B, SI, GE, AS, SB, TE, PO
Jenaba Munu
Charles Ibezimako
Danielle Keene-el
Daniel Jones
CHEM107.004
October 22,2014
THE PERIODIC TABLE
WHAT ARE METALLOIDS?
• METALLOIDS ARE THE ELEMENTS FOUND ALONG THE STAIR-STEP LINE
THAT DISTINGUISHES METALS FROM NON-METALS.
• THEY HAVE CHARACTERISTICS LIKE METALS AND NONMETALS WHICH
IS WHY THEY ARE ALSO CALLED SENTIMETALS.
• THE METALLOIDS INCLUDE
1.
BORON, (B)
2.
SILICON, (SI)
3.
GERMANIUM, (GE)
4.
ARSENIC, (AS)
5.
ANTIMONY, (SB)
6.
TELLURIUM, (TE)
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A METALLOID
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALLOIDS:
•
THEY CAN BE SHINY (METALLIC LUSTER) OR CAN BE DULL
•
THEY ARE SEMI CONDUCTORS WHICH MEANS THEY HAVE A GOOD
CONDUCTIVITY OF ELECTRICITY BETTER THAN NONMETALS(INSULATORS) BUT
NOT AS GOOD AS METALS(CONDUCTORS)
•
THEY ARE DUCTILE WHICH IS THE ABILITY TO BE DEFORMED UNDER TENSILE
STRESS WITHOUT LOSING TOUGHNESS
•
METALLOIDS ARE ALSO MALLEABLE, WHICH IS THE ABILITY TO BE HAMMERED OR
PRESSED OUT PERMANENTLY OF SHAPE WITHOUT BREAKING OR CRACKING
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS CONTINUED..
• METALLOIDS ARE SOLID AT
ROOM TEMPERATURE
• THEY MOSTLY EXIST IN ATROPHIC FORMS
• THE DENSITY OF METALLOIDS IS LOWER THAN THAT OF
POOR METALS, AND HIGHER THAN THAT OF NONMETALS
CHARACTERISTICS CONTINUED..
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALLOIDS:
• THESE ELEMENTS FORM IONIC OR COVALENT BONDS
• METALLOIDS REACT WITH METALS TO FORM ALLOYS
• THE IONIZATION LEVEL OF METALLOIDS IS HIGHER THAN
THAT OF METALS, AND LOWER THAN NON-METALS
• THEY REACT WITH HALOGENS TO FORM COMPOUNDS
• THE OXIDES OF METALLOIDS ARE WEAKLY ACIDIC. WHEN
HEATED BEYOND A CERTAIN TEMPERATURE THEY ARE
AMORPHOUS AND FORM GLASS.
BORON, (B)
ATOMIC NUMBER: 5
ATOMIC MASS: 10.811 AMU
MELTING POINT: 2300.0 °C
(2573.15 K, 4172.0 °F)
BOILING POINT: 2550.0 °C
(2823.15 K, 4622.0 °F)
NUMBER OF
PROTONS/ELECTRONS: 5
NUMBER OF NEUTRONS: 6
ATOMIC RADIUS: 85PM
ELECTRON AFFINITY: 0.279723(24)
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION: [HE] 2S2
2P1
SILICON, (SI)
ATOMIC NUMBER: 14
ATOMIC MASS: 28.0855 AMU
MELTING POINT: 1410.0 °C
(1683.15 K, 2570.0 °F)
BOILING POINT: 2355.0 °C
(2628.15 K, 4271.0 °F)
NUMBER OF
PROTONS/ELECTRONS: 14
NUMBER OF NEUTRONS: 14
ATOMIC RADIUS: 117.6PM
ELECTRON AFFINITY: 1.3895210(7)
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION: [NE]
3S2 3P2
GERMANIUM, (GE)
ATOMIC NUMBER: 32
ATOMIC MASS: 72.61 AMU
MELTING POINT: 937.4 °C
(1210.55 K, 1719.3201 °F)
BOILING POINT: 2830.0 °C
(3103.15 K, 5126.0 °F)
NUMBER OF
PROTONS/ELECTRONS: 32
NUMBER OF NEUTRONS: 41
ATOMIC RADIUS: 122PM
ELECTRON AFFINITY: 1.232712(15)
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION: [AR]
3D10 4S2 4P2
ANTIMONY, (SB)
ATOMIC NUMBER: 51
ATOMIC MASS: 121.76 AMU
MELTING POINT: 630.0 °C (903.15
K, 1166.0 °F)
BOILING POINT: 1750.0 °C
(2023.15 K, 3182.0 °F)
NUMBER OF
PROTONS/ELECTRONS: 51
NUMBER OF NEUTRONS: 71
ATOMIC RADIUS: 140PM
ELECTRON AFFINITY: 1.047401(18)
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION: [KR]
4D10 5S2 5P3
ARSENIC, (AS)
ATOMIC NUMBER: 33
ATOMIC MASS: 74.9216 AMU
MELTING POINT: 817.0 °C
(1090.15 K, 1502.6 °F)
BOILING POINT: 613.0 °C (886.15
K, 1135.4 °F)
NUMBER OF
PROTONS/ELECTRONS: 33
NUMBER OF NEUTRONS: 42
ATOMIC RADIUS: 119PM
ELECTRON AFFINITY: 0.8048(2)
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION: [AR] 4S2
3D10 4P3
TELLURIUM, (TE)
ATOMIC NUMBER: 52
ATOMIC MASS: 127.6 AMU
MELTING POINT: 449.5 °C
(722.65 K, 841.1 °F)
BOILING POINT: 989.8 °C
(1262.95 K, 1813.64 °F)
NUMBER OF
PROTONS/ELECTRONS: 52
NUMBER OF NEUTRONS: 76
ATOMIC RADIUS:140PM
ELECTRON AFFINITY:1.970876(7)
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION:
[KR] 4D10 5S2 5P4
ATOMIC TRENDS
HOW IS THE PERIODIC TABLE ORGANIZED ?
• MENDELEEV IS KNOW AS THE FATHER OF THE PERIODIC TABLE. HE DEVELOPED
THE PERIODIC LAW WITH GERMAN SCIENTIST JULIUS LOTHAR MEYER.
ACCORDING TO THE PERIODIC LAW, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
THE ELEMENTS RECUR IN A SYSTEMATIC AND PREDICTABLE WAY WHEN THE
ELEMENTS ARE ARRANGED IN ORDER OF-INCREASING ATOMIC NUMBER.
• ELECTRON AFFINITY: ELECTRON AFFINITY INCREASES AS YOU MOVE FROM LEFT
TOP RIGHT A PERIOD, AND DECREASES AS YOU MOVE FROM TOP TO BOTTOM
IN A GROUP.
• ATOMIC RADIUS: MEASURE OF THE SIZE OF ITS ATOMS, USUALLY THE MEAN OR
TYPICAL DISTANCE FROM THE NUCLEUS TO THE BOUNDARY OF THE
SURROUNDING CLOUD OF ELECTRONS.
• ANOTHER WAY THE PERIODIC TABLE IS ORGANIZED IS BY ELEMENT FAMILIES
WHICH IS A SET OF ELEMENTS SHARING COMMON PROPERTIES.
HOW THE ELEMENTS IN OUR GROUP
OCCUR IN NATURE AND ARE USED IN
INDUSTRY
• METALLOIDS HAVE SOME FREE ELECTRONS WHICH MAKES THEM USEFUL
WHEN YOU NEED SOMETHING THAT CONDUCTS UNDER CERTAIN
CONDITIONS, AND NOT UNDER OTHERS.
EX. SILICON MAKES A FABULOUS SEMICONDUCTOR
• MOST OF THE METALLOIDS LIKE GERMANIUM, ARSENIC, TELLURIUM AND
POLONIUM ARE CONSIDERED HIGHLY POISONOUS. SO TAKE PROPER
PRECAUTIONS IF YOU COME IN CONTACT WITH THEM.
SILICON (SI)
WHAT IS IT KNOWN FOR?
• SILICON IS KNOWN FOR ITS
SEMICONDUCTOR PROPERTIES. IT IS USED IN
MANY ELECTRONIC DEVICES LIKE
COMPUTERS, TRANSISTORS, SOLAR CELLS,
LCD SCREENS, TO CONTROL THE FLOW OF
ELECTRICITY.
HOW IS IT USED?
• SILICON IN THE FORM OF SILICON DIOXIDE
AND SILICA ARE USED IN THE MANUFACTURE
OF BRICK, CONCRETE AND CEMENT.
• SILICON IS USED AS PUTTY WHICH IS
FORMED WITH THE HELP OF BORIC ACID AND
SILICON OIL.
• SILICON IS ALSO USED FOR BREAST
IMPLANTATION AND FOR MAKING CONTACT
LENSES.
SILICON CONTINUED…
• IT IS ALSO USED IN HIGH TEMPERATURE WAXES
AND GREASES.
• IT CAN ALSO BE USED IN MAKING EXPLOSIVES
AND FIREWORKS.
HOW MUCH SILICON IS WORTH IN THE INDUSTRY?
• THE BREAST IMPLANT INDUSTRY IS A MULTI BILLION DOLLAR
INDUSTRY
• THE COST OF FIREWORKS IN AMERICA THE PRICE STARTS
AROUND $100.00.
• THE SILICON CHIPS INDUSTRY IS ANOTHER MULTI BILLION
DOLLAR INDUSTRY
EX. IBM IS A COMPANY THAT MAKES SILICON
CHIPS AS WELL AS INTEL
BORON (B)
WHAT IS IT KNOWN FOR?
•BORON DOES NOT OCCUR NATURALLY ON EARTH, BUT DOES OCCUR AS ORTHOBORIC ACID
AND IS TYPICALLY FOUND IN CERTAIN VOLCANIC SPRING WATERS
• KNOWN TO POSSESSES METALLIC PROPERTIES ALSO USED IN COATING SUBSTANCES TO
INCREASE THEIR STRENGTH AND HARDNESS.
HOW IT IS USED?
• BORON IS USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF BOROSILICATE GLASS. THESE GLASSES HAVE A HIGH
RESISTANCE TO THERMAL SHOCK WHICH CAUSES NORMAL GLASSES TO BREAK.
• BORON CARBIDE IS ALSO USED IN MAKING BULLETPROOF JACKETS
BORON CONTINUED…
• IT IS PRESENT IN THE STRONGEST TYPE OF MAGNET: THE NEODYNIUM
MAGNET. THIS MAGNET IS USED IN THE CD AND DVD PLAYERS, CELL
PHONES, MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) MACHINES, ETC.
• IT IS USED IN MAKING MANY CLEANING PRODUCTS LIKE DETERGENTS
AND BLEACH.
• IT IS VERY WIDELY USED IN KILLING ANTS, FLEAS, COCKROACHES AND
OTHER SMALL INSECTS.
HOW MUCH IS BORON WORTH IN THE
INDUSTRY?
• THE COST OF NEODYNIUM MAGNET CAN BE ANYWHERE FROM
$12.00 TO $120.00
• THE COST OF COST OF BULLET POOF JACKETS CAN BE GREAT,
$ 1,000 AND UP
• THE COST OF EVERYDAY CLEANING SUPPLIES CAN COST AS MUCH AS
$10.00
GERMANIUM (Ge)
WHAT IS IT KNOWN FOR?
•GERMANIUM IS KNOWN FOR ITS HIGH REFRACTIVE INDEX
•GERMANIUM ALSO BEHAVES AS A SEMICONDUCTOR
•IT BEHAVES AS A CATALYST IN MANY POLYMERIZATION REACTIONS
HOW IS IT USED?
• IT
IS USED IN WIDE ANGLE CAMERAS, AND MICROSCOPE LENSES.
•USED IN MANY ELECTRONIC DEVICES LIKE COMPUTERS, CALCULATORS, TRANSISTORS, ETC.
•IT IS ALSO USED IN SOLAR PANELS TO CONTROL THE FLOW OF ELECTRICITY.
•WITH PHOSPHOR IT IS USED IN FLUORESCENT LAMPS, METALLURGY AND CHEMOTHERAPY.
•IT IS USED IN FIBER OPTICS AND INFRA-RED OPTICS AND IN INFRA RED SPECTROSCOPY.
•GERMANIUM WAS PREVIOUSLY USED TO TREAT ANEMIA BUT LATER IT WAS FOUND THAT IT IS
RESPONSIBLE FOR MANY HEALTH HAZARDS AND DISEASES.
HOW IS IT USED TODAY?
• TODAY GERMANIUM OR ORGANIC GERMANIUM IS USED WITH COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINES
AND ARE HELPFUL IN BOOSTING THE IMMUNE SYSTEM OF CANCER PATIENTS. IT IS ALSO USED
TO AID IN TREATMENT OF AIDS, HEART DISEASES AND ARTHRITIS.
ARSENIC (As)
WHAT IS IT KNOWN FOR?
•ARSENIC IS AN ELEMENT FOUND IN NATURE, AND IN MAN-MADE PRODUCTS, INCLUDING SOME
PESTICIDES. LOW LEVELS OF ARSENIC ARE FOUND IN SOIL, WATER AND AIR.
•CAN CAUSE ARSCENICAL POISON IF EXPOSED TO HUMANS AND ANIMALS.
HOW IS IT USED?
• ARSENIC IS VERY COMMONLY USED TO STRENGTHEN THE ALLOY OF COPPER AND LEAD
WHICH ARE USED IN CAR BATTERIES.
• ARSENIC-74 IS AN ISOTOPE WHICH IS BELIEVED TO BE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN IODINE IN
TAKING IMAGES AND LOCATING TUMORS.
• IT IS USED IN PRESERVING WOOD FROM VARIOUS BACTERIA, FUNGI AND INSECTS.
• IT WAS ALSO USED IN VARIOUS PESTICIDES AND HERBICIDES BUT IS RARELY USED
NOWADAYS..
• IT IS MEDICALLY USED IN TREATING CANCER AND ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA.
• IT IS MIXED WITH ANIMAL FOOD TO PROTECT THEM FROM VARIOUS DISEASES.
ANITMONY (Sb)
WHAT IS IT KNOWN FOR?
•NICOLAS LÉMERY, A FRENCH CHEMIST, WAS THE FIRST PERSON TO SCIENTIFICALLY STUDY ANTIMONY AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• KNOWN TO BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORES STIBNITE (SB2S3) AND VALENTINITE (SB2O3)
•AS A SEMI CONDUCTOR IN ELECTRONIC DEVICES
HOW IS IT USED?
• THE MOST IMPORTANT USE OF ANTIMONY IS IN THE MAKING OF FLAME RETARDANTS. IT IS
USED IN AIRCRAFT, AUTOMOBILE SEAT COVERS, LIGHT AIRCRAFT ENGINE COVERS, ETC.
• IT IS USED WITH LEAD TO INCREASE THE HARDNESS AND MECHANICAL STRENGTH OF LEAD
WHICH IS USED IN ACID BATTERIES.
• ITS ALLOYS ARE ALSO USED IN MAKING BULLETS, CABLE SHEATHING, ETC.
• IT IS USED AS A CATALYST IN THE PRODUCTION OF MANY POLYMERS.
• IT IS ALSO USED AS FINING AGENT WHICH HELPS IN REMOVING MICROSCOPIC BUBBLES
FROM THE TV SCREENS.
• IT IS USED AS A FRICTION COEFFICIENT IN MAKING AUTOMOBILE BREAKS AND PADS.
• IT IS ALSO USED IN THE SAFETY EQUIPMENT IN NUCLEAR REACTORS.
• USED IN MANY MEDICATIONS FOR TREATING A NUMBER OF DISEASES.
TELLURIUM (Te)
WHAT IS IT KNOWN FOR?
• TELLURIUM IS KNOWN TO BE PRESENT IN CAST IRON ALLOYS TO HELP REGULATE THE
TEMPERATURE
• IT HAS ALSO BEEN FOUND TO REDUCES THE RATE OF CORROSION IN THE METAL
• LIKE MANY METALLOIDS IT BEHAVES AS A SEMI CONDUCTOR
HOW IS IT USED?
• ONE OF THE MOST COMMON USES OF TELLURIUM IS ALLOYING. IT INCREASES THE
RESILIENCE AND DURABILITY OF METALS.
• ALSO USED TO INCREASE THE DUCTILITY OF STAINLESS STEEL AND COPPER.
• THEY ARE VERY EFFECTIVE IN SOLAR CELL PANELS AS A SEMICONDUCTOR.
• TELLURIUM WITH ZINC FORMS A GAMMA RAY DETECTOR AND WITH MERCURY IT
MAKES FOR AN INFRARED DETECTOR.
• USED IN MAKING CERAMICS, TINTING GLASSES, BLASTING CAPS, ETC.
• IT IS USED IN REDUCING ENGINE KNOCKING
CHOOSING A PRODUCT
WE ARE SURROUNDED BY METALLOIDS EVERYDAY
SILICON CAN BE FOUND IN A DIVERSE RANGE OF APPLICATIONS FROM
ELECTRONICS, MEDICAL DEVICES, AUTOMOTIVE MACHINERY AND
TRANSPORTATION TO CONSTRUCTION
WHERE CAN FIND SILICON EVERYDAY?
• TV'S
• TRAFFIC LIGHTS
• PHONES
• STEREOS
• WATCHES
• KITCHEN APPLIANCES
• SOLAR PANELS
WHAT ARE ADVANTAGES OF SILICON IN THESE EVERYDAY DEVICES?
• METALLOIDS SEMI-CONDUCTING PROPERTIES
• THEY ARE NOT EASILY OVER HEATED
NECESSITY FOR SILICON
• THE GLOBAL SILICONE MARKET IS WITNESSING HIGH GROWTH
ON AN ACCOUNT OF INCREASING APPLICATIONS,
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS, AND RAPIDLY GROWING
DEMAND IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION.
• SILICONES ARE REMARKABLY KNOWN FOR ITS VERSATILITY
AND DURABILITY AS THESE HELP COUNTLESS PRODUCTS
PERFORM BETTER, LAST LONGER AND BE MORE EFFECTIVE AND
EFFICIENT.
• OWING TO ITS LARGE-SCALE USE IN A WIDE RANGE OF
INDUSTRIES, IT IS EXPECTED THAT THE GLOBAL MARKET FOR
SILICONES WILL WITNESS STRONG GROWTH IN THE NEAR
FUTURE.
REVENUE
HOW MUCH IS SILICON WORTH?
• THE GLOBAL MARKET FOR SILICONES IN TERMS OF REVENUES
WAS ESTIMATED TO BE WORTH $13,080.0 MILLION IN 2011 AND
IS EXPECTED TO REACH $19,424.0 MILLION BY 2020, GROWING
AT A RATE OF 6.8%.
• THE GLOBAL MARKET FOR SILICONES IS PRESENTLY
EXPERIENCING STRONG GROWTH MAINLY ACHIEVED BY RISING
DEMAND FROM ITS END-USER APPLICATIONS
WHAT WILL INCREASE THE DEMAND FOR THIS PRODUCT?
• BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PLASTICS AND CHEMICAL
INDUSTRY WHICH ARE EXPECTED TO DRIVE GROWTH OVER THE
NEXT FEW YEARS
SILICON CHIPS
HOW ARE SILICON CHIPS MADE?
TO BEGIN:
THE PROCESS BEGINS WITH RAW POLY SILICON. IT IS THEN
HEATED OVER 1600 DEGREES CELSIUS INSIDE SPECIAL SEALED
FURNACE WHICH IS PURGED WITH ARGON GAS TO ELIMINATE
ANY AIR.
THE RESULT:
THE RESULT IS MOLTEN SILICON WHICH IS THEN SPUN & A
SILICON SEED LIKE PENCIL IS LOWERED INTO TO IT AND SPUN IN
THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION THE SEED CRYSTAL IS THEN REMOVED
AS THE SILICON IS COOLED THE RESULT IS A SINGLE SILICON
CRYSTAL WEIGHING ABOUT 4040 LBS.
SILICON CHIPS CONTINUED..
THEN….
IT MUST BE CUT DOWN TO SIZE CAREFULLY SINCE IT IS BRITTLE THERE IS A
LOT OF ROOM FOR ERROR AND THE PROCESS WOULD HAVE TO BE
REPEATED ALL OVER AGAIN. AFTER BEING EXAMINED WAFERS OF SILICON
ARE PRODUCED BY USING A WIRE SAW WHICH PRODUCED 2.3 MM THICK
AND 99.9% PURE.
FINALLY !
LAPPING IS DONE TO COMPLETELY BUFF AND SMOOTH OVER THE
SURFACE OF THE WAFERS. CHEMICAL BUFFING IS THEN PERFORMED WHICH
CREATES
AN EVEN THINNER FORM OF THE DISC. THEY ARE THEN ETCHED WITH A
CIRCUIT DESIGN
IF THAT WAS NOT ENOUGH HERE IS A VIDEO EXPLAINING THE PROCESS:
• HTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=AWVYWHZUHNQ
REFERENCE
• HTTP://WWW.CHEMICALELEMENTS.COM/GROUPS/METALLOIDS.HTML
• HTTP://WWW.LESSONPLANET.COM/LESSON-PLANS/METALLOIDS
• HTTP://EDUCATION.JLAB.ORG/ITSELEMENTAL/ELE005.HTML
• HTTP://WWW.CHEM4KIDS.COM/FILES/ELEMENTS/005_SPEAK.HTML
• HTTP://WWW.WEBMD.COM/VITAMINS-SUPPLEMENTS/INGREDIENTMONO-894BORON.ASPX?ACTIVEINGREDIENTID=894&ACTIVEINGREDIENTNAME=BORON
• HTTP://WWW.LENNTECH.COM/PERIODIC/ELEMENTS/B.HTM
• HTTP://CHEMISTRY.ABOUT.COM/OD/PRINTABLES/SS/METALS-NONMETALS-METALLOIDS-WORKSHEET.HTM
THE END