Indiana Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth 1
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Cellular Reproduction
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Indiana Standard: 6
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Cellular Reproduction
?
What does Cellular
Reproduction
What does cellular reproduction mean to you?
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Multicellular Organisms
Cellular Reproduction: Cells duplicate themselves through
Mitosis or Meiosis.
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Cellular
Reproduction
Cells duplicate
themselves
through Mitosis
or Meiosis.
Indiana Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth 2
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Multicellular Organisms
Fertilization: The process begins with fertilization when the
sperm penetrates the egg.
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Fertilization
The process
begins with
fertilization
when the sperm
penetrates the
egg.
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Multicellular Organisms
Gametes: The egg and sperm cells are called gametes.
Each gamete contains 23 chromosomes
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Gametes
The egg and
sperm cells are
called gametes.
Each contain 23
chromosomes.
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Multicellular Organisms
Zygote
Gametes join
forming a zygote.
This is the first
cell of an
organism.
Zygote: Gametes join forming a zygote. This is the first cell of an
organism.
The zygote contains 46 chromosomes, 23 from each gamete.
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Indiana Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth 3
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Fertilization:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_5OvgQW6FG4
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Gametes
Zygote Cleavage
Division of the Zygote
Zygote
Morula
Blastula
Gastrula
Cell Differentiation
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Gametes
The blastula contains embryonic stem cells. We are going to
spend some time talking about stem cells today.
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Zygote Cleavage
Division of the Zygote
Zygote
Morula
Blastula
Gastrula
Cell Differentiation
Next the Zygote reproduces in a process called “cleavage”.
• Each new cell is an exact copy of the other.
• Each new cell contains a copy of the same 46 chromosomes.
• Once it divides to 16 cells, it resembles a mulberry, which is
why it is then called the “Morula”, Latin for mulberry.
• Soon the morula hollows out and becomes a “Blastula”
Greek for “sprout”
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Indiana Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth 4
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Stem Cells: Undifferentiated cells that can give rise to a
specialized cell.
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Embryotic Stem Cells
Stem Cells
Undifferentiated
cells that can
give rise to a
specialized cell.
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Gametes
So, up to the point of the blastula, cells have not differentiated,
or become specialized cells.
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Zygote Cleavage
Division of the Zygote
Zygote
Morula
Blastula
Gastrula
Cell Differentiation
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Why are
?
Why are undifferentiated cells so important in medical
research?
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Indiana Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth 5
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Video: What Can Stem Cells Do?:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K7D6iA7bZG0
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Additional video if Interested:
A Stem Cell Story
http://www.eurostemcell.org/films#story
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Research and Report:
Resent information about stem cells.
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Research and Report:
Controversy over stem cells.
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Indiana Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth 6
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Differentiation: Stem cells become different types of cells, they
become specialized
Multicellular Organisms
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Differentiation
Stem cells become
different types of
cells, they become
specialized.
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Gametes
Cells go through the processes of differentiation when
transitioning from the blastula to the gastrula.
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Zygote Cleavage
Division of the Zygote
Zygote
Morula
Blastula
Gastrula
Cell Differentiation
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Multicellular Organisms
Gastrula
Germ Layers
• Ectoderm
• Mesoderm
• Endoderm
Gastrula is arranged in three parts of differentiated cells,
called “Germ Layers”:
• Endoderm
• Mesoderm
• Ectoderm
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Indiana Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth 7
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Multicellular Organisms
Gastrula
Germ Layers
• Ectoderm
• Mesoderm
• Endoderm
Gastrula is arranged in three parts of differentiated cells,
called “Germ Layers”:
• Ectoderm - makes the nervous system and skin
• Mesoderm - makes blood, heart and muscle
• Endoderm - makes pancreas, liver, gut and lungs
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Video Formation of Blastocyst and Germ Layers Video
Important Note: Show Clips #7,8,9
http://media.hhmi.org/hl/06Lect1.html
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Cells are organized from simple to complex:
• Cell
• Tissue
• Organ
• Organ system
• organism
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Multicellular Organisms
Cellular
Organization
•
•
•
•
•
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
Indiana Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth 8
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LAB
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Complete Cells to Systems Activity:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/science/organisms_behavi
our_health/cells_systems/activity/
1. Copy and paste your results into the assigned Google slides
project.
2. Complete the “Germ Layers” slides in the Google Slides
project.
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Mitosis
• Division of parent cell into two identical daughter cells.
• Occurs in nucleus
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Mitosis
Mitosis
Division of
parent cell
into two
identical
daughter
cells. Occurs
in nucleus.
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PMAT
Mitosis
Prophase
Prophase
Chromatin condenses
into chromosomes.
Centrioles move to
opposite ends.
Prophase: Chromatin condenses into chromosomes.
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Indiana Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth 9
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Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up
in the middle. Spindle
fibers form from
centrioles to
chromosomes.
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Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in the middle. Spindle fibers
form from the centrioles to chromosomes.
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Mitosis
Mitosis
Anaphase
Spindle fibers pull
chromosomes
apart toward the
centrioles.
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Anaphase: Spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart toward the
centrioles.
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Mitosis
Mitosis
Telophase
Nuclear
envelope
forms around
each group of
chromosomes.
Telophase: Nuclear envelope forms around each group of
chromosomes.
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Indiana Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth 10
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Mitosis
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
The cytoplasm
splits resulting in
two identical cells
called “daughter
cells”.
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Mitosis
Mitosis
Interphase
Chromosomes unwind
and replicate the half
of the chromosome
that was split apart
during anaphase.
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Cytokinesis: The cytoplasm spits resulting in two identical cells
called “daughter cells”.
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Interphase: Chromosomes unwind and replicate the half of the
chromosome that was split apart during anaphase.
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Review
Mitosis Rap Video:
Instructions: Watch for review 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLuTj8LplVM
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Indiana Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth 11
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LAB
Complete Classzone Activity and Onion Root Lab:
Instructions: complete the Classzone activity. You do not have
to submit the final screen, you will be completing this on the
honor system. The purpose of this activity is to give you practice
identifying the phases of the cell cycle before completing the
Onion Root Lab.
Classzone Activity:
https://www.classzone.com/books/ml_science_share/vis_sim
/chm05_pg71_celldiv/chm05_pg71_celldiv.html
Instructions: Complete the online onion root lab. The data
table for the lab is included in your work packet. Enter the data
you collect in the data table provided in your work packet. Read
every screen, follow the instructions on every screen. Click
“next” at the bottom of each screen until the activity is
complete. You do NOT have to click the “vocabulary” links at the
bottom of each screen.
Online Onion Root Lab:
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/activities/cell_cycle/
cell_cycle.html
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EXIT
Exit Ticket
Complete the “Mitosis Exit Ticket” in Google Classroom.
This video is used in an EdPuzzle as Exit ticket:
Mitosis animation narrated 1:58
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1-9QB0
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Indiana Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth 12
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The Cell Cycle
The Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle
Series of events that
take place in a cell
resulting in two
identical daughter
cells.
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Cell Cycle: Series of events that take place in a cell resulting in
two daughter cells.
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The Cell Cycle
The Cell Cycle
Somatic Cells
• Every cell that is not a
gamete (egg or sperm).
• The cell cycle is
ongoing in somatic
cells so there is a
continuous replication
of somatic cells.
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Somatic Cell: Every cell that is not a gamete (egg or sperm). The
cell cycle is ongoing in somatic cells, so there is a continuous
replication of somatic cells.
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Meiosis
Meiosis
Meiosis
Cell division of gametes (sperm & egg).
• Includes the crossing over of genetic
information between chromosomes.
• Reduces number of chromosomes from 46 to 23.
• Occurs in 2 Phases: Meiosis 1 and 2, each phase
has 5 steps.
Cell division of gametes (sperm & egg).
•
Includes the crossing over of genetic information
between chromosomes.
•
Reduces number of chromosomes from 46 to 23.
•
Occurs in 2 Phases: Meiosis 1 and 2, each phase has 5
steps.
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Indiana Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth 13
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Meiosis:
Meiosis
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There are 10 phases of Meiosis. Your work packet includes a
chart with all ten phases.
1. Diagram all ten phases
• Write a description of the phase next to it
• Label each page “Meiosis I” or “Meiosis II”
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Meiosis
Meiosis
Interphase
Interphase
• DNA replicates
• DNA replicates.
Instructions: when sketching this entire chart, please use two
colors to illustrate chromosomes from both gametes. You may
use markers, a pencil and pen, two pens, colored pencils, or
anything else, but you must use two colors. Interphase goes on
the first circle at the top of your chart.
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Meiosis I
Meiosis I
Prophase I
• 46 Homologous
Chromosomes line up.
• Crossing over between
chromosomes occurs.
Prophase I
•
46 Homologous Chromosomes line up.
•
Crossing over between chromosomes occurs.
•
Note: homologous means the same, we have 23 specific
chromosomes, the same chromosome from the sperm
and the egg line up side by side
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Indiana Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth 14
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Meiosis I
Meiosis I
Metaphase I
• Independent assortment
occurs when homologous
chromosomes line up side
by side in the middle.
• Spindle fibers attach the
centromeres to the
chromosomes.
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Metaphase I
•
Independent assortment occurs when homologous
chromosomes line up side by side in the middle
•
Spindle fibers attach the centromeres to the
chromosomes.
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Meiosis I
Meiosis I
Anaphase I
• Spindle fibers pull
the homologous
chromosomes
apart.
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Anaphase I
•
Spindle fibers pull the homologous chromosomes apart.
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Meiosis I
Meiosis I
Telophase I
• 2 cells are created.
• Each cell has 23
chromosomes
which is half the
number of the
original cell.
Telophase I
•
2 cells are created.
•
Each cell has 23 chromosomes which is half the number
of the original cell (remember, these are sex cells, so the
end result will be 23, the purpose of meiosis is dividing a
cell that has 46 chromosomes into cells with 23
chromosomes).
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Indiana Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth 15
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Meiosis II
Meiosis II
Prophase II
Prophase II
•
•
• Each cell begins
with 23
chromosomes.
• Centrioles move to
polar ends of cells.
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Each cell begins with 23 chromosomes.
Centrioles move to polar ends of cells.
Note: This diagram should be the first thing you sketch on the
bottom half of your Meiosis Chart. The diagram on this slide and
the sketch you are making on the Meiosis Chart are both
representing two cells. Your chart looks a little different because
it has two full circles side by side for cells and the slide has two
cells that are squished together on top of each other. Both
represent the same thing.
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Meiosis II
Meiosis II
Metaphase II
Metaphase II
•
• Chromosomes line
up in the middle of
each cell.
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Chromosomes line up in the middle of each cell.
Indiana Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth 16
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Meiosis II
Meiosis II
Anaphase II
Anaphase II
•
• Spindle fibers pull
chromosomes
apart (rip in half,
just like mitosis).
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Spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart (rip in half, just
like mitosis).
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Meiosis II
Meiosis II
Telophase II
Telophase II
•
• Nuclear envelopes
form around each
cell.
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Nuclear Envelopes form around each cell
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Meiosis II
Meiosis II
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis
•
• Cytokinesis occurs
resulting in 4
genetically
different cells.
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Cytokinesis occurs resulting in 4 genetically different
cells.
Indiana Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth 17
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Meiosis:
Video Re-cap: How Meiosis Works
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CMXjBgLjjxo
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References are in the slide notes for this presentation.
References are in the slide notes for this presentation