Sustainable Building 2013 Hong Kong Regional Conference
Urban Density & Sustainability
12 -13 September 2013
DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW COURTYARD
BUILDINGS IN COMPACT HISTORICAL CENTRE OF HAVANA
Abel Tablada de la Torre. PhD. Arch. Asst. Prof. Department of Architecture
National University of Singapore
Atlantic Ocean
Tropic of Cancer
23.1 N
82.3 W
Caribbean Sea
DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW COURTYARD BUILDINGS IN HAVANA
SB13 Hong Kong. Urban Density & Sustainability. Sept 2013
Abel Tablada de la Torre PhD. Arch. Asst Prof.
Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore
Historical Centre of Havana
Havana’s Harbour
Border of former intramural city
30,000 residents + 37 000 i it /k 2
37,000 visitors /km
DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW COURTYARD BUILDINGS IN HAVANA
SB13 Hong Kong. Urban Density & Sustainability. Sept 2013
Abel Tablada de la Torre PhD. Arch. Asst Prof.
Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore
DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW COURTYARD BUILDINGS IN HAVANA
SB13 Hong Kong. Urban Density & Sustainability. Sept 2013
Abel Tablada de la Torre PhD. Arch. Asst Prof.
Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore
Objective
to present preliminary design recommendations for future low‐rise residential courtyard buildings inserted in the Historical Centre of Havana. The recommendations are based on:
The recommendations are based on:
• Study of the evolution of courtyard buildings in Havana from the environmental point of view
• Microclimatic measurements and a comfort survey, • Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations, • Thermal simulations and comfort analysis on a series of combinations of courtyard building prototypes.
DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW COURTYARD BUILDINGS IN HAVANA
SB13 Hong Kong. Urban Density & Sustainability. Sept 2013
Abel Tablada de la Torre PhD. Arch. Asst Prof.
Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore
DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW COURTYARD BUILDINGS IN HAVANA
SB13 Hong Kong. Urban Density & Sustainability. Sept 2013
Abel Tablada de la Torre PhD. Arch. Asst Prof.
Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore
DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW COURTYARD BUILDINGS IN HAVANA
SB13 Hong Kong. Urban Density & Sustainability. Sept 2013
Abel Tablada de la Torre PhD. Arch. Asst Prof.
Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore
DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW COURTYARD BUILDINGS IN HAVANA
SB13 Hong Kong. Urban Density & Sustainability. Sept 2013
Abel Tablada de la Torre PhD. Arch. Asst Prof.
Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore
DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW COURTYARD BUILDINGS IN HAVANA
SB13 Hong Kong. Urban Density & Sustainability. Sept 2013
Abel Tablada de la Torre PhD. Arch. Asst Prof.
Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore
DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW COURTYARD BUILDINGS IN HAVANA
SB13 Hong Kong. Urban Density & Sustainability. Sept 2013
Abel Tablada de la Torre PhD. Arch. Asst Prof.
Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore
The courtyard
co rt ard width
idth is variable:
ariable
W = 3, 6 or 9 m for a single courtyard and
W= 3 or 6 m for two consecutive courtyards
DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW COURTYARD BUILDINGS IN HAVANA
SB13 Hong Kong. Urban Density & Sustainability. Sept 2013
Abel Tablada de la Torre PhD. Arch. Asst Prof.
Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore
DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW COURTYARD BUILDINGS IN HAVANA
SB13 Hong Kong. Urban Density & Sustainability. Sept 2013
Abel Tablada de la Torre PhD. Arch. Asst Prof.
Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore
DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW COURTYARD BUILDINGS IN HAVANA
SB13 Hong Kong. Urban Density & Sustainability. Sept 2013
Abel Tablada de la Torre PhD. Arch. Asst Prof.
Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore
DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW COURTYARD BUILDINGS IN HAVANA
SB13 Hong Kong. Urban Density & Sustainability. Sept 2013
Abel Tablada de la Torre PhD. Arch. Asst Prof.
Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore
DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW COURTYARD BUILDINGS IN HAVANA
SB13 Hong Kong. Urban Density & Sustainability. Sept 2013
Abel Tablada de la Torre PhD. Arch. Asst Prof.
Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore
ET* ºC
E
33
33
32
32
31
31
Ground-Floor day
Ground-Floor night
Top-Floor day
30
30
Top-Floor
Top
Floor night
29
29
28
28
27
27
1C-1x1
1C-3x2
Rooms facing a single d
courtyard
Comfort Temperature ET*
Upper limit Comfort Zone
2C-3x2 Protected
CV rooms facing 2 courtyards
d
For cases with single‐side ventilation, ground‐floor rooms were always cooler than top rooms, independently of the orientation and shape of the courtyard. The higher air speed values provided by cross‐ventilation strategies improve thermal comfort under warm conditions even if the exterior air temperature is quite high, i.e. in the range of 26ºC
the range of 26
C to 32
to 32ºC.
C. DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW COURTYARD BUILDINGS IN HAVANA
SB13 Hong Kong. Urban Density & Sustainability. Sept 2013
Abel Tablada de la Torre PhD. Arch. Asst Prof.
Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore
ET* ºC
E
33
33
32
32
31
31
Ground-Floor day
Ground-Floor night
Top-Floor day
30
30
Top-Floor
Top
Floor night
29
29
28
28
27
27
1C-1x1
1C-3x2
Rooms facing a single courtyard
d
Comfort Temperature ET*
Upper limit Comfort Zone
2C-3x2 Protected
CV rooms facing 2 courtyards
d
The best thermal comfort on top‐floor rooms is achieved by providing cross ventilation through wider courtyards, by the use of exterior louvers and by orienting the room towards the SSE and NNW. Thermal conditions during the summer improve in terms of PMV from 1.2 to 0.87 and in terms of Effective Temperature (ET*)) from 32.4
in terms of Effective Temperature (ET
from 32.4°C
C to 31
to 31°C
C which is close to the upper which is close to the upper
limit of Old Havana summer comfort conditions (ET* = 30.6°C) Tablada et al. (2009).
DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW COURTYARD BUILDINGS IN HAVANA
SB13 Hong Kong. Urban Density & Sustainability. Sept 2013
Abel Tablada de la Torre PhD. Arch. Asst Prof.
Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore
Plot type 1
73 cases in total
Open space ratio = 0.15 Open space ratio = 0.3 Plot type 2
178
178 cases
Plot type 3
67 cases in total
67 cases in total
Open space ratio = 0.2 Open space ratio = 0.2 Open space ratio = 0.3 DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW COURTYARD BUILDINGS IN HAVANA
SB13 Hong Kong. Urban Density & Sustainability. Sept 2013
Open space ratio = 0.3 Abel Tablada de la Torre PhD. Arch. Asst Prof.
Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore
Design recommendations
Building geometry
Building
geometry
•
Open space ratios > 0.25 are recommended.
> 0.25 > 0.25 Open space ratio of 0.15 by current regulations DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW COURTYARD BUILDINGS IN HAVANA
SB13 Hong Kong. Urban Density & Sustainability. Sept 2013
Abel Tablada de la Torre PhD. Arch. Asst Prof.
Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore
Building geometry
•
F
For plot type 1 and 2, buildings with courtyards equivalent to two modules l tt
1 d 2 b ildi
ith
t d
i l tt t
d l
should preferably have less than around 9 m height (1 to 3 floors).
•
For plot type 3, buildings with a wide courtyard (W > 6 m) could have a maximum height of 11 m (3 ‐
h h f
( 4 floors). If one or two wide courtyards (W ≥ 7 m) fl
) f
d
d (
)
are linked with the street, the maximum height of the building could be 14 m.
11 14m
11-14m
<9m
Cross section
Plots 1 ‐ 2
<11m
Cross section
Plot 3
DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW COURTYARD BUILDINGS IN HAVANA
SB13 Hong Kong. Urban Density & Sustainability. Sept 2013
Street
Longitudinal section
Plot 3
Abel Tablada de la Torre PhD. Arch. Asst Prof.
Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore
Building geometry
•
T t
Two types of courtyards are recommended: f
t d
d d
(1) a wide courtyard (0.6 ≤ W/H ≤ 1.0) to ensure enough daylight and ventilation inside main rooms (living rooms, dining rooms and bedrooms), to provide some greenery circulation and access to apartments and
greenery, circulation and access to apartments and (2) narrow courtyards (0.3 ≤ W/H ≤ 0.5) for services rooms and as a secondary opening for the main rooms to ensure CV. Ventilation shafts may also be a third option to ensure CV if space is limited.
p
p
1
2
2
0.6
1
2
1
0.3
2
Cross section
DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW COURTYARD BUILDINGS IN HAVANA
SB13 Hong Kong. Urban Density & Sustainability. Sept 2013
Longitudinal section
Abel Tablada de la Torre PhD. Arch. Asst Prof.
Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore
Orientation
•
The orientation of the courtyard’ss main axis should prioritize the climatic factors The orientation of the courtyard
main axis should prioritize the climatic factors
(prevailing winds, solar radiation) rather than following the actual plot orientation
•
Windows orientation on top
Windows
orientation on top‐floor
floor rooms according to the function of the room. rooms according to the function of the room.
Daytime rooms like living‐rooms should preferably be oriented towards the SSE‐
NNW. Top‐floor bedrooms should preferably face ENE for SV cases. For CV cases they should face SSE‐NNW. Kitchens and bathrooms can be oriented to WSW. Adjacent building
Adjacent building
Adjacent building
Street
Street
Adjacent building
Street
DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW COURTYARD BUILDINGS IN HAVANA
SB13 Hong Kong. Urban Density & Sustainability. Sept 2013
Street
Abel Tablada de la Torre PhD. Arch. Asst Prof.
Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore
Orientation
•
For plot type 1, cases ‘a’,
For plot type 1, cases a , ‘b’
b and and ‘g’
g are preferable for buildings with ENE and are preferable for buildings with ENE and
WSW facade orientations. Case ‘c’ is better for NNW and SSE. Open space ratio = 0.3 DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW COURTYARD BUILDINGS IN HAVANA
SB13 Hong Kong. Urban Density & Sustainability. Sept 2013
Abel Tablada de la Torre PhD. Arch. Asst Prof.
Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore
Orientation
•
For plot type 2, case ‘b’,
For plot type 2, case b , ‘d’
d and and ‘f’
f are preferable for buildings with ENE and WSW are preferable for buildings with ENE and WSW
facade orientations. Case ‘h’ is better for NNW and SSE facade orientations. Open space ratio = 0.3 DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW COURTYARD BUILDINGS IN HAVANA
SB13 Hong Kong. Urban Density & Sustainability. Sept 2013
Abel Tablada de la Torre PhD. Arch. Asst Prof.
Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore
Orientation
•
For plot type 3, the longest courtyard’ss facades should preferably be oriented For plot type 3, the longest courtyard
facades should preferably be oriented
towards NNW and SSE. Open space ratio = 0.3 DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW COURTYARD BUILDINGS IN HAVANA
SB13 Hong Kong. Urban Density & Sustainability. Sept 2013
Abel Tablada de la Torre PhD. Arch. Asst Prof.
Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore
Ventilation and solar protection
•
Cross ventilation is recommended for the main daytime‐use rooms like the y
living‐room and dining‐room. Cross ventilation on bedrooms is more effective and necessary on top‐floor than on ground and middle‐floor bedrooms.
•
A connection between SV rooms by internal openings or by sliding walls is y
p
g
y
g
recommended in order to provide cross ventilation when required.
•
An interconnection between the street and the courtyards and among the main courtyards through a circulation path on ground floor is recommended
courtyards through a circulation path on ground floor is recommended
Longitudinal section
Longitudinal section
DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW COURTYARD BUILDINGS IN HAVANA
SB13 Hong Kong. Urban Density & Sustainability. Sept 2013
Abel Tablada de la Torre PhD. Arch. Asst Prof.
Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore
Ventilation and solar protection
•
Wider courtyards (0.6 ≤ W/H ≤ 1.0) should have proper sun shadings over y
(
/
)
p p
g
windows and courtyard walls
•
The use of movable louvers as part of the window system is recommended for y
the main rooms on every floor.
•
Sun shadings should protect, at least, the top‐floor rooms facing the narrow courtyards (0.3 ≤ W/H ≤ 0.5).
DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW COURTYARD BUILDINGS IN HAVANA
SB13 Hong Kong. Urban Density & Sustainability. Sept 2013
Abel Tablada de la Torre PhD. Arch. Asst Prof.
Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore
Conclusions and further work
•
Higher air speed values provided by cross ventilation strategies improve thermal comfort for the rooms which are more exposed to solar radiation like top‐floor rooms and rooms oriented towards ENE and WSW. •
The cooling sensation of air movement is effective even if the exterior air temperature is in the range of 26º C to 32º C.
•
The recommendations of this study can be useful for the extension and/or The
recommendations of this study can be useful for the extension and/or
improvement of the current urban regulations of the Historical Centre of Havana. •
They can also guide the decisions of practitioners working in other compact They
can also guide the decisions of practitioners working in other compact
low‐rise urban areas in tropical humid regions. •
p
yp
g
Detailed recommendations for each of the three plot types with a larger number of design options will be presented in a future publication. •
Further work is needed to evaluate thermal, daylight and energy performance p
p
yp
p
of optimal prototypes for each plot and facade orientation.
DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW COURTYARD BUILDINGS IN HAVANA
SB13 Hong Kong. Urban Density & Sustainability. Sept 2013
Abel Tablada de la Torre PhD. Arch. Asst Prof.
Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore
Thank you very much
Thank you very much
[email protected]
DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW COURTYARD BUILDINGS IN HAVANA
SB13 Hong Kong. Urban Density & Sustainability. Sept 2013
Abel Tablada de la Torre PhD. Arch. Asst Prof.
Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore