12/14/2016
Metering, Monitoring,
and Verification – Part 1
APPA Institute for
Facilities Management
Dallas, TX
January 16, 2017
Purpose of Today’s Presentation
To provide a broad understanding of:
– How to pick a meter
– How to collect the meter outputs
– How to convert data into information
Agenda
Metering
– Definitions
– Basic Applications
Monitoring
– Manual
– Automatic
Verification
– Converting data into information
– Metrics
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WORDS OF WISDOM
You can manage what you don’t measure, but
If you don’t measure, you’re just guessing
Terminology
Sensor: An instrument for monitoring, measuring, or
recording of a measured variable, e.g., volumetric flow,
pressure, temperature, amperage, voltage, etc.
Meter: A sensor, or group of sensors, used to measure a
calculated variable, e.g, mass flow, BTU, tons of
refrigeration, KW, etc.
Resolution: The smallest change in a measured value that
the instrument can detect, also known as sensitivity.
Accuracy: How close a measured value is to the actual
(true) value. (% of RATE, % of FULL SCALE)
Precision (Repeatability): How close the measured
values are to each other
Low Accuracy
High Precision
High Accuracy
Low Precision
High Accuracy
High Precision
Terminology (cont.)
Error: The disagreement between a measurement and the true or
accepted value
Bias: A systematic (built-in) error which shifts all measurements by a
certain amount.
Instrument Range: The interval between the minimum and maximum
values of the measured variable in which the instrument is accurate
Volumetric Flow Rate: The flow of the fluid measured as:
q=AxV
where:
q = volumetric flow, ft3/min, m3/sec, gal/min, etc.
A = area of the pipe, in2, cm2 , etc
V = velocity, ft/min, m/sec, etc.
Mass or Energy Flow Rate: The actual quantity or energy of fluid, i.e.
pounds per hour, BTU/min. tons, etc. Requires knowledge of fluid and its
properties. For example:
Mass
A cubic foot of air weighs about .075 lbs.; a
cubic foot of water weighs about 825 times as
much, 62 lbs.
Energy
A pound of propane contains about
21,000 BTU; a pound of hydrogen is
about 3 times greater; 61,000 BTU
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Terminology (cont.)
Turndown Ratio: Flow instrument range expressed as:
TR = qmax / qmin
where:
TR = Turndown Ratio
qmax = maximum flow
qmin = minimum flow
Resolution
Problem
Simple Devices
Electric Meters: Should measure KW, KWh, Φ-to-Φ voltage and amps, Φ-N
voltage at a minimum. Should have connectivity capability (RS-485, Ethernet,
Wireless)
Pressure Sensors:
– Measure the difference in pressure on two sides of a diaphragm. Depending upon the
relevant pressure, we use the terms ABSOLUTE, where the reference is to a vacuum,
GAUGE, where the reference is to local atmospheric pressure, or DIFFERENTIAL,
where the sensor measures two different pressures.
– Deformation of the diaphragm can be measured using various technologies such as
strain gauges, piezoresistors, or capacitors
Temperature Sensors:
– Thermocouple: The junction of two dissimilar metals produces a temperature dependent
voltage
– Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD): RTDs are manufactured from metals whose
resistance increases with temperature.
– Thermister: Thermisters are manufactured from semiconductors whose resistance
decreases with temperature.
Transmitters associated with each of these sensors convert the sensor signal (voltage,
ohms, etc.) into an output signal proportional to the sensed value, e.g. 4-20 mA, 0-10 V.
Flow Meters
Positive Displacement meters
The positive displacement flow meter
measures process fluid flow by precisionfitted rotors as flow measuring elements.
Known fixed volumes are displaced
between the rotors. The rotation of the
rotors are proportional to the volume of
the fluid being displaced.
The number of rotations of the rotor is
counted by an integral electronic pulse
transmitter and converted to volume and
flow rate.
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Flow Meters
Pressure Differential
In a pressure differential device the
flow is calculated by measuring the
pressure drop over an obstruction
inserted in the flow. The differential pressure device is based on
Bernoulli’s Equation, where the
flow velocity is a function of the
square root of the pressure drop.
A.
Orifice
B.
C.
D.
Venturi
Flow nozzle
Pitot Tube
E.
Elbow Tap
Flow Meters
Turbine
Flow Meters
Flow
Flow Element
Vortex
Vortex
Vortex meters operate on the
principle that when a nonstreamlined object is placed in
the middle of a flow stream, a
series of vortices are shed
alternately downstream of the
object (Von Karman vortex
street). The frequency of the
vortex shedding is directly
proportional to the velocity of
the fluid flow.
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Flow Meters
Electromagnetic
Magnetic flow meters are based on
Faraday's Law of Magnetic
Induction. In a magnetic flow meter,
the liquid acts as a conductor as it
flows through the pipe. This induces
a voltage which is proportional to
the average flow velocity - the faster
the flow rate, the higher the voltage.
This voltage is picked up by sensing
electrodes mounted in the meter
tube and sent to the transmitter
which takes the voltage and
calculates the flow rate based on the
cross sectional area of the meter
tube.
Flow Meters
Ultrasonic
Transit-time flowmeters measure
the difference in travel time between
pulses transmitted in a single path
along and against the flow. Two
transducers are used, one upstream
of the other. Each acts as both a
transmitter and receiver for the
ultrasonic beam.
Doppler ultrasonic flowmeters
operate on the Doppler effect,
whereby the transmitted frequency
is altered linearly by being reflected
from particles and bubbles in the
fluid. The net result is a frequency
shift between transmitter and
receiver frequencies that can be
directly related to the flow rate.
Selecting Flow meters
Major Considerations
Flow Measurement
Problem
All Types
Ability to withstand
the process
environment, i.e., Types Eligible
pressure, temp.,
etc.
Ability to provide
accuracy required
Types Eligible
under process
conditions specified
Physical
Interactions, i.e.
pressure loss,
swirl, or pulsation
produced
Long term
stability, durability,
and calibration
requirements
REJECT
Total cost
(equipment and
installation)
compared to
budget
Types Eligible
Interface to
existing
equipment, future
adaptation
Types Eligible
Types Eligible
Instrument
serviceability,
maintenance
costs
Types Eligible
Selected Device
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Flow meter Characteristics Comparison Sheet
Flow meter
Element
Recommended Service
Turndown
Pressure
Loss
Typical Accuracy(%)
Required
Upstream
pipe
diameters
Viscosity
Effect
Relative
Cost
Orifice
Clean, dirty fluids; some
slurries
4 to 1
Medium
±2 to ±4 of full scale
10 to 30
High
Low
Venturi tube
Clean, dirty and viscous
fluids; some slurries
4 to 1
Low
±1 of full scale
5 to 20
High
Medium
Flow nozzle
Clean and dirty fluids
4 to 1
±1 to ±2 of full scale
10 to 30
High
Medium
Pitot tube
Clean fluids
3 to 1
Very low
±3 to ±5 of full scale
20 to 30
Low
Low
Elbow meter
Clean, dirty fluids; some
slurries
3 to 1
Very low
±5 to ±10 of full scale
30
Low
Low
Target meter
Clean, dirty viscous fluids;
some slurries
10 to 1
Medium
±1 to ±5 of full scale
10 to 30
Medium
Medium
Variable area
Clean, dirty viscous fluids
10 to 1
Medium
±1 to ±10 of full scale
None
Medium
Low
Positive
Displacement
Clean, viscous fluids
10 to 1
High
±0.5 of rate
None
High
Medium
Turbine
Clean, viscous fluids
20 to 1
High
±0.25 of rate
5 to 10
High
High
Vortex
Clean, dirty fluids
10 to 1
Medium
±1 of rate
10 to 20
Medium
High
Electromagnetic
Clean, dirty, viscous
conductive fluids and slurries
40 to 1
None
±0.5 of rate
5
None
High
Ultrasonic
(Doppler)
Dirty, viscous fluids and
slurries
10 to 1
None
±5 of full scale
5 to 30
None
High
Ultrasonic
(Transit Time)
Clean, viscous fluids
20 to 1
None
±1 to ±5 of full scale
5 to 30
None
High
Mass (Coriolis)
Clean, dirty viscous fluids;
some slurries
10 to 1
Low
±0.4 of rate
None
None
High
Mass (Thermal)
Clean, dirty, viscous fluids;
some slurries
10 to 1
Low
±1 of full scale
None
None
High
Medium
Metering Compound Values
for reference
Some commonly metered values require multiple inputs and
must be calculated, e.g.
Chilled water: Tons or BTU/hr; requires volumetric flow,
supply and return temperatures (∆T), density
compensation generally not required
Hot Water: BTU/hr; same as chilled water
Steam Flow: Pounds/hr or BTU/hr; requires density
compensation using temperature, pressure, and heat
content. Some meters can do this dynamically, but most
use static values.
Liquid Fuel Mass or Energy Flow: Natural gas or fuel oils;
requires density compensation using temperature,
pressure, and heat content.
Solid Fuel Mass or Energy Flow: Coal or wood; requires
mass and heat content
Monitoring
Collecting and organizing the data for use
Manual Data Collection
–
–
–
–
–
–
Assign responsibility (who)
Locate all meters to be read (where)
Learn how to read the meters (how)
Determine the frequency of data collection (when)
Create data collection forms (what)
Plan for future automated collection, i.e. use tablets,
netbooks, Microsoft Excel or Access.
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Monitoring
Automated Data Acquisition
– The automated retrieval of field data from
remote locations to a centralized data
storage location.
– Components include both hardware and
software
Monitoring – for reference
Automated Data Acquisition Hardware
– Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs): Devices located near the
sensors that have the capability to collect and process local data for
download to a central storage location
– “Smart” Meters: Devices that contain software that allow them to
process, connect and download data directly to the network
– Network Connection Devices: Interface between the various field
device data transfer protocols (Modbus, ControlNet, BacNet,
TCP/IP, etc) and the network (phone, wireless, ethernet, etc.)
– Database Servers: computer(s) used to store the data for real-time,
historical, and archival use.
– Firewalls: computer(s) used solely to limit access to the servers and
data collection network
– Workstation(s): other computers that can connect to the database
servers to disseminate and process collected data
– Wiring: between field devices internal to building, between
buildings. 4-20 mA, Cat5e, RS485, etc. Need to chose whether to
use campus WAN or install dedicated network
Monitoring
RS-485
Electric
Meters
- OR –
Ethernet
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Monitoring
Chilled Water BTU = 0
– Flow = 0
– Supply Temp = 0
– Return Temp = 0
Both = 0
– Supply Pressure = 0
– Return Pressure = 0
Both = 0
Monitoring – for reference
Automated Data Acquisition Software
– PLC Programming: software necessary to program PLCs to
process data, e.g. convert flow and temperature into BTU’s, read
field input terminals, load data into storage registers, upload data to
other devices, etc.
– Device Calibration: software required to configure field sensors
and devices, e.g. pipe size, fluid properties, etc.
– Protocol Converters: software interface modules to convert
between the various field device data transfer protocols (Modbus,
ControlNet, BacNet, TCP/IP, etc)
– Database Manager: software used to organize and relate the data
for end-use, e.g. MSSQL, MySQL, Oracle, etc.
– Firewall: software used to set up authorized access to the database
manager, e.g. Kerio, Cisco, etc.
– Workstation: software used to disseminate and gather the field
data, e.g. web server, visualization, scheduler, etc.
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Verification
Energy Management Information System (EMIS):
Convert DATA into INFORMATION
– Gather dispersed and disparate production, energy use (both billing
and meter) and budget energy data from multiple sites, multiple
energy suppliers and different types of energy suppliers.
– Validate the data and manage missing or erroneous data.
– Convert the raw data into usable management information,
particularly meaningful Key Performance Indicators (KPIs).
– Generate meaningful reports that include the analysis of trends and
exceptions.
– Distribute the analyses and reports across multiple sites, internally
and externally, in a timely fashion.
Verification
Metrics Examples
Convert INFORMATION into KNOWLEDGE
– Example Applications
Data Analysis
Report Writer
Statistical Analysis
Real-Time Web
Viewer
Data Provisioning
to 3rd Party
Applications
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Questions & Answers
Thank You!
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12/14/2016
Metering, Monitoring,
and Verification – Part 2
APPA Institute for
Facilities Management
Dallas, TX
January 16, 2017
Purpose of Today’s Presentation
• To provide a broad understanding of:
– Various energy analysis methodologies
– Ways to create energy information
– Use of information to verify energy
performance
WORDS OF WISDOM
You can manage what you don’t measure, but
if you do, you’re just guessing
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Agenda
• Overview
– Definitions
– Basic Options
• Description of M & V Options
• Examples
IPMVP*
*International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol
• Purpose: The IPMVP provides an
•
overview of current best practice
techniques available for verifying results
of energy efficiency, water efficiency,
and renewable energy projects.
This document can help in the selection
of the M&V approach that best matches:
– i) project costs and savings magnitude
– ii) technology-specific requirements
– iii) risk allocation between buyer and
seller (i.e., which party is responsible for
installed equipment performance and
which party is responsible for achieving
long term energy savings).
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Option A
Option B
Option C
Option D
IPMVP M&V Options
M&V Option
How savings are
calculated
Option A: “Retrofit Isolation, Key Parameter”
– Based on measured equipment
performance, measured or estimated
operational factors, and annual verification of
“potential to perform.”
Engineering calculations using
measured and estimated data
Option B: “Retrofit Isolation, All Parameters” Engineering calculations using
– Based on measurements (usually periodic or measured data
continuous ) taken of all relevant parameters.
Option C: Based on whole-building or
facility-level utility meter data adjusted for
weather and/or other factors.
Analysis of utility meter data
Option D: Based on computer simulation of
building or process; simulation is calibrated
with measured data.
Comparing different models
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Options A and B vs. Options C and D
Options A&B are retrofitisolation methods.
Options C&D are wholefacility methods.
The difference is where the
boundary lines are drawn.
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Option A
Option B
Option C
Option D
Option A
Simple approach (and low cost)
Performance parameter(s) measured (before and
after); usage parameters may be measured or
estimated.
Used where the “potential to perform” needs to be
verified but highly accurate savings estimation is
simple or not necessary.
Option A is NOT “stipulated savings” !
Option A
Option B
Option C
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Option D
Stipulate
To stipulate is to agree to a term or condition.
Under IPMVP, to stipulate means to estimate
without measurement.
Measured values may also be stipulated.
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Option B
Option A
Option C
Option D
Appropriate Use of Stipulations
Parameter is well understood
Willingness to accept risk
Previous experience
Probable success of ECM
Small savings and/or small uncertainty
Greater M&V costs not justified
Stipulations don’t add to uncertainty
Monitoring serves no other purpose
Option B
Option A
Option C
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Option D
Inappropriate Use of Stipulations
Unwillingness to assume risk
Parameters not known with reasonable certainty
Potential for technical problems
Monitoring provides valuable information
Stipulation significantly contributes to overall
uncertainty
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Option B
Option A
Option C
Option D
Sources of Stipulations
Acceptable
Unacceptable
•
Measurements
•
Undocumented assumptions
•
Engineering Analysis
•
Proprietary algorithms
•
Measurement-based models
•
Manufacturer’s data
•
•
Unsupported handshake agreements
Guesses at parameters
•
•
Standard tables
TMY weather
•
•
Models based on questionable data
Other buildings
•
ANSI/ARI/ASHRAE
Facility logs
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Option A
Option B
Option C
Option D
Option B
Under Option B, all relevant parameters are measured,
usually periodically or continuously.
Measurement frequency is consistent with
expected variations.
Applicable where accurate savings estimation is
necessary and where long-term performance needs to be
tracked.
Reduces uncertainty, but requires more effort.
Option A
Option B
Option C
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Option D
Option C
Option C looks at energy use and cost of entire
facility, not at specific equipment.
Considers weather, occupancy, etc. for baseline
adjustments
Applicable where total savings need to be quantified
but component-level savings do not AND where
savings are > 15% of current energy use
Easily implemented; commercial and free software is
available
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Option A
Option B
Option C
Option D
Option D
Option D treats building as computer model
Flexible, but requires significant effort
Applications:
–
–
–
–
–
New construction
Energy management & control systems
Multiple interacting measures
Building use changes
Building modifications (e.g., windows)
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Option A
Option B
Option C
Option D
Examples
Option A: Lighting
Option B: Variable-Speed Drive
Option C: Heating Plant
Option D: New Construction
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Option B
Option A
Option C
Option D
Example Lighting Project
Consider the following lighting project:
What’s measured?
What’s estimated?
Upgrade 5,000 fixtures
Existing performance: 86 Watts
New performance: 56 Watts
Operating hours: 3,000/year
Electricity: $0.10 / kWh +
$10 / kWd/mo
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Option A
Option B
Option C
Option D
Option A
Performance:
Baseline power consumption is 86 Watts.
Proposed power consumption is 56 Watts.
Difference is 30 Watts.
Usage:
Baseline and New: 3,000 hours / year
Financial:
Energy = $0.10/kWh + $10/kWd/mo
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Option A
Option B
Option C
Option D
Lighting Savings
Energy Savings = QTY*(Before - After) * Hours
– ES = (5,000) * (86 W - 56 W) *
(3,000 hours) * (1 kW / 1000 W)
– ES = 450,000 kWh / year
What’s measured?
What’s estimated?
Demand Svgs = QTY * (Before - After) * DF
– DS = (5,000)*(86 W - 56 W)*(1 kW/1000 W)*DF
– DS = 150 kW * DF
DF: Diversity Factor. % of lights operating when peak
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demand is set.
Option A
Option B
Option C
Option D
Lighting Cost Savings
Cost Savings = (Unit Cost)*(Energy Savings)
+ (Unit Cost)*(Demand Savings)
CS = (450,000 kWh) * ($0.10/kWh)
+ (150 kW) * (75%) * ($10/kW) * 12 mo.
Cost Savings = $45,000 + $13,500 = $58,500 / year
Assumes diversity factor of 75%.
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Option A
Option B
Option C
Option D
Example VSD Project
Variable-Speed Drive on HVAC Fan
Baseline Fan: Operates continuously at a single speed
and power no matter what
the cooling load is.
VSD Fan: Speed and
power change with cooling
load.
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Option A
Option B
Option C
Option D
Option B
Fan Performance
What’s measured?
Baseline fan: Constant power (140 kW).
What’s estimated?
VSD Fan: Power changes w/ weather.
Fan Usage
Fan power changes hourly with cooling load (outside
temperature and sunshine).
Financial
Energy = $0.10 / kWh + $10 / kW-mo
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Option A
Option B
Option C
Option D
Monitor Fan Performance
Variable Speed Drive Fan Power
baseline fan power
120
VSD Fan kW
savings
90
100
60
Baseline
Post-retrofit
50
30
gap in data collection
Temperature, F
150
Air Temperature
0
0
1-Jul-14
6-Jul-14
Option A
11-Jul-14
Option B
16-Jul-14
21-Jul-14
26-Jul-14
Option C
31-Jul-14
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Option D
Calculate Monthly Energy Savings
Energy Savings =(kW Before - kWAfter) * (1 Hour) * hrs/mo.
Cost Savings = (Unit Cost) (Energy Savings)
Month
kWh Saved
Cost Savings
July
27,592
$2,759
August
24,316
$2,432
September
26,870
$2,687
October
34,724
$3,472
November
40,858
$4,086
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Option A
Option B
Option C
Option D
Calculate Monthly Demand Savings
Why no DF?
Demand Savings = kW Before - Max(kWAfter)
Cost Savings = (Unit Cost) (Demand Savings)
Month
July
August
September
October
November
kW Saved
59
71
64
74
85
Cost Savings
$587
$712
$645
$737
$849
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Option A
Option B
Option C
Option D
Example Heating Project
Heating system upgrade
Baseline: Oil-fired boilers with central steam plant
provide heat to buildings.
New System: Shut down steam plant. Install gas
boilers in all buildings.
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Option A
Option B
Option C
Option D
Heating System Characteristics
Baseline Performance:
Oil-fired, low-efficiency, distribution losses
(70% system efficiency)
New Performance:
Gas-fired, high efficiency, no distribution losses
(91% system efficiency)
Usage:
Driven by weather
Financial:
Oil is $ 1.50 / gallon (1.4 therms / gal)
Gas is $0.75 / therm ( 1 therm – 100,000 BTU)
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Option A
Option B
Option C
Option D
Compare Oil Use to Temperature
Baseline Oil Use for Heating
40,000
1,200
Total Therms
HDD
800
600
20,000
400
10,000
200
0
Oct-99
0
Jan-00
Option A
Apr-00
Jul-00
Option B
Nov-00
Feb-01
Option C
Baseline Oil Use Model
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Option D
Develop Baseline Model
What’s measured?
What’s estimated?
40,000
Monthly Therms
HDD base 65
1,000
Therms
30,000
Therms = 23.6 * HDD + 0
r2 = 0.676
30,000
outlier
Regression Model
Prediction Interval
Confidence Interval
20,000
10,000
0
0
200
Option A
400
600
800
Monthly HDD
Option B
1,000
Option C
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1,200
Option D
Calculate Monthly Energy Savings
Baseline Therms = 23.6 * HDD
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Total
HDD
915
742
520
348
91
9
0
1
112
364
442
823
4,367
New Therms = Baseline*.70
Baseline
Therms
New Therms
22,046
15,432
17,617
12,332
11,934
8,354
7,531
5,272
952
666
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,489
1,042
7,940
5,558
9,937
6,956
19,691
13,784
99,137
69,396
Energy
Savings,
Therms
6,614
5,285
3,580
2,259
285
0
0
0
447
2,382
2,981
5,907
29,741
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Option A
Option B
Option C
Option D
Calculate Monthly Cost Savings
Oil = ($1.5/gal) / (1.4 therms/gal) = $1.07 / therm
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Total
Option A
Gas = $0.75 / therm
Baseline
Cost
New Cost
$23,621
$11,574
$9,249
$18,876
$12,786
$6,265
$8,069
$3,954
$1,020
$500
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$1,596
$782
$8,508
$4,169
$10,647
$5,217
$21,097
$10,338
$106,218
$52,047
Option B
Cost
Savings
$12,047
$9,627
$6,521
$4,115
$520
$0
$0
$0
$814
$4,339
$5,430
$10,760
$54,171
Option C
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Option D
Example New Construction
Proposed building incorporates energy-efficient
design features selected and implemented by ESCO.
Baseline building is existing design before ESCO
modifications.
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Option A
Option B
Option C
Option D
Develop Computer Model...
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Option A
Option B
Option C
Option D
... Calibrate Model ...
What’s measured?
What’s estimated?
Building Level Calibration
10,000
500,000
400,000
Therms
Therms DOE2
kW
kW DOE2
kW h
kW h DOE2
6,000
4,000
300,000
kWh
Therms or kW
8,000
200,000
2,000
0
Jan-14
100,000
0
Mar-14
Apr-14
Jun-14
Aug-14
Oct-14
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Option A
Option B
Option C
Option D
... and Evaluate Results
What’s measured?
What’s estimated?
34
Option A
Option B
Option C
Option D
Calculate Savings
Evaluate energy use for each scenario.
Calculate savings for each scenario relative to base case.
Energy Use, kWh
Alternative
Lights
Cooling
Other
Total
Savings
Base Case
1,500,298
955,263
2,447,979
4,903,540
-
Efficient Lighting
1,125,240
860,062
2,365,638
4,350,940
552,600
Efficient Chiller
1,500,298
788,681
2,426,812
4,715,791
187,749
Chiller & Lighting
1,125,240
708,933
2,346,427
4,180,600
722,940
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Option A
Option B
Option C
Option D
Option D Risk Allocation
Option D
(savings based
on TMY weather)
Usage
Performance
Owner
ESCO
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Review and Discussion
Total energy use and savings are functions of both
usage and performance.
Options A and B are retrofit-isolation methods.
Options C and D are whole-facility methods.
Can mix and match methods.
Selection of M&V method based on need to verify
savings cost-effectively.
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GROUP DISCUSSION
WHAT OPTION SHOULD BE USED FOR EACH OF
THESE PROJECTS?
• Convert building from electric heat to hydronic
gas-fired condensing hot water system
• Install 1.5 MW solar photovoltaic system on
building roof
• Campus wide replacement of steam traps
• Construct LEED platinum building in lieu of
LEED silver
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Questions & Answers
Thank You!
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