
1
4
1
2
3
5
0
0
0
6+
0
0
0
1948
Democrat
Republican
Total
2
8
10
1.5
1.0
1.1
1
8
9
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1958
Republican
Total
10
10
1.4
1.4
6
6
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1966
Democrat
Total
4
4
2.0
2.0
2
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1974
Democrat
Republican
Total
2
2
4
3.0
1.5
2.2
1
1
2
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1978
Democrat
Republican
Total
7
3
10
0.9
2.7
1.4
6
0
6
0
2
2
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1980
Democrat
Republican
Total
12
1
13
2.4
4.0
2.6
5
0
5
1
0
1
3
0
3
2
1
3
0
0
0
1
0
1
1982
Democrat
Republican
Total
1
1
2
4.0
1.0
2.5
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1984
Democrat
Republican
Total
1
2
3
2.0
2.0
2.0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1986
Republicana
Total
7
7
0.9
0.9
7
7
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1988
Democrat
Republican
Total
1
3
4
2.0
1.4
1.6
0
2
2
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1990
Republican
Total
1
1
2.0
2.0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 2-11 Defeated Senate Incumbents, 1946 - 2012
Consecutive terms served
Incumbents
lost
3
2
5
Average
terms
1.3
1.2
1.3
1
2
1
3
2
1
1
2
3
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
6+
0
0
0
Democrat
Total
2
2
1.8
1.8
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1996
Republican
Total
2
2
2.0
2.0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1998
Democrat
Repbulican
Total
1
2
3
1.0
2.0
1.7
1
1
2
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2000
Democrat
Republican
Total
1
5
6
2.0
2.0
2.0
0
3
3
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
2002
Democratb
Republican
Total
2
2
4
1.0
1.5
1.3
2
1
3
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2004
Democrat
Republican
Total
1
0
1
3.0
0.0
3.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2006
Republican
Total
5
5
1.8
1.8
2
2
2
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2008
Republican
Total
5
5
2.2
2.2
3
3
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2010
Democrat
Republican
Total
3
1
4
3.3
3.0
3.3
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
2
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
2012
Republican
Total
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Election
1992
Party
Democrat
Republican
Total
1994
a. This includes James Broyhill (R-NC) who was appointed on July 14, 1986, until November 14, 1986. He lost to
Terry Sanford (D-NC) who took over the seat on November 5, 1986.
b. Includes Jean Carnahan (D-MO) who was appointed to fill her husband's seat in 2001.
Sources: Biographical Directory of the United States Congress 1774–1989 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing
Office, 1989); Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, various years);
National Journal , various issues; The Almanac of American Politics (Washington, D.C.: National Journal Group,
various years).
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 2-12 House Elections Won with 60 Percent of Major Party Vote, 1956 - 2012
Year
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Percentage of
incumbents reelected
Number of incumbents
with at least 60
running in general
percent of the major
election
party vote
403
59.1
390
63.1
400
58.9
376
63.6
388
58.5
401
67.7
397
72.2
389
77.3
373
77.8
383
66.4
381
71.9
377
78.0
392
72.9
383
68.9
406
74.6
391
86.4
407
88.5
406
76.4
349
65.6
383
64.5
383
73.6
401
75.6
400
77.3
391a
85.4
402
81.6
403
80.9
399
78.4
390
70.8
378
68.8
a. Includes Jim Traficant (D-OH) who ran as an Independent after being expelled from the House of
Representatives.
Sources: Biographical Directory of the United States Congress 1774–1989 (Washington, D.C.: Government
Printing Office, 1989); Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, various
years); National Journal , various issues; The Almanac of American Politics (Washington, D.C.: National Journal
Group, various years); Election 2012 Data: The Impact on the House ( The Brookings Institution).
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 2-13
Senate Elections Won with 60 Percent of Major Party Vote, 1944 - 2008
Percentage of incumbents reelected with
at least 60 percent of the major party votea
Election
Period
1944 - 1948
1950 - 1954
1956 - 1960
1962 - 1966
1968 - 1972
1974 - 1978
1980 - 1984b
1986 - 1990
1992 - 1996
1998 - 2002
2004 - 2008
Number of
incumbents
running in
general
election
61
76
84
86
74
70
84
87
72
85
83
South
100.0
100.0
95.5
70.0
71.4
57.1
63.3
68.2
50.0
51.5
61.5
North
22.9
18.3
24.2
36.4
38.3
37.5
51.9
53.9
32.1
62.3
69
Total U.S.
39.3
35.5
42.9
44.2
44.6
41.4
54.1
57.5
36.6
57.6
68.5
a. For the purposes of this table, Senators appointed to the Senate are not considered incumbents in the
elections just after appointment.
b. Includes two Democratic incumbents from Louisiana, who by winning more than 50 percent of the vote in
that state's all-party primary, avoided a general election contest. In 1980, Russell Long won 59.8 percent of
the vote, and in 1984, J. Bennett Johnston won 86 percent of the vote.
Sources: Biographical Directory of the United States Congress 1774–1989 (Washington, D.C.: Government
Printing Office, 1989); Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly,
various years); National Journal , various issues; The Almanac of American Politics (Washington, D.C.:
National Journal Group, various years).
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 2-14
Chamber
House
Senate
Marginal Races Among Members of the 113th Congress, 2012
Members who won the
congressional election by
60 percent or less
Number
Percentage
169
38.9
56
56
Members who won the
congressional election by
55 percent or less
Number
Percentage
78
17.9
32
32
Sources: Biographical Directory of the United States Congress 1774–1989
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1989); Congressional
Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, various
years); National Journal , various issues; The Almanac of American Politics
(Washington, D.C.: National Journal Group, various years); Election 2012
Data: The Impact on the House (The Brookings Institution).
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 2-15a
Conditions of Initial Election for Members of the 112th Congress, 2011
House
Condition
Defeated incumbent
In primary
In general election
Democrats Republicans
Senate
Total
Percentage of
entire house
Democrats Republicans
Total
13
41
9
67
22
108
5.1
24.8
1
23
2
10
3
33
Succeeded retiring
incumbent
Of same party
Of other party
74
32
87
46
161
78
37.0
17.9
20
7
19
12
39
19
Succeeded deceased
incumbent
Of same party
Of other party
15
1
8
4
23
5
5.3
1.1
1
0
1
2
2
2
New districts
17
20
37
8.5
--
--
--
193
241
434b
100.0
52
46
98
Total
Note: Percentages of seats won do not equal 100% due to the election of independents and/or rounding.
a. This total does not include Rahm Emanuel (D-IL)'s seat or Maryland's first district, where the incumbent, Wayne
Gilchrist lost the Republican primary to Andy Harris. Harris lost in the general election to Frank Kratovil (D).
b. This total does not include Maryland's first district where the incumbent, Frank Kratovil (D) defeated the Republican
challenger, Andy Harris, who himself won in a primary challenge against the prior incumbent, Wayne Gilchrist.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 2-15b
Conditions of Initial Election for Members of the 113th Congress, 2013
House
Condition
Defeated incumbent
In primary
In general election
Democrats Republicans
Senate
Total
Percentage of
entire House
Democrats Republicans
Total
12
53
11
58
23
111
5.3
25.5
1
20
2
8
3
28
Succeeded retiring
incumbent
Of same party
Of other party
79
25b
82a
48
79
48
37.0
16.8
23
9
23
9
46
18
Succeeded deceased
incumbent
Of same party
Of other party
11
0
7
4
18
4
4.1
0.9
1
0
1
1
2
1
New districts
22
23
45
10.3
--
--
--
202
233
435
100.0
54
44
98
Total
Note: Percentage of seats won do not equal 100% due to 2010 totals.
a. Total includes Christopher Murphy (D-CT). Murphy succeeded Independent Joseph Lieberman, who caucused with
Democrats.
b. Total includes Angus King (I-ME), who is expected to caucus with Democrats. King succeeded Republican Olympia
Snowe.
Sources: Biographical Directory of the United States Congress 1774–1989 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing
Office, 1989); Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, various years); National
Journal, various issues; The Almanac of American Politics (Washington, D.C.: National Journal Group, various years).
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 2-16 Ticket Splitting between Presidential and House Candidates, 1900-2012
Year
1900
1904
1908
1912
1916
1920
1924
1928
1932
1936
1940
1944
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
Districts
295
310
314
333
333
344
356
359
355
361
362
367
422
435
435
437
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
424
b
Districts with split resultsa
Number
Percentage
10
3.4
5
1.6
21
6.7
84
25.2
35
10.5
11
3.2
42
11.8
68
18.9
50
14.1
51
14.1
53
14.6
41
11.2
90
21.3
84
19.3
130
29.9
114
26.1
145
33.3
139
32.0
192
44.1
124
28.5
143
32.8
190
43.7
148
34.0
100
23.0
110
25.3
86
19.8
59
13.6
83
19.1
25c
5.7
a. These are congressional districts carried by a presidential candidate of one party and a House candidate
of another party.
b. Before 1952 complete data are not available on every congressional district.
c. Total as of February 28, 2013 does not include the 11 districts affected by Hurricane Sandy where the
Presidential vote totals are not yet available.
Sources: Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, various years);
National Journal , various issues; The Almanac of American Politics (Washington, D.C.: National Journal
Group, various years); Presidential Results by Congressional Districts (Daily Kos Elections).
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 2-17 District Voting for President and Representative, 1952 - 2012
President's vote compared
with vote for his party's
successful House
candidates
Number of districts
carried by presidenta
Year
1952
297
1956
329
1960
204
1964
375
1972
377
1976
220
1980
309
1984
372
1988
299
1992
257
1996
280
2000
228
2004
255
2008
242
201f
2012
n.a. = not available.
President ran President ran
behind
ahead
n.a.
n.a.
155
43
22
243
134b
158b
104
88
22
270
38c
150c
59
123
26
149
4b, d
247b, d
27e
174e
26
195
39
154
37
220
58
134
a. This refers to the winning presidential candidate.
b. This does not include districts where the percentage of the total district vote won by House members
equaled the percentage of the total district vote won by the president.
c. We computed this on the basis of the actual presidential vote with John Anderson and others included. If
it is recomputed on the basis of President Reagan's percentage of the major party vote, the president ran
ahead in 59 districts and behind in 129 districts.
d. We computed this on the basis of the actual presidential vote with Ross Perot included. If we recomputed
this on the basis of President Clinton's percentage of the major party vote, the president ran ahead in 72
districts and behind in 179 districts.
e. We computed this on the basis of the actual presidential vote with Ross Perot included. If we recomputed
this on the basis of President Clinton's percentage of the major party vote, the president ran ahead in 98
districts and behind in 97 districts.
f. Total as of February 28, 2013 does not include the 11 districts affected by Hurricane Sandy, where
President Obama's total vote is not yet available.
Sources: Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, various years);
National Journal, various issues; The Almanac of American Politics (Washington, D.C.: National Journal
Group, various years). For 2000, Gregory Giroux, Congressional Quarterly; Presidential Results by
Congressional Districts (Daily Kos Elections); Election 2012 Data: The Impact on the House ( The Brookings
Institution).
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 2-18 Shifts in Democratic Major Party Vote in Congressional Districts, 1956 - 2010
Change in Democratic percentage in
congressional districts
Period
1956-58
1958-60
1972-74
1974-76
1976-78
1978-80
1982-84
1984-86
1986-88
1988-90
1992-94
1994-96
1996-98
1998-2000
2002-04
2006-08
2008-10
Change in
democratic
percentage
nationally
5.0
-1.2
5.8
-1.3
-2.8
-3.2
-4.1
2.4
-1.1
0.1
-6.3
3.4
-0.7
0.7
1.4
1.5
-9.0
Greatest
loss
-9.5
-22.1
-18.8
-30.7
-37.6
-27.8
-40.6
-46.1
-23.5
-29.1
-38.0
-31.2
-16.3
-28.7
-28.0
-41.1
-27.7
Greatest
gain
27.3
14.4
36.2
31.6
39.6
37.0
16.5
22.5
36.1
36.4
28.0
21.5
21.0
27.0
22.8
30.8
40.7
Variancea
30.3
31.4
92.2
81.0
106.1
85.0
68.8
63.6
65.9
92.6
67.2
51.1
46.0
41.2
36.7
48.0
49.4
Note: Includes only those districts in which two major party candidates competed in both elections and in
which the boundaries remained unchanged for both elections. Because of massive redrawing of district lines
after each decennial census, no figures are computed for 1970-1972, 1980-1982, 1990-1992, 2000-2002 and
2010-2012.
a. Variance, the square of the standard deviation, measures the extent to which the changes in local returns
differ from the change in national returns.
Source: For 2000-2004, computed by Gary Jacobson, University of California, San Diego. Data from Gregory
Giroux, Congressional Quarterly .
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 2-19 Party-Line Voting in Presidential and Congressional Elections, 1956 - 2010 (as a percentage of all voters)
Year
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Presidential election
Party-line
Pure
b
c
a
voters
Defectors independents
76
15
9
79
13
8
79
15
5
69
23
9
67
25
8
74
15
11
70
22
8
81
12
7
81
12
7
68
24
9
80
15
5
81
11
7
85
10
6
85
9
10
Senate elections
Party-line
votersa
79
85
77
n.a.
78
n.a.
74
78
69
73
70
71
71
77
72
76
72
75
73
76
77
77
80
82
81
83
81
86
b
Defectors
12
9
15
n.a.
16
n.a.
19
12
22
19
19
20
21
17
19
20
20
20
20
18
16
15
13
14
14
8
12
9
Pure
independentsc
9
5
8
n.a.
6
n.a.
7
10
9
8
11
9
8
6
8
4
7
5
7
5
7
8
7
4
5
9
7
5
House elections
Party-line
votersa
82
84
80
83
79
76
74
76
75
74
72
69
69
76
70
72
74
72
70
77
77
74
76
78
80
80
81
84
Defectors
9
11
12
12
15
16
19
16
17
18
19
22
23
17
23
22
20
22
22
17
17
20
17
18
15
11
13
10
n.a. = not available
Note: Percentages may not add to 100 because of rounding.
Note: As of March 7th, 2013, 2012 results are not available.
a. These are party identifiers who voted for the candidate of their party.
b. These are party identifiers who vote for the candidate of the other party.
c. The SRC/CPS National Election Surveys use a seven-point scale to define party identification, including three
categories of Independents--those who "lean" to one or the other party and those who are "pure" Independents. The
"leaners" are included here among the party-line voters. Party identification here means self-identification as determined
by surveys.
Source: For 2000-2004, Gary Jacobson, University of California, San Diego. Data from Gregory Giroux, Congressional
Quarterly . Data for 2006 and 2010 were compiled from the Cooperative Congressional Election Study, while the
remainder of the data come from the American National Election Studies.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 7, 2014
b
Pure
independentsc
9
5
8
6
5
8
7
8
8
8
9
9
8
6
7
6
7
5
8
6
6
6
6
4
6
9
6
7
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Chapter 3: Campaign Finance in Congressional Elections
Table of Contents
3-1
The Cost of Winning an Election, 1986-2012
3-2
House Campaign Expenditures, 1980-2012
3-3
Exp. of House Inc. and Challengers, by Election Outcome, 1980-2012
3-4
Expenditures for Open House Seats, by Election Outcome, 1984-2012
3-5
Senate Campaign Expenditures, 1980-2012
3-6
Expenditures of Senate Incumbents and Challengers, by Election Outcome, 1980-2012
3-7
Expenditures for Open Senate Seats, by Election Outcome, 1986-2012
3-8
Campaign Funding Sources for House and Senate Candidates, 1984-2012
3-9
Number of Registered Political Action Committees, 1974-2012
3-10
PAC Contributions to Congressional Candidates 1978-2012
3-11
How PACs Distributed Their Contributions to Congressional Candidates, 1978-2012
Political Party Contributions, Coordinated and Independent Expenditures for Congressional
Candidates, 1976-2012
3-12
3-13
Hard and Soft Money Raised by National Party Committees, 1992-2012
3-14
Non-Party Independent Expenditures in House and Senate Elections, 1978-2012
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated March 14, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 3-1 The Cost of Winning an Election, 1986-2012 (in nominal and 2012 dollars)
House Winners
Nominal
2012
Dollars
Dollars
2012
2010
2008
2006
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
Senate Winners
Nominal
2012
Dollars
Dollars
1,596,953
1,596,953
10,351,556
10,351,556
1,434,760
1,362,239
1,511,799
1,452,718
8,993,945
7,500,052
7,998,198
1,259,791
1,434,762
8,835,416
10,062,557
1,038,391
911,644
1,262,120
1,163,499
7,183,825
3,728,644
8,731,637
4,758,737
845,907
1,127,876
7,198,423
677,807
954,751
4,655,806
8,276,415
a
9,597,897
6,558,117
686,198
1,004,150
3,921,653
5,738,761
541,121
838,336
4,488,195
6,953,371
556,475
910,668
3,353,115
5,487,350
423,245
743,512
3,298,324
5,794,148
400,386
777,081
3,746,225
7,270,780
359,577
753,274
3,067,559
6,426,200
Note: Inflation adjustment based on average 2012 CPI.
ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/cpi/cpiai.txt
a. Jon Corzine (D-N.J.) spent $63,209,506. Hillary Rodham Clinton (DN.Y.) spent $29,941,194. The remaining Senate winners in 2000
spent an average of $4,737,365.
Source: Campaign Finance Institute analysis of Federal Election Commission data.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated March 14, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 3-2
House Campaign Expenditures: Major Party General Election Candidates, 1974-2012 (full cycle, net dollars)
2012
All Candidates
Total expenditures
Mean expenditure
2010
2008
2006
2004
2002
a
2000
a
1998
a
1996
a
923,555,204
1,178,004
929,421,775
1,163,231
808,001,712
1,071,620
751,730,068
995,669
581,483,185
773,249
(n=784)
(n=799)
(n=754)
(n=755)
(n=752)
(n=712)
(n=740)
(n=719)
(n=818)
1,031,097
1,257,311
1,071,401
850,606
695,716
732,457
670,205
505,492
472,158
(n=390)
(n=388)
(n=410)
(n=414)
(n=380)
(n=353)
(n=372)
(n=358)
(n=412)
1,323,420
1,074,416
1,071,882
1,171,786
852,563
743,077
722,852
599,163
560,964
(n=394)
(n=411)
(n=344)
(n=341)
(n=371)
(n=358)
(n=366)
(n=360)
(n=405)
Mean, all incumbents
1,656,257
1,552,895
1,333,243
1,261,559
1,026,589
(n=378)
(n=393)
(n=399)
(n=402)
(n=401)
(n=387)
(n=400)
(n=400)
(n=382)
Mean, Democrats
1,399,714
1,723,122
1,243,864
983,625
956,127
836,982
755,411
590,935
587,005
(n=162)
(n=236)
(n=229)
(n=191)
(n=190)
(n=188)
(n=201)
(n=189)
(n=168)
1,848,665
1,297,011
1,453,643
1,513,148
1,091,373
911,755
908,131
711,613
744,057
(n=216)
(n=157)
(n=170)
(n=211)
(n=210)
(n=198)
(n=197)
(n=210)
(n=213)
587,177
695,127
579,808
510,195
322,061
340,135
377,334
332,092
290,038
(n=288)
(n=325)
(n=284)
(n=289)
(n=284)
(n=226)
(n=272)
(n=254)
(n=331)
Mean, Democrats
637,907
371,081
667,277
590,557
313,126
414,364
442,963
325,759
322,272
(n=170)
(n=111)
(n=146)
(n=190)
(n=158)
(n=115)
(n=136)
(n=136)
(n=191)
Mean, Republicans
514,092
863,207
499,289
355,966
333,264
264,591
311,704
339,391
246,061
(n=118)
(n=214)
(n=139)
(n=99)
(n=126)
(n=111)
(n=136)
(n=118)
(n=140)
1,087,990
1,150,838
1,568,624
1,517,764
1,169,486
1,126,482
1,183,910
787,932
653,487
(n=118)
(n=81)
(n=71)
(n=64)
(n=67)
(n=99)
(n=68)
(n=65)
(n=105)
Mean, Democrats
1,153,962
975,363
1,643,484
1,577,958
1,038,566
1,075,836
1,063,873
756,855
648,268
(n=58)
(n=41)
(n=36)
(n=33)
(n=32)
(n=50)
(n=35)
(n=33)
(n=53)
Mean, Republicans
1,024,217
1,330,699
1,491,626
1,453,687
1,289,184
1,179,284
1,311,221
819,980
658,807
(n=60)
(n=40)
(n=35)
(n=31)
(n=35)
(n=49)
(n=33)
(n=32)
(n=52)
Mean, Democrats
Mean, Republicans
525,986,157
737,708
514,793,499
695,667
397,221,879
552,464
422,661,966
516,702
a
Incumbents
a
Mean, Republicans
a
874,790
a
829,132
a
654,137
a
675,506
Challengers
Mean, all challengers
Open seats
Mean, all open-seat
candidates
Note: The data include primary and general election expenditures for major party general-election candidates only.
a. Includes one or more Independents. Independents are included only if they are incumbents or winning non-incumbents.
Source: Campaign Finance Institute analysis of Federal Election Commission data.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated March 14, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 3-2
1994
All Candidates
Total expenditures
Mean expenditure
Mean, Democrats
Mean, Republicans
346,189,285
439,885
1992
a
329,809,707
405,670
1990
a
235,130,542
321,656
1988
a
1986
1984
1982
1980
1978
1976
1974
225,114,380
303,389
217,562,967
295,602
176,882,849
241,313
174,921,844
228,060
115,222,222
153,221
86,129,169
109,440
60,046,006
73,316
44,051,125
53,384
(n=787)
(n=813)
(n=731)
(n=742)
(n=736)
(n=733)
(n=767)
(n=752)
(n=787)
(n=819)
(n=810)
484,976
457,994
350,552
315,399
301,955
237,732
213,369
143,277
108,986
74,563
53,993
(n=386)
(n=410)
(n=381)
(n=397)
(n=397)
(n=399)
(n=411)
(n=396)
(n=416)
(n=429)
(n=434)
395,949
351,880
289,400
289,447
290,092
245,591
245,020
164,282
109,995
71,945
54,835
(n=400)
(n=402)
(n=349)
(n=344)
(n=340)
(n=334)
(n=356)
(n=356)
(n=371)
(n=390)
(n=376)
56,539
Incumbents
a
Mean, all incumbents
a
558,867
590,405
416,671
390,807
362,103
279,044
265,001
165,081
111,159
79,398
(n=382)
(n=349)
(n=405)
(n=408)
(n=389)
(n=408)
(n=383)
(n=391)
(n=377)
(n=382)
(n=382)
619,389
615,920
419,417
374,603
349,918
279,203
247,573
158,010
103,519
73,322
38,743
(n=224)
(n=211)
(n=247)
(n=245)
(n=231)
(n=254)
(n=216)
(n=248)
(n=249)
(n=254)
(n=218)
472,199
551,212
412,377
415,162
379,917
278,781
287,543
177,345
126,022
91,456
80,339
(n=157)
(n=137)
(n=158)
(n=163)
(n=158)
(n=154)
(n=167)
(n=143)
(n=128)
(n=128)
(n=163)
240,008
166,406
134,415
136,884
155,607
161,994
151,717
121,751
74,802
50,795
40,015
(n=302)
(n=290)
(n=270)
(n=283)
(n=262)
(n=273)
(n=270)
(n=277)
(n=299)
(n=335)
(n=323)
Mean, Democrats
176,747
142,414
131,269
163,535
170,562
124,508
141,390
93,313
70,948
46,330
59,266
(n=110)
(n=111)
(n=104)
(n=126)
(n=123)
(n=119)
(n=137)
(n=105)
(n=109)
(n=122)
(n=162)
Mean, Republicans
276,251
181,283
133,759
115,494
141,356
190,960
162,354
139,111
77,012
53,352
20,644
(n=192)
(n=179)
(n=165)
(n=157)
(n=139)
(n=154)
(n=133)
(n=172)
(n=190)
(n=213)
(n=161)
584,657
433,912
537,266
527,984
430,484
361,696
284,476
201,790
201,049
124,506
90,426
(n=103)
(n=174)
(n=56)
(n=51)
(n=86)
(n=52)
(n=114)
(n=84)
(n=111)
(n=102)
(n=106)
Mean, Democrats
557,992
477,393
543,737
493,467
420,138
350,804
256,004
180,312
211,871
145,497
99,743
(n=52)
(n=88)
(n=30)
(n=26)
(n=43)
(n=26)
(n=58)
(n=43)
(n=58)
(n=53)
(n=54)
Mean, Republicans
611,846
389,420
529,799
573,573
440,830
372,589
314,547
224,116
189,205
101,802
80,751
(n=51)
(n=86)
(n=26)
(n=24)
(n=43)
(n=26)
(n=56)
(n=41)
(n=53)
(n=49)
(n=52)
Mean, Democrats
Mean, Republicans
Challengers
a
Mean, all challengers
Open seats
Mean, all open-seat
candidates
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated March 14, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 3-3
House Campaign Expenditures: Incumbents and Challengers, Major Party General Election Candidates by Election Outcome, 1974-2012 (full cycle, mean net dollars)
2012
Incumbent won
with 60% or more
Incumbents
2010
1,301,736
1,164,689
2008
1,114,738
(n= 256)
(n= 251)
(n=305)
Democrats
1,230,956
1,169,198
1,086,574
(n= 128)
(n= 109)
(n=197)
Republicans
1,372,516
1,161,228
1,166,111
(n= 128)
(n= 142)
154,204
(n= 171)
Challengers
Democrats
Republicans
Incumbent won
with <60%
Incumbents
654,887
a
537,434
a
521,946
a
1992
451,414
486,420
(n=300)
(n=343)
(n=336)
(n=326)
(n=309)
(n=262)
(n=263)
(n=234)
913,487
835,267
749,196
605,512
447,989
474,059
449,710
489,450
(n=167)
(n=144)
(n=124)
(n=120)
(n=138)
709,989
616,019
562,219
452,844
481,074
(n=108)
(n=120)
(n=176)
(n=176)
(n=157)
(n=164)
(n=137)
(n=143)
(n=95)
170,932
243,072
147,072
184,172
195,274
152,739
133,148
104,440
113,943
86,726
(n=185)
(n=191)
(n=188)
(n=230)
(n=179)
(n=198)
(n=161)
(n=212)
(n=183)
(n=187)
105,852
163,116
216,913
115,477
164,672
221,500
166,982
112,388
97,926
132,598
76,022
(n=83 )
(n= 98)
(n=84)
(n=99)
(n=126)
(n=95)
(n=96)
(n=89)
(n=115)
(n=96)
(n=76)
199,809
179,736
263,608
182,217
207,796
146,045
139,334
158,811
112,162
93,358
94,055
(n= 88)
(n= 87)
(n=107)
(n=89)
(n=104)
(n=86)
(n=102)
(n=72)
(n=96)
(n=87)
(n=111)
2,256,048
2,050,151
1,962,637
1,884,901
1,477,582
1,447,392
1,029,650
992,563
718,490
b
(n= 87)
(n=75)
1,932,584
2,255,795
(n= 74)
(n=27)
2,719,380
1,797,736
(n= 72)
(n= 13)
(n=48)
928,797
1,145,133
1,101,453
(n= 95)
b
758,652
(n= 87)
(n=75)
1,667,912
1,011,649
1,910,840
(n=80)
2,131,343
(n=11)
1,875,687
(n=69)
1,005,016
(n=79)
874,970
(n=68)
(n=85)
(n=99)
(n=85)
(n=91)
1,465,364
1,052,776
919,568
729,774
828,957
(n=19)
(n=26)
(n=32)
(n=44)
(n=41)
(n=70)
(n=57)
2,063,836
1,821,322
1,431,416
1,004,833
1,044,163
669,900
695,928
(n=32)
(n=20)
(n=36)
(n=41)
(n=58)
(n=14)
(n=34)
831,723
850,354
872,263
644,781
521,292
328,025
280,562
(n=49)
(n=43)
(n=68)
(n=86)
(n=98)
(n=85)
(n=84)
842,344
1,207,168
931,770
672,726
538,147
479,485
273,077
(n= 13)
(n=48)
1,261,107
(n= 26)
(n= 74)
(n=27)
2,537,954
2,356,382
(n= 55)
(n=19)
2,520,405
2,569,867
1,976,661
NA
2,584,509
(n= 12)
(n= 53)
(n=5)
(n=0)
(n=5)
3,463,216
1,692,257
2,491,997
2,807,512
2,208,400
3,109,662
b
(n= 20)
(n= 2)
(n=14)
2,477,386
1,721,226
1,988,831
(n= 22)
b
(n= 55)
(n=19)
1,760,914
2,188,754
(n=69)
(n=46)
1,213,166
1,053,294
(n=10)
2,807,512
(n=22)
(n=22)
1,836,394
(n=22)
1,836,394
(n=30)
(n=18)
(n=36)
(n=42)
(n=58)
(n=14)
(n=29)
814,953
593,448
805,317
618,106
496,852
298,160
284,509
(n=19)
(n=25)
(n=32)
(n=44)
(n=40)
(n=71)
(n=55)
2,529,571
1,344,603
1,096,655
990,992
888,204
(n=6)
(n=6)
(n=21)
(n=34)
(n=24)
1,793,020
1,332,829
854,227
710,406
990,992
947,775
(n=5)
(n=2)
(n=1)
(n=3)
(n=34)
1,941,124
3,127,942
1,442,678
1,170,502
2,477,049
(n=7)
1,848,559
b
(n=8)
b
NA
(n=16)
769,062
(n=2)
(n=3)
(n=4)
(n=5)
(n=18)
(n=0)
(n=8)
1,670,261
1,603,226
1,980,195
1,148,979
1,088,275
698,489
445,930
(n=34)
(n=5)
(n=4)
(n=6)
(n=6)
(n=21)
1,727,446
1,977,279
2,479,356
1,209,237
1,064,852
(n=19)
Democrats
2,628,422
(n= 18)
(n= 2)
(n=14)
(n=2)
(n=2)
(n=4)
(n=5)
(n=18)
(n=0)
(n=6)
Republicans
1,797,724
1,719,728
1,429,049
NA
1,632,138
1,229,173
981,874
847,692
1,231,615
698,489
489,353
(n= 4)
(n= 53)
(n=5)
(n=0)
(n=3)
(n=2)
(n=2)
(n=1)
(n=3)
(n=34)
(n=13)
(n=22)
NA
Note: The data include primary and general election expenditures for major party general-election candidates only.
a. Includes one or more Independents. Independents are included only if they are incumbents or winning non-incumbents.
b. The N for incumbents in "Incumbent was defeated" is greater than that of challengers because some races were incumbent v. incumbent races.
Source: Campaign Finance Institute analysis of Federal Election Commission data.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated March 14, 2013
a
779,254
(n=51)
(n= 69)
1,902,330
a
1,583,537
1,380,337
(n= 32)
Challengers
a
1994
(n=159)
(n= 28)
Republicans
770,762
1996
790,850
2,343,609
Democrats
a
1998
(n=166)
Republicans
Incumbent was
defeated
Incumbents
869,368
2000
901,868
(n= 100)
Republicans
975,047
2002
(n=180)
2,030,892
Democrats
2004
1,067,388
Democrats
Challengers
2006
351,847
b
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 3-3
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
357,798
345,037
291,876
232,853
200,170
125,912
92,696
63,628
(n=313)
(n=359)
(n=330)
(n=318)
(n=264)
(n=284)
(n=287)
(n=272)
(n=251)
Democrats
367,388
336,606
293,484
219,506
206,670
117,773
85,424
56,937
35,146
(n=197)
(n=220)
(n=209)
(n=183)
(n=178)
(n=170)
(n=184)
(n=185)
(n=194)
Republicans
341,512
358,381
289,099
250,945
186,717
138,050
105,687
77,855
60,593
(n=116)
(n=139)
(n=121)
(n=135)
(n=86)
(n=114)
(n=103)
(n=87)
(n=57)
Incumbent won
with 60% or more
Incumbents
Challengers
Democrats
Republicans
Incumbent won
with <60%
Incumbents
1978
1976
1974
40,925
60,277
79,000
92,436
71,922
82,373
47,525
34,132
25,492
16,372
(n=180)
(n=234)
(n=202)
(n=184)
(n=163)
(n=170)
(n=209)
(n=225)
(n=193)
43,057
87,361
72,769
73,835
36,628
44,120
36,040
26,606
25,891
(n=65)
(n=102)
(n=85)
(n=99)
(n=62)
(n=75)
(n=84)
(n=81)
(n=56)
70,009
72,540
106,724
69,693
110,454
50,213
32,850
24,865
12,481
(n=115)
(n=132)
(n=117)
(n=85)
(n=101)
(n=95)
(n=125)
(n=144)
(n=137)
607,286
700,009
785,493
437,752
394,447
261,901
161,856
113,939
80,272
(n=77)
(n=44)
(n=52)
(n=74)
(n=90)
(n=76)
(n=71)
(n=98)
(n=90)
Democrats
629,143
689,280
938,374
421,834
446,542
223,345
145,065
119,440
68,513
(n=44)
(n=23)
(n=20)
(n=58)
(n=35)
(n=50)
(n=51)
(n=62)
(n=20)
Republicans
578,143
711,760
689,943
495,455
361,295
336,046
204,674
104,465
83,632
(n=33)
(n=21)
(n=32)
(n=16)
(n=55)
(n=26)
(n=20)
(n=36)
(n=70)
Challengers
248,582
389,236
334,946
307,938
234,790
197,499
156,444
97,322
63,861
(n=75)
(n=44)
(n=46)
(n=72)
(n=84)
(n=76)
(n=71)
(n=98)
(n=90)
Democrats
213,907
441,331
353,939
386,819
182,232
195,135
187,290
77,075
63,134
(n=31)
(n=21)
(n=28)
(n=16)
(n=53)
(n=26)
(n=20)
(n=36)
(n=70)
Republicans
273,013
341,671
305,401
285,401
324,647
198,728
144,347
109,079
66,405
(n=44)
(n=23)
(n=18)
(n=56)
(n=31)
(n=50)
(n=51)
(n=62)
(n=20)
666,647
956,081
582,647
463,070
453,459
286,559
200,607
154,774
101,102
(n=15)
(n=5)
(n=6)
(n=16)
(n=29)
(n=31)
(n=19)
(n=12)
(n=40)
Democrats
589,707
935,494
528,101
483,204
353,201
285,636
189,994
97,874
64,191
(n=6)
(n=2)
(n=1)
(n=13)
(n=3)
(n=28)
(n=14)
(n=7)
(n=4)
Republicans
717,941
969,806
593,556
375,824
465,027
295,170
230,323
234,435
105,203
Incumbent was
defeated
Incumbents
(n=9)
a
(n=3)
(n=5)
(n=3)
(n=26)
(n=3)
(n=5)
(n=5)
(n=36)
625,120
455,071
515,622
296,273
343,093
217,083
144,720
100,435
Challengers
453,241
(n=15)
(n=5)
(n=11)
(n=16)
(n=23)
(n=31)
(n=19)
(n=12)
(n=40)
Democrats
527,773
808,908
504,673
249,462
292,781
353,855
192,037
144,491
103,661
(n=8)
(n=3)
(n=9)
(n=3)
(n=22)
(n=4)
(n=5)
(n=5)
(n=36)
Republicans
334,444
349,438
231,864
577,044
373,093
341,499
226,028
144,883
71,404
(n=6)
(n=2)
(n=2)
(n=13)
(n=1)
(n=27)
(n=14)
(n=7)
(n=4)
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated March 14, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 3-4
All Winners
House Campaign Expenditures: Open House Seats, Major Party General Election Candidates by Election Outcome, 1984-2012 (full cycle, mean net dollars)
2012
1,519,454
2010
1,398,885
2008
1,907,270
2006
1,885,671
2004
1,503,719
2000
1,364,737
1998
993,978
1994
602,009
1992
536,918
1990
618,705
1988
606,434
1986
523,759
1984
440,912
(n=62)
(n=42)
(n=36)
(n=36)
(n=49)
(n=36)
1,285,168
2,175,064
1,765,031
1,455,906
1,237,139
1,303,041
(n=31)
(n=7)
(n=19)
(n=20)
(n=15)
(n=18)
(n=10)
1,257,939
1,421,628
1,607,971
2,071,270
1,537,870
1,321,394
(n=31)
(n=35)
(n=17)
(n=13)
(n=21)
(n=31)
1,437,065
1,173,093
1,767,021
1,170,543
1,293,878
1,143,757
1,076,754
(n=33)
(n=26)
(n=11)
(n=15)
(n=20)
(n=24)
(n=14)
Democrats
1,623,438
840,294
2,206,183
1,216,683
956,768
1,299,407
968,414
(n=19)
(n=4)
(n=6)
(n=11)
(n=8)
(n=8)
(n=4)
(n=8)
(n=8)
(n=3)
(n=33)
(n=9)
(n=7)
(n=7)
(n=3)
Republicans
1,184,130
1,233,602
1,240,028
1,043,660
1,518,618
1,065,932
1,120,090
1,013,839
697,469
623,293
878,644
788,116
810,023
546,783
422,366
(n=14)
(n=22)
(n=5)
(n=4)
(n=12)
(n=16)
(n=10)
(n=3)
(n=10)
(n=18)
(n=11)
(n=5)
(n=4)
(n=12)
(n=5)
1,613,208
1,710,431
1,968,979
2,481,610
1,766,019
1,431,263
1,547,998
828,160
591,072
556,449
619,189
649,402
509,950
471,100
(n=29)
(n=16)
(n=25)
(n=18)
(n=16)
(n=25)
(n=22)
(n=35)
(n=31)
(n=47)
(n=16)
(n=16)
(n=27)
(n=18)
Democrats
2,030,394
1,843,009
2,160,701
2,435,235
2,026,350
1,187,325
1,526,125
827,158
700,743
657,293
651,880
737,230
505,312
511,049
(n=12)
(n=3)
(n=13)
(n=9)
(n=7)
(n=10)
(n=6)
(n=10)
(n=16)
(n=11)
(n=24)
(n=9)
(n=6)
(n=15)
(n=5)
Republicans
1,318,723
1,679,836
1,761,281
2,527,985
1,563,540
1,593,888
1,556,201
1,050,724
829,003
530,754
451,221
577,159
596,706
515,749
455,736
(n=17)
(n=13)
(n=12)
(n=9)
(n=9)
(n=15)
(n=16)
(n=13)
(n=19)
(n=20)
(n=23)
(n=7)
(n=10)
(n=12)
(n=13)
610,298
872,500
1,220,303
1,126,122
781,345
955,544
980,479
536,703
566,966
320,997
443,297
439,728
323,718
282,480
(n=56)
(n=39)
(n=35)
(n=31)
(n=31)
(n=47)
(n=32)
(n=52)
(n=51)
(n=83)
(n=26)
(n=24)
(n=40)
(n=26)
434,065
911,579
1,049,366
1,290,154
670,325
982,176
968,206
564,701
514,354
425,618
477,638
435,660
320,161
316,309
(n=27)
(n=34)
(n=17)
(n=13)
(n=17)
(n=31)
(n=25)
(n=29)
(n=38)
(n=31)
(n=12)
(n=13)
(n=21)
(n=18)
774,376
694,196
1,381,744
1,007,655
916,156
903,944
1,024,312
501,401
720,753
258,595
413,862
455,860
326,596
206,363
(n=29)
(n=5)
(n=18)
(n=18)
(n=14)
(n=16)
(n=7)
(n=23)
(n=13)
(n=52)
(n=14)
(n=10)
(n=19)
(n=8)
1,079,601
1,426,952
1,550,804
1,684,233
1,373,472
1,221,532
1,470,378
652,323
683,257
449,666
465,767
565,182
360,978
352,961
(n=27)
(n=16)
(n=25)
(n=18)
(n=16)
(n=25)
(n=20)
(n=35)
(n=31)
(n=47)
(n=16)
(n=16)
(n=23)
(n=18)
730,985
1,493,830
1,401,339
1,792,526
1,063,167
1,121,145
1,545,889
657,299
596,359
472,034
435,365
505,609
294,362
393,262
(n=14)
(n=13)
(n=12)
(n=9)
(n=9)
(n=15)
(n=15)
(n=19)
(n=20)
(n=23)
(n=8)
(n=9)
(n=10)
(n=13)
1,455,034
1,137,144
1,688,772
1,575,940
1,772,435
1,372,113
1,243,844
646,414
841,253
428,230
496,168
693,525
412,220
248,180
(n=13)
(n=3)
(n=13)
(n=9)
(n=7)
(n=10)
(n=5)
(n=16)
(n=11)
(n=24)
(n=8)
(n=6)
(n=13)
(n=5)
173,360
505,802
394,050
353,353
149,744
625,350
163,982
298,660
386,715
152,967
407,346
188,819
193,794
123,896
(n=29)
(n=23)
(n=10)
(n=13)
(n=15)
(n=22)
(n=12)
(n=17)
(n=20)
(n=36)
(n=10)
(n=8)
(n=15)
(n=8)
114,305
551,138
204,629
159,815
228,378
851,892
101,682
388,764
423,239
292,173
562,183
278,276
228,939
116,232
(n=13)
(n=21)
(n=5)
(n=4)
(n=8)
(n=16)
(n=10)
(n=3)
(n=10)
(n=18)
(n=8)
(n=4)
(n=4)
(n=9)
(n=5)
221,342
29,773
583,470
439,370
59,876
123,663
475,481
35,959
169,941
58,005
113,194
304,122
99,363
141,077
136,668
(n=16)
(n=2)
(n=5)
(n=9)
(n=7)
(n=6)
(n=2)
(n=6)
(n=7)
(n=2)
(n=28)
(n=6)
(n=4)
(n=6)
(n=3)
Republicans
Winners with 60%
or more
Winners with <60%
All losers
Democrats
Republicans
Losers with >40%
Democrats
Republicans
Losers with 40% or
less
Democrats
Republicans
(n=34)
1996
768,069
1,780,970
Democrats
(n=33)
2002
1,290,443
(n=53)
(n=52)
(n=91)
(n=30)
(n=27)
(n=46)
(n=26)
749,246
676,437
505,550
587,804
551,275
515,570
428,416
(n=18)
(n=24)
(n=14)
(n=57)
(n=18)
(n=13)
(n=22)
(n=8)
1,388,466
1,043,808
783,646
574,588
589,505
665,058
657,654
531,266
446,467
(n=26)
(n=16)
(n=29)
(n=38)
(n=34)
(n=12)
(n=14)
(n=24)
(n=18)
651,225
618,153
516,055
618,152
543,935
543,382
372,989
(n=18)
(n=21)
(n=44)
(n=14)
(n=11)
(n=19)
(n=8)
593,421
587,314
395,193
523,728
391,885
537,552
290,693
949,685
754,860
(n=11)
657,743
1,108,339
(n=23)
1,183,239
561,945
(n=31)
525,458
(n=15)
596,152
(n=16)
762,097
(n=22)
620,288
(n=12)
932,269
(n=10)
72,685
(n=9)
146,137
Note: The data include primary and general election expenditures for major party general-election candidates only.
Source: Campaign Finance Institute analysis of Federal Election Commission data.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated March 14, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 3-5
Senate Campaign Expenditures: Major Party General Election Candidates, 1974-2012 (full cycle, net dollars)
2012
All candidates
Total expenditures
Mean expenditure
587,532,049
9,325,906
Mean, Democrats
10,809,482
2010
568,193,547
8,002,726
(n=63)
(n=71)
7,133,000
(n=28)
Mean, Republicans
(n=32)
8,464,453
8,587,602
(n=33)
Incumbents
Mean, all incumbents
10,700,957
(n=38)
a
(n=22)
Mean, Democrats
(n=23)
11,271,301
12,600,970
(n=15)
Mean, Republicans
(n=12)
10,616,741
6,158,089
(n=6)
Challengers
Mean, all challengers
(n=11)
7,226,119
5,260,056
(n=19)
Mean, Democrats
(n=20)
18,085,797
1,793,580
(n=3)
Mean, Republicans
(n=7)
5,189,930
7,126,620
(n=16)
Open seats
Mean, all Open
9,764,306
(n=22)
Mean, Democrats
7,933,859
(n=10)
Mean, Republicans
12,053,421
(n=11)
9,519,592
(n=13)
a
8,715,779
(n=28)
4,960,716
(n=13)
11,853,130
(n=14)
2008
c
389,348,721
5,899,223
(n=66)
5,867,841
(n=34)
5,932,567
(n=32)
7,753,323
(n=30)
6,349,119
(n=12)
8,689,459
(n=18)
3,792,399
(n=26)
5,103,524
(n=17)
1,315,831
(n=9)
5,814,666
(n=10)
7,311,451
(n=5)
4,317,880
(n=5)
2006
514,937,502
7,922,115
2004
a
(n=65)
8,609,875
(n=31)
7,035,429
(n=32)
9,426,175
(n=29)
9,560,029
(n=14)
8,758,947
(n=14)
5,659,763
(n=28)
7,129,691
(n=14)
4,189,836
b
(n=14)
10,388,132
(n=8)
11,083,353
(n=3)
10,962,693
(n=4)
a
367,514,648
5,404,627
2002
281,529,788
4,540,803
2000
384,591,165
5,827,139
1998
249,184,622
3,775,525
1996
230,420,000
3,544,918
1994
279,483,211
3,992,617
(n=68)
(n=62)
(n=66)
(n=66)
(n=65)
(n=70)
5,625,326
4,602,810
6,095,450
3,481,733
3,385,904
3,394,769
(n=34)
(n=30)
(n=33)
(n=34)
(n=32)
(n=35)
5,183,929
4,482,671
5,558,828
4,087,678
3,699,114
4,590,465
(n=34)
(n=32)
(n=33)
(n=32)
(n=33)
(n=35)
6,566,787
4,535,740
4,530,693
4,728,639
4,233,304
7,672,755
(n=26)
(n=27)
(n=29)
(n=29)
(n=20)
(n=26)
7,418,068
6,142,399
3,672,975
4,560,721
5,207,602
5,152,998
(n=14)
(n=12)
(n=11)
(n=15)
(n=7)
(n=16)
5,573,627
3,250,414
5,054,855
4,908,551
3,708,682
3,904,368
(n=12)
(n=15)
(n=18)
(n=14)
(n=13)
(n=10)
2,425,098
2,885,335
3,153,464
3,144,244
3,109,930
3,997,011
(n=26)
(n=21)
(n=27)
(n=27)
(n=17)
(n=26)
1,554,631
2,182,146
3,281,655
2,615,103
2,920,075
1,226,228
(n=12)
(n=11)
(n=17)
(n=14)
(n=11)
(n=10)
3,171,212
3,658,843
2,935,540
3,714,088
3,457,997
5,703,750
(n=14)
(n=10)
(n=10)
(n=13)
(n=6)
(n=16)
8,357,852
7,033,769
16,805,752
2,715,951
3,317,314
3,003,850
(n=16)
(n=14)
(n=10)
(n=10)
(n=28)
(n=18)
8,594,068
5,767,416
20,991,796
2,671,336
2,841,062
2,634,075
(n=8)
(n=7)
(n=5)
(n=5)
(n=14)
(n=9)
8,121,636
8,300,122
12,619,707
2,760,565
3,793,565
3,373,624
(n=8)
(n=7)
(n=5)
(n=5)
(n=14)
(n=9)
Note: The data include primary and general election expenditures for major party general-election candidates only.
a. Includes one or more Independents.
b. Alan Schlesinger (CT-Rep) is not included in the data. He raised $221,019 and was third in the voting.
c. 2010 data includes Charlie Crist (FL) who started as a Republican and finished second as an Independent in the Florida Senate race. 2010
does not include Democrats McAdams (AK) and Meek (FL) who finished third in their respective races.
Source: Campaign Finance Institute analysis of Federal Election Commission data.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated March 14, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 3-5
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
1978
1976
1974
All candidates
Total expenditures
Mean expenditure
194,322,039
2,816,261
(n=69)
(n=67)
(n=66)
(n=67)
(n=61)
(n=64)
(n=67)
(n=68)
(n=64)
(n=65)
Mean, Democrats
2,813,701
2,465,285
2,930,305
2,260,415
2,160,637
1,881,379
1,170,580
762,831
569,902
487,775
(n=35)
(n=34)
(n=33)
(n=33)
(n=31)
(n=32)
(n=34)
(n=35)
(n=33)
(n=34)
Mean, Republicans
2,818,898
2,713,654
2,666,529
3,201,141
2,499,417
1,682,252
1,041,332
1,151,407
616,635
382,343
(n=34)
(n=33)
(n=33)
(n=34)
(n=30)
(n=32)
(n=33)
(n=33)
(n=30)
(n=31)
3,708,456
3,577,980
3,748,132
3,374,602
2,539,929
1,858,140
1,301,692
1,341,942
623,809
555,714
(n=27)
(n=32)
(n=27)
(n=28)
(n=28)
(n=29)
(n=25)
(n=22)
(n=25)
(n=25)
2,849,946
3,616,906
3,457,144
2,712,796
1,755,004
1,696,226
1,355,660
618,211
503,111
525,766
(n=15)
(n=17)
(n=15)
(n=9)
(n=12)
(n=18)
(n=19)
(n=11)
(n=17)
(n=15)
4,781,593
3,533,864
4,111,866
3,688,089
3,128,622
2,123,089
1,130,792
2,065,674
891,342
600,636
(n=12)
(n=15)
(n=12)
(n=19)
(n=16)
(n=11)
(n=6)
(n=11)
(n=7)
(n=10)
1,824,993
1,699,247
1,817,161
1,899,417
1,241,434
1,217,034
842,547
697,766
452,275
332,579
(n=26)
(n=29)
(n=27)
(n=27)
(n=25)
(n=29)
(n=24)
(n=21)
(n=23)
(n=22)
Mean, Democrats
2,550,724
1,395,011
2,154,283
1,911,693
1,515,412
1,516,015
557,006
830,282
645,441
390,297
(n=12)
(n=14)
(n=12)
(n=18)
(n=15)
(n=11)
(n=6)
(n=11)
(n=8)
(n=10)
Mean, Republicans
1,202,034
1,983,202
1,547,464
1,874,864
830,466
1,034,324
937,727
551,999
349,253
284,480
(n=14)
(n=15)
(n=15)
(n=9)
(n=10)
(n=18)
(n=18)
(n=10)
(n=15)
(n=12)
2,922,286
1,599,459
2,869,383
3,138,282
4,976,051
4,142,687
1,132,560
820,787
756,951
401,484
Incumbents
Mean, all incumbents
Mean, Democrats
Mean, Republicans
Challengers
Mean, all challengers
Open seats
Mean, all Open
173,370,282
2,587,616
184,695,501
2,798,417
183,432,489
2,737,798
141,962,276
2,327,250
114,036,379
1,781,815
74,163,669
1,106,920
64,695,510
951,405
38,108,745
595,499
28,436,308
437,482
(n=16)
(n=6)
(n=12)
(n=12)
(n=8)
(n=6)
(n=18)
(n=25)
(n=16)
(n=18)
Mean, Democrats
3,140,205
934,046
3,165,250
2,628,009
5,797,131
4,331,959
1,188,903
828,127
636,295
532,691
(n=8)
(n=3)
(n=6)
(n=6)
(n=4)
(n=3)
(n=9)
(n=13)
(n=8)
(n=9)
Mean, Republicans
2,704,366
2,264,872
2,573,516
3,648,555
4,154,971
3,953,415
1,076,218
812,835
877,606
270,277
(n=8)
(n=3)
(n=6)
(n=6)
(n=4)
(n=3)
(n=9)
(n=12)
(n=8)
(n=9)
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated March 14, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 3-6
Incumbent won
with 60% or more
Incumbents
Democrats
Republicans
Challengers
Democrats
Republicans
Incumbent won
with <60%
Incumbents
Democrats
Republicans
Challengers
Democrats
Republicans
Incumbent was
defeated
Incumbents
Democrats
Republicans
Challengers
Democrats
Republicans
Senate Campaign Expenditures: Incumbents and Challengers, Major Party General Election Candidates by Election Outcome, 1980-2012 (full cycle, mean net dollars)
2012
2010
2008
2006
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
a
1990
1988
1986
1984
7,206,925
5,007,322
6,681,589
4,710,449
3,287,355
3,421,925
2,640,723
2,418,451
3,610,535
2,695,624
2,314,689
2,733,348
1,963,140
1,612,152
(n=12)
(n=13)
(n=17)
(n=17)
(n=18)
(n=16)
(n=20)
(n=19)
(n=6)
(n=10)
(n=13)
(n=19)
(n=15)
(n=14)
(n=18)
8,087,526
8,495,966
5,808,535
8,661,938
5,741,981
4,779,508
3,359,248
3,131,344
2,266,951
1,735,768
2,661,397
2,439,405
2,320,232
1,672,182
1,620,869
(n=8)
(n=5)
(n=10)
(n=11)
(n=10)
(n=6)
(n=10)
(n=9)
(n=2)
(n=3)
(n=9)
(n=10)
(n=10)
(n=8)
(n=7)
6,017,810
6,401,274
3,862,732
3,050,950
3,421,034
2,392,063
3,484,603
2,199,165
2,494,201
4,414,006
2,772,633
2,176,116
3,559,581
2,351,083
1,606,604
(n=3)
(n=8)
(n=7)
(n=6)
(n=8)
(n=10)
(n=10)
(n=10)
(n=4)
(n=7)
(n=4)
(n=9)
(n=5)
(n=6))
(n=11)
1,411,351
1,450,544
1,159,873
2,255,831
1,001,610
849,543
764,569
447,843
762,003
1,002,306
701,442
844,346
581,494
451,671
384,263
(n=10)
(n=10)
(n=13)
(n=18)
(n=10)
(n=18)
(n=17)
(n=3)
(n=10)
(n=12)
(n=16)
(n=15)
(n=13)
(n=15)
420,779
1,869,908
1,588,229
211,821
909,843
486,019
292,748
479,791
1,365,651
595,192
438,732
805,077
155,853
322,263
7,117,061
(n=1)
(n=5)
(n=6)
1,521,415
1,031,180
792,710
(n=9)
(n=5)
(n=7)
12,773,107
12,271,341
(n=9)
(n=8)
(n=8)
14,909,900
16,328,389
9,052,039
(n=7)
(n=5)
(n=2)
5,294,331
5,509,594
11,573,327
(n=2)
(n=3)
(n=6)
10,121,385
9,032,104
4,291,294
(n=8)
(n=8)
(n=8)
11,624,934
1,602,760
4,672,807
(n=1)
(n=2)
(n=6)
9,906,592
11,508,552
3,146,756
(n=7)
(n=6)
(n=2)
35,058,354
13,544,935
11,986,236
(n=1)
(n=2)
(n=5)
c
10,943,005
(n=16)
398,864
(n=5)
3,099,908
(n=11)
12,579,501
a
(n=6)
12,853,029
(n=3)
10,012,253
(n=2)
10,356,810
(n=6)
12,527,378
(n=3)
8,186,241
(n=3)
14,049,176
b
(n=8)
(n=6)
(n=9)
(n=10)
(n=2)
(n=7)
(n=4)
(n=8)
(n=5)
(n=5)
(n=10)
1,633,441
759,091
1,043,118
669,406
1,326,427
154,500
754,568
1,249,961
469,702
636,557
508,264
(n=10)
(n=4)
(n=9)
(n=7)
(n=1)
(n=3)
(n=8)
(n=8)
(n=10)
(n=8)
(n=5)
9,424,745
5,424,130
5,738,301
6,609,358
5,052,842
5,312,041
4,550,595
5,273,925
6,235,198
5,213,789
4,505,574
(n=7)
(n=8)
(n=3)
(n=7)
(n=13)
(n=14)
(n=10)
(n=12)
(n=8)
(n=7)
(n=7)
8,819,323
5,905,346
-
6,619,822
6,383,863
6,020,368
2,841,405
5,299,049
6,829,055
11,037,707
1,833,432
(n=3)
(n=4)
(n=0)
(n=5)
(n=5)
(n=11)
(n=4)
(n=7)
(n=4)
(n=1)
(n=4)
9,878,811
4,942,914
5,738,301
6,583,197
4,220,954
2,715,212
5,690,055
5,238,751
5,641,341
4,243,136
8,068,429
(n=4)
(n=4)
(n=3)
(n=2)
(n=8)
(n=3)
(n=6)
(n=5)
(n=4)
(n=6)
(n=3)
4,337,629
2,570,080
2,757,598
4,932,471
3,660,942
5,546,353
2,283,708
2,865,673
3,784,451
3,389,477
2,296,194
(n=7)
(n=8)
(n=3)
(n=7)
(n=13)
(n=14)
(n=10)
(n=12)
(n=8)
(n=7)
(n=7)
4,240,253
2,466,826
2,757,598
4,304,098
3,521,336
1,034,241
3,032,533
2,927,948
3,209,075
1,990,836
4,028,715
(n=4)
(n=4)
(n=3)
(n=2)
(n=8)
(n=3)
(n=6)
(n=5)
(n=4)
(n=6)
(n=3)
4,467,463
2,673,335
-
5,183,821
3,884,311
6,776,929
1,160,471
2,821,191
4,359,826
11,781,316
996,804
(n=3)
(n=4)
(n=0)
(n=5)
(n=5)
(n=11)
(n=4)
(n=7)
(n=4)
(n=1)
(n=4)
4,468,434
5,508,854
4,894,814
7,229,154
2,579,437
4,358,340
3,520,088
(n=1)
(n=2)
(n=4)
(n=1)
(n=4)
(n=7)
(n=3)
5,508,854
3,751,500
(n=2)
(n=2)
(n=0)
(n=1)
(n=0)
(n=1)
6,074,128
7,229,154
2,993,042
4,358,340
4,090,013
19,975,170
8,824,759
7,622,785
(n=6)
(n=1)
(n=3)
(n=6)
0
13,544,935
-
-
19,975,170
(n=0)
(n=2)
(n=0)
(n=0)
(n=1)
(n=2)
(n=1)
35,058,354
0
11,986,236
-
5,063,923
7,785,291
(n=1)
(n=0)
(n=5)
(n=0)
(n=1)
(n=5)
42,211,677
9,219,425
9,838,737
14,660,167
4,698,340
10,518,085
(n=1)
(n=2)
(n=5)
(n=1)
(n=3)
(n=6)
42,211,677
0
9,838,737
3,629,022
8,628,233
(n=1)
(n=0)
(n=5)
0
9,219,425
NA
NA
14,660,167
(n=0)
(n=2)
(n=0)
(n=0)
(n=1)
14,049,176
(n=6)
10,039,869
(n=6)
10,039,869
(n=6)
NA
10,705,177
(n=0)
(n=1)
5,232,999
(n=2)
6810252
(n=5)
19,967,341
(n=1)
13,563,761
(n=3)
7,129,612
(n=1)
16,780,836
(n=2)
14,251,319
(n=3)
12,537,880
(n=2)
NA
(n=0)
4,468,434
NA
NA
1,338,622
NA
2,380,239
(n=1)
(n=0)
(n=2)
(n=1)
(n=3)
(n=7)
(n=2)
2,990,554
8,125,137
4,045,732
1,380,560
2,516,337
3,098,027
3,066,175
(n=1)
(n=2)
(n=4)
(n=1)
(n=4)
(n=7)
(n=3)
5,016,438
1,380,560
2,996,572
3,098,027
3,711,199
(n=1)
(n=3)
(n=7)
2,990,554
(n=1)
17,678,198
(n=1)
NA
(n=0)
(n=2)
NA
8,125,137
3,075,026
NA
1,075,631
NA
1,776,128
(n=0)
(n=2)
(n=2)
(n=0)
(n=1)
(n=0)
(n=1)
Notes: The data include primary and general-election expenditures for major party general-election candidates only. The Federal Election Commission
included the following disclaimer along with its 1986 data, and Vital Statistics considers it appropriate for all years: "The small N's and unique nature of
some Senate campaigns make all measures of central tendency like averages or medians problematic and, as a result, the Commission would not include
tables such as these in its regular release of information."
a. Includes one or more Independents. Independents are included only if they are incumbents or winning non-incumbents.
b. Alan Schlesinger (CT-Rep) is not included in the data. He raised $221,019 and was third in the voting.
c. The Incumbents and Challengers in the category "Incumbent won with < 60%" are unbalanced due to the Alaska race which featured a Republican
Incumbent and Challenger. The Democrat (McAdams) finished third and is not included.
Source: Campaign Finance Institute analysis of Federal Election Commission data.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated March 14, 2013
(n=2)
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 3-6
1982
Incumbent won
with 60% or more
Incumbents
Democrats
Republicans
Challengers
Democrats
Republicans
Incumbent won
with <60%
Incumbents
Democrats
Republicans
Challengers
Democrats
Republicans
Incumbent was
defeated
Incumbents
Democrats
Republicans
Challengers
Democrats
Republicans
1980
1978
1976
1974
1,494,578
1,162,385
456,062
340,362
447,234
(n=13)
(n=10)
(n=7)
(n=11)
(n=11)
1,401,794
1,220,616
559,046
340,362
447,234
(n=12)
(n=6)
(n=4)
(n=11)
(n=11)
2,607,983
1,075,038
318,749
-
-
(n=1)
(n=4)
(n=3)
-
-
777,830
302,812
47,346
171,997
222,955
(n=13)
(n=9)
(n=6)
(n=9)
(n=8)
424,507
265,822
38,458
-
-
(n=1)
(n=4)
(n=3)
-
-
807,276
332,404
56,233
171,997
222,955
(n=12)
(n=5)
(n=3)
(n=9)
(n=8)
2,224,235
945,423
2,496,483
503,773
567,597
(n=14)
(n=6)
(n=8)
(n=5)
(n=14)
2,417,100
796,984
586,055
1,237,910
741,729
(n=5)
(n=4)
(n=2)
(n=1)
(n=4)
2,117,088
1,242,300
3,133,293
320,239
497,945
(n=9)
(n=2)
(n=6)
(n=4)
(n=10)
1,615,338
864,870
1,075,965
358,964
298,133
(n=14)
(n=6)
(n=8)
(n=5)
(n=14)
1,629,490
1,139,376
1,212,929
282,441
254,374
(n=9)
(n=2)
(n=6)
(n=4)
(n=10)
1,589,864
727,617
332,537
665,058
407,531
(n=5)
(n=4)
(n=2)
(n=1)
(n=4)
1,658,623
1,693,991
908,348
983,196
513,456
(n=2)
(n=9)
(n=7)
(n=9)
(n=2)
1,625,042
1,693,991
678,406
714,201
(n=1)
(n=9)
(n=5)
(n=5)
(n=0)
1,692,204
1,483,203
1,319,440
513,456
(n=1)
(n=0)
(n=2)
(n=4)
(n=2)
793,123
1,367,400
918,054
784,392
679,614
(n=2)
(n=9)
(n=7)
(n=9)
(n=2)
870,079
1,008,440
679,614
(n=2)
1,586,245
NA
NA
NA
(n=1)
(n=0)
(n=2)
(n=4)
981,197
1,367,400
937,244
605,153
NA
(n=1)
(n=9)
(n=5)
(n=5)
(n=0)
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated March 14, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 3-7
All winners
Democrats
Republicans
Winners with 60%
or more
Democrats
Republicans
Winners with <60%
Democrats
Republicans
All losers
Democrats
Republicans
Losers with >40%
Democrats
Republicans
Losers with 40% or
less
Democrats
Republicans
Senate Expenditures: Open Senate Seats, Major Party General Election Candidates, by Election Outcome, 1986-2012 (full cycle, mean net dollars)
2012
9,002,453
c
2010
8,748,313
2008
8,127,925
2006
c
10,566,377
2004
9,853,572
2002
7,202,893
2000
21,625,081
1998
3,820,837
1996
3,582,000
(n=11)
(n=14)
(n=5)
(n=4)
(n=8)
(n=7)
(n=5)
(n=5)
(n=14)
9,540,989
5,496,821
11,074,580
8,847,675
12,129,704
2,926,239
25,627,472
3,518,576
4,532,955
(n=7)
(n=3)
(n=3)
(n=2)
(n=2)
(n=1)
(n=4)
(n=2)
(n=5)
9,783,848
9,635,083
3,707,943
18,565,935
9,094,861
7,915,668
5,615,514
4,022,354
3,053,692
(n=3)
(n=11)
(n=2)
(n=1)
(n=6)
(n=6)
(n=1)
(n=3)
(n=9)
7,277,797
7,996,916
10,789,785
NA
NA
2,739,093
2,518,955
(n=2)
(n=5)
(n=3)
(n=2)
(n=2)
(n=0)
(n=0)
(n=2)
(n=2)
5,598,705
0
10,178,089
9,020,059
14,372,856
NA
NA
3,914,375
2,732,011
4,243,614
c
7,512,141 c
(n=1)
(n=0)
(n=2)
(n=1)
(n=1)
(n=0)
(n=0)
(n=1)
(n=1)
n/a
7,277,797
3,634,570
NA
7,206,714
NA
NA
1,563,811
2,305,898
(n=0)
(n=5)
(n=1)
(n=0)
(n=1)
(n=0)
(n=0)
(n=1)
(n=1)
10,059,973
9,565,266
8,324,439
13,620,613
9,541,501
7,202,893
21,625,081
4,542,000
3,759,175
(n=9)
(n=9)
(n=2)
(n=2)
(n=6)
(n=7)
(n=5)
(n=3)
(n=12)
10,198,036
5,496,821
12,867,562
8,675,291
9,886,551
2,926,239
25,627,472
3,122,776
4,983,191
a
(n=6)
(n=3)
(n=1)
(n=1)
(n=1)
(n=1)
(n=4)
(n=1)
(n=4)
9,783,848
11,599,489
3,781,316
18,565,935
9,472,491
7,915,668
5,615,514
5,251,613
3,147,166
(n=3)
(n=6)
(n=1)
(n=1)
(n=5)
(n=6)
(n=1)
(n=2)
(n=8)
10,526,159
8,683,245
3,501,406
10,209,886
6,862,133
6,864,645
11,986,423
1,611,064
3,052,627
(n=11)
(n=14)
(n=5)
(n=4)
(n=8)
(n=7)
(n=5)
(n=5)
(n=14)
4,183,888
4,799,884
1,666,759
15,554,709
7,415,523
6,240,945
2,449,093
2,106,510
1,901,122
(n=3)
(n=10)
(n=2)
(n=1)
(n=6)
(n=6)
(n=1)
(n=3)
(n=9)
12,904,510
19,985,969
4,724,505
8,428,279
5,201,962
10,606,843
14,370,756
867,896
5,125,336
(n=8)
(n=3)
(n=3)
(n=3)
(n=2)
(n=1)
(n=4)
(n=2)
(n=5)
12,074,270
11,410,932
4,558,708
11,885,985
7,913,929
6,862,710
11,986,423
2,390,365
3,439,376
(n=9)
(n=9)
(n=2)
(n=2)
(n=6)
(n=7)
(n=5)
(n=3)
(n=12)
4,183,888
7,123,413
1,911,771
15,554,709
7,924,995
6,240,945
2,449,093
3,039,044
2,051,827
c
b
(n=3)
(n=6)
(n=1)
(n=1)
(n=5)
(n=6)
(n=1)
(n=2)
(n=8)
16,019,461
19,985,969
7,205,644
8,217,260
7,858,598
10,606,843
14,370,756
1,093,007
6,214,473
(n=6)
(n=3)
(n=1)
(n=1)
(n=1)
(n=1)
(n=4)
(n=1)
(n=4)
3,559,658
3,773,408
2,796,539
8,533,788
3,706,745
NA
NA
442,114
732,136
(n=2)
(n=5)
(n=3)
(n=2)
(n=2)
(n=0)
(n=0)
(n=2)
(n=2)
n/a
1,314,591
1,421,746
NA
4,868,165
NA
NA
241,443
695,482
c
(n=0)
(n=4)
(n=1)
(n=0)
(n=1)
(n=0)
(n=0)
(n=1)
(n=1)
3,559,658
NA
3,483,935
8,533,788
2,545,325
NA
NA
642,784
768,789
(n=2)
(n=0)
(n=2)
(n=2)
(n=1)
(n=0)
(n=0)
(n=1)
(n=1)
Notes: The data include primary and general-election expenditures for major party general-election candidates only. The Federal Election
Commission included the following disclaimer along with its 1986 data, and Vital Statistics considers it appropriate for all years: "The small N's
and unique nature of some Senate campaigns make all measures of central tendency like averages or medians problematic and, as a result,
the Commission would not include tables such as these in its regular release of information."
a. Jon Corzine (D-NJ) spent $63,209,506. Hillary Rodham Clinton (D-NY) spent $29,871,577. Excluding these candidates, the remaining
winners (n=3) in open Senate seats spent an average of $5,014,773. For Democrats the average would be $4,714,403 (n=2). The Republican
figure would be unchanged.
b. Rick Lazio spent $40,576,273. Excluding him from the candidates who lost with more than 40%, the average for all candidates would be
$4,838,961 (n=4). The average for Republican candidates would be $5,635,583 (n=3). The average for Democrats would be unchanged.
c. Includes one or more Independents.
Source: Campaign Finance Institute analysis of Federal Election Commission data.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated March 14, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 3-7
All winners
1994
3,378,624
(n=9)
Democrats
Republicans
Winners with 60%
or more
Democrats
Republicans
Winners with <60%
Democrats
Republicans
All losers
Democrats
Republicans
Losers with >40%
Democrats
Losers with 40% or
less
Democrats
(n=8)
(n=3)
1988
3,779,715
1986
3,827,158
(n=6)
(n=7)
4,177,040
0
5,186,633
2,714,673
(n=0)
(n=5)
(n=0)
(n=2)
(n=4)
3,378,624
1,940,951
2,264,872
3,076,256
5,310,471
(n=9)
(n=3)
(n=3)
(n=4)
(n=3)
2,754,664
1,191,005
1,535,352
1,879,272
2,216,412
(n=4)
(n=1)
(n=2)
(n=2)
(n=2)
2,881,666
2,057,422
NA
1,191,005
(n=0)
(n=1)
NA
(n=0)
(n=1)
(n=1)
2,754,644
NA
1,535,352
876,877
2,375,402
(n=4)
(n=0)
(n=2)
(n=1)
(n=1)
3,868,793
3,645,293
3,723,911
4,729,937
4,471,457
(n=5)
(n=7)
(n=1)
(n=4)
(n=5)
7,491,600
2,933,757
NA
4,923,549
NA
(n=0)
(n=4)
(n=0)
(n=1)
(n=3)
3,868,793
1,940,951
3,723,911
3,809,383
6,778,006
(n=5)
(n=3)
(n=1)
(n=3)
(n=2)
2,634,075
2,506,064
934,046
1,959,051
2,952,009
(n=9)
(n=8)
(n=3)
(n=6)
(n=7)
2,634,075
1,412,146
934,046
2,154,558
2,181,463
(n=9)
(n=3)
(n=3)
(n=4)
(n=3)
NA
3,162,415
NA
1,568,036
3,529,919
(n=0)
(n=5)
(n=0)
(n=2)
(n=4)
2,802,500
2,792,915
1,936,914
2,730,542
3,686,638
(n=5)
(n=7)
(n=1)
(n=4)
(n=5)
2,802,500
1,412,146
1,936,914
2,689,441
3,006,346
(n=3)
(n=1)
(n=3)
(n=2)
NA
3,828,492
NA
2,853,842
4,140,166
(n=0)
(n=4)
(n=0)
(n=1)
(n=3)
2,423,544
498,107
432,613
416,069
1,115,437
(n=4)
(n=1)
(n=2)
(n=2)
(n=2)
NA
432,613
549,908
531,698
(n=0)
(n=2)
2,423,544
(n=4)
Republicans
1990
2,264,872
0
(n=5)
Republicans
1992
3,338,507
(n=1)
(n=1)
NA
498,107
NA
282,229
1,699,175
(n=0)
(n=1)
(n=0)
(n=1)
(n=1)
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated March 14, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 3-8
Party and
Candidate
Status
Campaign Funding Sources: House and Senate Major Party General Election Candidates, 1984-2012
Contributions plus
party coordinated
expenditures on
behalf of
Number of
candidates ($
candidates
millions)
Percentage of funding from
Individuals
All candidates
784
970.9
56
All Democrats
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
390
162
170
58
414.4
231.3
112.9
70.3
57
49
67
64
All Republicans
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
394
216
118
60
556.5
428.8
62.9
64.9
56
54
63
62
All candidates
61
491.8
67
All Democrats
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
28
15
3
10
287.1
153.1
53.3
80.7
77
71
91
80
All Republicans
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
33
6
16
11
204.7
59.1
62.8
82.8
57
69
63
47
All candidates
799
949.3
57
All Democrats
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
388
236
111
41
469.9
385.7
42.3
41.8
54
51
71
69
All Republicans
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
411
157
214
40
479.4
228.1
195.1
56.2
60
55
64
65
All candidates
72
597.6
61
All Democrats
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
34
12
8
14
242.3
147.5
14.1
80.7
70
71
67
68
All Republicans
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
38
11
13
14
355.3
74.0
102.4
178.9
55
52
64
51
All candidates
754
845.2
54
All Democrats
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
410
227
146
38
476.7
316.0
98.8
62.0
53
48
67
56
All Republicans
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
344
170
137
37
370.6
243.8
66.8
60.0
55
52
66
55
All candidates
66
399.2
63
All Democrats
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
34
12
17
5
210.5
83.7
90.7
36.2
65
53
71
77
All Republicans
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
32
18
9
5
188.6
154.0
12.5
22.2
60
59
68
66
PAC's
Party
(contributions Candidate to self
plus coordinated (contributions
plus loans)
expenditures)
House, 2012
35
Other
1
5
3
35
48
17
23
1
1
3
1
5
1
12
10
2
2
2
1
34
39
12
22
1
1
3
2
4
1
21
11
4
5
1
3
3
13
4
14
18
5
12
3
3
2
4
2
3
1
0
4
5
2
3
11
22
6
9
3
1
4
3
25
0
21
38
4
8
6
2
2
6
2
40
45
11
22
2
2
1
2
2
1
12
7
2
2
5
1
27
40
12
23
2
1
4
2
9
1
18
9
3
4
2
2
6
13
7
15
17
12
12
6
5
7
7
3
1
12
4
7
6
2
9
12
27
4
10
5
1
7
6
21
0
19
30
8
20
6
3
1
5
4
39
49
17
27
1
0
1
1
5
0
14
15
2
3
1
2
32
41
11
18
2
1
3
3
8
1
19
24
3
5
1
0
2
3
12
16
25
8
17
2
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
16
19
17
5
23
25
6
19
3
3
4
2
5
4
16
3
9
9
6
10
Senate, 2012
13
House, 2010
33
Senate, 2010
13
House, 2008
36
Senate, 2008
19
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated March 14, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 3-8
Party and
Candidate
Status
Campaign Funding Sources: House and Senate Major Party General Election Candidates, 1984-2012
Contributions plus
party coordinated
expenditures on
behalf of
Number of
candidates ($
candidates
millions)
Percentage of funding from
Individuals
Party
(contributions Candidate to self
plus coordinated (contributions
PAC's
plus loans)
expenditures)
House, 2006
35
1
5
Other
All candidates
815
777.8
54
All Democrats
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
427
191
203
33
375.5
205.9
115.3
54.3
58
49
70
66
33
45
16
20
1
1
2
1
4
1
9
8
4
5
3
5
All Republicans
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
388
211
144
33
402.3
318.4
36.2
47.7
51
50
56
52
38
43
10
23
1
1
2
3
5
1
27
16
5
5
5
6
3
13
5
Senate, 2006
13
5
All candidates
65
530.9
67
All Democrats
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
31
14
14
3
275.5
141.3
101.7
32.5
70
76
59
82
11
15
6
11
2
2
3
1
13
4
29
0
3
3
3
6
All Republicans
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
32
14
14
4
230.2
125.4
61.2
43.6
60
65
54
55
16
23
5
10
4
4
4
3
15
1
34
26
6
7
3
5
All candidates
812
609.5
55
2
4
4
All Democrats
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
403
193
177
33
274.1
190.5
50.4
33.2
56
55
69
63
34
41
15
26
2
1
2
4
5
0
20
7
3
4
4
0
All Republicans
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
409
210
163
36
335.4
246.5
41.5
47.4
54
53
67
50
36
42
13
25
2
1
6
6
4
1
11
14
4
4
4
5
All candidates
69
367.0
69
5
3
7
All Democrats
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
35
14
12
9
194.7
103.3
18.6
72.8
73
73
77
73
14
18
10
9
5
5
4
7
2
0
4
6
5
5
5
6
All Republicans
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
34
12
14
8
172.3
65.6
45.3
61.4
64
63
69
61
18
29
7
14
6
3
5
8
4
0
14
2
9
5
5
14
All candidates
807
556.7
49
2
9
4
All Democrats
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
400
193
161
46
273.2
170.1
53.7
49.5
46
48
41
45
36
45
16
24
2
1
2
2
12
0
38
25
5
5
3
4
All Republicans
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
407
199
162
46
283.5
192.4
33.1
58.1
51
50
58
49
35
43
12
25
3
1
7
5
6
1
20
17
5
5
3
4
All candidates
69
300.5
63
5
8
6
All Democrats
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
33
12
17
4
139.9
72.8
36.3
30.8
68
71
69
59
17
22
13
8
2
1
2
3
8
<1
11
24
6
6
5
7
All Republicans
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
36
15
17
4
160.6
51.8
68.5
40.3
58
55
55
68
21
36
13
14
7
4
8
10
7
0
15
3
7
5
9
6
House, 2004
35
Senate, 2004
16
House, 2002
36
Senate, 2002
19
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated March 14, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 3-8
Party and
Candidate
Status
Campaign Funding Sources: House and Senate Major Party General Election Candidates, 1984-2012
Contributions plus
party coordinated
expenditures on
behalf of
Number of
candidates ($
candidates
millions)
Percentage of funding from
Individuals
Party
(contributions Candidate to self
plus coordinated (contributions
PAC's
plus loans)
expenditures)
House, 2000
34
2
7
Other
All candidates
820
550.0
51
All Democrats
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
416
206
176
32
271.6
170.5
66.1
34.9
50
48
56
47
36
45
19
23
2
1
2
4
8
<1
18
22
6
7
4
5
All Republicans
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
404
197
175
32
278.4
190.7
45.9
76.9
54
54
58
49
33
39
15
29
2
1
5
4
6
1
18
14
5
5
4
3
4
24
6
Senate, 2000
13
5
All candidates
70
387.3
53
All Democrats
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
34
11
18
5
210.2
46.5
56.4
107.3
40
56
43
32
9
20
8
4
3
6
1
2
43
12
41
57
6
5
8
5
All Republicans
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
36
18
13
5
177.1
90.7
20.9
65.5
68
60
70
79
18
27
9
10
6
5
8
8
1
2
3
0
6
7
10
3
All candidates
782
436.1
51
3
6
4
All Democrats
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
390
194
162
34
199.6
130.6
41.6
27.4
49
47
52
59
38
46
19
27
3
2
4
4
6
0
21
6
4
5
3
3
All Republicans
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
392
211
149
32
236.5
166.6
42.3
27.6
53
54
54
45
33
39
15
28
3
2
8
5
6
1
17
18
4
5
5
3
All candidates
70
265.9
58
7
11
7
All Democrats
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
35
15
15
5
126.1
71.9
39.4
14.7
58
65
45
59
16
22
4
2
8
7
10
9
9
0
27
4
9
6
15
26
All Republicans
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
35
14
16
5
139.8
72.7
52.7
14.3
57
60
52
59
19
26
9
25
7
6
8
8
12
3
29
0
4
5
3
8
All candidates
873
460.8
53
4
6
4
All Democrats
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
435
171
211
53
211.6
108.8
67.3
35.5
48
47
50
48
35
46
24
26
4
2
6
5
9
1
17
18
4
5
3
3
All Republicans
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
438
213
174
51
249.2
171.3
40.0
35.0
57
58
64
53
30
37
11
23
4
2
9
8
4
1
13
12
4
2
3
3
All candidates
68
242.1
58
9
12
4
All Democrats
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
34
7
14
13
116.2
36.4
36.5
43.3
59
74
50
55
13
13
6
18
8
4
8
11
16
5
34
9
4
4
2
7
All Republicans
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
34
13
8
13
125.9
50.0
25.6
50.3
57
57
70
50
21
29
14
18
9
9
10
9
8
2
3
18
4
4
3
5
House, 1998
35
Senate, 1998
18
House, 1996
33
Senate, 1996
17
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated March 14, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 3-8
Party and
Candidate
Status
Campaign Funding Sources: House and Senate Major Party General Election Candidates, 1984-2012
Contributions plus
party coordinated
expenditures on
behalf of
Number of
candidates ($
candidates
millions)
Percentage of funding from
Individuals
Party
(contributions Candidate to self
plus coordinated (contributions
PAC's
plus loans)
expenditures)
House, 1994
34
5
8
Other
All candidates
824
371.3
49
All Democrats
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
403
226
130
47
196.7
142.4
23.6
30.7
43
34
45
47
43
50
23
27
5
3
11
8
5
1
17
15
4
12
4
3
All Republicans
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
421
157
217
47
174.6
82.9
58.6
33.1
56
58
56
50
24
36
10
19
6
2
10
8
11
1
20
19
3
3
4
4
8
19
4
Senate, 1994
15
4
All candidates
70
291.7
54
All Democrats
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
35
16
10
9
124.9
86.4
11.7
26.9
55
54
46
60
18
18
16
16
10
8
13
14
12
14
21
3
5
6
4
7
All Republicans
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
35
10
16
9
166.7
35.4
96.1
35.2
53
60
47
61
13
30
3
21
6
6
5
11
24
<1
41
1
4
4
4
6
All candidates
851
331.5
47
5
9
3
All Democrats
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
427
213
140
74
184.7
122.1
25.1
37.5
43
40
48
49
43
50
26
30
4
2
10
4
6
1
13
17
4
7
3
<1
All Republicans
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
424
138
216
70
146.9
74.8
44.5
27.5
51
52
47
57
26
39
9
21
6
3
10
7
13
1
22
14
4
5
12
1
All candidates
71
214.2
58
13
5
3
All Democrats
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
35
15
13
7
108.5
43.9
43.1
21.5
60
52
68
61
23
35
12
19
11
6
14
13
2
2
3
3
4
5
3
4
All Republicans
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
36
12
17
7
106.9
59.4
24.0
23.5
55
58
55
48
19
25
9
16
15
13
20
16
7
<1
14
18
4
4
2
2
All candidates
807
257.5
44
3
6
7
All Democrats
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
413
249
132
32
146.5
113.2
16.0
17.3
39
37
44
42
47
52
27
33
3
1
9
4
5
2
16
17
6
8
4
4
All Republicans
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
394
159
206
29
108.8
70.7
23.9
14.1
51
50
54
50
32
41
10
24
4
2
7
10
7
1
24
12
6
6
5
4
All candidates
67
191.0
61
7
5
6
All Democrats
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
34
17
14
3
90.8
66.7
21.0
3.1
63
65
58
50
22
25
12
18
6
5
9
11
4
0
15
21
5
5
6
<1
All Republicans
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
33
15
15
3
100.2
58.9
33.4
7.9
59
65
51
43
21
22
16
36
9
7
12
7
5
0
15
0
6
6
6
14
House, 1992
36
Senate, 1992
21
House, 1990
40
Senate, 1990
21
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated March 14, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 3-8
Party and
Candidate
Status
Campaign Funding Sources: House and Senate Major Party General Election Candidates, 1984-2012
Contributions plus
party coordinated
expenditures on
behalf of
Number of
candidates ($
candidates
millions)
Percentage of funding from
Individuals
Party
(contributions Candidate to self
plus coordinated (contributions
PAC's
plus loans)
expenditures)
House, 1988
40
4
5
Other
All candidates
813
249.0
46
All Democrats
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
429
238
154
27
140.0
103.8
23.5
12.7
40
39
46
39
47
51
31
36
3
2
7
7
5
1
13
14
5
7
3
4
All Republicans
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
384
164
194
26
109.0
73.7
21.6
13.7
52
51
55
54
31
39
10
21
6
3
13
13
6
1
19
12
5
6
3
<1
9
5
5
Senate, 1988
22
5
All candidates
66
199.4
59
All Democrats
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
33
15
12
6
103.0
53.0
29.1
20.9
58
61
66
37
23
29
16
16
7
4
11
8
8
1
3
35
4
5
4
4
All Republicans
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
33
12
15
6
96.3
50.8
27.7
17.8
61
62
63
54
22
26
11
26
11
8
18
13
2
<1
6
1
4
4
2
6
All candidates
810
234.2
48
4
6
6
All Democrats
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
427
235
147
45
125.7
84.1
22.1
19.5
44
42
49
47
42
49
29
31
2
1
6
3
6
2
13
15
6
6
3
4
All Republicans
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
383
160
182
41
108.5
67.3
21.4
19.8
53
53
54
53
29
37
11
24
6
4
10
10
7
1
22
10
5
5
3
3
All candidates
68
208.6
60
9
6
4
All Democrats
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
34
9
18
7
90.2
28.2
40.3
21.7
56
62
51
60
22
26
19
22
8
7
9
8
9
2
16
5
5
3
5
5
All Republicans
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
34
18
9
7
118.5
68.9
20.4
29.1
63
63
64
61
21
24
9
22
9
8
18
6
2
<1
6
2
5
5
3
9
7
6
5
House, 1986
36
Senate, 1986
21
House, 1984
36
All candidates
816
203.8
47
All Democrats
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
434
258
152
24
107.2
81.8
16.3
9.1
44
39
43
45
41
46
29
22
3
2
6
6
6
2
18
24
6
11
5
3
All Republicans
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
382
154
204
24
96.6
52.1
33.8
10.7
49
51
48
47
30
37
18
31
11
6
17
13
6
1
13
7
5
5
4
2
All candidates
68
157.7
61
6
10
4
All Democrats
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
33
12
17
4
73.1
22.8
25.5
24.8
56
61
69
39
18
28
17
9
6
3
9
6
16
<1
2
44
4
8
3
2
All Republicans
Incumbents
Challengers
Open Seats
35
17
13
5
84.6
55.7
10.0
19.0
65
68
55
60
18
21
15
10
6
6
20
9
5
1
8
17
4
5
2
8
Senate, 1984
18
a. In 2000, without Jon Corzine (D-NJ), the self-funding percentage for open seat Democrats would be only 2%, for
all Democrats it would be 20%, and for all candidates it would be 10%.
Source: Campaign Finance Institute analysis of Federal Election Commission data.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated March 14, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 3-9
Committee Type
Corporate
Labor
Trade/membership/health
Nonconnected
Cooperative
Corporation without stock
Total
Number Political Action Committees Making Contribution to Candidates, 1976-2012
2012
1,223
137
700
902
29
55
3,046
2010
1,492
199
907
842
34
83
3,557
2008
1,470
203
794
1,023
39
84
3,613
2006
1,463
202
734
870
35
89
3,393
2004
1,402
206
722
819
34
75
3,258
2002
1,359
215
697
700
36
86
3,093
2000
1,365
236
662
670
37
94
3,064
1998
1,425
232
664
560
41
102
3,024
1996
1,470
236
650
529
41
109
3,035
1994
1,468
255
633
509
50
112
3,027
a. For 1976, the number of registered PACs is listed.
Source: Campaign Finance Institute analysis of Federal Election Commission data.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated March 14, 2013
1992
1,514
255
633
534
48
114
3,098
1990
1,540
233
609
511
51
114
3,058
1988
1,616
256
633
630
51
122
3,308
1986
1,584
261
598
576
51
117
3,187
1984
1,584
261
598
576
51
117
3,187
1982
1,317
293
407
204
46
78
2,345
1980
1,037
225
463
201
27
44
1,997
1978
704
215
122
400
11
22
1,474
1976
433
224
489
1146
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 3-10
Type of PAC
Labor
Corporate
Trade/membership/health
Nonconnected
Other
Total
PAC Contributions to Congressional Candidates 1978-2012 (in $ millions)
2012
52.7
167.1
117.1
77.1
11.5
425.5
2010
61.6
153.7
126.2
53.6
11.7
406.8
2008
61
143.6
106.1
63.8
11.4
385.9
2006
56.9
128.4
98.4
70.9
8.74
363.3
2004
50.3
104.3
78.2
49.8
6.5
289.1
2002
51.9
91.6
71.5
44.6
6.5
266.1
2000
50.2
84.2
68.3
35.6
7.1
245.4
1998
43.4
71.1
59.0
27.1
6.2
206.8
1996
46.5
69.7
56.2
22.0
6.8
201.2
Note: The data are for contributions to all candidates up for election in the year indicated that were made during the two-year cycle.
Source: Campaign Finance Institute analysis of Federal Election Commission data.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated March 14, 2013
1994
40.7
64.1
50.1
17.3
6.6
178.8
1992
39.7
64.3
51.4
17.5
6.6
179.4
1990
33.6
53.5
42.5
14.3
5.9
149.7
1988
33.9
50.4
38.9
19.2
5.4
147.8
1986
29.9
46.2
32.9
18.8
4.9
132.7
1984
24.8
35.5
26.7
14.5
3.8
105.3
1982
20.3
27.5
21.9
10.7
3.2
83.6
1980
13.2
19.2
15.9
4.9
2.0
55.2
1978
9.9
9.5
11.2
2.5
1.0
34.1
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 3-11
How PACs Distributed Their Contributions to Congressional Candidates, 1978-2012
Percentage distribution
Incumbent Challenger
D
R
D
R
Percent to
Open seat Chamber
D
R
Dollars to
chamber (in
millions)
Percentage distribution
Incumbent Challenger
D
R
D
R
Open seat
D
R
Percent to
Chamber
Dollars to
chamber (in
millions)
Total
Total
dollars (in
percent
millions)
Corporate
Association
Labor
Nonconnected
Other PACs
All PACs
25
26
49
20
28
28
49
46
8
24
45
39
0
2
16
8
1
4
1
2
0
5
2
2
House, 2012
2
3
3
4
14
0
6
5
3
4
4
3
81
82
88
68
83
81
131.0
101.4
50.3
34.4
9.8
326.9
7
6
6
10
6
7
6
4
0
5
3
4
0
0
1
2
1
1
1
2
0
4
2
2
Senate, 2012
1
4
2
4
4
0
6
6
2
4
2
3
19
18
12
32
17
19
31.1
21.6
6.9
16.4
2.0
78.0
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
162.1
123.0
57.2
50.8
11.8
404.8
Corporate
Association
Labor
Nonconnected
Other PACs
All PACs
39
41
72
32
43
44
31
28
5
13
29
24
<1
<1
5
2
<1
1
3
5
<1
17
6
5
House, 2010
<1
3
<1
4
7
<1
3
6
1
4
2
3
77
80
89
72
83
79
111.0
95.3
51.6
36.1
9.2
303.2
7
6
5
8
6
7
8
6
<1
5
4
5
<1
<1
1
1
<1
<1
1
1
<1
2
1
1
Senate, 2010
1
6
1
5
5
<1
6
6
1
4
2
5
23
20
11
28
17
21
32.8
24.1
6.6
13.8
1.9
79.1
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
143.8
119.4
58.1
49.9
11.1
382.3
Corporate
Association
Labor
Nonconnected
Other PACs
All PACs
38
40
56
23
41
39
33
30
6
21
33
26
2
3
18
12
3
6
2
3
<1
7
3
3
House, 2008
1
2
2
3
8
<1
5
3
2
2
3
2
77
82
88
71
83
79
108.4
85.9
53.5
44.3
9.4
301.6
6
5
4
6
5
5
13
10
1
12
7
10
<1
1
5
5
1
2
1
1
<1
2
2
1
Senate, 2008
1
1
1
1
2
<1
2
2
1
1
1
1
23
18
12
28
17
21
33.3
19.8
7.1
17.8
1.9
79.9
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
141.7
105.7
60.6
62.1
11.3
381.5
Corporate
Association
Labor
Nonconnected
Other PACs
All PACs
25
28
51
14
31
28
49
46
10
36
39
39
<1
2
18
10
2
6
<1
1
<1
4
1
1
House, 2006
1
2
2
3
8
<1
4
6
2
3
3
3
78
83
87
75
77
80
99.9
81.3
49.4
52.9
7.1
290.7
7
5
6
6
6
6
11.1
8
1
9
7
8
1
1
4
4
1
2
1
1
<1
2
1
1
Senate, 2006
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
3
2
7
1
2
22
17
13
25
23
20
28.5
17.0
7.5
18.0
2.2
73.1
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
128.4
98.3
56.9
70.9
9.3
363.8
Corporate
Association
Labor
Nonconnected
Other PACs
All PACs
23
26
56
14
29
28
47
45
10
30
42
37
<1
1
10
5
1
3
1
2
<1
7
2
2
House, 2004
1
3
2
5
8
1
4
11
3
3
3
5
76
81
85
71
79
78
79.1
63.2
42.8
35.2
5.1
225.4
7
6
7
7
8
7
10
7
1
7
6
7
<1
<1
2
2
<1
1
1
1
<1
3
1
1
Senate, 2004
2
5
1
4
5
<1
4
7
2
3
3
4
24
19
15
29
21
22
25.2
15.0
7.6
14.6
1.4
63.7
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
104.3
78.2
50.3
49.8
6.5
289.1
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated March 14, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 3-11
How PACs Distributed Their Contributions to Congressional Candidates, 1978-2012
Percentage distribution
Incumbent Challenger
D
R
D
R
Percent to
Open seat Chamber
D
R
Dollars to
chamber (in
millions)
Percentage distribution
Incumbent Challenger
D
R
D
R
Open seat
D
R
Percent to
Chamber
Dollars to
chamber (in
millions)
Total
Total
dollars (in
percent
millions)
Corporate
Association
Labor
Nonconnected
Other PACs
All PACs
24
27
53
18
29
30
41
39
8
23
38
31
1
1
10
6
<1
3
1
2
<1
5
1
2
House, 2002
2
6
3
8
14
1
8
12
2
6
6
7
74
80
85
72
76
78
68.2
57.2
44.4
32.2
4.9
206.9
7
6
7
8
9
7
10
8
1
7
8
7
<1
1
5
3
<1
2
4
4
<1
6
4
3
Senate, 2002
<1
3
<1
2
2
<1
2
2
<1
2
1
2
26
20
15
28
24
22
23.4
14.3
7.5
12.5
1.5
59.2
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
91.6
71.5
51.9
44.6
6.5
266.1
Corporate
Association
Labor
Nonconnected
Other PACs
All PACs
25
29
55
19
33
32
40
39
7
24
36
31
1
2
16
8
3
5
2
3
<1
8
2
3
House, 2000
1
5
2
6
9
<1
6
11
1
5
3
5
74
81
87
76
80
79
61.3
54.1
42.6
26.3
5.5
189.9
4
3
4
4
5
4
15
10
1
10
10
10
1
1
5
3
1
2
1
1
<1
1
1
1
Senate, 2000
1
4
1
3
3
<1
2
4
1
3
2
3
26
19
13
24
20
21
21.6
13.0
6.1
8.3
1.4
50.5
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
83
67.1
48.7
34.6
6.9
240.3
Corporate
Association
Labor
Nonconnected
Other PACs
All PACs
21
25
54
18
31
29
41
40
7
24
35
31
0
2
12
5
1
4
2
3
<1
11
3
3
House, 1998
1
5
3
6
13
<1
5
11
2
3
5
5
70
79
86
74
76
77
50.3
46.5
37.3
20.0
4.7
158.7
8
6
8
9
10
8
14
9
1
9
9
9
0
0
2
1
1
1
3
2
<1
3
2
2
Senate, 1998
2
3
2
2
2
<1
2
2
1
1
2
2
29
21
14
26
24
23
20.9
12.5
6.0
7.1
1.5
48.1
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
71.1
59.0
43.4
27.1
6.2
206.8
Corporate
Association
Labor
Nonconnected
Other PACs
All PACs
20
21
41
16
27
25
44
40
5
26
36
30
<1
3
25
10
3
8
2
3
<1
6
3
3
House, 1996
2
5
4
6
13
<1
4
7
3
5
5
5
74
79
85
69
76
76
51.3
44.0
39.4
15.1
5.2
155.0
2
2
3
4
3
3
11
8
1
9
7
7
<1
1
3
2
2
2
3
2
<1
4
3
2
Senate, 1996
3
7
3
6
8
<1
5
7
4
5
5
5
26
22
15
31
24
24
18.3
12.0
6.9
6.9
1.5
45.6
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
69.6
56.0
46.3
22.0
6.7
200.6
Corporate
Association
Labor
Nonconnected
Other PACs
All PACs
34
37
55
31
43
40
22
22
3
11
18
15
1
2
10
4
2
4
4
5
<1
7
4
4
House, 1994
2
5
5
6
14
<1
7
6
4
4
6
4
68
77
82
66
74
74
43.4
38.6
33.3
11.6
4.0
138.8
9
7
9
11
11
9
9
6
<1
7
5
5
<1
1
4
1
1
1
3
2
<1
3
1
2
Senate, 1994
2
9
2
5
5
<1
5
5
3
4
3
5
32
23
18
33
26
26
20.6
11.3
7.2
5.6
1.8
46.5
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
64.1
50.0
40.4
17.3
6.6
178.4
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated March 14, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 3-11
How PACs Distributed Their Contributions to Congressional Candidates, 1978-2012
Percentage distribution
Incumbent Challenger
D
R
D
R
Percent to
Open seat Chamber
D
R
Dollars to
chamber (in
millions)
Percentage distribution
Incumbent Challenger
D
R
D
R
Open seat
D
R
Percent to
Chamber
Dollars to
chamber (in
millions)
Total
Total
dollars (in
percent
millions)
Corporate
Association
Labor
Nonconnected
Other PACs
All PACs
32
35
48
25
43
36
23
22
3
11
19
17
1
3
11
5
1
4
3
3
<1
5
2
2
House, 1992
1
5
7
6
16
1
9
1
4
3
8
4
67
76
78
60
72
71
42.9
38.7
30.5
10.3
4.2
127.0
10
8
9
12
11
9
13
8
1
10
9
8
2
2
7
6
2
3
2
1
<1
2
<1
1
Senate, 1992
2
5
2
2
5
<1
6
3
4
1
3
3
33
24
22
40
28
29
21.2
12.4
8.6
6.9
1.6
51.1
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
64.1
51.1
39.1
17.2
5.7
178.1
Corporate
Association
Labor
Nonconnected
Other PACs
All PACs
32
40
54
26
46
39
25
25
5
13
21
19
1
2
9
4
1
3
2
2
<1
4
2
1
House, 1990
2
4
5
5
13
<1
8
5
2
2
6
4
66
77
82
60
74
72
35.4
32.5
27.6
8.5
4.3
108.5
13
9
11
20
13
11
11
8
1
10
8
9
<1
1
5
2
1
2
6
3
<1
5
2
3
Senate, 1990
<1
3
<1
2
1
<1
1
2
<1
2
1
2
34
33
18
40
26
28
18.0
10.0
6.0
5.7
1.5
41.2
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
53.5
42.5
33.6
14.3
5.8
149.7
Corporate
Association
Labor
Nonconnected
Other PACs
All PACs
31
37
50
25
41
36
26
26
6
12
23
19
1
2
15
8
1
6
2
1
<1
4
2
1
House, 1988
1
3
3
4
9
<1
6
4
2
2
4
3
63
73
79
59
72
69
31.6
28.6
26.8
11.4
3.8
102.2
11
9
9
13
12
10
14
9
1
9
9
9
1
1
6
7
2
3
4
2
<1
3
1
2
Senate, 1988
3
5
2
3
4
<1
4
4
2
2
3
3
37
27
21
41
28
31
18.8
10.4
7.1
7.8
1.5
45.7
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
50.4
38.9
33.9
19.2
5.3
147.8
Corporate
Association
Labor
Nonconnected
Other PACs
All PACs
26
33
45
21
36
32
24
27
5
12
23
19
1
2
14
8
1
5
2
2
<1
5
2
2
House, 1986
1
4
3
5
10
<1
7
6
2
2
5
4
58
71
75
59
67
66
26.4
23.0
21.9
10.7
3.2
85.2
5
6
6
6
6
5
20
12
2
11
15
13
3
4
11
10
6
6
3
1
<1
2
1
1
Senate, 1986
2
9
2
4
6
<1
7
5
2
3
4
5
42
29
25
41
33
34
19.0
9.4
7.1
7.5
1.6
44.6
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
45.3
32.4
29.1
18.2
4.8
129.8
Corporate
Association
Labor
Nonconnected
Other PACs
All PACs
29
36
57
26
48
38
26
28
4
9
23
18
<1
2
14
5
2
4
7
5
<1
15
2
6
House, 1984
<1
4
2
4
5
<1
3
6
1
2
2
3
67
77
80
63
78
72
22.9
19.8
18.7
8.6
2.9
72.9
7
6
6
7
7
6
19
11
1
10
10
11
1
2
9
10
2
4
2
1
<1
4
1
2
Senate, 1984
1
4
1
1
4
<1
3
2
2
1
2
2
33
23
20
37
22
28
11.4
6.0
4.6
5.1
0.8
27.9
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
34.3
25.8
23.3
13.7
3.7
100.8
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated March 14, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 3-11
How PACs Distributed Their Contributions to Congressional Candidates, 1978-2012
Percentage distribution
Incumbent Challenger
D
R
D
R
Percent to
Open seat Chamber
D
R
Dollars to
chamber (in
millions)
Percentage distribution
Incumbent Challenger
D
R
D
R
Open seat
D
R
Percent to
Chamber
Dollars to
chamber (in
millions)
Total
Total
dollars (in
percent
millions)
Corporate
Association
Labor
Nonconnected
Other PACs
All PACs
22
26
40
20
40
28
31
32
3
13
25
22
1
3
21
11
3
8
6
6
<1
12
1
5
House, 1982
2
6
3
6
11
1
5
7
4
3
5
5
69
77
75
69
78
73
18.1
15.9
14.6
6.9
2.4
57.9
8
9
14
9
11
9
13
9
2
6
5
6
<1
1
7
5
2
5
5
2
<1
7
<1
7
Senate, 1982
<1
4
<1
2
2
<1
2
2
<1
3
2
2
31
23
25
31
22
27
8.3
4.9
4.8
3.2
0.7
21.8
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
26.4
20.8
19.4
10.0
3.1
79.7
Corporate
Association
Labor
Nonconnected
Other PACs
All PACs
23
29
50
13
40
31
21
24
3
9
19
17
1
1
12
3
2
3
13
13
<1
26
2
10
House, 1980
1
6
2
6
7
<1
2
8
3
4
3
5
64
75
72
62
72
69
11.7
11.2
8.9
2.8
1.4
36.0
9
9
18
8
16
11
5
4
3
2
4
4
<1
1
4
<1
1
1
17
8
<1
20
5
10
Senate, 1980
1
4
1
2
3
<1
<1
5
2
2
2
2
36
25
28
37
28
31
6.4
3.8
3.4
1.7
0.5
15.9
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
18.1
15.0
12.3
4.5
1.9
51.9
Corporate
Association
Labor
Nonconnected
Other PACs
All PACs
22
27
43
9
49
30
18
20
2
10
12
14
1
2
12
3
2
5
10
11
<1
29
1
9
House, 1978
4
8
7
9
14
<1
4
18
8
5
8
7
63
76
72
74
77
71
6.2
8.6
7.5
2.1
0.8
25.0
6
5
10
3
5
6
14
8
2
5
5
8
2
2
9
3
3
4
7
4
<1
10
2
4
Senate, 1978
3
6
2
3
5
<1
1
5
4
3
3
3
37
24
28
26
23
29
3.6
2.8
2.8
0.7
0.2
10.2
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
9.8
11.3
10.3
2.8
1.0
35.2
Notes: The data are for general election candidates only. D indicates Democrat; R indicates Republican. Percentages may not add up to 100 because of rounding.
Source: Campaign Finance Institute analysis of Federal Election Commission data.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated March 14, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 3-12
Political Party Contributions, Coordinated and Independent Expenditures for Congressional Candidates, 1976-2012 (in dollars)
Contributions
2012
Democrats
Republicans
2010
Democrats
Republicans
2008
Democrats
Republicans
2006
Democrats
Republicans
2004
Democrats
Republicans
2002
Democrats
Republicans
2000
Democrats
Republicans
1998
Democrats
Republicans
1996
Democrats
Republicans
1994
Democrats
Republicans
1992
Democrats
Republicans
1990
Democrats
Republicans
1988
Democrats
Republicans
1986
Democrats
Republicans
1984
Democrats
Republicans
1982
Democrats
Republicans
Senate
Expenditures
Coordinated Independent
House
Contributions
Total
Expenditures
Coordinated Independent
646,500
790,800
5,348,835
7,600,476
52,834,293
32,114,674
585,363
749,025
5,348,835
4,718,800
62,685,918
61,881,122
127,449,744
107,854,897
782,710
1,597,170
17,509,201
18,196,872
41,496,478
34,351,039
293,045
1,022,314
6,746,051
8,295,592
65,745,376
48,785,092
132,572,861
112,248,079
558,600
135,000
3,822,922
1,530,624
73,028,432
40,650,902
1,027,132
3,109,174
1,654,208
3,420,315
81,641,424
30,971,545
161,732,718
79,817,560
596,800
386,782
5,796,005
8,784,685
42,627,472
32,156,053
2,429,919
785,435
2,409,914
4,519,856
64,141,253
83,085,694
118,001,363
129,718,505
1,082,388
1,875,740
10,154,423
9,277,459
21,710,954
11,500,079
806,115
1,156,771
2,880,867
3,220,419
32,036,890
43,440,699
68,671,637
70,471,167
493,852
2,027,001
2,085,319
10,378,872
413
501,208
891,626
2,131,531
2,730,563
5,388,717
250,262
1,362,431
6,452,035
21,789,760
356,618
519,110
5,149,704
10,823,862
257,920
395,190
977,690
1,747,012
3,325,207
4,394,759
2,031,421
1,161,612
12,098,560
19,041,545
302,478
514,657
9,349,948
9,334,065
1,460,149
219,074
1,542,312
2,098,276
4,596,380
6,310,120
29,558
46,286
17,280,825
18,522,478
637,734
772,244
8,611,897
10,751,093
1,452,507
9,438,331
1,387,952
2,462,999
6,786,959
7,998,844
31,914
35,812
18,908,963
31,459,323
638,618
748,011
13,204,309
11,561,866
1,501,220
2,036,712
8,455,070
8,851,871
23,799,217
23,198,460
689,953
807,397
11,915,878
16,509,940
1,234,553
2,197,611
5,883,678
6,906,729
19,724,062
26,421,677
515,332
862,621
5,210,002
7,725,853
943,135
2,019,279
3,401,579
3,012,313
10,070,048
13,620,066
501,777
719,006
6,592,264
10,260,600
1,258,952
2,657,069
2,891,152
4,162,207
11,244,145
17,798,882
620,832
729,522
6,656,286
10,077,902
968,913
2,520,278
1,836,213
4,111,474
10,082,244
17,439,176
441,467
590,922
3,947,731
6,518,415
1,280,672
4,060,120
1,774,452
6,190,309
7,444,322
17,359,766
579,337
600,221
2,265,197
8,715,761
1,052,286
4,720,959
694,321
5,293,260
4,591,141
19,330,201
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated March 14, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 3-12
Political Party Contributions, Coordinated and Independent Expenditures for Congressional Candidates, 1976-2012 (in dollars)
Contributions
1980
Democrats
Republicans
1978
Democrats
Republicans
1976
Democrats
Republicans
Senate
Expenditures
Coordinated Independent
House
Contributions
Total
Expenditures
Coordinated Independent
480,464
677,004
1,132,912
5,434,758
1,025,989
3,498,323
256,346
2,203,748
2,895,711
11,813,833
466,683
703,204
229,218
2,723,880
1,262,298
3,621,104
72,892
1,297,079
2,031,091
8,345,267
468,795
930,034
4,359
113,976
1,465,629
3,658,310
500
329,583
1,939,283
5,031,903
Notes: The table includes three different kinds of party support for candidates: direct contributions, coordinated expenditures and
independent spending. Direct contributions: House candidates may receive a maximum of $20,000 in primary and general election
combined from national and state party committees. In 2012, Senate candidates could receive $43,100 from national party committees and
another $10,000 from state parties. The National Party to Senate candidate amount is indexed for inflation.
Coordinated expenditures: For most House candidates, party committees may spend an inflation adjusted amount that in 2012 came to
$45,600. The limit is doubled (to $91,200 in 2012) for states with only one congressional district. For Senate candidates, the limit goes up
with a state's population as well as inflation. In the smallest states, this was $91,200 in 2012. In the largest states (California) it was $2.6
million. The median states (Kentucky and Louisiana) had party coordinated spending limits of $305,000 and $315,400 respectively.
Independent spending by the parties cannot be limited since the Supreme Court's decision in Colorado Republican Federal Campaign
Committee v. Federal Election Commission 518 U.S. 604 (1996). Despite this ruling, the parties did not do a great deal of independent
spending between 1996 and 2002 because such spending has to be funded entirely with money raised under federal contribution limits. The
parties preferred to use "soft" money (no contribution limits) to help pay for communications that were designed to get around these restraints.
After the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 prohibited national party soft money, the parties shifted more money into independent
expenditures. Unfortunately, it is not possible to know how much soft money was spent to help congressional candidates in the elections
through 2002. In 2012, party independent spending in House contests spread out to over 74 districts, with a maximum of $5.0 million spent in
one district. Senate independent spending focused on seventeen races, with $14.4 million spent in Virginia.
Source: Campaign Finance Institute analysis of Federal Election Commission data.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated March 14, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 3-13
Hard and Soft Money Raised by National Party Committees, 1992-2012 (in millions of dollars)
2012
Hard
2010
Hard
2008
Hard
2006 2004
Hard Hard
260.1
162.8
176.2
599.1
Hard
2002
Soft
Total
Hard
2000
Soft
Total
Hard
1998
Soft Total
1996
Hard Soft Total
1994
Hard Soft Total
1992
Hard Soft Total
Democratic
National Committee
Senatorial
Congressional
Total
301.4
145.9
183.8
631.1
224.8
129.5
163.9
518.3
130.8 394.4
121.4 88.7
139.9 93.2
392.1 576.2
67.5
48.4
46.4
162.3
97.0
96.9
56.8
250.7
164.5
145.3
103.2
413.0
124.0
40.5
48.4
212.9
135.3
63.3
58.0
256.6
259.3
103.8
106.4
469.5
64.8
35.7
25.2
125.6
57.4 122.2
25.9 61.5
16.6 41.8
99.9 225.5
108.4 100.5 208.9
30.8 14.1 44.9
26.6 11.8 38.4
165.8 126.4 292.2
41.8 45.1 86.9
26.4 0.4 26.9
19.4 5.1 24.6
87.7 50.7 138.4
65.8 28.4 94.2
25.5 0.5 26.0
12.8 4.0 16.8
104.1 32.9 137.0
Republican
National Committee
425.0
196.4 427.6 243.0 392.4
170.1
118.7 288.8
212.8
163.5 376.3
104.1
74.3 178.4
193.0 114.4 307.4
87.4 42.4 129.8
85.5 33.6 119.1
117.0
155.7
697.7
114.6 94.4 88.8 79.0
133.8 118.3 179.5 185.7
444.7 640.3 511.3 657.1
59.2
123.6
352.9
66.9 126.1
73.3 196.9
258.9 611.8
51.5
97.3
361.6
44.6 96.1
52.9 150.2
261.1 622.7
53.4 37.3 90.7
72.7 24.1 96.8
230.2 135.7 365.9
64.5 29.4 93.9
74.2 28.8 103.0
331.8 172.5 504.3
65.3 6.5 71.9
26.7 4.8 31.5
179.4 53.7 233.1
73.8 7.7 81.5
35.3 6.2 41.5
194.5 47.5 242.0
Senatorial
Congressional
Total
( )
p
p
j
g
included in reported total receipts. (2) The national party committees were prohibited from raising soft money by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of
2002.
Source: Campaign Finance Institute analysis of Federal Election Commission data.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated March 14, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 3-14
Non-Party Independent Expenditures in House and Senate Elections, 1978-2012 (in dollars)
For
Democrats
2012
House
Senate
2010
House
Senate
2008
House
Senate
2006
House
Senate
2004
House
Senate
2002
House
Senate
2000
House
Senate
1998
House
Senate
1996
House
Senate
1994
House
Senate
1992
House
Senate
1990
House
Senate
1988
House
Senate
1986
House
Senate
1984
House
Senate
1982
House
Senate
1980
House
Senate
1978
House
Senate
Against
Democrats
For
Republicans
Against
Republicans
Total
23,413,464
18,265,873
77,171,121
101,547,974
34,082,403
42,596,491
63,247,389
96,890,762
197,914,377
259,301,100
20,586,631
13,510,171
37,047,762
43,396,775
14,609,781
22,532,780
25,624,537
17,803,878
97,868,711
97,243,604
8,474,409
5,417,350
2,031,373
1,846,788
8,387,039
5,506,228
7,062,990
5,004,986
25,955,811
17,775,352
6,441,484
2,924,466
771,557
305,268
6,382,708
5,700,633
12,084,897
1,474,496
25,680,646
10,404,863
1,346,007
415,371
66,693
311,123
3,898,440
7,740,022
545,190
364,568
5,856,330
8,831,084
2,664,722
5,275,291
261,922
181,233
2,522,441
3,547,488
538,808
1,173,796
5,987,893
10,177,808
4,112,071
1,481,901
234,237
607,809
2,893,836
4,378,023
1,665,755
2,729,069
8,905,899
9,196,802
1,787,439
869,191
258,276
146,564
3,778,331
1,440,075
601,976
1,011,575
6,426,022
3,467,405
679,312
291,109
127,706
832,161
2,624,887
2,872,325
1,401,101
833,208
4,833,006
4,828,803
502,621
204,212
488,479
433,947
1,088,356
1,309,572
50,815
537,531
2,130,271
2,485,262
1,485,768
1,137,321
430,902
164,358
1,586,017
864,493
452,942
210,490
3,955,629
2,376,662
709,292
780,832
130,695
266,230
669,726
1,436,553
74,444
584,429
1,584,157
3,068,044
1,465,554
831,064
278,723
617,066
919,929
2,809,517
148,705
143,441
2,812,911
4,401,088
2,385,685
988,382
227,286
632,412
1,313,578
3,342,790
120,032
348,006
4,046,581
5,311,590
560,727
326,031
118,171
410,428
633,646
1,807,981
26,847
2,082,207
1,339,391
4,626,647
241,442
127,451
862,654
3,182,986
492,404
298,410
66,296
483,750
1,662,796
4,092,597
190,615
127,381
38,023
1,282,613
410,478
261,678
45,132
12,430
684,248
1,684,102
28,725
102,508
31,034
36,717
70,701
26,065
5,298
1,985
135,758
167,275
Note: An independent expenditure is defined by the FEC as an expenditure for a
communication "expressly advocating the election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate
that is not made in cooperation, consultation, or concert with, or at the request or suggestion
of, a candidate, a candidate’s authorized committee, or their agents, or a political party or its
agents." 11 CFR 100.16(a).
Source: Campaign Finance Institute analysis of Federal Election Commission data.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated March 14, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Chapter 4: Congressional Committee Data
Table of Contents
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5
4-6
4-7
4-8
Number of Committees in the Senate and House, 84th - 113th Congresses, 1955 - 2014
Number and Type of House Committees, 84th - 113th Congresses, 1955 - 2014
Number and Type of Senate Committees, 84th - 113th Congresses, 1955 - 2014
Committee Assignments for Representatives, 84th - 113th Congresses, 1955 - 2014
Committee Assignments for Senators, 84th - 113th Congresses, 1955 - 2014
Majority Party Chairmanships of House Committees and Subcommittees, 84th - 113th Congresses, 1955 - 2014
Majority Party Chairmanships of Senate Committees and Subcommittees, 84th - 113th Congresses, 1955 - 2014
Southern Chairmanships of House and Senate Standing Committees, 84th - 113th Congresses, 1955 - 2014
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated December 31, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 4-1
Congress
84th (1955 - 1956)
90th (1967 - 1968)
92nd (1971 - 1972)
94th (1975 - 1976)
96th (1979 - 1980)
97th (1981 - 1982)
98th (1983 - 1984)
99th (1985 - 1986)
100th (1987 - 1988)
101st (1989 - 1990)
102nd (1991 - 1992)
103rd (1993 - 1994)
104th (1995 - 1996)
105th (1997 - 1998)
106th (1999 - 2000)
107th (2001 - 2002)
108th (2003 - 2004)
109th (2005 - 2006)
110th (2007 - 2008)
111th (2009 - 2010)
112th (2011 - 2012)
113th (2013 - 2014)
Number of Committees in the Senate and House, 84th - 113th Congresses, 1955 - 2014
Senate
133
155
181
205
130
136
137
120
118
118
119
111
92
92
94
91
92
92
96
98
98
92
House
130
185
175
204
193
174
172
191
192
189
185
146
110
112
111
116
122
120
126
128
130
122
Totala
242
315
333
385
314
300
299
301
298
295
284
252
198
200
201
203
210
212
218
222
223
210
Note: "Committees" include standing committees, subcommittees of standing committees, select and special
committees, subcommittees of select and special committees, joint committees, and subcommittees of joint
committees.
a. The total is less than for the Senate and House combined because joint panels count only once.
Sources: The Almanac of American Politics (Washington, D.C.: National Journal Group, various editions);
U.S. House of Representatives, http://www.house.gov; U.S. Senate, http://www.senate.gov.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated December 31, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 4-2
Congress
84th (1955 - 1956)
90th (1967 - 1968)
92nd (1971 - 1972)
94th (1975 - 1976)
96th (1979 - 1980)
97th (1981 - 1982)
98th (1983 - 1984)
99th (1985 - 1986)
100th (1987 - 1988)
101st (1989 - 1990)
102nd (1991 - 1992)
103rd (1993 - 1994)
104th (1995 - 1996)
105th (1997 - 1998)
106th (1999 - 2000)
107th (2001 - 2002)
108th (2003 - 2004)
109th (2005 - 2006)
110th (2007 - 2008)
111th (2009 - 2010)
112th (2011 - 2012)
113th (2013 - 2014)
Number and Type of House Committees, 84th - 113th Congresses, 1955 - 2014
Standing
committees
19
20
21
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
Subcommittes
of standing
committees
83
133
120
151
149a
132
130
142
140b
138b
135b
115
84
86
85
89
88
92
97
98
101
94
Select and
special
committees
2
1
3
3
5
3
3
5
6
5
5
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
Subcommittees
of select and
special
committees
5
6
8
4
8
7
7
12
12
12
11
3
2
2
2
3
9
4
4
4
3
3
Joint
committees
10
10
8
7
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
4
Subcommittee
s of joint
committees
11
15
15
17
5
6
6
6
8
8
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a. This number includes nine budget task forces and the Welfare and Pension Plans Task Force (of the Subcommittee
on Labor Management Relations of the Education and Labor Committee).
b. This number includes panels and task forces only if the committee has no subcommittees.
Sources: Nelson, Garrison, Committees in the U.S. Congress 1947-1992, Committee Jurisdictions and Member Rosters
(Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1993); Congressional Quarterly Committee Guide, Congressional
Quarterly Weekly Report, various issues; U.S. House of Representatives, http://www.house.gov.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated December 31, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 4-3
Congress
84th (1955 - 1956)
90th (1967 - 1968)
92nd (1971 - 1972)
94th (1975 - 1976)
96th (1979 - 1980)
97th (1981 - 1982)
98th (1983 - 1984)
99th (1985 - 1986)
100th (1987 - 1988)
101st (1989 - 1990)
102nd (1991 - 1992)
103rd (1993 - 1994)
104th (1995 - 1996)
105th (1997 - 1998)
106th (1999 - 2000)
107th (2001 - 2002)
108th (2003 - 2004)
109th (2005 - 2006)
110th (2007 - 2008)
111th (2009 - 2010)
112th (2011 - 2012)
113th (2013 - 2014)
Number and Type of Senate Committees, 84th - 113th Congresses, 1955 - 2014
Standing
committees
15
16
17
18
15
15
16
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
16
17
17
17
16
16
16
Subcommittes
of standing
committees
88
99
123
140
91
94
103
90
85
86
87
86
68
68
68
68
68
72
72
74
73
72
Select and
special
committees
3
3
5
6
5
5
4
4
5
4
4
3
3
3
4
4
3
3
3
4
4
4
Subcommittees
of select and
special
committees
6
12
13
17
10
12
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Joint
committees
10
10
8
7
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
4
4
4
3
4
4
4
4
5
4
Subcommittee
s of joint
committees
11
15
15
17
5
6
6
6
8
8
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sources: Nelson, Garrison, Committees in the U.S. Congress 1947-1992, Committee Jurisdictions and Member Rosters
(Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1993); Congressional Quarterly Committee Guide, Congressional Quarterly
Weekly Report, various issues; U.S. Senate, http://www.senate.gov.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated December 31, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 4-4
Congress
84th (1955 - 1956)
92nd (1971 - 1972)
94th (1975 - 1976)
96th (1979 - 1980)
97th (1981 - 1982)
98th (1983 - 1984)
99th (1985 - 1986)
100th (1987 - 1988)
101st (1989 - 1990)
102nd (1991 - 1992)
103rd (1993 - 1994)
104th (1995 - 1996)
105th (1997 - 1998)
106th (1999 - 2000)
107th (2001 - 2002)
108th (2003 - 2004)
109th (2005 - 2006)
110th (2007 - 2008)
111th (2009 - 2010)
112th (2011 - 2012)
113th (2013 - 2014)
Committee Assignments for Representatives, 84th - 113th Congresses, 1955 - 2014
Mean no. of
standing
committee
assignments
1.2
1.5
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.9
2
1.9
1.9
1.7
1.8
Mean no. of
subcommittees
of standing
committee
assignments
1.6
3.2
4.0
3.6
3.4
3.6
4.0
3.8
3.9
4.0
3.7
2.9
3.2
3.2
3.6
3.5
2.9
2.8
3.8
3.4
3.4
Mean no. of
other
committee
assignmentsa
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.8
1.0b
1.1b
0.9b
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
Total
3.0
5.1
6.2
5.8
5.5
5.8
6.6
6.5
6.8
6.8
5.9
4.8
5.1
5.2
5.6
5.6
5.1
4.9
5.9
5.3
5.3
a. Other committees include select and special committees, subcommittees of select and special
committees, joint committees, and subcommittees of joint committees.
b. This number includes task forces when the committee has no other subcommittees.
Sources: Nelson, Garrison, Committees in the U.S. Congress 1947-1992, Committee Jurisdictions
and Member Rosters (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1993); Congressional Quarterly
Committee Guide, Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, various issues; U.S. House of
Representatives, http://www.house.gov.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated December 31, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 4-5
Congress
84th (1955 - 1956)
92nd (1971 - 1972)
94th (1975 - 1976)
96th (1979 - 1980)
97th (1981 - 1982)
98th (1983 - 1984)
99th (1985 - 1986)
100th (1987 - 1988)
101st (1989 - 1990)
102nd (1991 - 1992)
103rd (1993 - 1994)
104th (1995 - 1996)
105th (1997 - 1998)
106th (1999 - 2000)
107th (2001 - 2002)b
108th (2003 - 2004)
109th (2005 - 2006)
110th (2007 - 2008)
111th (2009 - 2010)
112th (2011 - 2012)
113th (2013 - 2014)
Committee Assignments for Senators, 84th - 113th Congresses, 1955 - 2014
Mean no. of
standing
committee
assignments
2.2
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.5
2.9
2.8
2.9
3.0
2.9
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.2
3.2
3.5
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.4
3
Mean no. of
subcommittees Mean no. of
other
of standing
committee
committee
assignmentsa
assignments
4.8
0.9
9.5
3.3
11.0
4.1
6.6
1.5
6.7
1.5
7.5
1.2
6.9
0.9
7.0
1.2
7.0
1.1
7.4
1.1
7.8
0.8
6.2
0.7
6.5
0.7
6.8
0.7
8.5
0.7
8
0.7
9.3
0.7
7.7
0.6
8.9
0.8
8.6
0.9
7
0.8
Total
7.9
15.3
17.6
10.4
10.7
11.6
10.6
11.1
11.1
11.4
11.8
10.0
10.3
10.7
12.4
12.2
13.3
11.7
13.2
12.9
10.8
a. Other committees include select and special committees, subcommittees of select and special committees,
joint committees, and subcommittees of joint committees.
b. These numbers are correct as of the start of the 107th Congress and do not reflect changes in committee
assignments that occurred after Jim Jeffords (VT) left the Republican Party to become an Independent, shifting
control of the Senate to the Democrats.
Sources: Nelson, Garrison, Committees in the U.S. Congress 1947-1992, Committee Jurisdictions and Member
Rosters (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1993); Congressional Quarterly Committee Guide,
Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, various issues; U.S. Senate, http://www.senate.gov.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated December 31, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 4-6
Majority Party Chairmanships of House Committees and Subcommittees, 84th - 113th Congresses, 1955 - 2014
Standing Committees and subcommittees
Congress
84th (1955 - 1956)
90th (1967 - 1968)
92nd (1971 - 1972)
94th (1975 - 1976)
96th (1979 - 1980)
97th (1981 - 1982)
98th (1983 - 1984)
99th (1985 - 1986)
100th (1987 - 1988)
101st (1989 - 1990)
102nd (1991 - 1992)
103rd (1993 - 1994)
104th (1995 - 1996)
105th (1997 - 1998)
106th (1999 - 2000)
107th (2001 - 2002)
108th (2003 - 2004)
109th (2005 - 2006)
110th (2007 - 2008)
111th (2009 - 2010)
112th (2011 - 2012)
113th (2013 - 2014)
No. chairing
% chairing
No. of majority
No. with two or
standing
standing
Party in party members committees and
more
committees and
majority in the House subcommittees chairmanships subcommittees
D
232
63
18
27.2
D
247
111
32
44.9
D
254
120
25
47.2
D
289
142
24
49.1
D
276
144
19
52.2
D
243
121
16
49.8
D
267
124
23
46.4
D
253
129
27
51.0
D
258
128
28
49.6
D
260
134
26
51.5
D
267
130
25
48.7
D
258
113
19
43.8
R
230
102
1
44.3
R
227
101
4
44.5
R
223
100
2
44.8
R
221
108
1
48.4
R
229
104
2
45.4
R
231
109
3
47.2
D
233
112
4
48.1
D
256
115
2
44.9
R
241
121
1
50.2
R
232
111
4
47.8
All committees and subcommittees
No. chairing all
committees and
subcommitteesa
75
117
131
150
149
125
127
131
132b
137
135b
116
103
102
101
111
112
114
117
121
123
114
No. with two or
more
chairmanships
22
38
31
28
28
26
33
37
42
38
37
22
4
9
6
2
6
6
7
5
4
6
% chairing all
committees and
subcommitteesa
32.3
47.4
51.6
51.9
54.0
51.4
47.6
51.8
51.2
52.7
50.6
45.0
44.8
44.9
45.3
49.3
48.9
49.4
50.2
47.3
51.0
49.1
a. This number includes standing committees, subcommittees of standing committees, select and special committees, subcommittees of select and special
committees, joint committees, and subcommittees of joint committees.
b. This number includes task forces when the committee has no other subcommittees.
Sources: Nelson, Garrison, Committees in the U.S. Congress 1947-1992, Committee Jurisdictions and Member Rosters (Washington, D.C.: Congressional
Quarterly, 1993); Congressional Quarterly Committee Guide, Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, various issues; U.S. House of Representatives,
http://www.house.gov.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated December 31, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 4-7
Congress
84th (1955 - 1956)
90th (1967 - 1968)
92nd (1971 - 1972)
94th (1975 - 1976)
96th (1979 - 1980)
97th (1981 - 1982)
98th (1983 - 1984)
99th (1985 - 1986)
100th (1987 - 1988)
101st (1989 - 1990)
102nd (1991 - 1992)
103rd (1993 - 1994)
104th (1995 - 1996)
105th (1997 - 1998)
106th (1999 - 2000)
107th (2001 - 2002)c
108th (2003 - 2004)
109th (2005 - 2006)
110th (2007 - 2008)
111th (2009 - 2010)
112th (2011 - 2012)
113th (2013 - 2014)
Majority Party Chairmanships of Senate Committees and Subcommittees, 84th - 113th Congresses, 1955 - 2014
No. chairing
No. of majority
standing
Party in party members committees and
majority
subcommittees
in Senate
D
48
42
D
64
55
b
55
D
51
62b
D
57
59b
D
58
R
53
51
R
54
52
R
53
49
D
54
47
D
55
46
D
56
50
D
57
46
R
54
44
R
55
48
R
55
53
R
50
49
R
51
51
R
55
52
51d
D
40
60d
D
48
53d
D
48
e
53
D
46
Average no. of
standing
% chairing
committees and
No. chairing all
standing
subcommittees
committees
and
committees and chaired by majority
subcommittees
subcommitteesa
members
87.5
1.8
42
85.9
1.8
58
92.7
2.6
52
91.9
2.4
57
98.3
1.8
58
96.2
1.9
52
96.3
1.9
52
92.5
1.9
49
87.0
1.8
47
83.6
1.9
46
89.3
1.8
50
80.7
1.8
46
81.5
1.8
44
87.3
1.7
48
96.4
1.6
53
98.0
1.7
49
100.0
1.7
51
94.5
1.6
53
78.4
1.6
40
80.0
1.5
48
90.6
1.6
49
86.8
1.6
47
Average no. of all
committees and
% chairing all
subcommittees
committees and
chaired by
subcommitteesa majority members
87.5
2.0
90.6
2.1
94.5
2.9
91.9
2.9
98.3
2.1
98.1
2.3
96.3
2.5
92.5
2.0
87.0
2.0
83.6
1.9
89.3
2.0
80.7
1.9
81.5
1.9
87.3
1.9
96.4
1.7
98.0
1.8
100.0
1.8
96.4
1.7
78.4
1.7
80.0
1.7
92.4
1.7
88.7
1.7
a. This number includes standing committees, subcommittees of standing committees, select and special committees, subcommittees of select and special
committees, joint committees, and subcommittees of joint committees.
b. This number includes Harry Byrd, Jr., who was elected as an Independent.
c. These numbers are correct as of the start of the 107th Congress and do not reflect changes in committee assignments that occurred after Jim Jeffords (VT)
left the Republican Party to become an Independent, shifting control of the Senate to the Democrats.
d. This number includes Joe Lieberman and Bernard Sanders, who were elected as Independents.
e. This number includes Bernard Sanders and Angus King, who were elected as Independents.
Sources: Nelson, Garrison, Committees in the U.S. Congress 1947-1992, Committee Jurisdictions and Member Rosters (Washington, D.C.: Congressional
Quarterly, 1993); Congressional Quarterly Committee Guide, Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, various issues; U.S. Senate, http://www.senate.gov.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated December 31, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 4-8
Southern Chairmanships of House and Senate Standing Committees, 84th - 113th Congresses, 1955 - 2014
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
R
R
R
R
R
R
D
D
R
R
Number of
southern
chairmen
12
10
8
9
5
6
7
8
7
8
8
6
4
3
6
3
4
4
3
2
7
3
Senate
% of exclusive
% of
chairmanships committees
% of majority
chaired by
held by
party from the
southerners
southernersa
South
63
67
43
50
100
35
38
100
31
41
33
28
23
33
28
27
33
29
32
67
30
36
67
29
31
67
29
36
67
29
36
33
29
27
33
33
21
67
25
17
67
31
32
67
32
16
33
32
21
33
33
21
0
33
15
0
26
10
0
21.1
35
0
39.2
15
1
31.5
Party
Control
Year
84th (1955 - 1956)
90th (1967 - 1968)
92nd (1971 - 1972)
94th (1975 - 1976)
96th (1979 - 1980)
97th (1981 - 1982)
98th (1983 - 1984)
99th (1985 - 1986)
100th (1987 - 1988)
101st (1989 - 1990)
102nd (1991 - 1992)
103rd (1993 - 1994)
104th (1995 - 1996)
105th (1997 - 1998)
106th (1999 - 2000)
107th (2001 - 2002)
108th (2003 - 2004)
109th (2005 - 2006)
110th (2007 - 2008)
111th (2009 - 2010)
112th (2011 - 2012)
113th (2013 - 2014)
Party Control
House
D
D
D
D
D
R
R
R
D
D
D
D
R
R
R
Rb
R
R
D
D
D
D
Number of
southern
chairmen
8
9
9
6
4
3
3
2
7
6
6
6
2
4
4
4
4
4
0
2
1
2
% of exclusive
% of
chairmanships committees
% of majority
chaired by
held by
party from the
southerners
southernersa
South
53
50
46
56
100
28
53
100
30
33
100
27
27
50
28
20
25
19
19
25
20
13
0
19
44
75
30
38
50
27
38
50
27
35
25
26
12
50
25
24
50
29
24
50
25
25
50
26
24
25
26
24
50
26
0
0
8
12.5
0
11.7
6.3
0
11.8
12.5
0
13.2
a. In the House these include Ways and Means, Rules, and Appropriations; in the Senate these include Appropriations, Finance, Foreign Relations, and Armed
b. These numbers are correct as of the start of the 107th Congress and do not reflect changes in committee assignments that occurred after Jim Jeffords (VT)
left the Republican Party to become an Independent, shifting control of the Senate to the Democrats.
Sources: Nelson, Garrison, Committees in the U.S. Congress 1947-1992, Committee Jurisdictions and Member Rosters (Washington, D.C.: Congressional
Quarterly, 1993); Congressional Quarterly Committee Guide, Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, various issues; U.S. House of Representatives,
http://www.house.gov; U.S. Senate, http://www.senate.gov.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated December 31, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Chapter 5: Congressional Staff and Operating Expenses
Table of Contents
5-1
5-2
5-3
5-4
5-5
5-6
5-7
5-8
5-9
5-10
5-11
5-12
Congressional Staff, 1979 - 2011
Staffs of Members of the House and Senate, 1891 - 2010
House Staff Based in District Offices, 1970 - 2010
Senate Staff Based in State Offices, 1972 - 2010
Staffs of House and Senate Standing Committees, 1891 - 2009
Staffs of House Standing Committees, 1947 - 2009
Staffs of Senate Standing Committees, 1947 - 2009
Staffs of Congressional Support Agencies, FY1946 - FY2011
Legislative Branch Appropriations and the Consumer Price Index, 1946 - 2011
Legislative Branch Appropriations, by Category, FY1984 - FY2011
Allowances for Representatives, 1977 - 2011
Allowances for Senators, 1977 - 2011
Note about data contained in this chapter : Calculating the size of Congressional staff over
time is difficult. Vital Statistics has used, for many years, the first quarter report in the
Statement of Disbursements of the House and a semi-annual Report of the Secretary of
the Senate , to estimate annual totals for full-time employees. These figures have been
subject to inevitable error and volatility. The Congressional Research Service, by contrast,
conducts a hand-count of House and Senate telephone directories to estimate the size of
congressional staff. We are exploring adopting CRS's methodology, and looking for other
alternatives, for this chapter. Please contact us at [email protected] with
questions and comments.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated July 11, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 5-1
Congressional Staff, 1979 - 2011
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1979
1981
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
House
Committee staffa
Personal staff
Leadership staffc
Officers of the House, staffd
Subtotal, House
2,027
7,067
162
1,487
10,743
1,917
7,487
127
1,686
11,217
2,068
7,606
135
1,728
11,537
2,146
7,528
144
1,818
11,636
2,136
7,584
138
1,845
11,703
2,267
7,569
133
1,215
11,184
2,321
7,278
149
1,293
11,041
2,147b
7,400
132
1,194
10,878
1,266
7,186
134
1,327
9,913
1,276
7,282
126
1,146
9,830
2,027
7,067
162
1,487
10,743
1,917
7,487
127
1,686
11,217
2,146
7,528
144
1,818
11,636
2,136
7,584
138
1,845
11,703
2,267
7,569
133
1,215
11,184
2,321
7,278
149
1,293
11,041
2147b
7,400
132
1,194
10,873
1,266
7,186
134
1,327
9,913
1,276
7,282
126
1,146
9,830
Senate
Committee staffa
Personal staff
Leadership staffc
Officers of the Senate, staffd
Subtotal, Senate
1,410
3,593
91
828
5,922
1,150
3,945
106
878
6,079
1,176
4,059
120
948
6,303
1,178
4,097
118
976
6,369
1,207
4,075
103
904
6,289
1,116
3,837
105
926
5,984
1,154
4,294
125
1,092
6,665
994
4,138
132
1,165
6,429
796
4,247
126
994
6,163
1,216
4,410
148
958
6,732
1,410
3,593
91
828
5,922
1,150
3,945
106
878
6,079
1,178
4,097
118
976
6,369
1,207
4,075
103
904
6,289
1,116
3,837
105
926
5,984
1,154
4,294
125
1,092
6,665
994
4,138
132
1,165
6,429
796
4,247
126
994
6,163
1,216
4,410
148
958
6,732
138
126
123
131
132
138
145
145
108
120
138
126
131
132
138
145
145
108
120
Support agencies
General Accountability Office
Congressional Research Service
Congressional Budget Office
5,303
847
207
5,182
849
218
4,960
853
211
5,042
860
222
5,016
860
226
5,063
860
226
5,054
831
226
4,958
835
230
4,342
746
214
3,500
726
232
5,303
847
204
5,182
849
218
5,042
860
222
5,016
860
226
5,063
860
226
5,054
831
226
4,958
835
230
4,342
746
214
3,500
726
232
Office of Technology Assessment
Subtotal, Support agencies
145
6,502
130
6,379
130
6,154
143
6,267
143
6,245
143
6,292
143
6,254
143
6,166
n.a.f
5,302
n.a.
4,458
145
6,499
130
6,379
143
6,267
143
6,245
143
6,292
143
6,254
143
6,166
n.a.f
5,302
n.a.
4,458
2,296
1,167
3,463
1,986
1,163
3,149
2,061
1,148
3,209
2,073
1,227
3,300
2,412
1,250
3,662
2,088
1,259
3,347
2,099
1,265
3,364
2,060
1,159
3,219
2,151
1,076
3,227
1,854
1,076
2,930
2,296
1,167
3,463
1,986
1,163
3,149
2,073
1,227
3,300
2,412
1,250
3,662
2,088
1,259
3,347
2,099
1,265
3,364
2,060
1,159
3,219
2,151
1,076
3,227
1,854
1,076
2,930
26,768
26,950
27,326
27,703
28,031
26,945
27,469
26,837
24,713
24,070
26,765
26,950
27,703
28,031
26,945
27,469
26,832
24,713
24,070
Joint committee staffs
Miscellaneous
Architect
Capitol Policeg
Subtotal, Miscellaneous
Total
n.a. = not available
Note: The totals reflect the number of full-time paid employees.
a. This includes select and special committee staffs. Therefore, the figures do not agree with those in table 5-5.
b. In addition to the staffs (twenty-nine members) of the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence and the Joint
Committee on the Organization of Congress, which retained twenty-nine staff members, three other select
committees were in operation in 1993: the Select Committee on Aging, the Select Committee on Children, Youth, and
Families, and the Special and Select Committee on Funerals. The 104th Congress did not reauthorize those
committees, but the committees stayed on for a few months to complete previous business. Although the
committees did little business in 1993, they did retain small staffs during that time.
c. This includes legislative counsels' offices.
d. These include doorkeepers, parliamentarians, sergeants-at-arms, the clerk of the House, Senate majority and
minority secretaries, and postmasters.
e. This does not include the Joint Committee on the Library.
f. The Office of Technology Assessment was eliminated in 1995.
g. This includes sworn officers only.
Sources: Report of the Secretary of the Senate , various editions; Statement of Disbursements of the House , various
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated July 11, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 5-1
1999
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
House
Committee staffa
Personal staff
Leadership staffc
Officers of the House, staffd
Subtotal, House
1,267
7,216
179
974
9,636
1,201
7,209
166
892
9,468
1,255
7,263
158
1,023
9,699
1,231
7,048
160
1,099
9,538
1,280
6,742
161
453
8,636
1,272
6,804
176
490
8,742
1,225
7,117
179
358
8,879
1,014
6,735
148
394
8,291
1,362
6,903
195
421
8,881
1,324
6,907
171
451
8,853
Senate
Committee staffa
Personal staff
Leadership staffc
Officers of the Senate, staffd
Subtotal, Senate
910
4,272
219
990
6,391
889
3,994
221
950
6,054
961
4,024
201
940
6,126
924
3,998
227
940
6,089
903
3,687
245
995
5,830
957
3,934
189
1,114
6,194
929
3,944
225
1,077
6,175
874
3,753
236
1,085
5,948
919
3,908
199
1,089
6,115
913
3,884
214
1,086
6,097
104
94
104
103
107
98
90
91
101
96
Support agencies
General Accountability Office
Congressional Research Service
Congressional Budget Office
3,275
703
232
3,155
722
228
3,275
681
232
3,269
692
236
3,252
729
236
3,215
700
235
2,388
669
235
3,172
658
232
3,137
705
233
3,191
675
238
3,350
679
254
3,134
658
248
Office of Technology Assessment
Subtotal, Support agencies
n.a.
4,210
n.a.
4,105
n.a.
4,188
n.a.
4,197
n.a
4,217
n.a
4,150
n.a
3,292
n.a
4,062
n.a
4,075
n.a
4,104
n.a
4,283
n.a
4,040
2,012
1,251
3,263
2,012
1,215
3,227
2,081
1,570
3,651
2,133
1,771
3,904
2,183
1,592
3,775
1,533
1,730
3,263
2,158
2,150
2,212
2,212
2,158
2,150
2,212
2,212
23,604
22,948
23,768
23,831
22,565
22,447
20,594
20,542
21,384
21,362
Joint committee staffs
Miscellaneous
Architect
Capitol Policeg
Subtotal, Miscellaneous
Total
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated July 11, 2013
1,469
7,330
231
465
1,316
202
463
4,067
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 5-2 Staffs of Members of the House and Senate, 1891 - 2010
Year
1891
1914
1930
1935
1947
1957
1967
1972
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986a
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Employees Employees
in House
in Senate
n.a.
n.a.
870
870
1,440
2,441
4,055
5,280
6,939
6,942
6,944
7,067
7,371
7,487
7,511
7,606
7,385
7,528
7,920
7,584
7,564
7,569
7,496
7,278
7,597
7,400
7,390
7,186
7,288
7,282
7,269
7,216
7,226
7,209
7,263
7,048
6,742
6,804
7,117
6,735
6,903
6,907
7,330
39
72
280
424
590
1,115
1,749
2,426
3,251
3,554
3,268
3,593
3,746
3,945
4,041
4,059
3,949
4,097
3,774
4,075
3,977
3,837
4,162
4,294
4,249
4,138
4,200
4,247
4,151
4,410
4,281
4,272
4,087
3,994
4,024
3,998
3,687
3,934
3,944
3,753
3,908
3,884
4,067
n.a. = not available
Note: The totals reflect the number of full-time paid employees.
a. Senate figures reflect the period immediately after Gramm-Rudman mandated staffing cuts. House
figures are for the entire fiscal year, thus averaging post-Gramm-Rudman staffing levels with previous,
higher levels.
Sources: Report of the Secretary of the Senate , various editions; Statement of Disbursements of the
House , various editions.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated July 11, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 5-3 House Staff Based in District Offices, 1970 - 2010
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Percentage of
total personal
Employees
staffs in district
offices
1,035
n.a.
1,121
n.a.
1,189
22.5
1,347
n.a.
1,519
n.a.
1,732
n.a.
1,943
28.0
2,058
29.6
2,317
33.4
2,445
34.6
2,534
34.4
2,702
36.1
2,694
35.8
2,785
36.6
2,872
38.9
2,871
38.1
2,940
43.6
2,503
33.0
2,954
39.6
2,916
38.5
3,027
40.4
3,022
41.5
3,128
41.2
3,130
42.3
3,335
45.1
3,459
48.1
3,144
43.1
3,209
44.1
3,214
44.2
3,192
44.2
3,216
44.5
3,004
41.7
3,302
45.5
3,241
45.9
3,392
50.3
3,450
50.7
3,506
49.3
3,314
49.2
3,418
49.5
3,377
48.9
3,581
48.9
n.a. = not available
Note: The totals reflect the number of full-time paid employees.
Sources: Congressional Staff Directory ; Statement of Disbursements of the House , various editions.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated July 11, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 5-4 Senate Staff Based in State Offices, 1972 - 2010
Year
1972
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Percentage of
total personal
Employees
staffs in district
offices
303
12.5
816
25.0
879
24.4
953
25.4
937
25.8
1,053
26.1
1,132
27.9
1,140
28.9
1,180
28.8
1,249
33.1
1,152
28.3
1,217
30.6
1,200
31.3
1,293
31.1
1,316
30.6
1,368
32.2
1,335
32.3
1,345
32.0
1,278
30.1
1,290
31.1
1,366
31.0
1,381
32.3
1,414
33.2
1,405
34.4
1,228
30.7
1,456
36.2
1,440
36.0
1,468
39.8
1,534
39.0
1,562
39.6
1,495
39.8
1,590
40.7
1,589
40.9
1,668
41
Note: The totals reflect the number of full-time paid employees.
Sources: Congressional Staff Directory ; Report of the Secretary of the Senate , various editions.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated July 11, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 5-5 Staffs of House and Senate Standing Committees, 1891 - 2009
Year
1891
1914
1930
1935
1947
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
Employees
in House
62
105
112
122
167
246
329
440
571
702
729
817
878
1,107
1,460
1,680
1,776
1,844
1,909
1,917
1,843
1,839
1,970
1,944
2,009
Employees
in Senate
41
198
163
172
232
300
386
470
509
635
711
844
873
948
1,277
1,201
1,028
1,151
1,269
1,191
1,022
1,047
1,075
1,095
1,080
Year
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Employees
in House
1,954
2,024
1,976
1,986
1,993
2,201
2,178
2,118
2,046
1,246
1,177
1,250
1,305
1,238
1,176
1,177
1,222
1,193
1,249
1,272
1,225
1,014
1,362
1,324
Employees
in Senate
1,075
1,074
970
1,013
1,090
1,030
1,008
897
958
732
793
1,002
747
805
762
805
869
857
838
887
929
874
919
913
Notes: The totals reflect the number of full-time paid employees.
Figures for 1947-1986 are for the statutory and investigative staffs of standing committees. They do not include select
committee staffs, which varied between 31 and 238 in the House and between 62 and 172 in the Senate during the
1970s. For that reason, the numbers do not agree with those in table 5-1. In an attempt to provide further accuracy, we
have counted certain individuals as .5 of a staff member on the basis of the length of employment and salary received.
Rounding of those numbers then means that figures in this table do not necessarily equal those of the individual
committees in tables 5-6 and 5-7.
Source: Statement of Disbursements of the House , various editions.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated July 11, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 5-6
Staffs of House Standing Committees, 1947 - 2009
Committee
1947 1960 1970 1975 1981 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1994 1995 1996
Appropriations
Government Reform and
Oversight (Government
Operations)
Commerce (Energy and
Commerce)
Ways and Means
International Relations (Foreign
Affairs)
Transportation and
Infrastructure (Public Works)
Judiciary
b
Resources (Natural Resources)
Banking and Financial Services
(Banking)
Science (Science, Space and
Technology)
National Security (Armed
Services)
Budget
Agriculture
House Oversight (House
c
Administration)
Rules
Veterans' Affairs
Small Business
Standards of Official Conduct
d
Post Office and Civil Service
d
Merchant Marine and Fisheries
District of Columbiad
Education and the Workforce
Homeland Security
29
59
71
98
127
182
188
196
218
227
202
126
143
9
54
60
68
84
86
80
82
90
86
82
75
100
10
12
45
22
42
24
112
63
151
91
162
99
153
108
138
94
155
94
140
142
139
122
67
60
93
67
10
14
21
54
84
97
101
98
104
96
98
62
69
6
7
32
27
40
35
88
69
86
75
84
81
83
81
83
80
97
71
89
75
87
74
70
47
74
61
4
10
14
57
70
73
71
67
85
71
66
56
62
4
14
50
85
87
90
78
108
112
100
98
46
56
__
a
17
26
47
74
78
70
79
84
87
86
48
56
10
a
__
9
15
a
__
10
37
a
__
17
38
67
48
49
93
62
64
109
67
69
124
228
66
96
69
82
101
69
76
98
70
78
98
66
44
61
48
70
67
50
7
4
7
__a
a
__
6
4
2
18
__a
a
__
9
25
7
18
__a
5
46
217
18
26
27
5
61
252
43
34
54
9
74
275
45
32
53
9
83
43
62
11
44
85
77
275
41
41
54
8
83
317
49
44
53
11
87
317
48
46
45
9
76
316
47
45
40
9
70
270
37
28
24
10
6
33
36
28
28
9
6
7
9
8
21
15
28
43
82
41
79
42
42
42
74
39
76
40
75
34
75
36
6
6
Notes: The totals reflect the number of full-time paid employees. Many of the
committee names and jurisdictions changed in the 104th Congress. For continuity,
we have included the old committee names in parentheses. The committees are
ranked in order of their staff size in 2001.
a.
a standing
committee
b. Not
In 1993,
the Natural
Resources Committee was created out of the old Interior
Committee. The staff figures for 1947-1991 are actually those of the Interior
Committee.
c. After 1972, the figures include employees of House Informations Systems, the
House of Representatives' central computer facility.
d. These three committees were eliminated in the first few weeks of the 104th
Congress. The juridictions of the Post Office and Civil Service Committee and the
District of Columbia Committee became part of the Government Reform and
Oversight Committee. The jurisdiction of the Merchant Marine and Fisheries
Committee was divided among several other committees.
Source: Statement of Disbursements of the House , various editions.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated July 11, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 5-6
Committee
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
2005 2006 2007
Appropriations
Government Reform and
Oversight (Government
Operations)
156
152
158
147
148
158
156
162
164
156
157
190
207
120
161
129
116
107
111
96
111
108
102
66
101
52
94
65
91
67
90
66
87
67
87
69
97
73
96
73
90
71
94
73
87
67
67
59
102
72
71
68
73
66
68
64
68
68
73
72
75
76
58
122
75
84
85
75
74
80
70
70
73
80
73
75
75
70
69
72
73
65
73
72
74
66
58
76
68
85
70
71
66
69
64
57
68
67
68
64
59
53
61
59
64
52
59
54
57
66
63
64
62
62
58
80
65
63
57
59
58
62
65
59
61
60
51
44
59
54
60
61
62
58
67
53
57
68
48
55
60
44
53
50
47
46
57
49
54
47
46
54
45
46
58
43
42
57
41
43
52
32
27
65
38
46
68
39
42
36
41
27
40
11
41
36
25
32
12
35
35
30
30
13
34
35
30
30
13
40
37
26
27
11
40
33
30
26
12
43
35
32
31
13
42
33
28
28
11
41
34
28
31
12
37
35
67
30
11
27
23
25
19
11
40
29
31
28
16
40
30
32
26
4
72
46
73
41
59
39
59
53
73
65
77
64
Commerce (Energy and
Commerce)
Ways and Means
International Relations (Foreign
Affairs)
Transportation and
Infrastructure (Public Works)
Judiciary
b
Resources (Natural Resources)
Banking and Financial Services
(Banking)
Science (Science, Space and
Technology)
National Security (Armed
Services)
Budget
Agriculture
House Oversight (House
c
Administration)
Rules
Veterans' Affairs
Small Business
Standards of Official Conduct
2008 2009
d
Post Office and Civil Service
d
Merchant Marine and Fisheries
District of Columbiad
Education and the Workforce
Homeland Security
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated July 11, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 5-7
Committee
Appropriations
Judiciary
Governmental Affairs
(and Homeland
Security)
Labor and Human
Resources
Finance
Environment and Public
Works
Commerce, Science,
and Transportation
Armed Services
Budget
Foreign Relations
Energy and Natural
Resources (Interior)
Banking, Housing, and
Urban Affairs
Agriculture
Small Business
Indian Affairs
Rules and
Administration
Veterans'
Affairs
Staffs of Senate Standing Committees, 1947 - 2009
1947 1960 1970 1975 1979 1981 1985 1989 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
23
19
31
137
42
190
72
251
80
223
79
134
82
141
80
127
72
108
70
110
60
74
59
100
76
141
70
90
79
122
80
86
91
89
29
47
55
144
179
153
131
111
96
95
66
63
147
70
75
73
73
9
6
28
6
69
16
150
26
155
67
119
50
127
54
122
55
108
46
117
54
80
46
83
49
94
51
76
41
73
44
74
43
78
65
10
11
34
70
74
56
56
50
40
44
37
34
39
35
36
41
50
8
10
__a
8
52
23
__a
25
53
19
__a
31
111
30
90
62
96
31
91
75
78
36
82
59
93
48
81
61
76
51
66
58
68
50
58
54
70
45
66
58
56
43
46
42
65
49
46
50
68
49
48
54
53
45
41
47
56
48
42
50
54
49
46
46
49
49
46
49
7
26
22
53
55
50
57
50
46
47
39
37
39
36
41
39
38
9
3
__a
__a
41
__a
22
10
__a
__a
15
__a
23
7
__a
__a
13
__a
55
22
__a
__a
29
32
48
34
__a
__a
37
24
39
34
__a
__a
31
22
38
34
24
__a
28
25
51
42
22
__a
27
25
51
29
24
__a
24
24
58
35
26
22
24
14
44
28
20
15
20
14
47
33
20
16
25
17
51
47
27
23
27
21
45
27
21
12
16
22
29
28
22
16
23
21
43
33
19
16
19
17
43
28
24
20
17
16
Notes: The totals reflect the number of full-time paid employees. Committees are ranked in the order of their staff size in
2001.
a. The committee did not yet exist or it existed only as a special committee.
Source: Report of the Secretary of the Senate , various editions.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated July 11, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 5-7
Committee
Appropriations
Judiciary
Governmental Affairs
(and Homeland
Security)
Labor and Human
Resources
Finance
Environment and Public
Works
Commerce, Science,
and Transportation
Armed Services
Budget
Foreign Relations
Energy and Natural
Resources (Interior)
Banking, Housing, and
Urban Affairs
Agriculture
Small Business
Indian Affairs
Rules and
Administration
Veterans' Affairs
2002 2003 2004 2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
96
99
105
98
112
76
111
91
114
95
112
82
104
97
100
92
83
81
77
79
100
96
91
102
93
59
64
62
81
55
70
50
81
68
66
65
77
74
71
78
44
50
45
43
44
43
40
47
56
53
40
50
62
52
50
49
57
46
39
58
58
53
50
58
57
53
52
60
58
54
49
53
59
56
51
65
58
53
44
60
44
40
39
44
42
42
44
45
49
36
26
17
19
22
39
33
25
17
16
17
44
31
25
17
16
20
50
32
27
16
17
34
41
30
31
21
18
22
40
33
28
15
14
24
33
31
32
19
21
25
37
31
31
16
21
27
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated July 11, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 5-8 Staffs of Congressional Support Agencies, FY1946 - FY2011
Year
1946
1947
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Library of
Congress
Congressional
Research
Service only
1,898
1,973
2,459
2,779
3,390
3,848
3,963
4,135
4,375
4,504
4,649
4,880
5,075
5,231
5,390
5,047
4,799
4,803
4,815
4,802
4,809
4,806
4,983
4,874
4,793
4,659
5,043
5,050
5,033
4,701
4,572
4,399
4,299
4,275
4,317
3,920
4,099
4,251
4,200
4,334
4,292
3,994
3,910
3,849
3,871
3,635
3,551
160
161
166
183
231
332
386
479
596
687
741
806
789
818
847
868
849
849
853
858
860
860
860
825
860
797
831
838
835
835
746
729
726
708
703
696
722
681
692
729
700
669
658
705
675
679
658
General
Accountability
Office
14,219
10,695
7,876
5,776
5,074
4,278
4,704
4,718
4,742
4,908
5,270
4,905
5,391
5,315
5,476
5,303
5,196
5,182
5,027
4,960
4,985
5,042
5,019
5,016
5,042
5,063
5,066
5,054
5,062
4,958
4,572
4,572
3,677
3,341
3,245
3,275
3,192
3,155
3,275
3,269
3,252
3,215
2,388
3,172
3,137
3,191
3,350
3,134
Congressional
Budget Office
193
203
201
203
207
218
218
218
211
210
222
222
226
211
226
226
226
218
230
218
214
232
232
219
232
223
228
232
236
236
235
235
232
233
238
254
248
Office of
Technology
Assessment
10
54
103
139
164
145
122
130
130
130
139
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
Note: The totals reflect the number of full-time paid employees.
Sources: Legislative Branch Appropriations , various years. Employment and Trends
(Washington, D.C.: Office of Personnel Management, November 2002, 2003, and 2004).
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated July 11, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 5-9 Legislative Branch Appropriations and the Consumer Price Index, 1946 - 2011
Year
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976b
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
Appropriation (dollars)
54,065,614
61,825,020
62,119,714
62,057,678
64,313,460
71,888,244
75,673,896
77,670,076
70,925,361
86,304,923
94,827,986
120,775,798
107,785,560
136,153,580
131,055,385
140,930,781
136,686,715
150,426,185
168,467,869
221,904,318
197,965,307
221,715,643
282,003,322
311,542,399
361,024,327
443,104,319
564,107,992
645,127,365
662,180,668
785,618,833
947,185,778
963,921,185
1,009,225,350
1,124,766,400
1,199,061,463
1,285,943,826
Increase (percent) Consumer price indexa Increase (percent)
n.a
19.5
8.3
14.4
22.3
14.4
0.5
24.1
8.1
-0.1
23.8
-1.2
3.6
24.1
1.3
11.8
26.0
7.9
5.3
26.5
1.9
2.6
26.7
0.8
-8.7
26.9
0.7
21.7
26.8
-0.4
9.9
27.2
1.5
27.4
28.1
3.3
-10.8
28.9
2.8
26.3
29.1
0.7
-3.7
29.6
1.7
7.5
29.9
1.0
-3.0
30.2
1.0
10.1
30.6
1.3
12.0
31.0
1.3
31.7
31.5
1.6
-10.8
32.4
2.9
12.0
33.4
3.1
27.2
34.8
4.2
10.5
36.7
5.5
15.9
38.8
5.7
22.7
40.5
4.4
27.3
41.8
3.2
14.4
44.4
6.2
2.6
49.3
11.0
18.6
53.8
9.1
20.6
56.9
5.8
1.8
60.6
6.5
4.7
65.2
7.6
11.4
72.6
11.3
6.6
82.4
13.5
7.2
90.9
10.3
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated July 11, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 5-9 Legislative Branch Appropriations and the Consumer Price Index, 1946 - 2011
Year
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
1946-2011
Appropriation (dollars)
1,365,272,433
1,467,318,263
1,644,160,600
1,599,977,138
1,783,255,000
1,635,190,214
1,745,201,500
1,804,624,000
1,968,441,000
2,161,367,000
2,303,844,000
2,302,924,000
2,269,558,000
2,390,600,000
2,125,000,000
2,165,400,000
2,288,000,000
2,581,000,000
2,486,000,000
2,730,000,000
3,227,000,000
3,461,000,000
3,570,000,000
3,639,892,000
3,765,398,000
3,852,184,000
3,970,415,000
4,402,000,000
4,656,000,000
4,540,000,000
-
Increase (percent) Consumer price indexa Increase (percent)
6.2
96.5
6.2
7.5
99.6
3.2
12.0
103.9
4.3
-2.7
107.6
3.6
11.4
109.6
1.9
-8.3
113.6
3.6
6.7
118.3
4.1
3.4
124.0
4.8
9.1
130.7
5.4
9.8
136.2
4.2
6.6
140.3
3.0
-0.1
144.5
3.0
-1.4
148.2
2.6
5.3
152.4
2.8
-11.1
156.9
3.0
1.9
160.5
2.3
5.7
163.0
1.6
12.8
166.6
2.2
-3.7
172.2
3.4
9.8
177.1
2.8
18.2
179.9
1.6
7.3
184.0
2.3
3.2
189.0
2.7
2.0
195.3
3.4
3.4
201.6
3.2
2.3
207.3
2.8
3.1
215.3
3.9
10.9
214.5
-0.4
5.8
218.1
1.6
-2.5
224.9
3.2
8297.20
-
1053.5
Notes: Appropriations include supplementals, except for 1986. Appropriations are for fiscal years,
but the consumer price index is the year average for calendar years.
a. The CPI base is 1982-84 = 100.
b. From fiscal year 1946 through fiscal year 1976, the fiscal year began on July 1. Beginning with
fiscal year 1977, the start of the fiscal year was shifted to October 1. During the transition quarter of
July 1 - September 30, 1976, the amount appropriated for legislative branch operations was
$207,391,365. We have not included that amount.
Sources: Paul E. Dwyer, Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, RL30512:
Appropriations for FY2001: Legislative Branch ; Legislative Branch Appropriations Bills, various
years; U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated July 11, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 5-10
Senate
House of Representatives
Joint Itemsb
Architect of the Capitold
Botanic Garden
Congressional Budget Office
Congressional Research Service
Copyright Royalty Commissionf
General Accountability Office
d
Government Printing Office
Library of Congress
Office of Technology Assessment
Office of Compliance
Legislative Branch Appropriations, by Category, Fiscal Years 1984 - 2011 (in thousands of dollars)
1984
$255,856
$419,784
$128,933
$82,021
$2,158
$16,723
$36,700
$210
$271,710
$125,700
$228,715
$14,831
1985
$285,930
$439,398
$96,415
$85,181
$2,080
$17,541
$39,833
$217
$299,704
$122,704
$228,242
$15,692
1986a
$308,834
$455,431
$155,804
$112,191
$2,197
$18,455
$38,963
$227
$339,639
$122,268
$242,829
$17,000
1987
$307,658
$463,907
$103,136
$101,633
$2,062
$17,251
$39,602
$123
$304,910
$94,956
$183,670
$15,532
1988
$337,314
$513,786
$94,981
$107,306
$2,221
$17,886
$43,022
$129
$329,847
$89,521
$191,998
$16,901
1989
$340,677
$506,068
$120,983
$103,640
$2,521
$18,361
$44,684
$123
$347,339
$85,731
$199,650
$17,937
1990
$373,761
$537,207
$170,454
$116,221
$2,638
$19,580
$46,895
$101
$364,720
$98,018
$211,100
$18,900
1991
$437,223
$647,675
$114,187
$139,806
$3,519
$21,183
$52,743
$127
$419,130
$79,615
$239,924
$19,557
1992
$449,568
$693,970
$80,716
$151,633
$2,862
$22,542
$56,583
$130
$442,647
$91,591
$248,308
$21,025
1993
$451,451
$699,109
$80,476
$149,613
$4,906
$22,542
$57,291
$130
$435,167
$89,591
$252,808
$21,025
Notes: The figures include supplemental appropriations, except for 1986. Appropriations for legislative
a. The figures for 1986 are before Gramm-Rudman-Hollings sequestration.
b. This category includes such items as joint committees and the Capitol Police. Before 1991, official mail
costs were also included in this category.
c. This includes $106,782,000 for emergency security enhancements funded under the Capitol Police Board's
general expenses account, as well as $2 million for the Trade Deficit Review Commission.
d. The figures for the Architect of the Capitol and the Government Printing Office include appropriations for
legislative activities only.
e. This includes $100 million for construction of a Capitol Visitors' Center.
f. The commission was abolished after fiscal year 1994. Its duties have been taken over by a Copyright Office
panel; therefore, there is no further appropriation.
Sources: Paul E. Dwyer, Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, RL30512: Appropriations for
FY2001: Legislative Branch; Legislative Branch Appropriations Bills, various years.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated July 11, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 5-10
Senate
House of Representatives
Joint Itemsb
Architect of the Capitold
Botanic Garden
Congressional Budget Office
Congressional Research Service
Copyright Royalty Commissionf
General Accountability Office
d
Government Printing Office
Library of Congress
Office of Technology Assessment
Office of Compliance
1994
$443,315
$684,696
$78,750
$150,223
$3,008
$22,317
$56,718
$128
$430,815
$29,082
$250,813
$21,315
1995
1996
1997
1998
$460,600 $426,900 $441,200 $461,100
$728,700 $671,600 $684,000 $708,700
$86,200 $86,800 $85,300 $86,700
$159,700 $143,000 $139,800 $164,700
$3,200
$3,100
$2,900
$3,000
$23,200 $24,300 $24,500 $24,800
$60,100 $60,100 $62,600 $64,600
1999
$474,891
$740,481
204916c
289746e
$3,052
$25,671
$67,124
2000
$487,370
$757,993
$100,626
$213,474
$3,438
$26,121
$70,973
$449,400 $374,000 $332,500 $339,500 $359,268 $377,561
$32,200 $30,307 $29,077 $29,077 $29,264 $73,297
$263,100 $264,600 $269,100 $281,800 $296,516 $323,380
$22,000
$2,600
$2,500
$2,086
$1,992
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated July 11, 2013
2001
1984
1985
$522,023 $255,856 $285,930
$830,449 $419,784 $439,398
$121,860 $128,933
$96,415
$194,813
$82,021
$85,181
$3,321
$2,158
$2,080
$28,430
$16,723
$17,541
$73,430
$36,700
$39,833
$210
$217
$384,020 $271,710 $299,704
$81,205 $125,700 $122,704
$438,297 $228,715 $228,242
$14,831
$15,692
$1,851
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 5-10
Senate
House of Representatives
Joint Itemsb
Architect of the Capitold
Botanic Garden
Congressional Budget Office
Congressional Research Service
Copyright Royalty Commissionf
General Accountability Office
d
Government Printing Office
Library of Congress
Office of Technology Assessment
Office of Compliance
1986a
$308,834
$455,431
$155,804
$112,191
$2,197
$18,455
$38,963
$227
$339,639
$122,268
$242,829
$17,000
1987
$307,658
$463,907
$103,136
$101,633
$2,062
$17,251
$39,602
$123
$304,910
$94,956
$183,670
$15,532
1988
$337,314
$513,786
$94,981
$107,306
$2,221
$17,886
$43,022
$129
$329,847
$89,521
$191,998
$16,901
1989
$340,677
$506,068
$120,983
$103,640
$2,521
$18,361
$44,684
$123
$347,339
$85,731
$199,650
$17,937
1990
$373,761
$537,207
$170,454
$116,221
$2,638
$19,580
$46,895
$101
$364,720
$98,018
$211,100
$18,900
1991
$437,223
$647,675
$114,187
$139,806
$3,519
$21,183
$52,743
$127
$419,130
$79,615
$239,924
$19,557
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated July 11, 2013
1992
$449,568
$663,970
$80,716
$151,633
$2,862
$22,542
$56,583
$130
$442,647
$91,591
$248,308
$21,025
1993
$451,451
$699,109
$80,476
$149,613
$4,906
$22,542
$57,291
$130
$435,167
$89,591
$252,808
$21,025
1994
$443,315
$684,696
$78,750
$150,223
$3,008
$22,317
$56,718
$128
$430,815
$29,082
$250,813
$21,315
1995
$460,600
$728,700
$86,200
$159,700
$3,200
$23,200
$60,100
$449,400
$32,200
$263,100
$22,000
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 5-10
Senate
House of Representatives
Joint Itemsb
Architect of the Capitold
Botanic Garden
Congressional Budget Office
Congressional Research Service
Copyright Royalty Commissionf
General Accountability Office
d
Government Printing Office
Library of Congress
Office of Technology Assessment
Office of Compliance
1996
1997
1998
1999
$426,900 $441,200 $461,100 $474,891
$671,600 $684,000 $708,700 $740,481
c
$86,800
$85,300
$86,700 204,916
e
$143,000 $139,800 $164,700 289,746
$3,100
$2,900
$3,000
$3,052
$24,300
$24,500
$24,800
$25,671
$60,100
$62,600
$64,600
$67,124
2003
2004
$663,404
$726,067
$960,871 $1,048,581
$257,505
$18,974
$456,782
$308,042
$6,063
$5,932
$31,892
$34,790
$88,250
$96,385
$53,518
$374,000 $332,500 $339,500 $359,268 $377,561 $453,051
$473,500
$30,307
$29,077
$29,077
$29,264
$29,872 $119,025
$88,800
$264,600 $269,100 $281,800 $296,516 $323,380 $414,925
$544,092
$2,600
$2,500
$2,086
2000
$487,370
$757,993
$100,854
$213,474
$3,438
$26,121
$70,973
$1,992
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated July 11, 2013
$2,157
$2,421
2005
2006
2007
$720,194
$777,605
$803,514
$1,079,516 $1,089,898 $1,114,486
$260,356
$19,617
$24,155
$362,200
$424,193
$449,917
$6,275
$7,557
$7,697
$34,640
$35,096
$35,204
$96,118
$99,907
$100,786
$467,205
$477,571
$481,070
$119,787
$122,193
$122,050
$545,362
$554,893
$508,760
$10,470 $2,402
$3,081
$3,103
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 5-10
Senate
House of Representatives
Joint Itemsb
Architect of the Capitold
Botanic Garden
Congressional Budget Office
Congressional Research Service
Copyright Royalty Commissionf
General Accountability Office
d
Government Printing Office
Library of Congress
Office of Technology Assessment
Office of Compliance
2008
2009
2010
2011
$831,757
$895,030
$926,160
$914,153
$1,182,835 $1,301,267 $1,369,025 $1,311,396
$23,001
$29,220
$21,323
$19,794
$413,471
$529,586
$601,586
$585,782
$8,786
$10,906
$11,390
$11,367
$37,306
$44,082
$45,165
$46,711
$102,344
$107,323
$112,490
$111,018
$499,748
$531,000
$556,849
$546,254
$124,688
$174,354
$147,461
$135,067
$563,049
$607,096
$643,337
$628,677
$3,342
$4,072
$4,377
$4,077
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated July 11, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 5-11 Allowances for Representatives, 1977 - 2011
1977
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Members' representational
allowancea
$298,491
$402,584 - 584,985
$425,498 - 646,118
$500,193 - 701,189
$512,173 - 713069
$540,160 - 738,260
$610,000 - 792,000
$709,528 - 859,408
$720,688 - 903,189
$814,090 - 1,233,780
$858,707 - 1,311,594
$980,699 - 1,469,930
$1,087,407 - 1,636,750
$1,198,149
$1,246,228
$1,227,837
$1,275,209
$1,332,294
$1,400,000
$1,517,241
$1,409,315
a. As of January 3, 1978, previous individual allowances for travel, office equipment lease, district office lease,
stationery, telecommunications, mass mailings, postage, computer services, and other official expenses were
consolidated in a single allowance category--the official expenses allowance. Members may budget funds for each
category as they see fit. The average allowance for 1995 was $193,000.On September 1, 1995, members' three
former expense allowances (clerk-hire, official expenses, and official mail allowances) were consolidated into one
members' representational allowance (MRA). Although the MRA is calculated on the basis of those three
components, members may spend the MRA as they see fit. Within the MRA, each member's expenditures for franked
mail may not exceed the total amount allocated by the Committee on House Oversight for official mail expenses, plus
an additional $25,000, transferable within the MRA at the member's discretion according to the procedures under the
previous allowance structure. The 1997 mean MRA was $901,771. This data has been simplified to display the total
allowance for a member of Congress. For details on the previous breakdown of allowances, see Vital Statistics on
Congress 2007-2008.
Sources: Committee on House Administration, House of Representatives; Legislative Branch Appropriations Bills,
various years.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated July 11, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 5-12
Allowances for Senators, 1977 - 2011
Category
Clerk-hirea
b
Legislative assistance
Postage
Stationery
Travel (round trips)
District and state offices rentald
Furnishings, state officese
Official office expense accountf
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
$311,577588,145
n.a.
$1215-1520
3600-5000
20-22
$508,2211,021,167
$157,626
$592,6081,190,724
$183,801
$645,8971,297,795
$200,328
$695,2441,396,947
$215,634
$716,1021,438,856
$243,543
$754,0001,636,000
$248,000
$814,0001,760,000
$269,000
$1,540,0001,914,000
$374,000
$1,660,0001,935,000
$377,400
$1,087,5971,974,051
$385,050
4,800-8,000
sq. ft.
$22,55031,350
$33,000143,000
4,800-8,000
sq. ft.
$22,55031,350
$36,000156,000
4,800-8,000
sq. ft.
$22,55031,350
$36,000156,000
4,800-8,000
sq. ft.
$30,00041,744
$36,000156,000
4,800-8,000
sq. ft.
$30,00041,744
$33,000156,000
4,800-8,000
sq. ft.
$30,00041,744
$47,000122,000
4,800-8,000
sq. ft.
$30,00041,744
$44,000200,000
4,800-8,000
sq. ft.
$30,00041,744
$90,000250,000
4,800-8,000
sq. ft.
$30,00041,744
$95,825245,000
4,800-8,000
sq. ft.
$22,550n.a.
31,350
$33,000 n.a.
143,000
n.a. = not available
n.a.
a. There is no limit on the number of employees a senator may hire. He or she must, however, use only the clerk-hire or legislative assistance allowance to
b. In addition to clerk-hire, each senator has a legislative assistance allowance worth $385,050 in 1997. That allowance is reduced for any committee
chairman or ranking minority member of a committee. It is also reduced for any other senator authorized by a committee chairman to recommend or approve
c. This allowance is one of the allocations of the consolidated office expense allowance. Before January 1, 1973, senators were authorized individually
controlled allowances for six expense categories as follows: transportation expenses for the senator and his staff; stationery; air mail and special delivery
postage; long-distance telephone calls; telegram charges; and home state expenses, which include home state office expenses; telephone service charges
incurred outside Washington, DC; subscriptions to newspapers, magazines, periodicals, and clipping or similar services; and home state office rent (repealed
effective
July
1, 1974).
Effective
JanuaryBranch
1, 1973,
the Supplemental
Appropriations
1973,for
provided
for the consolidation
of those
allowances
d. Effective
July
1, 1974,
the Legislative
Appropriations
Act, 1975,
provided Act,
a formula
the allowable
aggregate square
feet same
of office
space in to
the
home state of a senator. There is no limit on the number of offices that a senator may establish in his home state, but the designated square footage may not
be exceeded. The cost of office space in the home state is not chargeable to the official office expense account.
e. An aggregate furniture and furnishings allowance is provided through the General Services Administration for one or more state offices in either federal or
privately owned buildings. Before 1987, the $22,550 minimum allowance for office space not greater than 4,800 square feet was increased by $550 for each
authorized increase of 200 square feet of space. From 1987 through 1999, the $30,000 minimum allowance for office space not greater than 4,800 square
f. The expense account may be used for the following expenses (2 U.S.C. 58[a], as amended):
(1) official telegrams and long-distance phone calls and related services;
(2) stationery and other office supplies purchased through the stationery room for official business;
(3) costs incurred in the mailing or delivery of matters relating to official business;
(4) official office expenses in home state, other than equipment or furniture (purchase of office equipment beyond stated allocations may be made through
(5) official telephone charges incurred outside Washington, D.C.;
(6) subscriptions to newspapers, magazines, periodicals, or clipping or similar services;
(7) travel expenses incurred by a senator or staff member, subject to certain limitations;
(8) expenses incurred by individuals selected by a senator to serve on panels or other bodies making recommendations for nominees to service academies
or federal judgeships; and
(9) other official expenses as the senator determines are necessary, including (a) additional office equipment for Washington, D.C., or state offices; (b)
actual transportation expenses incurred by the senator and employees for official business in the Washington metropolitan area (this is also allowed to
employees assigned to a state office for actual transportation expenses in the general vicinity of the office to which assigned but is not available for a
change of assignment within the state or for commuting between home and office).
The total reimbursement expense for the calendar year may not exceed 10 percent of the total official office expense account.
Beginning with FY1981, each senator was also allowed to transfer funds from the administrative, clerical, and legislative assistance allowances to the official
office expense account.
Sources: Paul E. Dwyer, Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, RL30512: Appropriations for FY2001: Legislative Branch; Legislative Branch
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated July 11, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 5-12
Category
Clerk-hirea
b
Legislative assistance
Postage
Stationery
Travel (round trips)
District and state offices rentald
Furnishings, state officese
Official office expense accountf
1999
2001
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
$1,210,4672,157,222
$396,477
$1,347,8512,360,512
$410,277
$508,2211,021,167
$157,626
__c
__c
__c
$592,6081,190,724
$183,801
__c
__c
__c
$645,8971,297,795
$200,328
__c
__c
__c
$695,2441,396,947
$215,634
__c
__c
__c
$716,1021,438,856
$243,543
__c
__c
__c
$754,0001,636,000
$248,000
__c
__c
__c
$814,0001,760,000
$269,000
__c
__c
__c
$1,540,0001,914,000
$374,000
__c
__c
__c
$1,660,0001,935,000
$377,400
__c
__c
__c
4,800-8,000
sq. ft.
$30,00041,744
$127,384470,272
5,000-8,200
sq. ft.
$40,00056,000
$128,178474,282
4,800-8,000
sq. ft.
$22,55031,350
$33,000 143,000
4,800-8,000
sq. ft.
$22,55031,350
$33,000143,000
4,800-8,000
sq. ft.
$22,55031,350
$36,000156,000
4,800-8,000
sq. ft.
$22,55031,350
$36,000156,000
4,800-8,000
sq. ft.
$30,00041,744
$36,000156,000
4,800-8,000
sq. ft.
$30,00041,744
$33,000156,000
4,800-8,000
sq. ft.
$30,00041,744
$47,000122,000
4,800-8,000
sq. ft.
$30,00041,744
$44,000200,000
4,800-8,000
sq. ft.
$30,00041,744
$90,000250,000
f. The expense account may be used for the following expenses (2 U.S.C. 58[a], as amended):
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated July 11, 2013
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 5-12
Category
Clerk-hirea
b
Legislative assistance
Postage
Stationery
Travel (round trips)
District and state offices rentald
Furnishings, state officese
Official office expense account
f
1997
1999
2001
2003
2004
$1,087,5971,974,051
$385,050
__c
__c
__c
$1,210,4672,157,222
$396,477
__c
__c
__c
$1,347,8512,360,512
$410,277
__c
__c
__c
$1,568,3332,669,720
$436,377
__c
__c
__c
$1,809,7923,008,969
$460,677
$300,000
$1,926,936- $1,926,936 - $2,147,165 - $2,147,665 - $2,453,206 - $2,512,574 - $2,361,820 3,170,602
$3,170,602 $3,467,575 $3,467,575 $3,898,853 $3,993,206 $3,753,614
$472,677
$472,677
$481,977
$481,977
$508,377
$508,377
$477,874
$300,000
$300,000
$300,000
$300,000
$300,000
$300,000
$300,000
-
4,800-8,000
sq. ft.
$30,00041,744
$95,825245,000
4,800-8,000
sq. ft.
$30,00041,744
$127,384470,272
5,000-8,200
sq. ft.
$40,00056,000
$128,178474,282
5,000-8,200
sq. ft.
$40,00056,000
$128,525468,377
5,000-8,200
sq. ft.
5,000-8,200 5,000 - 8,200 5,000 - 8,200 5,000 - 8,200 5,000 - 8,200 5,000 - 8,200 5,000 - 8,200
sq. ft.
sq. ft.
sq. ft.
sq. ft.
sq. ft.
sq. ft.
sq. ft.
$40,000 $40,000 $40,000 $40,000 $40,000 $40,000 $56,000
$56,000
$56,000
$56,000
$56,000
$56,000
$128,580$128,580 $128,601 $128,601 $128,585 $128,585 $121,032 468,102
$468,102
$467,441
$467,441
$465,919
$465,922
$453,791
$128,553466,908
2005
2006
f. The expense account may be used for the following expenses (2 U.S.C. 58[a], as amended):
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, and Rugg
Last updated July 11, 2013
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Chapter 6: Legislative Productivity in Congress and Workload
Table of Contents
6-1
6-2
6-3
6-4
6-5
6-6
6-7
House Workload, 80th - 113th Congresses, 1947 - 2013
Senate Workload, 80th - 113th Congresses, 1947 - 2013
Recorded Votes in the House and the Senate, 80th - 113th Congresses, 1947 - 2013
Congressional Workload, 80th - 113th Congresses, 1947 - 2013
Pages in the Federal Register , 1936 - 2013
Vetoes and Overrides, 80th - 113th Congresses, 1947 - 2013
Attempted and Successful Cloture Votes, 66th - 113th Congress, 1919 - 2013
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 6-1
Congress
80th (1947-1948)
81st (1949-1950)
82nd (1951-1952)
83rd (1953-1954)
84th (1955-1956)
85th (1957-1958)
86th (1959-1960)d
87th (1961-1962)d
88th (1963-1964)
89th (1965-1966)
90th (1967-1968)
91st (1969-1971)
92nd (1971-1972)
93rd (1973-1974)
94th (1975-1976)
95th (1977-1978)
96th (1979-1980)
97th (1981-1982)
98th (1983-1984)
99th (1985-1986)
100th (1987-1988)
101st (1989-1990)
102nd (1991-1992)
103rd (1993-1994)
104th (1995-1996)
105th (1997-1998)
106th (1999-2000)
107th (2001-2002)
108th (2003-2004)
109th (2005-2006)
110th (2007-2008
111th (2009-2010)
112th (2011-2012)
f
113th (2013-2014)
House Workload, 80th-113th Congresses, 1947-2013
Bills introduceda
7,611
10,502
9,065
10,875
13,169
14,580
14,112
14,328
14,022
19,874
22,060
21,436
18,561
18,872
16,982
15,587
9,103
8,094
7,105
6,499
6,263
6,664
6,775
5,739
4,542
5,014
5,815
5,892
5,547
6,540
7,441
6,677
6,845
3,809
Average no.
of bills
introduced
per member
17.5
24.1
20.8
25.0
30.3
33.5
32.3
32.8
32.2
45.7
50.7
49.3
42.7
43.4
39.0
35.8
20.9
18.6
16.3
14.9
14.4
15.3
15.6
13.2
10.4
11.5
13.4
13.5
12.8
15.0
17.1
15.3
15.7
8.8
Bills
passed
1,739
2,482
2,008
2,129
2,360
2,064
1,636
1,927
1,267
1,565
1,213
1,130
970
923
968
1,027
929
704
978
973
1,061
968
932
749
611
710
957
677
801
770
1101
861
561
223
Ratio of bills
passed to
bills
introduced
0.228
0.236
0.222
0.196
0.179
0.142
0.116
0.134
0.090
0.079
0.055
0.053
0.052
0.049
0.057
0.066
0.102
0.087
0.138
0.150
0.169
0.145
0.138
0.131
0.135
0.142
0.165
0.115
0.144
0.118
0.148
0.129
0.082
0.059
Recorded
votesb
285
543
364
271
279
415
382
524
528
782
875
812
934
1,453
1,692
1,724
1,439
859
996
970
976
915
932
1,122
1,340
1,187
1,214
996
1,221
1,212
1,876
1,655
1,607
341
Time in
session:
Days
254
345
274
240
230
276
265
304
334
336
328
350
298
334
311
323
326
303
266
281
298
281
277
265
290
251
272
265
243
241
283
286
327
160
Time in Hours per
Session:
day in
e
Hours
session
1,224
4.8
1,501
4.4
1,163
4.2
1,033
4.3
937
4.1
1,148
4.2
1,039
3.9
1,227
4.0
1,251
3.7
1,548
4.6
1,595
4.9
1,613
4.6
1,429
4.8
1,603
4.8
1,788
5.7
1,898
5.9
1,876
5.8
1,420
4.7
1,705
6.4
1,794
6.4
1,659
5.6
1,688
6.0
1,796
6.5
1,887
7.1
2,445
8.4
2,002
8.0
2,179
8.0
1,694
6.4
1,894
7.8
1,918
8.0
2,138
7.6
2,127
7.4
1,718
5.3
768
4.8
Committee,
subcomittee
c
meetings
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
3,210
3,750
3,059
3,402
3,596
4,367
4,386
5,066
5,114
5,888
6,975
7,896
7,033
6,078
5,661
5,272
5,388
5,305
5,152
4,304
3,796
3,624
3,347
2,254
2,135
2,492
2,949
1,384
n.a.
n.a.
n.a. = not available
a. This number includes all bills and joint resolutions introduced.
b. This number includes all quorum calls, yea and nay votes, and recorded votes.
c. Figures do not include the House Appropriations Committee for the 84th to 88th Congresses. House Appropriations Committee meetings included in
subsequent Congresses numbered 584 in the 89th Congress, 705 in the 90th Congress, 709 in the 91st Congress, 854 in the 99nd Congress, and 892
in the 93rd Congress.
d. The House of Representatives included 437 congressmen to reflect the addition of Alaska and Hawaii.
e. Rounded to nearest hour.
f. The data for the 113th Congress only include the first session.
Sources: Congressional Record (thomas.loc.gov); Office of the Clerk, US House of Representatives; "Resume of Congressional Activity,"
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 6-2
Congress
80th (1947-1948)
81st (1949-1950)
82nd (1951-1952)
83rd (1953-1954)
84th (1955-1956)
85th (1957-1958)
86th (1959-1960)
87th (1961-1962)
88th (1963-1964)
89th (1965-1966)
90th (1967-1968)
91st (1969-1971)
92nd (1971-1972)
93rd (1973-1974)
94th (1975-1976)
95th (1977-1978)
96th (1979-1980)
97th (1981-1982)
98th (1983-1984)
99th (1985-1986)
100th (1987-1988)
101st (1989-1990)
102nd (1991-1992)
103rd (1993-1994)
104th (1995-1996)
105th (1997-1998)
106th (1999-2000)
107th (2001-2002)
108th (2003-2004)
109th (2005-2006)
110th (2007-2008)
111th (2009-2010)
112th (2011-2012)
113th (2013-2014)f
Senate Workload, 80th-113th Congresses, 1947-2013
Bills
introduceda
3,186
4,486
3,665
4,077
4,518
4,532
4,149
4,048
3,457
4,129
4,400
4,867
4,408
4,524
4,115
3,800
3,480
3,396
3,454
3,386
3,325
3,669
3,738
2,805
2,266
2,718
3,343
3,242
3,078
4,163
3,738
4,101
3,767
1,894
Average no.
of bills
introduced
per member
33.2
46.7
38.2
42.5
47.1
47.2
41.5
40.5
34.6
41.3
44.0
48.7
44.1
45.2
41.2
38.0
34.8
34.0
34.5
33.9
33.3
36.7
37.4
28.1
22.7
27.2
33.4
32.4
30.8
41.6
37.4
41.0
37.7
18.9
Bills
passed
1,670
2,362
1,849
2,231
2,550
2,202
1,680
1,953
1,341
1,636
1,376
1,271
1,035
1,115
1,038
1,070
976
786
936
940
1,002
980
947
682
518
586
819
554
759
684
556
176
364
356
Ratio of bills
passed to
bills
introduced
0.524
0.527
0.505
0.547
0.564
0.486
0.405
0.482
0.388
0.396
0.313
0.261
0.235
0.246
0.252
0.282
0.280
0.231
0.271
0.278
0.301
0.267
0.253
0.243
0.229
0.216
0.245
0.171
0.247
0.164
0.149
0.043
0.097
0.188
Recorded
votesb
248
455
331
270
224
313
422
434
541
497
595d
667
955
1,138
1,311
1,156
1,055
966
673
740
799
638
550
724
919
612
672
633
675
645
666
707
486
291
Time in
session:
Days
257
389
287
294
224
271
280
323
375
345
358
384
348
352
320
337
333
312
281
313
307
274
287
291
343
296
303
322
300
297
374
349
323
156
Time in
session:
Hours
1,462
2,410
1,648
1,962
1,362
1,876
2,199
2,164
2,395
1,814
1,961
2,352
2,295
2,152
2,210
2,510
2,324
2,160
1,951
2,531
2,342
2,254
2,292
2,514
2,876
2,188
2,202
2,280
2,486
2,250
2,364
2,495
2,032
1,095
Hours per
day in
session
5.7
6.2
5.7
6.7
6.1
6.9
7.9
6.7
6.4
5.3
5.5
6.1
6.6
6.1
6.9
7.4
7.0
6.9
6.9
8.1
7.6
8.2
8.0
8.6
8.4
7.4
7.3
7.1
8.3
7.6
6.3
7.1
6.3
7.0
Committee,
subcomittee
meetingsc
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
2,607
2,748
2,271
2,532
2,493
2,889
2,892
3,264
3,559
4,067
4,265
3,960
3,790
3,236
2,471
2,373
2,493
2,340e
2,039
2,043
1,601
1,954
1,862
1,605
1,506
1,513
2,458
2,374
n.a.
n.a.
n.a. = not available
a. This number includes all bills and joint resolutions introduced.
b. This number includes all yea and nay votes.
c. Figure includes all hearings and business meetings.
d. This number does not include one yea and nay vote that was ruled invalid for lack of a quorum.
e. Where final legislative calendars were not available, we compiled figures from Congressional Information Service Abstracts and the
Congressional Record.
f. The data for the 113th Congress only include the first session.
Sources: Congressional Record (thomas.loc.gov); Office of the Secretary, US Senate; Senate Daily Digest; "Resume of Congressional Activity,"
Congressional Record, 80th Congress - 113th Congress.Congressional Record (thomas.loc.gov); End of Session Committee Reports;
Committee Websites.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 6-3 Recorded Votes in the House and the Senate, 80th-113th Congresses, 1947-2013
Year
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
House
Senate
153
132
236
307
217
147
123
148
147
132
220
195
176
206
231
293
256
272
383
399
447
428
353
459
472
462
726
727
828
864
782
942
758
138
110
226
229
202
129
89
181
88
136
111
202
215
207
207
227
229
312
259
238
315
280a
245
422
423
532
594
544
611
700
636
520
509
Year
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
House
Senate
681
371
488
533
463
482
488
511
465
379
536
444
488
615
507
885
455
640
547
611
603
512
484
677
544
671
541
1186
690
991
664
949
658
641
546
497
469
381
292
381
359
420
379
312
326
280
270
395
329
613
306
298
314
374
298
380
253
459
216
366
279
442
215
397
299
235
251
291
Note: House figures include the total number of quorum calls, yea and nay votes, and recorded
votes, while Senate figures include only yea and nay votes.
a. This figure does not include one yea and nay vote that was ruled invalid for lack of a quorum.
Sources: "Resume of Congressional Activity," Congressional Record, 80th Congress - 113th
Congress.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 6-4
Congressional Workload, 80th-113th Congresses, 1947-2013
Public Bills
Congress
80th (1947-1948)
81st (1949-1950)
82nd (1951-1952)
83rd (1953-1954)
84th (1955-1956)
85th (1957-1958)
86th (1959-1960)
87th (1961-1962)
88th (1963-1964)
89th (1965-1966)
90th (1967-1968)
91st (1969-1971)
92nd (1971-1972)
93rd (1973-1974)
94th (1975-1976)
95th (1977-1978)
96th (1979-1980)
97th (1981-1982)
98th (1983-1984)
99th (1985-1986)
100th (1987-1988)
101st (1989-1990)
102nd (1991-1992)
103rd (1993-1994)
104th (1995-1996)
105th (1997-1998)
106th (1999-2000)
107th (2001-2002)
108th (2003-2004)
109th (2005-2006)
110th (2007-2008)
111th (2009-2010)
112th (2011-2012)
113th (2013-2014)a
Private bills
No. of
bills
enacted
Total
pages of
statutes
Average
pages per
statute
No. of
bills
enacted
Total
pages of
statutes
Average
pages per
statute
906
921
594
781
1,028
936
800
885
666
810
640
695
607
649
588
634
613
473
623
664
713
650
590
465
333
394
580
377
498
482
460
383
283
72
2,236
2,314
1,585
1,899
1,848
2,435
1,774
2,078
1,975
2,912
2,304
2,927
2,330
3,443
4,121
5,403
4,947
4,343
4,893
7,198
4,839
5,767
7,544
7,553
6,369
7,269
5,045
5,584
6,923
7,323
7,689
7,617
2,495
1,208
2.5
2.5
2.7
2.4
1.8
2.6
2.2
2.3
3.0
3.6
3.6
4.2
3.8
5.3
7.0
8.5
8.1
9.2
7.9
10.8
6.8
8.9
12.8
16.2
19.1
18.4
8.7
14.8
13.9
15.2
16.72
19.89
8.82
16.78
458
1,103
1,023
1,002
893
784
492
684
360
473
362
246
161
123
141
170
123
56
52
24
48
16
20
8
4
10
24
6
6
1
0
2
1
0
182
417
360
365
364
349
201
255
144
188
128
104
67
48
75
60
63
25
26
13
29
9
11
9
4
11
35
8
11
1
0
6
2
0
0.40
0.38
0.35
0.36
0.41
0.45
0.41
0.37
0.40
0.40
0.35
0.42
0.42
0.39
0.53
0.35
0.51
0.45
0.50
0.54
0.60
0.56
0.55
1.13
1.00
1.10
1.46
1.33
1.83
1.00
0.00
3.00
2.00
0.00
a. The data for the 113th Congress only include the first session.
Sources: Federal Register , Statutes Branch; The Library of Congress -- THOMAS ,
(http://thomas.loc.gov); United States Statutes at Large, Government Printing Office.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 6-5 Pages in the Federal Register , 1936-2013
Year
1936
1946
1956
1966
1969
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
Pages
2,355
14,736
10,528
16,850
20,464
25,442
28,920
35,586
45,422
60,221
57,072
63,629
61,261
77,497
87,012
63,554
58,493
57,703
50,997
53,479
47,418
49,654
53,376
53,821
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000a
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Pages
53,618
67,715
62,919
69,684
68,107
68,108
69,368
68,530
72,356
73,880
83,093
67,703
80,333
75,796
78,852
77,752
78,724
74,408
80,700
69,676
82,589
82,419
77,249
80,462
a. Although the number of pages is correctly given as 83,093, a pagenumbering error on May 22, 2000 resulted in a 201-page "jump." Thus,
the pages are (incorrectly) numbered up to 83,294.
Source: Federal Register.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 6-6
Vetoes and Overrides, 80th-113th Congresses, 1947-2013
Vetoes overridden
Total no. of
presidential
vetoes
Congress
80th (1947-1948)
81st (1949-1950)
82nd (1951-1952)
83rd (1953-1954)
84th (1955-1956)
85th (1957-1958)
86th (1959-1960)
87th (1961-1962)
88th (1963-1964)
89th (1965-1966)
90th (1967-1968)
91st (1969-1971)
92nd (1971-1972)
93rd (1973-1974)
94th (1975-1976)
95th (1977-1978)
96th (1979-1980)
97th (1981-1982)
98th (1983-1984)
99th (1985-1986)
100th (1987-1988)
101st (1989-1990)
102nd (1991-1992)a
103rd (1993-1994)
104th (1995-1996)
105th (1997-1998)
106th (1999-2000)
107th (2000-2002)
108th (2003-2004)
109th (2005-2006)
110th (2007-2008)a
111th (2009-2010)
112th (2011-2012)
113th (2013-2014)b
75
79
22
52
34
51
44
20
9
14
8
11
20
39
37
19
12
15
24
20
19
21
25
0
17
8
12
0
0
1
11
2
0
0
No. of
regular
vetoes
42
70
14
21
12
18
22
11
5
10
2
7
6
27
32
6
7
9
9
13
8
16
15
0
17
8
11
0
0
1
11
2
0
0
No. of
pocket
vetoes
33
9
8
31
22
33
22
9
4
4
6
4
14
12
5
13
5
6
15
7
11
5
10
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
6
3
3
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
2
5
8
0
2
2
2
2
3
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
Percentage of
regular vetoes
14.3
4.3
21.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
9.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
28.6
33.3
18.5
25.0
0.0
28.6
22.2
22.2
15.4
37.5
0.0
6.7
___
5.9
0.0
0.0
___
___
0.0
36.4
0.0
0
0
House
attempts to
override
vetoes
Senate
attempts to
override
vetoes
8
5
4
0
1
1
5
0
0
0
0
4
3
12
17
2
2
4
2
3
5
9
3
0
6
1
3
0
0
1
9
2
0
0
8
5
4
0
1
1
6
0
0
0
0
4
4
10
15
0
2
3
2
3
4
5
3
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
Note: This table does not include line-item vetoes. After President Clinton excised several Pentagon programs from the
1998 budget, both houses of Congress, under the line-item veto law, passed legislation restoring some of the programs
(H.R. 2631). President Clinton subsequently vetoed that bill, and both houses of Congress passed legislation overriding his
veto. Subsequently, the Supreme Court declared the line-item veto unconstitutional.
a. On some occasions the President has issued a protective return veto, where the bill was returned, unsigned, while
Congress was in an intermin adjournment. The President has considered the bills to have been pocket vetoed while
Congress considered them to have been regular vetoed. Vital Statistics counts these as regular vetoes.
b. The data for the 113th Congress only include the first session.
Sources: "Resume of Congressional Activity," Congressional Record, 80th Congress - 113th Congress.
http://www.senate.gov/reference/Legislation/Vetoes/vetoCounts.htm
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 6-7
Attempted and Successful Cloture Votes, 66th - 113th Congress, 1919-2013
Congress
66th (1919-1920)
67th (1921-1922)
68th (1923-1924)
69th (1925-1926)
70th (1927-1928)
71st (1929-1930)
72nd (1931-1932)
73rd (1933-1934)
74th (1935-1936)
75th (1937-1938)
76th (1939-1940)
77th (1941-1942)
78th (1943-1944)
79th (1945-1946)
80th (1947-1948)
81st (1949-1950)
82nd (1951-1952)
83rd (1953-1954)
84th (1955-1956)
85th (1957-1958)
86th (1959-1960)
87th (1961-1962)
88th (1963-1964)
89th (1965-1966)
90th (1967-1968)
91st (1969-1971)
92nd (1971-1972)
93rd (1973-1974)
94th (1975-1976)
95th (1977-1978)
96th (1979-1980)
97th (1981-1982)
98th (1983-1984)
99th (1985-1986)
100th (1987-1988)
101st (1989-1990)
102nd (1991-1992)
103rd (1993-1994)a
104th (1995-1996)
105th (1997-1998)
106th (1999-2000)
107th (2001-2002)
108th (2003-2004)
109th (2005-2006)
110th (2007-2008)
111th (2009-2010)
112th (2011-2012)
113th (2013-2014)b
1st session
attempted successful
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
5
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
2
1
1
0
2
0
10
2
10
2
23
13
5
1
4
1
7
2
7
2
9
1
23
5
9
6
20
9
24
4
21
4
24
7
36
11
22
12
23
1
20
13
62
31
39
35
36
20
121
51
2nd session
attempted successful
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
4
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
3
1
2
1
5
0
5
1
4
0
10
2
21
7
4
4
8
2
17
9
20
7
12
9
14
9
20
6
15
5
27
13
22
10
29
5
29
11
22
17
39
22
26
11
34
21
50
30
52
28
38
21
Total
attempted successful
1
1
2
0
0
0
2
1
5
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
4
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
4
1
3
1
7
1
6
1
6
0
20
4
31
9
27
17
13
3
21
10
27
9
19
11
23
10
43
11
24
11
47
22
46
14
50
9
53
18
58
28
61
34
49
12
54
34
112
61
91
63
74
41
n.a. = not available
Note 1: The number of votes required to invoke cloture was changed on March 7, 1975, from twothirds of those present and voting to three-fifths of the total Senate membership, as Rule XXII of
the standing rules of the Senate was amended.
Note 2: Unanimous Consent and "No Vote" are not counted as attempts.
Note 3: Two votes on the same bill was counted as two attempts.
a. On November 3, 1993, one vote was taken to break filibusters on five separate presidential
nominees. Vital Statistics counts this as five attempted cloture votes.
b. The data for the 113th Congress only include the first session.
Sources: "Indicators of congressional workload and activity," Congressional Research Service;
US Senate website
(http://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/cloture_motions/clotureCounts.htm)
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Chapter 7: Congressional Action on the Federal Budget
Table of Contents
7-1
7-2
7-3
7-4
7-5
7-6
7-7
7-8
House Votes on Adoption of Budget Resolutions, by Party, FY1976-FY2014
Senate Votes on Adoption of Budget Resolutions, by Party, FY1976-FY2014
Budgeted and Actual Revenues, Budget Authority, Outlays, and Deficits, FY1976-FY2014
Relatively Uncontrollable Federal Outlays under Present Law, FY1967-FY2011
Supplemental Appropriations, FY1970-FY2013
Continuing Appropriations, FY1977-FY2013
Budget-Related Roll Call Votes in the House, Selected Years, 1955-2013
Budget-Related Roll Call Votes in the Senate, Selected Years, 1955-2013
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 23, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 7-1
House Votes on Adoption of Budget Resolutions, by Party, FY1976-FY2014
Total
Fiscal Year
Resolution
1976
First
Second
1977
First
Second
Third
1978
First (first round)
First (second round)
Second
1979
First
Second
1980
First
Second (first round)
Second (second round)
Thirda
1981
First
Second
1982
First
Second
1983
First
1984
First
1985
First
1986
First
1987
First
1988
First
1989
First
1990
First
1991
First
1992
First
1993
First
1994
First
1995
First
1996
First
1997
First
1998
First
Firstb
1999
2000
First
2001
First
2002
First
2003
First
2004
First
2005
First
2006
First
2007
First
2008
First
2009
First
2010
First
Firstc
2011
2012
First
2013
First
2014
First
Yes
200
225
221
227
239
84
213
199
201
217
220
192
212
241
225
203
270
206
219
229
250
258
245
215
319
263
218
239
209
243
223
238
216
333
216
221
220
222
221
215
215
218
218
216
212
233
215
235
228
221
No
196
191
155
151
169
320
179
188
197
178
184
213
206
174
193
191
154
200
206
196
168
170
179
201
102
157
208
181
207
183
175
194
211
99
204
205
208
205
209
212
212
214
210
210
207
196
210
193
191
207
Democrats
Yes
No
197
68
214
67
208
44
215
38
225
50
82
185
206
58
195
59
198
61
215
42
211
50
188
67
212
52
218
45
203
62
201
45
84
153
70
150
63
174
225
36
229
29
234
15
228
19
212
34
227
24
157
96
218
34
231
25
209
47
242
11
222
11
8
191
4
191
132
72
3
194
3
204
6
202
3
202
1
206
1
199
0
201
0
201
0
197
216
12
212
16
233
20
215
38
0
189
0
181
0
197
Republicans
Yes
No
3
128
11
124
13
111
12
113
14
119
2
135
7
121
4
129
3
136
2
136
9
134
4
146
0
154
23
129
22
131
2
146
186
1
136
50
156
32
4
160
21
139
24
155
17
160
3
167
92
78
106
61
0
174
8
155
0
159
0
172
0
164
230
1
212
19
201
26
213
9
218
0
213
5
218
2
219
2
214
12
215
10
218
12
218
12
0
198
0
191
0
176
0
172
235
4
228
10
221
10
Note: These votes are on passage of the resolutions in the House, not on adoption of the conference report. Beginning with the FY1983,
Congress has adopted only one budget resolution each year, rather than the two originally prescribed by the Congressional Budget Act.
a. The third resolution for FY1980 was part of the first resolution for the FY1981, but it was voted on separately in the House.
b. Although both chambers passed a FY1999 budget resolution, the two different versions were so far apart that Congress never
seriously attempted to reconcile the two bills, so that FY1999 was the first year under the Congressional Budget Act that Congress did not
pass a budget resolution.
c. The house passed a "budget enforcement resolution" in FY2011 to substitute for a traditional budget resolution.
Sources: Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, various years); Congressional Quarterly Weekly
Report, various issues.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 23, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 7-2
Senate Votes on Adoption of Budget Resolutions, by Party, FY1976-FY2014
Total
Fiscal Year Resolution
1976
First
Second
1977
First
Second
Third
1978
First
Second
1979
First
Second
1980
First
Second
1981
First
Second
1982
First
Second
1983
First
1984
First
1985
First
1986
First
1987
First
1988
First
1989
First
1990
First
b
First
1991
1992
First
1993
First
1994
First
1995
First
1996
First
1997
First
1998
First
Firstc
1999
2000
First
2001
First
2001
First
2002
First
2003d
2004
First
2005
First
2006
First
2007
First
2008
First
2009
First
2010
First
d
2011
2012d
d
2013
2014
First
Yes
69
69
62
55
72
56
63
64
56
64
62
68
48
78
49
49
50
41
50
70
53
69
68
57
52
54
57
57
53
78
57
54
50
50
65
56
51
51
51
52
51
55
50
No
22
23
22
23
20
31
21
27
18
20
36
28
46
20
48
43
49
34
49
25
46
26
31
41
41
45
40
42
46
22
41
44
48
48
35
44
45
49
49
47
44
43
49
Democrats
Yes
No
50
4
50
8
45
6
41
5
55
3
41
14
46
8
48
8
42
6
44
5
45
14
49
6
33
21
28
18
2
44
3
41
29
17
1
31
1
45
38
6
50
3
44
6
38
17
49
7
36
16
54
2
55
0
3
42
0
46
37
8
3
44
0
44
0
44
0
44
15
35
6
42
1
43
0
44
1
43
48
0
47
1
53
2
48
4
Republicans
Yes
No
19
18
19
15
17
16
14
18
17
17
15
17
17
13
16
19
14
12
20
15
17
22
19
22
15
25
50
2
47
4
46
2
21
32
40
3
49a
4
32
19
3
43
25
20
30
14
8
34
16
25
0
43
2
40
54
0
53
0
41
14
54
0
54
0
50
4
50
4
50
0
50
1
50
1
51
4
50
5
2
47
2
43
0
41
0
45
Note: These votes are on passage of the resolutions in the Senate, not on adoption of the conference report. Beginning with the FY1983,
Congress has adopted only one budget resolution each year, rather than the two originally prescribed by the Congressional Budget Act.
a. Vice President George Bush cast the deciding vote for the Republicans.
b. The Senate Budget Resolution (S. Con. Res. 110) was approved by voice vote on June 14, 1990.
c. Although both chambers passed a FY1999 budget resolution, the two different versions were so far apart that Congress never seriously
attempted to reconcile the two bills, so that FY1999 was the first year under the Congressional Budget Act that Congress did not pass a
budget resolution.
d. The Senate did not pass a budget resolution.
Sources: Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, various years); Congressional Quarterly Weekly
Report , various issues.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 23, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 7-3
Budgeted and Actual Revenues, Budget
Authority, Outlays, and Deficits, FY1976-FY2012
(billions of dollars)
Budget
Fiscal Year
Revenues authority
1976
President's budget
297.7
385.8
First budget resolution
298.2
395.8
Second budget resolution 300.8
408.0
Second budget resolution 300.0
415.3
Budget
outlays
Budget
deficit/surplus
349.4
367.0
374.9
366.4
-51.7
-68.8
-74.1
-66.4
1977
President's budget
First budget resolution
Second budget resolution
Third budget resolution
Fourth budget resolution
Actual
351.3
362.5
362.5
347.7
356.6
357.8
433.4
454.2
451.6
472.9
470.2
464.4
394.2
413.3
413.1
417.5
409.2
402.7
-42.9
-50.8
-50.6
-69.8
-52.6
-44.9
1978
Ford budget
Carter budget
First budget resolution
Second budget resolution
Actual
393.0
401.6
396.3
397.0
402.0
480.4
507.3
503.5
500.1
500.4
440.0
459.4
461.0
458.3
450.8
-47.0
-57.8
-64.7
-61.3
-48.8
1979
President's budget
First budget resolution
Second budget resolution
Third budget resolution
Actual
439.6
447.9
448.7
461.0
465.9
568.2
568.9
555.7
559.2
556.7
500.2
498.8
487.5
494.5
493.6
-60.6
-50.9
-38.8
-33.5
-27.7
1980
President's budget
First budget resolution
Second budget resolution
Third budget resolution
Actual
502.6
509.0
517.8
525.7
520.0
615.5
604.4
638.0
658.9
658.8
531.6
532.0
547.6
572.7
579.6
-29.0
-23.0
-29.8
-47.0
-59.6
1981
President's budget
Revised budget
First budget resolution
Second budget resolution
Third budget resolution
Actual
600.0
628.0
613.8
605.0
603.3
599.3
696.1
691.3
697.2
694.6
717.5
718.4
615.8
611.5
613.6
632.4
661.4
657.2
-15.8
16.5
0.2
-27.4
-58.1
-57.9
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 23, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 7-3
Fiscal Year
1982
Carter budget
Reagan budget
Budget resolution
Revised resolution
Actual
Budgeted and Actual Revenues, Budget
Authority, Outlays, and Deficits, FY1976-FY2012
(billions of dollars)
Budget
Revenues authority
Budget
outlays
Budget
deficit/surplus
711.8
650.3
657.8
628.4
617.8
809.8
772.4
770.9
777.7
779.9
739.3
695.3
695.5
734.1
728.4
-27.5
-45.0
-37.7
-105.7
-110.6
1983
President's budget
Budget resolution
Actual
666.1
665.9
600.6
801.9
822.4
866.7
757.6
769.8
796.0
-91.5
-103.9
-195.4
1984
President's budget
Budget resolutiona
659.7
679.6
Revised resolution
Actual
672.9
666.5
900.1
919.5
928.7
918.9
949.8
848.5
849.5
858.9
845.6
851.8
-188.8
-169.9
-858.9
-172.7
-185.3
1985
President's budget
Budget resolution
Actual
745.1
750.9
734.1
1,006.5
1,021.4
1,074.1
925.5
932.1
946.3
-180.4
-181.2
-212.2
1986
President's budget
Budget resolution
Actual
793.7
795.7
769.1
1,060.0
1,069.7
1,072.8
973.7
967.6
989.8
-180.0
-171.9
-220.7
1987
President's budget
Budget resolution
Actual
850.4
852.4
854.1
1,102.0
1,093.4
1,099.9
994.0
995.0
1,003.8
-143.6
-142.6
-149.7
1988
President's budget
Budget resolution
Actual
916.6
921.6
909.0
1,142.2
1,153.2
1,185.5
1,024.4
1,055.5
1,064.0
-107.8
-133.9
-155.0
1989
President's budget
Budget resolution
Actual
964.7
964.3
990.7
1,222.1
1,232.0
1,309.9
1,094.2
1,098.2
1,144.1
-129.5
-133.9
-153.4
1990
President's budget
Budget resolution
Actual
1,059.3
1,065.5
1,031.3
1,331.2
1,350.9
1,368.5
1,151.8
1,165.3
1,251.7
-92.5
-99.8
-220.4
1991
President's budget
Budget resolution
Actual
1,170.2
1,172.9
1,054.3
1,396.5
1,485.6
1,398.2
1,233.3
1,236.9
1,323.0
-63.1
-64.0
-268.7
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 23, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 7-3
Fiscal Year
1992
President's budget
Budget resolution
Actual
Budgeted and Actual Revenues, Budget
Authority, Outlays, and Deficits, FY1976-FY2012
(billions of dollars)
Budget
Revenues authority
Budget
outlays
Budget
deficit/surplus
1,172.2
1,169.2
1,091.7
1,579.3
1,590.1
1,469.2
1,442.2
1,448.0
1,381.9
-270.0
-278.8
-290.2
1993
President's budget
Budget resolution
Actual
1,171.2
1,173.4
1,153.5
1,516.8
1,516.4
1,473.6
1,503.0
1,500.0
1,408.7
-331.8
-326.6
-255.2
1994
President's budget
Budget resolution
Actual
1,242.1
1,241.8
1,257.7
1,512.6
1,507.1
1,528.4
1,500.6
1,495.6
1,460.9
-258.5
-253.8
-203.2
1995
President's budget
Budget resolution
Actual
1,353.8
1,338.2
1,351.8
1,537.0
1,540.7
1,543.3
1,518.9
1,513.6
1,515.7
-165.1
-175.4
-163.9
1996
President's budget
Budget resolution
Actual
1,415.5
1,417.2
1,453.1
1,613.8
1,591.7
1,581.1
1,612.1
1,587.5
1,560.3
-196.6
-170.3
-107.2
1997
President's budget
Budget resolution
Actual
1,495.2
1,469.0
1,579.3
1,638.4
1,633.0
1,642.9
1,635.3
1,622.0
1,601.2
-140.1
-153.0
-21.9
1998
President's budget
Budget resolution
Actual
1,566.8
1,602.0
1,721.8
1,709.6
1,703.8
1,692.3
1,687.5
1,692.0
1,652.6
-120.7
-90.0
69.2
1999
President's budgetc
Budget resolutiond
Actual
1,742.7
1,318.0
1,827.5
1,751.0
1,408.9
1,766.7
1,733.2
1,401.0
1,702.9
9.5
-83.0
124.6
2000
President's budgetc
Budget resolution
Actual
1,883.0
1,408.1
2,025.2
1,781.1
1,426.7
1,825.0
1,765.7
1,408.1
1,788.8
117.3
0.0
236.4
b
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 23, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 7-3
Fiscal Year
2001
President's budget
Budget resolution
Actual
Budgeted and Actual Revenues, Budget
Authority, Outlays, and Deficits, FY1976-FY2012
(billions of dollars)
Budget
Revenues authority
Budget
outlays
Budget
deficit/surplus
2,136.9
1,503.2
1,991.2
1,893.5
1,467.2
1,960.0
1,835.0
1,446.0
1,863.0
301.9
57.2
128.2
2,191.7
1,638.2
1,853.2
2,004.6
1,510.9
2,090.0
1,960.6
1,476.8
2,011.0
231.1
161.4
-157.8
1,836.0
2,154.0
2,140.0
-304.0
1,782.3
2,266.1
2,159.9
-377.6
2004
President's budget
Budget Resolution
Actual
1,922.0
1,325.5
1,880.3
2,243.0
1,861.0
2,293.0
2,229.0
1,883.8
2,292.2
-307.0
-558.3
-411.9
2005
President's Budget
Budget Resolution
Actual
2,036.0
1,454.6
2,153.9
2,349.0
2,005.1
2,582.9
2,400.0
1,996.0
2,472.2
-364.0
-541.4
-318.3
2006
President's Budget
Budget Resolution
Actual
2,178.0
1,589.9
2,407.3
2,547.5
2,144.4
2,841.7
2,567.0
2,161.4
2,655.4
-389.0
-571.5
-248.1
2007
President's Budget
Budget Resolution
Actual
2,416.0
1,780.7
2,568.0
2,739.4
2,283.0
2,863.0
2,770.0
2,326.0
2,729.0
-354.0
-545.3
-160.7
2008
President's Budget
Budget Resolution
Actual
2,662.0
2,015.0
2,524.0
2,941.0
2,496.0
3,326.0
2,902.0
2,469.0
2,983.0
-239.0
-453.8
-458.6
2002
President's budget
Budget resolution
Actual
2003
President's budget
Budget resolutione
Actual
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 23, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 7-3
Fiscal Year
2009
President's Budget
Budget Resolution
Actual
Budgeted and Actual Revenues, Budget
Authority, Outlays, and Deficits, FY1976-FY2012
(billions of dollars)
Budget
Revenues authority
Budget
outlays
Budget
deficit/surplus
2,700.0
2,029.0
2,105.0
3,026.0
2,530.0
4,077.5
3,107.0
2,566.0
3,517.7
-407.0
-536.3
-1,412.7
2010
President's Budget
Budget Resolution
Actual
2,333.0
1,653.7
2,162.7
3,425.0
2,888.7
3,484.6
3,591.0
3,001.3
3,456.2
-1,258.0
-347.6
-1,293.5
2011
President's Budget
Budget Resolutione
Actual
2,567.0
2,303.5
3,690.5
3,510.0
3,834.0
3,603.1
-1,267.0
-1,299.6
2012
President's Budget
Budget Resolutione
Actualh
2,627.0
-
-
3,729.0
-
-1,101.0
-
2013
President's Budget
Budget Resolutione
Actualh
3,003.0
-
-
3,771.0
-
-768.0
-
3,977.0
-645.0
2014
President's Budget
Budget Resolutione
Actualh
3,333.0
a. Larger figures for authority, outlays, and deficit assumed enactment of programs in a reserve
fund.
b. This figure assumed enactment of the president's health care reforms.
c. President Clinton indicated in his FY1999 and FY2000 budget proposals that the surplus would
be reserved for the Social Security trust fund, pending a legislative solution. Thus, while the budget
did not call the remainder a surplus, it is treated as such in this table.
d. Although both chambers passed a FY1999 budget resolution, the two different versions were so
far apart that Congress never seriously attempted to reconcile the two bills, so that FY1999 was
the first year under the Congressional Budget Act that Congress did not pass a budget resolution.
The figures given here are from the version of the bill resolved by the House and received in the
Senate.
e. Congress did not pass a budget resolution.
h. These numbers will be included in the White House's budget for FY 2014, which has not been
released as of March 15, 2013.
Sources: Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, various
years); President's Budget, Fiscal Years 2001-2008, US Government Printing Office
(http://www.gpoaccess.gov).
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 23, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 7-4Relatively Uncontrollable Federal Outlays under Present Law, FY1967-FY2011 (billions of dollars)
Fiscal
year
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Social
Secuity
and other
retirement
26.3
29.1
33.1
36.9
44.1
49.7
60.6
69.4
82.6
92.6
106.4
117.1
131.1
150.2
176.3
195.9
212.8
221.7
232.9
245.5
256.7
271.6
287.4
305.8
330.1
350.7
369.0
387.8
406.8
423.0
441.5
457.3
467.0
491.8
519.7
545.1
566.9
590.9
623.6
651.4
697.9
734.9
809.3
833.2
862.0
Medical
care
6.1
9.0
10.9
12.1
13.5
16.2
17.4
20.4
25.8
31.6
36.6
41.3
47.0
55.3
66.0
74.0
81.2
88.0
99.4
106.1
115.1
123.4
133.4
155.8
175.7
208.5
230.0
251.9
275.3
293.6
313.9
324.3
331.5
351.6
389.7
427.4
469.0
509.5
549.3
582.6
641.8
671.4
764.4
820.7
858.2
Other direct
payments to
individuals
10.7
11.4
12.9
15.4
22.3
25.8
18.3
21.4
34.3
43.5
39.6
36.9
46.5
47.0
51.5
53.2
61.2
49.2
49.7
52.0
52.1
53.7
52.3
57.4
69.9
84.7
87.8
75.0
77.9
76.9
75.9
77.0
79.9
76.8
87.4
123.8
139.6
132.9
133.0
148.2
128.9
137.0
295.2
287.9
221.8
Net
interest
10.3
11.1
12.7
14.4
14.8
15.5
17.3
21.4
23.2
26.7
29.9
35.5
42.6
52.5
68.8
85.0
89.8
111.1
129.5
136.0
138.6
151.8
169.0
184.3
194.4
199.3
198.7
202.9
232.1
241.1
244.0
241.1
229.7
222.9
206.2
170.9
153.1
160.2
184.0
226.6
237.1
252.8
186.9
196.2
223.0
All other
uncontrollables
37.0
42.3
41.9
41.5
40.2
39.2
41.4
46.0
53.3
53.7
58.8
76.9
85.3
103.2
108.6
121.5
128.7
145.3
162.2
181.3
185.2
186.8
210.4
231.6
233.8
233.8
236.7
228.2
233.2
227.9
228.8
228.0
240.2
253.6
292.6
312.5
345.2
368.5
392.3
425.0
-17.9
51.7
224.1
-29.0
90.9
Total uncontrollables
90.4
102.9
111.5
120.3
134.9
146.4
155.0
178.6
219.2
248.1
271.3
307.7
352.5
408.2
471.2
529.6
573.7
615.3
673.7
720.9
747.7
787.3
852.5
934.9
1,003.9
1,077.0
1,122.2
1,145.8
1,225.3
1,262.5
1,304.1
1,327.7
1,348.3
1,396.8
1,495.6
1,579.8
1,673.8
1,762.1
1,882.1
2,033.8
1,687.8
1,847.8
2,279.9
2,109.0
2,255.9
Total
Outlays
157.5
178.1
183.6
195.6
210.2
230.7
245.7
269.4
332.3
371.8
409.2
458.7
504.0
590.9
678.2
745.7
808.4
851.9
946.4
990.4
1,004.1
1,064.5
1,143.8
1,253.1
1,324.3
1,381.6
1,409.5
1,461.9
1,515.9
1,560.6
1,601.3
1,652.7
1,702.0
1,789.2
1,863.2
2,011.2
2,160.1
2,293.0
2,472.2
2,655.4
2,728.7
2,982.6
3,517.7
3,001.3
3,603.1
Percent
budget
uncontrollable
57.4
57.8
60.7
61.5
64.2
63.5
63.1
66.3
66.0
66.7
66.3
67.1
69.9
69.1
69.5
71.0
71.0
72.2
71.2
72.8
74.5
74.0
74.5
74.6
75.8
78.0
79.6
78.4
80.8
80.9
81.4
80.3
79.2
78.1
80.3
78.5
77.5
76.8
76.1
76.6
61.9
62.0
64.8
70.3
62.6
Note: Occasionally, the Office of Management and Budget reclassifies or redefines uncontrollables.Thus, the figures in this
table may not be consistent with those published in some budget documents.
Note: The figures for FY 2012 will be included in the White House budget for FY 2014, which has not been released as of
March 14, 2013.
Source: President's Budget, Fiscal Year 2011, Historical Tables .
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 23, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 7-5
Supplemental Appropriations, FY1970-FY2013
Number of Amount of budget
supplemental authority (millions
Fiscal year
billsa
of dollars)
1970
2
5,993
1971
4
9,870
1972
7
11,599
1973
5
11,371
1974
5
14,796
1975
7
27,587
1976
7
24,638
1977
11
49,835
1978
10
16,052
1979
3
13,845
1980
6
19,683
1981
2
21,217
1982
4
27,100
1983
2
22,732
1984
4
16,682
1985
3
15,545
1986
3
15,245
1987
2
9,970
1988
3
1,322
1989
4
5,663
1990
2
6,374
1991
3
48,472
Number of Amount of budget
supplemental authority (millions
Fiscal year
billsa
of dollars)
1992
3
20,815
4b
1993
9,519
1994
7
13,613
-c
1995
0
1996
4
903
1997
1
9,163
1998
1
6,006
1999
2
13,367
2000
2
17,387
2001
2
28,979
2002
2
46,554
2003
3
81,110
3d
2004
99,858
6e
2005
177,190
2006
3
128,456
2007
1
120,918
2008
2
138,972
2009
2
196,760
2010
3
43,017
2011
0
2012
0
2013
50,507
1
a. The number of supplemental bills includes all appropriations bills in which supplemental budget
authority was provided.
b. Excludes $4B in mandatory supplemental approriations for unemployment insurance because that
additional funding was offset by the same amount of mandatory offsetting receipts.
c. All FY1995 supplemental spending was offset.
d. Includes $10.275B from Public Law 108-324, enacted on October 13, 2004, but retroactive to
FY2004.
e. Includes Public Law 108-287, enacted on August 5, 2004. The President requested the funds for
FY2005.
Source: Congressional Budget Office (http://www.cbo.gov).
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 23, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 7-6 Continuing Appropriations, FY1977-FY2013
Fiscal
Year
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
Continuing
Regular appropriation
resolutions
bills enacted by start of enacted for fiscal
fiscal yeara
year
2b
13
9
3
5
1
3
2
1
2
0
4
1
2
4
2
4
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
13c
0
1
3
0
5
3
4
1
1
2
3
Fiscal
Year
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Continuing
Regular appropriation
resolutions
bills enacted by start of enacted for fiscal
fiscal yeara
year
13
0
0
13
8d
0
1
6
1
6
4
7
2
21
0
8
0
8
3
5
1
3
2
3
1
4
0
4
0
1
1
2
0
8
0
5
0
2
a. There are 13 regular appropriations bills.
b. Although all 13 regular appropriations became law before the start of FY1977, the 2 CRs provided funding for
activities the had not been included in the regular appropriation acts.
c. Congress cleared and sent all bills to the president by the beginning of FY1989, but he did not sign all the bills until
the following day.
d. All of the appropriations bills were enacted by the beginning of FY1997, but not as 13 separate acts.
Sources: Streeter, Sandy. "Continuing Appropriations Acts: Brief Overview of Recent Practices," Congressional
Research Service , 30 November 2004; "Status of Appropriations Legislation" THOMAS.
Tollestrup, Jessica. "Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices." Congressional Research Service. 12 August 2012.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 23, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 7-7
Budget-Related Roll Call Votes in the House, Selected Years, 1955-2013
Measure
Authorizations
Appropriations
Tax legislation
Budget resolutions
Reconciliation bills
Debt ceilings
Miscellaneous
Total budget-related roll calls
Total roll calls
Percentage budget-related
1955
27
6
3
0
0
1
0
37
147
25.2
1960
28
16
3
0
0
2
1
50
206
24.3
1965
78
21
3
0
0
2
0
104
383
27.2
1970
77
39
1
0
0
2
2
121
459
26.4
1975
147
94
48
12
0
11
8
320
828
38.6
1980
105
111
14
30
6
7
4
277
681
40.7
1981
70
85
7
13
12
2
7
196
371
52.8
1983
129
112
9
4
2
3
3
262
533
49.2
1985
95
82
11
10
10
11
1
220
482
45.6
1987
118
86
0
8
6
7
2
227
511
44.4
1989
68
95
0
7
14
3
0
187
379
49.3
1990
116
110
0
8
5
6
8
253
536
47.2
1991
83
101
11
9
0
0
4
208
444
46.8
1992
38
129
21
10
0
0
16
214
488
43.9
1993
94
176
6
8
9
0
12
305
615
49.6
1994
94
121
6
9
0
1
34
265
507
52.3
1995
57
294
20
23
9
13
65
481
885
54.4
Measure
Authorizations
Appropriations
Tax legislation
Budget resolutions
Reconciliation bills
Debt ceilings
Miscellaneous
Total budget-related roll calls
Total roll calls
Percentage budget-related
1996
40
146
18
8
8
10
11
241
455
53.0
1997
82
147
9
10
12
0
9
269
640
42.0
1998
51
119
15
4
0
0
23
212
547
38.8
1999
39
153
10
15
0
0
13
230
611
37.6
2000
37
165
48
12
0
0
16
278
603
46.1
2001
44
127
25
11
6
0
9
222
512
43.4
2002
31
61
26
5
0
2
2
127
484
26.2
2003
47
155
73
9
0
0
14
298
677
44.0
2004
17
127
28
13
0
3
8
196
544
36.0
2005
48
171
11
12
4
0
0
246
671
36.7
2006
22
49
13
7
13
0
47
151
541
27.9
2007
91
353
29
12
8
5
0
498
1186
42.0
2008
159
27
34
12
0
0
19
251
690
36.4
2009
149
255
11
12
0
2
0
429
991
43.3
2010
126
36
39
0
4
3
28
234
664
35.2
2011
24
60
12
3
2
2
12
115
949
12.1
2012
17
21
17
7
6
1
22
91
659
13.8
Measure
Authorizations
Appropriations
Tax legislation
Budget resolutions
Reconciliation bills
Debt ceilings
Miscellaneous
Total budget-related roll calls
Total roll calls
Percentage budget-related
2013
14
73
1
3
0
5
18
114
641
17.8
Source: Congressional Quarterly Roll Call Vote Index .
Office of the Clerk, US House of Representatives, Roll Call Votes
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 23, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 7-8
Budget-Related Roll Call Votes in the Senate, Selected Years, 1955-2013
Measure
Authorizations
Appropriations
Tax legislation
Budget resolutions
Reconciliation bills
Debt ceilings
Miscellaneous
Total budget-related roll calls
Total roll calls
Percentage budget-related
1955
22
12
2
0
0
0
1
37
88
42.0
1960
48
28
10
0
0
2
0
88
207
42.5
1965
87
27
10
0
0
1
0
125
259
48.3
1970
83
77
6
0
0
3
1
170
422
40.3
1975
96
87
48
8
0
3
4
246
611
40.3
1980
82
128
10
50
4
6
3
283
546
51.8
1981
55
130
56
26
63
12
2
344
497
69.2
1983
58
107
13
34
2
15
9
238
381
62.5
1985
67
59
7
39
23
29
6
230
381
60.4
1987
84
66
0
17
8
17
3
195
420
46.4
1989
42
75
5
8
2
0
6
138
312
44.2
1990
81
58
0
1
6
1
10
157
326
48.2
1991
73
66
5
12
0
0
3
159
280
56.8
1992
20
64
41
14
0
0
9
148
270
54.8
1993
27
114
27
46
6
0
16
236
395
59.7
1994
68
108
3
15
0
0
9
203
329
61.7
1995
38
113
27
56
48
4
58
344
613
56.1
Measure
Authorizations
Appropriations
Tax legislation
Budget resolutions
Reconciliation bills
Debt ceilings
Miscellaneous
Total budget-related roll calls
Total roll calls
Percentage budget-related
1996
33
80
10
42
31
2
15
213
306
69.6
1997
33
82
18
22
51
0
3
209
298
70.1
1998
38
81
37
34
0
0
6
196
314
62.4
1999
18
83
9
12
0
0
10
132
374
35.3
2000
26
89
47
31
0
0
13
206
298
69.1
2001
55
76
10
23
55
0
6
225
380
59.2
2002
5
12
8
1
0
1
0
27
253
10.7
2003
10
129
52
13
0
0
30
234
459
51.0
2004
9
11
24
11
0
2
11
68
216
31.5
2005
8
116
12
38
33
0
0
207
366
56.6
2006
2
10
10
11
15
1
21
70
279
25.1
2007
64
77
28
26
0
0
1
196
442
44.3
2008
56
8
23
50
0
0
5
142
215
66.0
2009
26
127
12
30
0
1
0
196
397
49.4
2010
11
19
70
0
43
12
16
171
299
57.2
2011
4
21
9
4
1
2
28
69
235
29.4
2012
1
6
9
5
0
22
21
64
251
25.5
Measure
Authorizations
Appropriations
Tax legislation
Budget resolutions
Reconciliation bills
Debt ceilings
Miscellaneous
Total budget-related roll calls
Total roll calls
Percentage budget-related
2013
0
7
13
2
3
3
31
59
291
20.3
Source: Congressional Quarterly Roll Call Vote Index .
United States Senate, Roll Call Tables
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 23, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Chapter 8: Political Polarization in Congress and Changing Voting Alignments
Table of Contents
8-1
8-2
8-3
8-4
8-5
8-6
8-7
8-8
8-9
8-10
Presidential Victories on Votes in Congress, 1953-2013
Congressional Voting in Support of the President's Position, 1954-2013
Party Unity Votes in Congress, 1953-2013
Party Unity Scores in Congressional Voting, 1954-2013
Conservative Coalition Votes and Victories in Congress, 1957-2000
Votes in Support of the Conservative Coalition, 1959-2000
Average Ideological Positions of House Committees, 80th-112th Congresses
Average Ideological Positions of Senate Committees, 80th-112th Congresses
Average Ideological Positions of House Party Coalitions, 80th-113th Congresses, 1947Average Ideological Positions of Senate Party Coalitions, 80th-113th Congresses, 1947-
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 8-1
Presidential Victories on Votes in Congress, 1953-2013
President
House and
and year
Senate (%)
Eisenhower
1953
89.2
1954
78.3
1955
75.3
1956
69.7
1957
68.4
1958
75.7
1959
52.0
1960
65.1
Average
71.7
House
(%)
No. of
Votes
Senate
(%)
No. of
Votes
91.2
n.a.
63.4
73.5
58.3
74.0
55.5
65.0
34
n.a.
41
34
60
50
54
43
87.8
n.a.
84.6
67.7
78.9
76.5
50.4
65.1
49
n.a.
52
65
57
98
121
86
Kennedy
1961
1962
1963
Average
81.4
85.4
87.1
84.6
83.1
85.0
83.1
65
60
71
80.6
85.6
89.6
124
125
115
Johnson
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
Average
87.9
93.1
78.9
78.8
74.5
82.6
88.5
93.8
91.3
75.6
83.5
52
112
103
127
103
87.6
92.6
68.8
81.2
68.9
97
162
125
165
164
Nixon
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
Average
73.9
76.9
74.8
66.3
50.6
59.6
67.0
72.3
84.6
82.5
81.1
48.0
67.9
47
65
57
37
125
53
76.4
71.4
69.5
54.3
52.4
54.2
72
91
82
46
185
83
Ford
1974
1975
1976
Average
58.2
61.0
53.8
57.7
59.3
50.6
43.1
54
89
51
57.4
71.0
64.2
68
93
53
Carter
1977
1978
1979
1980
Average
75.4
78.3
76.8
75.1
76.4
74.7
69.6
71.7
76.9
79
112
145
117
76.1
84.8
81.4
73.3
88
151
161
116
President
and year
Reagan
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
Average
House and
Senate (%)
House
(%)
No. of
Votes
Senate
(%)
No. of
Votes
82.4
72.4
67.1
65.8
59.9
56.1
43.5
47.4
61.8
72.4
55.8
47.6
52.2
45.0
34.1
33.3
32.7
76
77
82
113
80
88
99
104
88.3
83.2
85.9
85.7
71.6
81.2
56.4
64.8
128
119
85
77
102
80
78
88
Bush
1989
1990
1991
1992
Average
62.6
46.8
54.2
43.0
51.7
50.0
32.4
43.0
37.0
86
108
111
105
73.3
63.4
69.0
53.0
101
93
81
60
Clinton
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Average
86.4
86.4
36.2
55.1
53.6
50.6
37.8
55.0
57.6
87.2
87.2
26.3
53.2
38.7
36.6
35.4
49.3
102
78
133
79
75
82
82
69
85.4
85.5
49.0
57.6
71.4
67.0
42.2
65.0
89
62
102
59
63
72
45
40
Bush
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Average
86.7
87.8
78.7
72.6
78.0
80.9
38.3
26.3
68.7
83.7
82.5
87.3
70.6
78.3
85.0
15.4
33.8
43
40
48
24
46
40
117
80
88.3
91.4
74.8
74.0
77.8
78.6
66.0
68.5
77
58
89
37
45
70
97
54
Obama
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Average
96.7
85.8
57.1
53.6
56.7
70.0
94.4
88.1
31.6
19.7
20.9
72
42
95
61
86
98.8
84.4
84.3
79.7
85.2
79
64
89
79
108
n.a. = not available
Notes: Percentages indicate the number of congressional votes supporting the president
divided by the total number of votes on which the president had taken a clear position.
The percentages are normalized to eliminate the effects of absences as follows: support =
(support)/(support + opposition).
Source: Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report , various issues.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 8-2
Congressional Voting in Support of the President's Position, 1954-2013 (percent)
President
All
and year
Democrats
Eisenhower
1954
54
1955
58
1956
58
1957
54
1958
63
1959
44
1960
49
House
Southern
Democrats
Republicans
All
Democrats
Senate
Southern
Democrats
Republicans
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
67
79
60
65
76
63
45
65
44
60
51
44
52
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
82
85
80
80
77
80
76
Kennedy
1961
1962
1963
81
83
84
n.a.
71
71
41
47
36
73
76
77
n.a.
63
65
42
48
52
Johnson
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
84
83
81
80
77
70
65
64
65
63
42
46
45
51
59
73
75
71
73
64
63
60
59
69
50
52
55
53
63
57
Nixon
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
56
64
53
56
39
52
55
64
69
59
49
64
65
79
79
74
67
71
55
56
48
52
42
44
56
62
59
71
55
60
74
74
76
77
70
65
Ford
1974
1975
1976
48
40
36
52
48
52
59
67
70
45
53
47
55
67
61
67
76
73
Carter
1977
1978
1979
1980
69
67
70
71
58
54
58
63
46
40
37
44
77
74
75
71
71
61
66
69
58
47
51
50
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 8-2
Congressional Voting in Support of the President's Position, 1954-2013 (percent)
All
Democrats
House
Southern
Democrats
Republicans
All
Democrats
Senate
Southern
Democrats
Republicans
46
43
30
37
31
26
26
27
60
55
45
47
43
37
36
34
72
70
74
64
69
69
64
61
52
46
45
45
36
39
38
51
63
57
46
58
46
56
42
58
84
77
77
81
80
90
67
73
Bush
1989
1990
1991
1992
38
26
35
27
49
35
43
38
72
65
74
75
56
39
42
33
66
49
53
41
84
72
83
75
Clinton
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
80
78
75
74
73
78
75
76
81
68
69
70
68
72
70
68
39
49
22
38
31
27
24
28
87
88
81
83
87
86
86
92
84
88
78
75
84
84
84
88
30
44
29
37
61
42
35
47
Bush
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
32
33
27
31
24
31
7
16
38
40
36
42
33
45
n.a.
n.a.
92
85
92
83
81
85
72
64
67
73
52
63
38
51
37
34
71
81
60
70
54
62
n.a.
n.a.
96
95
96
93
86
85
78
70
92
87
80
77
83
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
27
30
22
17
12
96
97
92
93
96
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
51
43
53
47
40
President
and year
Reagan
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
Obama
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
n.a.= not available
Note: Percentages indicate the number of congressional votes supporting the president divided by
the total number of votes on which the president had taken a clear position. The percentages are
normalized to eliminate the effects of absences as follows: support = (support)/(support +
opposition).
Source: Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report , various issues.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 8-3 Party Unity Votes in Congress, 1953-2013 (percentage of all votes)
Year
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
House
52.1
38.2
40.8
43.8
59.0
39.8
55.2
52.7
50.0
46.0
48.7
54.9
52.2
41.5
36.3
35.2
31.1
27.1
37.8
27.1
41.8
29.4
48.4
35.9
42.2
33.2
47.3
37.6
37.4
36.4
Senate
51.7
48.0
29.9
53.1
35.5
43.5
47.9
36.7
62.3
41.1
47.2
35.7
41.9
50.2
34.6
32.0
36.3
35.2
41.6
36.5
29.9
44.3
47.8
37.2
42.4
45.2
46.7
45.8
47.8
43.4
Year
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
House
55.6
47.1
61.0
56.5
63.7
47.0
56.3
49.1
55.1
64.5
65.5
61.8
73.2
56.4
50.4
55.5
47.3
43.2
40.2
43.3
51.7
47.0
49.0
54.5
62.0
53.3
50.9
40.0
75.8
72.8
68.6
Senate
43.7
40.0
49.6
52.3
40.7
42.5
35.3
54.3
49.3
53.0
67.1
51.7
68.8
62.4
50.3
55.7
62.8
48.7
55.3
45.5
66.7
52.3
62.6
57.3
60.0
51.6
72.0
78.6
51.1
59.8
69.8
Note: Data indicate the percentage of all roll call votes on which a majority of voting
Source: Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report , various issues.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 8-4
Year
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
Party Unity Scores in Congressional Voting, 1954-2012 (percent)
All
Democrats
80
84
80
79
77
85
75
n.a.
81
85
82
80
78
77
73
71
71
72
70
75
72
75
75
74
71
75
78
75
77
82
81
86
86
88
88
86
86
86
86
House
Southern
Democrats
n.a.
68
79
71
67
77
62
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
55
55
53
48
47
52
48
44
55
51
53
52
55
53
60
64
57
62
67
68
76
76
78
81
77
78
78
79
Republicans
84
78
78
75
73
85
77
n.a.
80
84
81
81
82
82
76
71
72
76
76
74
71
78
75
77
77
79
79
80
76
80
77
80
76
79
80
76
78
81
84
All
Democrats
77
82
80
79
82
76
73
n.a.
80
79
73
75
73
75
71
74
71
74
72
79
72
76
74
72
75
76
76
77
76
76
75
79
74
85
85
79
82
83
82
Senate
Southern
Democrats
n.a.
78
75
81
76
63
60
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
55
52
59
57
53
49
56
43
52
41
48
46
48
54
62
64
64
62
70
61
68
59
80
78
69
75
73
70
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Republicans
89
82
80
81
74
80
74
n.a.
81
79
75
78
78
73
74
72
71
75
73
74
68
71
72
75
66
73
74
85
80
79
83
81
80
78
74
79
77
83
83
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 8-4
Year
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Party Unity Scores in Congressional Voting, 1954-2012 (percent)
All
Democrats
89
88
84
84
85
86
86
86
86
90
91
91
91
86
92
92
91
89
87
87
88
House
Southern
Democrats
83
83
75
76
79
79
77
80
77
82
85
83
84
77
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
Republicans
87
87
93
90
91
89
88
90
94
93
95
93
93
88
85
87
87
88
91
90
92
All
Democrats
87
86
84
86
86
90
91
90
90
85
89
88
90
86
87
87
91
91
92
92
94
Senate
Southern
Democrats
78
77
76
75
76
85
86
80
79
69
76
76
81
79
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
Republicans
86
81
91
91
88
88
90
91
90
88
95
93
90
86
81
83
85
86
86
80
86
n.a. = not available
Note: Data show the percentage of members voting with a majority of their party on party unity
votes. Party unity votes are those roll calls on which a majority of a party votes on one side of the
issue and a majority of the other party votes on the other side. The percentages are normalized to
eliminate the effects of absences as follows: party unity = (unity)/(unity+opposition).
Source: Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report , various issues.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 8-5 Conservative Coalition Votes and Victories in Congress, 1957-2000 (percent)
Year
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
2000
House
Votes
Victories
16
81
15
64
13
91
20
35
30
74
13
44
13
67
11
67
25
25
19
32
22
73
22
63
25
71
17
70
31
79
25
79
25
67
22
67
28
52
17
59
22
60
20
57
21
73
16
67
21
88
16
78
18
71
14
75
13
84
11
78
9
88
8
82
11
80
10
74
9
86
10
88
7
98
7
92
13
100
11
100
9
100
8
95
4
41
Senate
Votes
Victories
11
100
19
86
19
65
22
67
32
48
15
71
19
44
17
47
24
39
30
51
18
54
25
80
28
67
26
64
28
86
29
63
21
54
30
54
28
48
26
58
29
74
23
46
18
65
20
75
21
95
90
20
12
89
17
94
16
93
20
93
8
100
10
97
12
95
11
95
14
95
14
87
10
90
10
72
9
95
12
97
8
92
3
100
4
31
*Congressional Quarterly stopped compiling this data after 2000. The ideological scores developed by
Keith Poole and Howard Rosenthal (voteview.com) are used in tables 8-7, 8-8, 8-9, and 8-10.
Note: "Votes" is the percentage of all roll call votes on which a majority of voting southern Democrats and
a majority of voting Republicans - the conservative coalition - opposed the stand taken by a majority of
voting northern Democrats. "Victories" is the percentage of conservative coalition votes won by the
Sources: Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, various years);
Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report , various issues.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 8-6
Votes in Support of the Conservative Coalition, 1959-2000 (percent)
House
Year
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
2000
Senate
Northern
Southern
Democrats Democrats Republicans
17
85
87
8
66
77
15
69
83
14
65
75
13
70
78
13
72
76
10
69
81
13
69
82
15
75
81
16
77
75
21
79
75
19
79
78
25
76
80
24
75
79
22
69
77
24
72
69
22
69
81
25
72
80
25
68
82
26
68
79
29
70
85
27
69
81
30
75
82
27
73
81
22
68
81
23
68
84
23
67
84
27
70
83
27
71
87
27
67
88
27
68
87
27
69
85
30
69
90
31
67
87
31
63
87
39
58
89
28
57
90
31
63
85
34
65
90
32
63
90
49
45
49
Northern
Southern
Democrats Democrats Republicans
23
69
80
21
77
74
15
74
75
29
77
79
20
73
76
20
78
72
19
71
81
17
75
80
24
76
72
31
77
74
24
77
73
21
74
72
38
80
79
20
78
74
17
74
76
19
79
69
19
79
69
21
73
76
26
75
80
24
70
69
29
75
74
26
72
74
29
76
84
30
76
81
30
69
81
27
74
85
30
72
82
26
70
83
30
70
79
29
72
80
31
69
84
29
70
83
33
71
84
27
67
79
31
70
84
30
69
81
24
68
87
30
66
88
32
73
88
36
76
87
31
58
70
*Congressional Quarterly stopped compiling this data after 2000. The ideological scores developed by
Keith Poole and Howard Rosenthal (voteview.com) are used in tables 8-7, 8-8, 8-9, and 8-10.
Note: Data indicate the percentage of conservative coalition votes on which members voted in
agreement with the position of the conservative coalition. Conservative coalition votes are those on
which a majority of northern Democrats voted against a majority of southern Democrats and Republicansthe conservative coalition. The percentages are normalized to eliminate the effects of not voting as
follows: conservative coalition support = (support)/(support + opposition).
Sources: Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, various years);
Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report , various issues.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 8-7
Average Ideological Positions of House Committees, 80th-112th Congresses
Committee
80th
1947
81st
1949
82nd
1951
83rd
1953
84th
1955
85th
1957
86th
1959
87th
1961
88th
1963
89th
1965
Agriculture
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.188
-0.084
0.375
0.034
-0.123
0.301
0.092
-0.071
0.304
0.166
-0.031
0.338
0.077
-0.141
0.352
0.079
-0.140
0.357
0.030
-0.134
0.315
0.065
-0.124
0.348
0.049
-0.158
0.361
-0.002
-0.161
0.345
Appropriations
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.144
-0.170
0.370
0.019
-0.196
0.342
0.025
-0.206
0.371
0.164
-0.162
0.382
0.012
-0.217
0.356
0.029
-0.195
0.352
0.019
-0.201
0.348
0.011
-0.210
0.330
-0.004
-0.218
0.316
-0.062
-0.225
0.286
Armed Services
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.131
-0.105
0.306
0.019
-0.189
0.323
0.050
-0.172
0.313
0.098
-0.132
0.305
0.020
-0.169
0.243
0.014
-0.172
0.232
-0.018
-0.185
0.256
0.024
-0.153
0.257
0.045
-0.148
0.285
-0.030
-0.178
0.278
Budget
All members
Democrats
Republicans
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
District of Columbia
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.125
-0.119
0.317
0.024
-0.166
0.308
0.055
-0.129
0.271
0.075
-0.129
0.264
0.034
-0.136
0.250
0.029
-0.142
0.246
-0.005
-0.158
0.269
0.010
-0.095
0.167
-0.004
-0.134
0.191
-0.048
-0.159
0.188
Education & the Workforce
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.123
-0.305
0.408
-0.088
-0.345
0.369
0.016
-0.280
0.393
0.014
-0.365
0.365
-0.083
-0.441
0.386
-0.112
-0.440
0.317
-0.151
-0.400
0.348
-0.066
-0.354
0.390
-0.113
-0.397
0.338
-0.189
-0.415
0.285
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 8-7
Average Ideological Positions of House Committees, 80th-112th Congresses
Committee
80th
1947
81st
1949
82nd
1951
83rd
1953
84th
1955
85th
1957
86th
1959
87th
1961
88th
1963
89th
1965
Energy and Commerce
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.065
-0.235
0.271
-0.087
-0.321
0.253
0.000
-0.226
0.260
0.042
-0.244
0.261
-0.001
-0.211
0.254
0.028
-0.179
0.277
-0.006
-0.176
0.292
-0.003
-0.181
0.270
-0.021
-0.201
0.255
-0.065
-0.224
0.284
Financial Services
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.106
-0.270
0.365
-0.061
-0.366
0.382
-0.027
-0.325
0.321
0.010
-0.374
0.342
-0.051
-0.354
0.344
-0.058
-0.356
0.332
-0.139
-0.366
0.253
-0.119
-0.369
0.255
-0.124
-0.369
0.215
-0.149
-0.327
0.206
Oversight & Government Reform
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.123
-0.248
0.355
-0.156
-0.380
0.420
-0.036
-0.310
0.362
0.003
-0.366
0.325
-0.035
-0.342
0.367
-0.025
-0.310
0.347
-0.082
-0.296
0.288
-0.088
-0.294
0.269
-0.129
-0.337
0.200
-0.151
-0.352
0.268
Homeland Security
All members
Democrats
Republicans
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
House Administration
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.172
-0.062
0.356
-0.097
-0.183
0.340
-0.012
-0.179
0.300
0.106
-0.182
0.312
0.004
-0.196
0.258
0.016
-0.189
0.277
-0.014
-0.183
0.286
0.025
-0.193
0.353
0.013
-0.170
0.288
-0.042
-0.220
0.337
Foreign Affairs
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.032
-0.320
0.213
-0.071
-0.297
0.196
-0.053
-0.279
0.212
0.019
-0.236
0.227
0.015
-0.199
0.257
-0.019
-0.261
0.256
-0.152
-0.353
0.230
-0.110
-0.294
0.172
-0.066
-0.308
0.306
-0.126
-0.340
0.302
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 8-7
Average Ideological Positions of House Committees, 80th-112th Congresses
Committee
80th
1947
81st
1949
82nd
1951
83rd
1953
84th
1955
85th
1957
86th
1959
87th
1961
88th
1963
89th
1965
Judiciary
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.080
-0.208
0.310
-0.006
-0.190
0.306
0.028
-0.176
0.316
0.072
-0.159
0.260
0.008
-0.198
0.272
0.005
-0.196
0.262
-0.048
-0.222
0.283
-0.005
-0.198
0.271
-0.038
-0.233
0.240
-0.115
-0.278
0.239
Merchant Marine and Fisheries
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.039
-0.256
0.272
-0.011
-0.199
0.271
-0.020
-0.251
0.267
0.031
-0.194
0.255
-0.049
-0.296
0.256
-0.008
-0.233
0.264
-0.039
-0.242
0.332
-0.019
-0.236
0.324
-0.052
-0.221
0.217
-0.105
-0.253
0.207
Post Office and Civil Service
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.135
-0.145
0.322
-0.018
-0.204
0.261
-0.009
-0.249
0.263
0.101
-0.111
0.281
0.060
-0.170
0.352
0.037
-0.206
0.348
-0.020
-0.258
0.363
0.088
-0.143
0.382
0.026
-0.284
0.393
-0.086
-0.301
0.371
Natural Resources
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.107
-0.181
0.300
0.020
-0.172
0.289
0.041
-0.231
0.381
0.119
-0.113
0.317
-0.012
-0.293
0.334
-0.006
-0.281
0.328
-0.060
-0.293
0.290
-0.007
-0.218
0.285
0.001
-0.232
0.318
-0.070
-0.253
0.295
Rules
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.245
-0.121
0.429
0.002
-0.168
0.341
0.002
-0.176
0.357
0.190
-0.046
0.308
-0.028
-0.222
0.359
-0.049
-0.221
0.295
-0.004
-0.220
0.429
-0.040
-0.247
0.478
-0.023
-0.246
0.424
-0.047
-0.250
0.359
Science, Space & Technology
All members
Democrats
Republicans
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
-0.095
-0.266
0.209
-0.075
-0.254
0.211
-0.040
-0.239
0.235
-0.081
-0.233
0.238
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 8-7
Average Ideological Positions of House Committees, 80th-112th Congresses
80th
1947
Committee
81st
1949
82nd
1951
83rd
1953
84th
1955
85th
1957
86th
1959
87th
1961
88th
1963
89th
1965
Small Business
All members
Democrats
Republicans
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
Ethics
All members
Democrats
Republicans
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
Transportation & Infrastructure
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.132
-0.150
0.319
-0.002
-0.210
0.301
0.018
-0.219
0.314
0.057
-0.285
0.334
0.027
-0.197
0.321
0.011
-0.208
0.289
-0.082
-0.273
0.269
-0.042
-0.272
0.286
-0.061
-0.279
0.251
-0.087
-0.267
0.291
Veterans Affairs
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.090
-0.148
0.254
-0.024
-0.193
0.261
0.040
-0.098
0.219
0.031
-0.127
0.179
-0.019
-0.192
0.241
0.001
-0.150
0.227
-0.081
-0.222
0.183
-0.004
-0.137
0.195
-0.014
-0.151
0.214
-0.060
-0.172
0.178
Ways & Means
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.174
-0.193
0.418
0.001
-0.276
0.418
0.017
-0.251
0.419
0.107
-0.299
0.377
-0.025
-0.278
0.356
-0.031
-0.288
0.354
-0.006
-0.293
0.471
0.004
-0.281
0.479
-0.016
-0.309
0.424
-0.065
-0.285
0.402
Chamber average
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.100
-0.189
0.328
-0.020
-0.235
0.313
0.033
-0.211
0.315
0.054
-0.209
0.309
0.023
-0.229
0.309
0.016
-0.228
0.297
-0.057
-0.250
0.299
-0.018
-0.229
0.300
-0.026
-0.249
0.294
-0.086
-0.264
0.286
n.a. = not available
Note: In 1995, the new Republican majority abolished the District of Columbia, Merchant Marine and
Fisheries, and Post Office and Civil Service Committees. It also renamed several committees. For th
changes, please see chapter 4. The committee titles here reflect the current names.
Source: Keith Poole, Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego, and Ho
Rosenthal, Professor of Politics at Princeton University, developed ideological scores based on mem
voting records. The Poole-Rosenthal scores can be viewed at voteview.com. A positive score denote
conservative ideology, while a negative score denotes a liberal one. Scores closest to zero reflect th
centrist ideologies, while more extreme scores reflect stronger conservative or liberal ideologies. Da
represent a statistical analysis of committee members' voting records performed by Charles Stewart
Professor of Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 8-7
Committee
90th
1967
91st
1969
92nd
1971
93rd
1973
94th
1975
95th
1977
96th
1979
97th
1981
98th
1983
99th
1985
100th
1987
101st
1989
Agriculture
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.121
-0.034
0.327
0.102
-0.060
0.297
0.034
-0.150
0.323
0.033
-0.190
0.311
-0.085
-0.248
0.267
-0.065
-0.228
0.260
-0.040
-0.213
0.271
0.019
-0.211
0.309
0.008
-0.187
0.333
-0.002
-0.211
0.318
0.008
-0.211
0.343
0.020
-0.196
0.362
Appropriations
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.012
-0.211
0.288
-0.028
-0.218
0.273
-0.048
-0.255
0.277
-0.058
-0.270
0.274
-0.114
-0.289
0.247
-0.126
-0.307
0.247
-0.145
-0.337
0.238
-0.102
-0.340
0.254
-0.128
-0.346
0.247
-0.122
-0.361
0.258
-0.113
-0.360
0.279
-0.118
-0.364
0.275
Armed Services
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.021
-0.167
0.274
0.039
-0.145
0.304
0.040
-0.125
0.298
0.064
-0.148
0.331
0.005
-0.139
0.291
0.010
-0.129
0.299
0.024
-0.117
0.278
0.068
-0.094
0.292
0.081
-0.127
0.411
0.064
-0.153
0.372
0.035
-0.182
0.371
0.022
-0.209
0.353
Budget
All members
Democrats
Republicans
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
-0.096
-0.380
0.347
-0.105
-0.322
0.358
-0.138
-0.368
0.352
-0.150
-0.378
0.335
-0.015
-0.303
0.394
-0.077
-0.339
0.400
-0.036
-0.325
0.408
-0.047
-0.338
0.388
-0.058
-0.326
0.345
District of Columbia
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.012
-0.161
0.177
0.000
-0.160
0.202
-0.012
-0.180
0.241
-0.059
-0.380
0.321
-0.189
-0.288
0.036
-0.179
-0.295
0.037
-0.164
-0.397
0.209
-0.278
-0.520
0.206
-0.254
-0.539
0.245
-0.241
-0.540
0.282
-0.237
-0.531
0.279
-0.211
-0.579
0.433
Education & the Workforce
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.125
-0.427
0.285
-0.126
-0.459
0.318
-0.140
-0.429
0.285
-0.112
-0.436
0.320
-0.197
-0.393
0.228
-0.173
-0.381
0.242
-0.153
-0.403
0.327
-0.101
-0.405
0.312
-0.161
-0.400
0.295
-0.090
-0.414
0.327
-0.114
-0.377
0.312
-0.155
-0.437
0.321
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 8-7
Committee
90th
1967
91st
1969
92nd
1971
93rd
1973
94th
1975
95th
1977
96th
1979
97th
1981
98th
1983
99th
1985
100th
1987
101st
1989
Energy and Commerce
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.021
-0.249
0.288
-0.043
-0.284
0.272
-0.028
-0.289
0.335
-0.029
-0.285
0.294
-0.114
-0.305
0.270
-0.120
-0.310
0.273
-0.069
-0.300
0.331
-0.021
-0.289
0.323
-0.031
-0.296
0.360
-0.045
-0.303
0.373
-0.019
-0.303
0.399
-0.026
-0.307
0.402
Financial Services
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.105
-0.354
0.233
-0.073
-0.292
0.218
-0.085
-0.331
0.277
-0.118
-0.401
0.273
-0.122
-0.341
0.318
-0.128
-0.301
0.229
-0.080
-0.307
0.304
-0.052
-0.324
0.311
-0.041
-0.299
0.360
-0.058
-0.298
0.314
-0.045
-0.289
0.320
-0.055
-0.321
0.344
Oversight & Government Reform
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.113
-0.338
0.185
-0.147
-0.360
0.156
-0.142
-0.382
0.205
-0.118
-0.384
0.221
-0.180
-0.374
0.223
-0.144
-0.349
0.279
-0.105
-0.324
0.285
-0.050
-0.317
0.295
-0.139
-0.343
0.304
-0.046
-0.366
0.387
-0.084
-0.358
0.387
-0.103
-0.396
0.367
Homeland Security
All members
Democrats
Republicans
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
House Administration
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.048
-0.155
0.306
-0.027
-0.281
0.295
-0.019
-0.308
0.414
-0.075
-0.367
0.349
-0.123
-0.345
0.347
-0.122
-0.352
0.367
-0.099
-0.372
0.385
-0.050
-0.354
0.368
-0.075
-0.342
0.383
-0.071
-0.367
0.436
-0.069
-0.366
0.439
-0.086
-0.355
0.350
Foreign Affairs
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.072
-0.346
0.310
-0.072
-0.381
0.310
-0.077
-0.340
0.249
-0.062
-0.326
0.233
-0.192
-0.371
0.152
-0.195
-0.382
0.178
-0.140
-0.343
0.216
-0.102
-0.351
0.230
-0.177
-0.394
0.258
-0.101
-0.391
0.325
-0.117
-0.376
0.321
-0.137
-0.415
0.287
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 8-7
Committee
90th
1967
91st
1969
92nd
1971
93rd
1973
94th
1975
95th
1977
96th
1979
97th
1981
98th
1983
99th
1985
100th
1987
101st
1989
Judiciary
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.059
-0.277
0.232
-0.093
-0.347
0.245
-0.121
-0.408
0.257
-0.117
-0.436
0.278
-0.167
-0.395
0.308
-0.130
-0.327
0.281
-0.112
-0.351
0.323
-0.062
-0.358
0.332
-0.132
-0.372
0.348
-0.037
-0.387
0.429
-0.072
-0.403
0.424
-0.065
-0.395
0.429
Merchant Marine and Fisheries
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.058
-0.282
0.227
-0.049
-0.259
0.227
-0.049
-0.227
0.213
-0.057
-0.278
0.228
-0.124
-0.283
0.192
-0.128
-0.307
0.246
-0.095
-0.287
0.247
-0.038
-0.218
0.217
-0.036
-0.248
0.290
-0.024
-0.242
0.296
-0.021
-0.239
0.300
-0.019
-0.242
0.323
Post Office and Civil Service
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.045
-0.312
0.318
-0.047
-0.331
0.340
0.009
-0.279
0.442
-0.032
-0.366
0.427
-0.126
-0.357
0.361
-0.151
-0.392
0.360
-0.088
-0.335
0.350
-0.129
-0.458
0.363
-0.085
-0.432
0.400
-0.163
-0.445
0.296
-0.196
-0.451
0.219
-0.185
-0.442
0.214
Natural Resources
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.069
-0.318
0.269
-0.060
-0.326
0.301
-0.084
-0.339
0.308
-0.055
-0.331
0.268
-0.089
-0.314
0.329
-0.091
-0.293
0.327
-0.083
-0.300
0.321
-0.040
-0.330
0.378
-0.052
-0.289
0.388
-0.017
-0.325
0.434
-0.031
-0.318
0.439
-0.065
-0.347
0.434
Rules
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.088
-0.308
0.351
-0.088
-0.303
0.342
-0.088
-0.299
0.333
-0.122
-0.359
0.352
-0.157
-0.380
0.333
-0.161
-0.386
0.336
-0.166
-0.388
0.321
-0.168
-0.398
0.337
-0.083
-0.385
0.400
-0.093
-0.401
0.399
-0.135
-0.395
0.385
-0.130
-0.370
0.351
Science, Space & Technology
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.036
-0.256
0.268
-0.040
-0.251
0.254
-0.055
-0.259
0.249
0.000
-0.206
0.270
-0.094
-0.257
0.278
-0.060
-0.223
0.278
-0.052
-0.238
0.283
-0.030
-0.249
0.267
-0.086
-0.310
0.347
0.014
-0.228
0.356
0.009
-0.228
0.332
-0.032
-0.244
0.301
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 8-7
90th
1967
Committee
91st
1969
92nd
1971
93rd
1973
94th
1975
95th
1977
96th
1979
97th
1981
98th
1983
99th
1985
100th
1987
101st
1989
Small Business
All members
Democrats
Republicans
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
-0.172
-0.350
0.184
-0.164
-0.344
0.180
-0.118
-0.304
0.194
-0.050
-0.296
0.267
-0.050
-0.257
0.296
-0.033
-0.268
0.335
-0.057
-0.294
0.319
-0.047
-0.302
0.359
Ethics
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.049
-0.166
0.263
0.084
-0.131
0.298
0.088
-0.124
0.300
0.082
-0.160
0.324
0.081
-0.100
0.261
0.061
-0.085
0.206
0.030
-0.242
0.301
0.039
-0.340
0.418
0.002
-0.417
0.421
-0.036
-0.374
0.303
-0.001
-0.373
0.371
0.011
-0.364
0.386
Transportation & Infrastructure
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.029
-0.270
0.276
-0.029
-0.279
0.287
-0.103
-0.335
0.276
-0.057
-0.294
0.284
-0.096
-0.281
0.274
-0.070
-0.244
0.277
-0.037
-0.220
0.298
-0.005
-0.258
0.314
-0.074
-0.335
0.292
-0.063
-0.333
0.321
-0.036
-0.336
0.343
-0.021
-0.302
0.400
Veterans Affairs
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.011
-0.136
0.148
-0.019
-0.191
0.199
-0.023
-0.177
0.223
-0.002
-0.154
0.207
-0.066
-0.202
0.223
-0.031
-0.154
0.227
0.014
-0.129
0.274
0.072
-0.139
0.314
-0.035
-0.199
0.341
-0.011
-0.224
0.293
0.012
-0.224
0.394
0.031
-0.209
0.374
Ways & Means
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.026
-0.297
0.382
-0.046
-0.284
0.350
-0.052
-0.278
0.325
-0.024
-0.263
0.335
-0.076
-0.286
0.400
-0.076
-0.288
0.365
-0.099
-0.339
0.382
-0.062
-0.304
0.382
-0.064
-0.288
0.364
-0.065
-0.304
0.357
-0.074
-0.324
0.368
-0.083
-0.327
0.349
Chamber average
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.026
-0.255
0.277
-0.031
-0.270
0.278
-0.050
-0.281
0.284
-0.039
-0.296
0.282
-0.113
-0.301
0.267
-0.107
-0.293
0.266
-0.079
-0.295
0.290
-0.028
-0.296
0.308
-0.052
-0.297
0.334
-0.060
-0.313
0.332
-0.073
-0.317
0.337
-0.076
-0.324
0.338
d
he
oward
mbers'
es a
he most
ta above
t,
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 8-7
102nd
1991
Committee
103rd
1993
104th
1995
105th
1997
106th
1999
107th
2001
108th
2003
109th
2005
110th
2007
111th
2009
112th
2011
Agriculture
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.027
-0.210
0.403
0.052
-0.237
0.438
0.121
-0.305
0.468
0.155
-0.251
0.471
0.141
-0.239
0.464
0.165
-0.257
0.462
0.152
-0.243
0.473
0.208
-0.216
0.563
0.124
-0.211
0.543
0.112
-0.195
0.590
0.145
-0.320
0.485
Appropriations
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.120
-0.373
0.306
-0.101
-0.386
0.344
0.038
-0.404
0.365
0.028
-0.428
0.388
0.035
-0.410
0.389
0.052
-0.412
0.403
0.047
-0.395
0.403
0.110
-0.388
0.511
-0.031
-0.423
0.471
-0.054
-0.401
0.528
0.056
-0.465
0.419
Armed Services
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.003
-0.231
0.370
0.025
-0.229
0.395
0.137
-0.261
0.456
0.168
-0.281
0.466
0.119
-0.303
0.462
0.114
-0.324
0.470
0.144
-0.289
0.485
0.165
-0.309
0.541
0.080
-0.320
0.551
0.070
-0.262
0.549
0.110
-0.364
0.462
Budget
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.074
-0.316
0.324
-0.083
-0.323
0.346
0.094
-0.356
0.446
0.094
-0.360
0.466
0.096
-0.375
0.484
0.130
-0.413
0.500
0.127
-0.381
0.529
0.210
-0.332
0.629
0.043
-0.406
0.625
-0.006
-0.389
0.649
0.183
-0.434
0.624
District of Columbia
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.205
-0.577
0.446
-0.161
-0.553
0.427
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
Education & the Workforce
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.164
-0.454
0.350
-0.119
-0.426
0.400
0.027
-0.456
0.404
0.022
-0.447
0.467
0.071
-0.455
0.496
0.038
-0.460
0.459
0.052
-0.465
0.459
0.113
-0.428
0.590
-0.040
-0.480
0.553
-0.008
-0.439
0.629
0.071
-0.465
0.445
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 8-7
102nd
1991
Committee
103rd
1993
104th
1995
105th
1997
106th
1999
107th
2001
108th
2003
109th
2005
110th
2007
111th
2009
112th
2011
Energy and Commerce
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.048
-0.306
0.418
-0.044
-0.324
0.402
0.071
-0.344
0.419
0.069
-0.380
0.432
0.067
-0.386
0.442
0.080
-0.399
0.447
0.074
-0.396
0.452
0.140
-0.399
0.593
0.043
-0.403
0.574
0.033
-0.361
0.634
0.083
-0.425
0.443
Financial Services
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.061
-0.311
0.373
-0.110
-0.413
0.365
-0.004
-0.462
0.390
-0.009
-0.477
0.412
0.027
-0.430
0.432
0.091
-0.454
0.445
0.072
-0.393
0.479
0.106
-0.389
0.559
0.076
-0.389
0.583
0.061
-0.340
0.641
0.079
-0.437
0.489
Oversight & Government Reform
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.121
-0.355
0.296
-0.139
-0.423
0.330
0.029
-0.377
0.365
0.091
-0.390
0.418
0.023
-0.433
0.404
-0.019
-0.470
0.392
0.036
-0.457
0.431
0.128
-0.437
0.545
0.005
-0.461
0.608
0.023
-0.407
0.669
0.107
-0.451
0.539
Homeland Security
All members
Democrats
Republicans
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
0.1613
-0.404
0.518
-0.003
-0.409
0.490
0.037
-0.354
0.607
0.107
-0.443
0.484
House Administration
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.098
-0.369
0.354
-0.114
-0.383
0.424
0.031
-0.428
0.360
0.064
-0.453
0.374
0.278
-0.342
0.381
0.000
-0.334
0.334
0.134
-0.448
0.425
0.206
-0.421
0.520
-0.097
-0.422
0.553
-0.047
-0.389
0.637
0.193
-0.437
0.507
Foreign Affairs
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.134
-0.397
0.276
-0.103
-0.406
0.336
0.055
-0.401
0.427
0.052
-0.415
0.406
0.074
-0.419
0.415
0.098
-0.470
0.491
0.069
-0.449
0.507
0.180
-0.406
0.636
0.064
-0.425
0.670
0.062
-0.384
0.697
0.145
-0.360
0.489
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 8-7
102nd
1991
Committee
103rd
1993
104th
1995
105th
1997
106th
1999
107th
2001
108th
2003
109th
2005
110th
2007
111th
2009
112th
2011
Judiciary
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.112
-0.401
0.356
-0.108
-0.440
0.389
0.042
-0.486
0.437
0.054
-0.489
0.461
0.040
-0.506
0.477
0.088
-0.508
0.542
0.112
-0.506
0.582
0.200
-0.444
0.675
-0.003
-0.504
0.675
0.020
-0.444
0.687
0.132
-0.512
0.570
Merchant Marine and Fisheries
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.026
-0.255
0.352
-0.037
-0.285
0.349
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
Post Office and Civil Service
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.181
-0.422
0.212
-0.170
-0.431
0.237
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
Natural Resources
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.025
-0.333
0.456
-0.046
-0.336
0.452
0.130
-0.359
0.477
0.119
-0.400
0.508
0.133
-0.381
0.499
0.130
-0.403
0.491
0.156
-0.406
0.497
0.172
-0.362
0.578
0.046
-0.440
0.602
0.096
-0.408
0.700
0.164
-0.431
0.529
Rules
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.119
-0.369
0.446
-0.123
-0.368
0.428
0.162
-0.351
0.390
0.186
-0.374
0.434
0.196
-0.381
0.453
0.198
-0.388
0.458
0.161
-0.522
0.465
0.243
-0.516
0.580
-0.171
-0.493
0.556
-0.098
-0.427
0.643
0.218
-0.515
0.585
Science, Space & Technology
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.032
-0.248
0.333
0.037
-0.214
0.420
0.131
-0.266
0.470
0.062
-0.291
0.414
0.065
-0.344
0.438
0.081
-0.358
0.465
0.083
-0.349
0.464
0.149
-0.335
0.552
0.113
-0.311
0.628
0.088
-0.311
0.698
0.175
-0.460
0.521
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 8-7
102nd
1991
Committee
103rd
1993
104th
1995
105th
1997
106th
1999
107th
2001
108th
2003
109th
2005
110th
2007
111th
2009
112th
2011
Small Business
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.046
-0.302
0.388
-0.061
-0.374
0.390
0.054
-0.411
0.455
0.085
-0.322
0.469
0.070
-0.391
0.474
0.067
-0.410
0.491
0.140
-0.401
0.538
0.203
-0.348
0.570
0.038
-0.368
0.601
0.128
-0.221
0.621
0.115
-0.420
0.507
Ethics
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.034
-0.450
0.381
-0.052
-0.445
0.340
-0.081
-0.477
0.315
-0.002
-0.483
0.479
-0.329
-0.479
0.420
0.150
-0.409
0.708
0.058
-0.335
0.451
0.078
-0.406
0.562
0.085
-0.434
0.604
0.073
-0.406
0.553
0.020
-0.487
0.426
Transportation & Infrastructure
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.016
-0.266
0.389
-0.054
-0.296
0.353
0.042
-0.304
0.344
0.034
-0.333
0.356
0.044
-0.328
0.376
0.047
-0.358
0.381
0.055
-0.387
0.410
0.109
-0.358
0.516
0.021
-0.365
0.475
0.025
-0.337
0.556
0.063
-0.404
0.428
Veterans Affairs
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.015
-0.212
0.383
-0.053
-0.314
0.404
0.085
-0.356
0.453
0.082
-0.380
0.457
0.093
-0.362
0.450
0.068
-0.365
0.423
0.063
-0.414
0.428
0.128
-0.362
0.553
0.095
-0.291
0.569
0.101
-0.222
0.630
0.103
-0.355
0.464
Ways & Means
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.098
-0.348
0.344
-0.101
-0.382
0.417
0.066
-0.425
0.435
0.060
-0.455
0.435
0.060
-0.467
0.426
0.065
-0.463
0.440
0.074
-0.463
0.455
0.146
-0.447
0.558
-0.035
-0.464
0.544
-0.035
-0.423
0.636
0.060
-0.482
0.448
Chamber average
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.091
-0.321
0.339
-0.083
-0.329
0.365
-0.071
-0.368
0.380
0.039
-0.387
0.428
0.033
-0.392
0.434
0.034
-0.399
0.445
0.054
-0.403
0.462
0.129
-0.383
0.571
0.036
-0.391
0.566
0.027
-0.354
0.620
0.084
-0.429
0.478
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 8-8
Average Ideological Positions of Senate Committees, 80th-112th Congresses
Committee
80th
1947
81st
1949
82nd
1951
83rd
1953
84th
1955
85th
1957
86th
1959
87th
1961
88th
1963
89th
1965
90th
1967
Agriculture, Nutrition, & Forestry
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.081
-0.168
0.294
0.036
-0.103
0.258
0.072
-0.097
0.268
0.152
-0.052
0.331
0.067
-0.139
0.302
0.082
-0.114
0.306
-0.006
-0.200
0.350
-0.083
-0.239
0.201
-0.050
-0.211
0.245
-0.056
-0.177
0.160
-0.040
-0.125
0.129
Appropriations
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.133
-0.095
0.305
0.056
-0.102
0.314
0.093
-0.109
0.316
0.106
-0.098
0.293
0.081
-0.101
0.279
0.079
-0.087
0.278
-0.017
-0.167
0.283
0.008
-0.164
0.301
-0.058
-0.191
0.207
-0.048
-0.176
0.206
-0.078
-0.200
0.153
Armed Services
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.083
-0.108
0.275
0.060
-0.059
0.228
0.087
-0.052
0.255
0.044
-0.095
0.166
0.063
-0.106
0.255
0.067
-0.107
0.266
0.000
-0.140
0.234
0.009
-0.130
0.240
-0.051
-0.150
0.167
-0.013
-0.158
0.334
-0.021
-0.192
0.319
Banking, Housing, & Urban Affairs
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.023
-0.316
0.313
-0.066
-0.284
0.284
0.112
-0.127
0.392
0.070
-0.206
0.312
-0.057
-0.258
0.260
0.011
-0.204
0.257
-0.131
-0.312
0.229
-0.174
-0.353
0.184
-0.143
-0.403
0.377
-0.143
-0.393
0.484
-0.124
-0.329
0.246
Budget
All members
Democrats
Republicans
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
Commerce, Science, & Transportation
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.094
-0.206
0.351
-0.018
-0.234
0.328
0.089
-0.173
0.395
0.048
-0.179
0.246
0.058
-0.149
0.266
0.097
-0.164
0.321
-0.095
-0.291
0.232
-0.093
-0.289
0.234
-0.156
-0.320
0.204
-0.146
-0.342
0.247
-0.115
-0.283
0.222
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 8-8
Average Ideological Positions of Senate Committees, 80th-112th Congresses
All members
Democrats
Republicans
80th
1947
0.144
-0.289
0.415
81st
1949
0.036
-0.276
0.400
82nd
1951
0.022
-0.294
0.391
83rd
1953
0.087
-0.204
0.342
84th
1955
-0.004
-0.318
0.354
85th
1957
-0.059
-0.405
0.335
86th
1959
-0.205
-0.448
0.280
87th
1961
-0.159
-0.417
0.316
88th
1963
-0.127
-0.419
0.409
89th
1965
-0.169
-0.418
0.379
90th
1967
-0.170
-0.416
0.281
Environment & Public Works
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.190
-0.004
0.357
0.110
-0.097
0.441
0.147
-0.086
0.381
0.061
-0.120
0.242
-0.026
-0.386
0.334
-0.059
-0.410
0.351
-0.238
-0.444
0.175
-0.236
-0.440
0.140
-0.259
-0.440
0.175
-0.254
-0.430
0.170
-0.156
-0.384
0.223
Finance
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.180
-0.100
0.419
0.159
-0.065
0.421
0.218
0.037
0.430
0.226
0.035
0.394
0.140
-0.065
0.375
0.127
-0.149
0.442
0.047
-0.182
0.468
0.005
-0.234
0.442
-0.022
-0.270
0.431
-0.031
-0.283
0.432
-0.064
-0.336
0.433
Foreign Relations
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.022
-0.268
0.189
-0.089
-0.243
0.157
-0.058
-0.166
0.093
-0.004
-0.221
0.185
-0.095
-0.279
0.199
-0.110
-0.381
0.200
-0.157
-0.335
0.169
-0.113
-0.339
0.300
-0.125
-0.324
0.355
-0.161
-0.354
0.257
-0.175
-0.411
0.231
Health, Education, Labor, & Pensions
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.029
-0.347
0.198
-0.214
-0.405
0.169
-0.211
-0.449
0.123
-0.092
-0.477
0.237
-0.183
-0.514
0.204
-0.165
-0.537
0.208
-0.245
-0.499
0.137
-0.268
-0.477
0.150
-0.226
-0.492
0.307
-0.287
-0.523
0.231
-0.235
-0.519
0.239
Homeland Security & Governmental Affairs
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.074
-0.124
0.245
-0.015
-0.209
0.211
0.048
-0.162
0.292
0.064
-0.234
0.319
0.005
-0.234
0.244
0.061
-0.198
0.320
-0.054
-0.288
0.415
-0.118
-0.289
0.225
-0.125
-0.311
0.248
-0.156
-0.354
0.339
-0.138
-0.355
0.295
Committee
Energy & Natural Resources
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 8-8
Average Ideological Positions of Senate Committees, 80th-112th Congresses
All members
Democrats
Republicans
80th
1947
0.041
-0.207
0.254
81st
1949
-0.044
-0.270
0.273
82nd
1951
0.058
-0.139
0.287
83rd
1953
0.112
-0.153
0.344
84th
1955
0.072
-0.181
0.361
85th
1957
0.054
-0.205
0.351
86th
1959
-0.102
-0.274
0.241
87th
1961
-0.050
-0.211
0.272
88th
1963
-0.110
-0.266
0.201
89th
1965
-0.128
-0.270
0.155
90th
1967
-0.082
-0.256
0.301
Rules & Administration
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.092
-0.279
0.324
-0.015
-0.183
0.256
-0.040
-0.291
0.252
0.057
-0.244
0.297
0.033
-0.335
0.493
-0.115
-0.252
0.114
-0.113
-0.262
0.186
-0.059
-0.246
0.315
-0.119
-0.293
0.229
-0.119
-0.296
0.235
-0.119
-0.299
0.242
Small Business & Entrepreneurship
All members
Democrats
Republicans
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
Veterans Affairs
All members
Democrats
Republicans
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
Chamber average
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.082
-0.173
0.307
0.018
-0.194
0.287
0.064
-0.162
0.306
0.048
-0.171
0.280
0.023
-0.226
0.291
0.014
-0.245
0.278
-0.100
-0.290
0.248
-0.096
-0.291
0.260
-0.113
-0.310
0.279
-0.125
-0.321
0.284
-0.110
-0.311
0.248
Committee
Judiciary
n.a. = not available
Source: Keith Poole, Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego, and
Howard Rosenthal, Professor of Politics at Princeton University, developed ideological scores based
on members' voting records. The Poole-Rosenthal scores can be viewed at voteview.com. A positive
score denotes a conservative ideology, while a negative score denotes a liberal one. Scores closest
to zero reflect the most centrist ideologies, while more extreme scores reflect stronger conservative
or liberal ideologies. Data above represent a statistical analysis of committee members' voting
records performed by Charles Stewart, Professor of Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 8-8
91st
1969
Committee
92nd
1971
93rd
1973
94th
1975
95th
1977
96th
1979
97th
1981
98th
1983
99th
1985
100th
1987
Agriculture, Nutrition, & Forestry
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.089
-0.042
0.243
0.046 -0.011
-0.126 -0.278
0.275 0.345
-0.015
-0.244
0.396
-0.020
-0.269
0.394
0.022
-0.228
0.335
0.081
-0.189
0.322
0.100
-0.193
0.335
0.059
-0.234
0.319
0.038
-0.315
0.351
Appropriations
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.024
-0.183
0.199
-0.052 -0.123
-0.224 -0.266
0.151 0.071
-0.148
-0.260
0.032
-0.195
-0.270
-0.045
-0.099
-0.298
0.209
-0.014
-0.272
0.226
-0.031
-0.272
0.194
-0.042
-0.297
0.197
-0.083
-0.302
0.187
Armed Services
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.018
-0.173
0.255
0.030 0.082
-0.227 -0.220
0.299 0.463
0.033
-0.297
0.494
0.031
-0.323
0.525
0.048
-0.263
0.416
0.147
-0.240
0.431
0.084
-0.297
0.389
0.081
-0.292
0.416
0.049
-0.263
0.431
Banking, Housing, & Urban Affairs
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.192
-0.380
0.090
-0.066 -0.107
-0.335 -0.350
0.242 0.205
-0.092
-0.333
0.292
-0.089
-0.354
0.309
-0.100
-0.394
0.340
-0.039
-0.412
0.287
-0.001
-0.397
0.350
-0.005
-0.387
0.377
-0.033
-0.321
0.328
Budget
All members
Democrats
Republicans
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a. -0.138
n.a. -0.408
n.a. 0.268
-0.107
-0.371
0.295
-0.137
-0.381
0.268
-0.110
-0.345
0.243
0.025
-0.337
0.326
0.025
-0.340
0.329
0.009
-0.348
0.307
-0.009
-0.319
0.301
Commerce, Science, & Transportation
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.102
-0.319
0.197
-0.094 -0.105
-0.306 -0.324
0.172 0.208
-0.151
-0.321
0.120
-0.148
-0.275
0.232
-0.049
-0.251
0.239
0.011
-0.225
0.221
-0.002
-0.255
0.223
-0.010
-0.283
0.232
-0.077
-0.327
0.229
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 8-8
All members
Democrats
Republicans
91st
1969
-0.112
-0.403
0.304
Environment & Public Works
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.136
-0.357
0.195
-0.080 -0.048
-0.307 -0.355
0.163 0.330
-0.095
-0.316
0.251
-0.128
-0.305
0.192
-0.142
-0.347
0.132
0.004
-0.327
0.262
0.006
-0.328
0.266
-0.025
-0.359
0.267
-0.102
-0.344
0.210
Finance
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.019
-0.299
0.474
0.032 -0.004
-0.341 -0.345
0.436 0.404
-0.029
-0.348
0.388
-0.013
-0.280
0.342
-0.080
-0.272
0.138
0.042
-0.270
0.245
0.017
-0.273
0.254
0.019
-0.280
0.263
-0.088
-0.342
0.223
Foreign Relations
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.163
-0.355
0.125
-0.187 -0.237
-0.341 -0.394
0.012 -0.012
-0.229
-0.396
0.010
-0.239
-0.371
-0.042
-0.119
-0.361
0.244
-0.063
-0.380
0.219
-0.052
-0.378
0.238
-0.040
-0.381
0.263
-0.071
-0.435
0.334
Health, Education, Labor, & Pensions
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.225
-0.473
0.128
-0.243 -0.269
-0.461 -0.458
0.069 0.048
-0.234
-0.453
0.095
-0.258
-0.422
0.070
-0.173
-0.459
0.256
-0.021
-0.449
0.311
-0.032
-0.443
0.287
-0.046
-0.479
0.292
-0.151
-0.493
0.289
Homeland Security & Governmental Affairs
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.105
-0.264
0.134
-0.075 -0.065
-0.243 -0.194
0.135 0.149
-0.114
-0.218
0.072
-0.171
-0.227
0.141
-0.151
-0.299
0.015
-0.097
-0.287
0.072
-0.065
-0.296
0.121
-0.106
-0.306
0.066
-0.143
-0.306
0.074
Committee
Energy & Natural Resources
92nd
1971
-0.077
-0.373
0.304
93rd
1973
-0.003
-0.384
0.427
94th
1975
-0.074
-0.356
0.436
95th
1977
-0.098
-0.376
0.411
96th
1979
-0.135
-0.355
0.212
97th
1981
-0.007
-0.352
0.275
98th
1983
-0.028
-0.362
0.245
99th
1985
0.009
-0.347
0.294
100th
1987
-0.011
-0.357
0.300
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 8-8
All members
Democrats
Republicans
91st
1969
-0.064
-0.253
0.205
Rules & Administration
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.046
-0.164
0.308
Small Business & Entrepreneurship
All members
Democrats
Republicans
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
Veterans Affairs
All members
Democrats
Republicans
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
-0.066 -0.035
-0.362 -0.367
0.303 0.380
0.027
-0.274
0.403
-0.052
-0.272
0.315
-0.034
-0.294
0.357
0.054
-0.329
0.328
0.017
-0.335
0.268
0.039
-0.367
0.271
-0.095
-0.371
0.235
Chamber average
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.077
-0.298
0.217
-0.061 -0.080
-0.302 -0.331
0.210 0.239
-0.097
-0.323
0.246
-0.101
-0.318
0.234
-0.080
-0.315
0.244
0.011
-0.304
0.279
0.012
-0.309
0.284
0.002
-0.324
0.292
-0.047
-0.332
0.293
Committee
Judiciary
92nd
1971
-0.045
-0.249
0.217
93rd
1973
-0.044
-0.248
0.218
94th
1975
-0.088
-0.339
0.288
95th
1977
-0.156
-0.333
0.162
96th
1979
-0.097
-0.384
0.313
97th
1981
0.020
-0.350
0.316
98th
1983
-0.002
-0.350
0.276
99th
1985
-0.013
-0.372
0.274
100th
1987
-0.064
-0.375
0.351
-0.018 -0.073
-0.161 -0.232
0.161 0.124
-0.090
-0.227
0.140
-0.104
-0.287
0.262
-0.096
-0.292
0.198
0.025
-0.318
0.270
0.032
-0.304
0.272
0.024
-0.307
0.261
-0.041
-0.364
0.374
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
-0.062
-0.321
0.168
-0.073
-0.289
0.143
-0.059
-0.317
0.199
-0.096
-0.330
0.196
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 8-8
101st
1989
Committee
102nd
1991
103rd
1993
104th
1995
105th
1997
106th
1999
107th
2001
108th
2003
109th
2005
110th
2007
111th
2009
112th
2011
Agriculture, Nutrition, & Forestry
All members
Democrats
Republicans
0.024
-0.309
0.357
0.042
-0.313
0.397
-0.006
-0.355
0.429
0.063
-0.327
0.410
0.096
-0.345
0.448
0.081
-0.339
0.417
0.077
-0.300
0.454
0.044
-0.297
0.355
0.065
-0.341
0.398
0.018
-0.375
0.412
-0.004
-0.341
0.446
0.019
-0.301
0.370
Appropriations
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.080
-0.350
0.253
-0.103
-0.354
0.231
-0.065
-0.355
0.293
-0.022
-0.373
0.282
-0.001
-0.411
0.354
-0.002
-0.406
0.348
-0.026
-0.382
0.330
-0.008
-0.383
0.342
0.015
-0.396
0.371
-0.023
-0.414
0.397
-0.098
-0.386
0.335
-0.005
-0.322
0.357
Armed Services
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.010
-0.286
0.370
-0.004
-0.287
0.386
0.044
-0.278
0.437
0.067
-0.319
0.418
0.069
-0.360
0.412
0.072
-0.371
0.435
0.040
-0.370
0.449
0.016
-0.392
0.392
0.012
-0.386
0.443
0.012
-0.386
0.443
-0.002
-0.348
0.460
0.033
-0.280
0.397
Banking, Housing, & Urban Affairs
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.035
-0.346
0.307
-0.036
-0.346
0.305
-0.056
-0.376
0.384
0.049
-0.441
0.431
0.063
-0.455
0.477
0.080
-0.408
0.479
0.054
-0.371
0.478
0.041
-0.371
0.416
0.078
-0.407
0.475
0.003
-0.437
0.486
0.009
-0.381
0.515
0.019
-0.342
0.453
Budget
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.005
-0.325
0.344
0.013
-0.341
0.403
-0.047
-0.395
0.419
0.023
-0.396
0.373
-0.021
-0.472
0.355
-0.017
-0.473
0.363
-0.019
-0.426
0.387
0.042
-0.436
0.480
0.078
-0.435
0.506
-0.027
-0.537
0.530
-0.009
-0.425
0.532
0.051
-0.357
0.495
Commerce, Science, & Transportation
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.049
-0.280
0.269
-0.046
-0.282
0.278
-0.014
-0.294
0.296
0.023
-0.300
0.314
0.044
-0.327
0.347
0.046
-0.325
0.350
-0.014
-0.348
0.320
-0.009
-0.378
0.330
0.060
-0.370
0.418
-0.017
-0.422
0.425
0.008
-0.363
0.481
0.054
-0.316
0.454
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 8-8
All members
Democrats
Republicans
101st
1989
0.013
-0.323
0.386
102nd
1991
-0.007
-0.331
0.388
103rd
1993
-0.012
-0.323
0.369
104th
1995
0.035
-0.375
0.364
105th
1997
0.072
-0.341
0.409
106th
1999
0.070
-0.323
0.392
107th
2001
0.035
-0.352
0.422
108th
2003
0.051
-0.354
0.423
Environment & Public Works
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.066
-0.318
0.257
-0.145
-0.368
0.190
-0.081
-0.396
0.369
0.100
-0.364
0.461
0.090
-0.378
0.464
0.051
-0.384
0.399
-0.027
-0.392
0.337
0.027
-0.369
0.381
0.062
-0.391
0.425
Finance
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.085
-0.347
0.234
-0.088
-0.329
0.205
-0.061
-0.347
0.257
0.003
-0.343
0.286
0.036
-0.313
0.322
0.057
-0.296
0.347
0.045
-0.301
0.390
0.081
-0.300
0.430
Foreign Relations
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.014
-0.405
0.420
-0.037
-0.411
0.430
-0.105
-0.440
0.354
0.034
-0.445
0.416
0.032
-0.489
0.448
0.018
-0.527
0.454
-0.066
-0.510
0.378
Health, Education, Labor, & Pensions
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.185
-0.497
0.217
-0.209
-0.508
0.219
-0.194
-0.498
0.241
-0.067
-0.526
0.291
-0.050
-0.506
0.315
-0.032
-0.507
0.349
Homeland Security & Governmental Affairs
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.113
-0.295
0.129
-0.129
-0.320
0.126
-0.130
-0.347
0.217
0.009
-0.353
0.326
-0.006
-0.387
0.291
-0.028
-0.390
0.253
Committee
Energy & Natural Resources
111th
2009
0.016
-0.346
0.486
112th
2011
0.049
-0.333
0.506
-0.020
-0.469
0.480
-0.104
-0.440
0.473
-0.013
-0.393
0.461
0.076
-0.353
0.426
-0.004
-0.389
0.419
0.016
-0.351
0.493
0.038
-0.313
0.453
-0.064
-0.506
0.334
-0.055
-0.473
0.280
-0.074
-0.521
0.417
-0.018
-0.425
0.542
0.061
-0.374
0.546
-0.076
-0.493
0.340
-0.011
-0.457
0.383
0.046
-0.449
0.451
-0.034
-0.528
0.510
-0.047
-0.453
0.481
-0.011
-0.381
0.434
-0.035
-0.367
0.297
-0.061
-0.433
0.270
-0.010
-0.399
0.293
-0.044
-0.378
0.333
-0.045
-0.360
0.405
0.090
-0.270
0.496
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
109th
110th
2005
2007
0.050 0.008
-0.373 -0.419
0.403 0.475
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 8-8
All members
Democrats
Republicans
101st
1989
-0.063
-0.372
0.350
102nd
1991
-0.074
-0.376
0.329
103rd
1993
-0.085
-0.388
0.293
104th
1995
0.010
-0.418
0.353
105th
1997
0.009
-0.459
0.384
106th
1999
0.034
-0.450
0.421
107th
2001
-0.047
-0.476
0.382
108th
2003
-0.017
-0.476
0.396
Rules & Administration
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.035
-0.366
0.390
-0.075
-0.368
0.364
-0.049
-0.335
0.319
0.042
-0.359
0.354
0.089
-0.338
0.421
0.082
-0.363
0.429
0.043
-0.351
0.436
0.032
-0.376
0.400
0.058
-0.383
0.410
Small Business & Entrepreneurship
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.037
-0.315
0.345
-0.079
-0.367
0.374
-0.056
-0.393
0.394
0.013
-0.395
0.347
0.029
-0.427
0.394
0.001
-0.428
0.344
-0.038
-0.430
0.354
0.006
-0.372
0.345
Veterans Affairs
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.108
-0.377
0.213
-0.131
-0.380
0.219
-0.118
-0.332
0.182
0.033
-0.336
0.296
-0.034
-0.477
0.283
-0.033
-0.487
0.291
-0.021
-0.341
0.300
Chamber average
All members
Democrats
Republicans
-0.045
-0.336
0.310
-0.060
-0.340
0.306
-0.059
-0.349
0.308
-0.040
-0.358
0.304
0.029
-0.396
0.389
0.028
-0.394
0.387
-0.005
-0.388
0.386
Committee
Judiciary
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
109th
110th
2005
2007
-0.048 -0.048
-0.540 -0.540
0.499 0.499
111th
2009
-0.071
-0.441
0.562
112th
2011
0.043
-0.367
0.555
-0.014
-0.392
0.405
-0.039
-0.392
0.446
0.002
-0.303
0.384
0.071
-0.362
0.417
-0.017
-0.400
0.408
-0.013
-0.352
0.453
0.058
-0.306
0.463
0.059
-0.268
0.354
0.083
-0.401
0.446
-0.060
-0.499
0.441
-0.096
-0.419
0.441
-0.018
-0.364
0.377
-0.002
-0.388
0.369
0.060
-0.424
0.456
-0.010
-0.441
0.440
-0.033
-0.368
0.425
0.031
-0.328
0.445
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 8-9
Congress
80th (1947)
81st (1949)
82nd (1951)
83rd (1953)
84th (1955)
85th (1957)
86th (1959)
87th (1961)
88th (1963)
89th (1965)
90th (1967)
91st (1969)
92nd (1971)
93rd (1973)
94th (1975)
95th (1977)
96th (1979)
97th (1981)
98th (1983)
99th (1985)
100th (1987)
101st (1989)
102nd (1991)
103rd (1993)
104th (1995)
105th (1997)
106th (1999)
107th (2001)
108th (2003)
109th (2005)
110th (2007)
111th (2009)
112th (2011)
113th (2013)a
Average Ideological Positions of House Party Coalitions, 80th-113th Congresses, 1947-2013
Entire
Nonsouthern
Southern
Democrats Republicans Democrats
chamber
Democrats
0.079
-0.148
0.261
-0.305
-0.046
-0.02
-0.197
0.254
-0.312
-0.053
0.02
-0.183
0.252
-0.316
-0.046
0.033
-0.186
0.247
-0.337
-0.044
0
-0.214
0.247
-0.353
-0.055
-0.009
-0.219
0.235
-0.357
-0.062
-0.072
-0.243
0.235
-0.353
-0.068
-0.048
-0.229
0.234
-0.344
-0.072
-0.056
-0.252
0.226
-0.368
-0.081
-0.11
-0.264
0.215
-0.358
-0.087
-0.058
-0.26
0.208
-0.373
-0.067
-0.06
-0.277
0.217
-0.384
-0.084
-0.076
-0.284
0.214
-0.385
-0.093
-0.072
-0.301
0.215
-0.386
-0.136
-0.13
-0.299
0.205
-0.368
-0.148
-0.126
-0.291
0.202
-0.356
-0.146
-0.1
-0.288
0.23
-0.351
-0.147
-0.047
-0.287
0.256
-0.358
-0.14
-0.07
-0.291
0.285
-0.361
-0.153
-0.05
-0.303
0.304
-0.361
-0.184
-0.049
-0.303
0.317
-0.355
-0.197
-0.048
-0.306
0.329
-0.353
-0.208
-0.307
0.358
-0.351
-0.212
-0.052
-0.026
-0.322
0.407
-0.356
-0.252
0.085
-0.348
0.47
-0.381
-0.272
0.089
-0.356
0.498
-0.38
-0.289
0.093
-0.356
0.522
-0.383
-0.278
0.112
-0.361
0.551
-0.386
-0.286
0.135
-0.36
0.581
-0.396
-0.27
0.153
-0.371
0.604
-0.398
-0.289
0.104
-0.353
0.639
-0.379
-0.273
0.076
-0.34
0.673
-0.362
-0.272
0.208
-0.39
0.7
-0.405
-0.332
0.207
-0.385
0.718
-0.392
-0.357
a. The data for the 113th Congress only include the first session.
Source: Keith Poole, Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego, and Howard
Rosenthal, Professor of Politics at Princeton University, developed ideological scores based on members' voting
records. The Poole-Rosenthal scores can be viewed at voteview.com. A positive score denotes a conservative
ideology, while a negative score denotes a liberal one. Scores closest to zero reflect the most centrist ideologies,
while more extreme scores reflect stronger conservative or liberal ideologies.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014
Vital Statistics on Congress
www.brookings.edu/vitalstats
Table 8-10
Congress
80th (1947)
81st (1949)
82nd (1951)
83rd (1953)
84th (1955)
85th (1957)
86th (1959)
87th (1961)
88th (1963)
89th (1965)
90th (1967)
91st (1969)
92nd (1971)
93rd (1973)
94th (1975)
95th (1977)
96th (1979)
97th (1981)
98th (1983)
99th (1985)
100th (1987)
101st (1989)
102nd (1991)
103rd (1993)
104th (1995)
105th (1997)
106th (1999)
107th (2001)
108th (2003)
109th (2005)
110th (2007)
111th (2009)
112th (2011)
113th (2013)a
Average Ideological Positions of Senate Party Coalitions, 80th-113th Congresses, 1947-2013
Entire
Nonsouthern Southern
Democrats Republicans Democrats Democrats
chamber
0.096
-0.053
0.23
-0.178
0.052
0.027
-0.119
0.212
-0.212
-0.009
0.067
-0.087
0.23
-0.192
0.011
0.071
-0.093
0.245
-0.205
0.002
0.038
-0.154
0.258
-0.287
-0.044
0.028
-0.186
0.254
-0.317
-0.049
-0.063
-0.232
0.244
-0.334
-0.05
-0.054
-0.249
0.269
-0.37
-0.038
-0.097
-0.27
0.275
-0.378
-0.057
-0.103
-0.283
0.278
-0.383
-0.077
-0.098
-0.289
0.237
-0.366
-0.129
-0.057
-0.284
0.235
-0.365
-0.118
-0.04
-0.277
0.227
-0.354
-0.117
-0.057
-0.311
0.255
-0.379
-0.121
-0.083
-0.304
0.252
-0.374
-0.123
-0.102
-0.301
0.234
-0.375
-0.13
-0.075
-0.297
0.243
-0.347
-0.18
0.021
-0.284
0.272
-0.328
-0.186
0.02
-0.289
0.274
-0.331
-0.192
0.014
-0.302
0.285
-0.343
-0.206
-0.033
-0.311
0.286
-0.357
-0.217
-0.036
-0.311
0.299
-0.346
-0.229
-0.32
0.309
-0.354
-0.236
-0.045
-0.046
-0.33
0.329
-0.365
-0.231
0.023
-0.343
0.349
-0.366
-0.252
0.045
-0.358
0.381
-0.375
-0.273
0.045
-0.346
0.374
-0.375
-0.225
0.022
-0.345
0.388
-0.371
-0.224
0.03
-0.342
0.382
-0.37
-0.224
0.068
-0.359
0.419
-0.37
-0.245
0.047
-0.352
0.445
-0.365
-0.23
-0.028
-0.361
0.463
-0.377
-0.23
0.054
-0.357
0.523
-0.372
-0.238
0.026
-0.387
0.55
-0.403
-0.252
a. The data for the 113th Congress only include the first session.
Source: Keith Poole, Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego, and Howard
Rosenthal, Professor of Politics at Princeton University, developed ideological scores based on members'
voting records. The Poole-Rosenthal scores can be viewed at voteview.com. A positive score denotes a
conservative ideology, while a negative score denotes a liberal one. Scores closest to zero reflect the most
centrist ideologies, while more extreme scores reflect stronger conservative or liberal ideologies.
Ornstein, Mann, Malbin, Rugg and Wakeman
Last updated April 18, 2014