Ultrasound
Jean Brainard, Ph.D.
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Printed: October 29, 2014
AUTHOR
Jean Brainard, Ph.D.
www.ck12.org
C HAPTER
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Chapter 1. Ultrasound
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Ultrasound
Define ultrasound
Describe echolocation.
State what sonar is and how it is used.
Explain how ultrasound is used to “see” inside the human body.
What could this smiling dolphin and yawning bat possibly have in common? It’s not just that both of them are
mammals. Both of them also use ultrasound to find things in the dark.
What Is Ultrasound?
Ultrasound is sound that has a wave frequency higher than the human ear can detect. It includes all sound with wave
frequencies higher than 20,000 waves per second, or 20,000 hertz (Hz). Although we can’t hear ultrasound, it is very
useful to humans and some other animals. Uses of ultrasound include echolocation, sonar, and ultrasonography.
Echolocation
Animals such as bats and dolphins send out ultrasound waves and use their echoes, or reflected waves, to identify
the locations of objects they cannot see. This is called echolocation. Animals use echolocation to find prey and
avoid running into objects in the dark. You can see in the Figure 1.1 and also at the following URL how a bat uses
echolocation to find insect prey. http://www.bsos.umd.edu/psyc/batlab/headaimmovies/nsf_challenge/nsf4.wmv
Sonar
Sonar uses ultrasound in a way that is similar to echolocation. Sonar stands for sound navigation and ranging. It is
used to locate underwater objects such as submarines. That’s how the ship pictured in the Figure 1.2 is using it. A
sonar device is both a sender and a receiver. It sends out ultrasound waves and detects the waves after they reflect
from underwater objects. If you watch the video at the URL below, you can see how sonar is used on a submarine.
http://dsc.discovery.com/videos/ultimate-guide-to-submarines-sonar.html
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FIGURE 1.1
MEDIA
Click image to the left for use the URL below.
URL: http://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/82389
The distance to underwater objects can be calculated from the known speed of sound in water and the time it takes
for the sound waves to travel to the object. The equation for distance traveled when speed and time are known is:
Distance = Speed × Time
Consider the ship and submarine pictured in the Figure 1.2. If an ultrasound wave travels from the ship to the
submarine and back again in 2 seconds, what is the distance from the ship to the submarine? The sound wave travels
from the ship to the submarine in just 1 second, or half the time it takes to make the round trip. The speed of sound
waves through ocean water is 1437 m/s. Therefore, the distance from the ship to the submarine is:
Distance = 1437 m/s × 1 s = 1437 m
Q: Now assume that the sonar device on the ship sends an ultrasound wave to the bottom of the water. If the sound
wave is reflected back to the device in 4 seconds, how deep is the water?
A: The time it takes the wave to reach the bottom is 2 seconds. So the distance from the ship to the bottom of the
water is:
Distance = 1437 m/s × 2 s = 2874 m
Ultrasonography
Another use of ultrasound is to “see” inside the human body. This use of ultrasound is called ultrasonography.
Harmless ultrasound waves are sent inside the body, and the reflected waves are used to create an image on a screen.
This technology is used to examine internal organs and unborn babies without risk to the patient. You can see a
doctor using ultrasound in the Figure 1.3. You can watch an animation showing how ultrasonography works at this
URL: http://www.pennmedicine.org/encyclopedia/em_DisplayAnimation.aspx?gcid=000134&ptid=17 .
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Chapter 1. Ultrasound
FIGURE 1.2
FIGURE 1.3
Summary
• Ultrasound is sound that has a wave frequency higher than the human ear can detect. It includes all sounds
with wave frequencies higher than 20,000 waves per second, or 20,000 hertz (Hz).
• Animals such as bats and dolphins send out ultrasound waves and use their echoes to identify the locations of
objects they cannot see. This is called echolocation.
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• Sonar stands for sound navigation and ranging. It is used to locate underwater objects such as submarines.
• Ultrasonography is the use of reflected ultrasound waves to “see” inside the body.
Vocabulary
• sonar: Sound navigation and ranging; use of reflected ultrasound waves to locate objects under water.
• ultrasound: Sound with a frequency above the range of human hearing (greater than 20,000 hertz).
Practice
At the following URL, read about dolphin echolocation and watch the animation. Then answer the questions below.
http://www.dolphinkind.com/echolocation.html
1.
2.
3.
4.
Why do dolphins use echolocation?
Describe how dolphins use echolocation.
What can dolphins determine about an object by using echolocation?
From how far away can dolphins “see” small objects with echolocation?
Review
1.
2.
3.
4.
Define ultrasound.
Explain how animals use echolocation to find things in the dark.
What does sonar stand for? How is it used to locate underwater objects?
A sonar device on a ship sends ultrasound waves under the water to locate a sunken ship. It takes the ultrasound
wave 0.6 seconds to travel from the device to the sunken ship and back again. How far below the surface is
the sunken ship?
5. How is ultrasonography like sonar?
References
1. Christopher Auyeung, using bat image by User:Rugby471/Wikimedia Commons. Bats use echolocation to
identify the location of objects. CC BY-NC 3.0 (bat image available under public domain)
2. Zachary Wilson. Sonar is used to locate underwater objects. CC BY-NC 3.0
3. Image copyright Alexander Raths, 2013. Ultrasound is used to examine internal organs and unborn babies.
Used under license from Shutterstock.com
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