epsilon 3
Toothpaste identification by
FingerPrint
Sophisticated analysis made simple
Introduction
This data sheet shows that the Epsilon 3 – a high-performance
benchtop energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer
– is fully capable of identifying small differences in materials.
The finger printing technique is applicable to all materials
including liquids, powders and solids. FingerPrint software is
available for all Epsilon 3 products.
Toothpaste spectrum library
Using the spectrum viewing function it is possible to view
sample and standard material spectra. This step is not
necessary but illustrates the resolving power of the Epsilon 3.
A selection of 5 toothpaste spectra is shown in Figure 1.
Application background
In recent years it has become common practice to screen
incoming materials and finished products within the health
care and pharmaceutical community. This practice limits both
waste and product liability and helps to identify counterfeit
from innovator products. As the EDXRF technique does not
significantly heat samples it is applicable for both organic and
inorganic material testing. Furthermore, as a simultaneous
technique, detecting all elements (from F to U), it is well
suited for rapid material identification.
Figure 1. Comparison of 5 representative toothpastes
Instrumentation
Measurements were performed using a PANalytical Epsilon 3
EDXRF spectrometer, equipped with a molybdenum anode
tube, a 30 kV and 1 mA generator, 6 filters, a helium purge
facility (not necessary for all applications), a high-resolution
silicon drift detector, a spinner and a 10-position removable
sample changer.
Sample preparation
Each toothpaste sample was weighed to approximately 10 g
and simply placed into disposable P1 sample cups. Each P1 cup
was constructed with a 4 micron Prolene X-ray support film.
A clean plastic spatula was used to lightly press the material
to the bottom of each cup and remove air voids. Total sample
preparation time was less than 2 minutes per sample.
Method development
The optimal FingerPrint conditions were determined using
the standard feature: Optimize conditions. Measurement
times were 3 minutes per sample. For the analysis, default
Epsilon 3 settings were used. Measurement times were 3
minutes per analysis. The FingerPrint application was chosen
by toggling the FingerPrint button and using the default
settings.
Create a library - measure standards
It was not necessary to perform any spectral interpretation or
deconvolution. The library consisted of 58 entries including
30 different brand types and replicates from Asia, Europe
and North America. All materials were simply loaded and
measured.
The Analytical X-ray Company
Measuring unknowns
Unknown samples were placed on the sample tray. A fresh
preparation of Arm & Hammer toothpaste was measured
as an unknown. Measurements were started after the
corresponding sample positions were identified.
Instant identification – results
The identification of likely candidates is instantly reported
where the Chi2 values are below 3. In this example, only one
toothpaste from the library was identified as it was the only
material with Chi2 value less than 3. For illustration purposes
an expanded list is shown in Table 1. The result was a correct
match and this demonstrates the distinguishing power of the
FingerPrint software with Epsilon 3.
Sample
Canditate list
Chi2
XRF intelligence – capturing subtle differences
The FingerPrint software employs a sophisticated
statistical algorithm that examines the entire scan. This
includes features such as peak shape and background
profiles.
A key advantage is that
fingerprinting is a fully
automated method
without the need for
interpretation.
Confirmation
Id
Arm&Hammer
0.38
Id1
Prodent 5-9jr Br
3.02
Yes
No
Id2
Prodent FreshGel
3.34
No
Id3
Prodent Softmint
4.21
No
Id4
Prodent Coolmint
4.82
No
Id5
Prodent Sotfmint
6.07
No
Id6
Prodent 5-9jr B
7.09
No
Id6
Prodent 0-5jr
9.64
No
Conclusion
This work clearly illustrates that the Epsilon 3 can be
used for rapid FingerPrint identification of all materials
including raw materials, reagents, excipients and health
care products.
Global and near
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Although diligent care has been used to ensure that the information herein is accurate, nothing contained herein can be construed to imply any
representation or warranty as to the accuracy, currency or completeness of this information. The content hereof is subject to change without
further notice. Please contact us for the latest version of this document or further information. © PANalytical B.V. 2009. PN8203
Table 1. Canditate list, expanded view