Tokugawa shogunate
1
Tokugawa shogunate
Tokugawa Shogunate
江戸幕府
Edo Bakufu
←
←
1600–1868
→
→
The Maruni Mitsu Aoi, the hollyhock mon of the Tokugawa clan.
Capital
Kyoto (formal), Edo (de facto)
Language(s)
Japanese
Religion
Buddhism, Shinto
Government
Monarchy (formal) Feudal military dictatorship (de facto)
Emperor
- 1586-1611
Go-Yōzei
- 1867-1912
Meiji
Shogun
- 1603-1605
Tokugawa Ieyasu
- 1867-1868
Tokugawa Yoshinobu
Legislature
Rōjū
History
- Battle of Sekigahara
October 21, 1600
- Tokugawa Ieyasu appointed shogun March 24, 1603
- Siege of Osaka
January 22, 1615
- Sakoku Edict of 1635
1635
- Treaty of Amity and Commerce
July 29, 1858
- Battle of Hokuetsu
March 29, 1868
Currency
Mon
The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the Tokugawa bakufu (徳川幕府) and the Edo bakufu (江戸幕府),[1]
was a feudal regime of Japan established by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family.[2]
This period is known as the Edo period and gets its name from the capital city, Edo, which is now called Tokyo, after
the name was changed in 1868. The Tokugawa shogunate ruled from Edo Castle from 1603 until 1868, when it was
abolished during the Meiji Restoration.
Tokugawa shogunate
2
History
Following the Sengoku Period of "warring states" (also known as the "Sengoku Jidai" or "Warring States Era"),
central government had been largely reestablished by Oda Nobunaga during the Azuchi-Momoyama period. After
the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, central authority fell to Tokugawa Ieyasu who completed this process and received
the title of shogun in 1603. In order to become shogun, one traditionally was a descendant of the ancient Minamoto
clan.
Society in the Tokugawa period, unlike the shogunates before it, was supposedly based on the strict class hierarchy
originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The daimyo, or lords, were at the top, followed by the warrior-caste
of samurai, with the farmers, artisans, and traders ranking below. In some parts of the country, particularly smaller
regions, daimyo and samurai were more or less identical, since daimyo might be trained as samurai, and samurai
might act as local lords. Otherwise, the largely inflexible nature of this social stratification system unleashed
disruptive forces over time. Taxes on the peasantry were set at fixed amounts which did not account for inflation or
other changes in monetary value. As a result, the tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less
and less over time. This often led to numerous confrontations between noble but impoverished samurai and
well-to-do peasants, ranging from simple local disturbances to much bigger rebellions. None, however, proved
compelling enough to seriously challenge the established order until the arrival of foreign powers.
Toward the end of the 19th century, an alliance of several of the more powerful daimyo, along with the titular
Emperor, finally succeeded in the overthrow of the shogunate after the Boshin War, culminating in the Meiji
Restoration. The Tokugawa Shogunate came to an official end in 1868, with the resignation of the 15th Tokugawa
Shogun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu and the "restoration" (Ōsei fukko) of imperial rule.
Government
Shogunate and domain
The bakuhan taisei (幕藩体制) was the feudal political system in the
Edo period of Japan. Baku, or "tent," is an abbreviation of bakufu,
meaning "military government" — that is, the shogunate. The han
were the domains headed by daimyo.
Vassals held inherited lands and provided military service and homage
to their lords. The Bakuhan Taisei split feudal power between the
shogunate in Edo and provincial domains throughout Japan. Provinces
had a degree of sovereignty and were allowed an independent
administration of the Han in exchange for loyalty to the Shogun, who
was responsible for foreign relations and national security. The shogun
and lords were all daimyo: feudal lords with their own bureaucracies,
policies, and territories. The Shogun also administered the most
powerful han, the hereditary fief of the House of Tokugawa. Each level
of government administered its own system of taxation.
Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu
The Shogun had the military power of Japan and was more powerful than the emperor, who was a religious and
political leader.
The shogunate had the power to discard, annex and transform domains. The sankin kōtai system of alternative
residence required each daimyo would reside in alternate years between the han and attendance in Edo. In their
absence from Edo it was also required that they leave family as hostages until their return. The huge expenditure
sankin-kotai imposed on each han helped centralize aristocratic alliances and ensured loyalty to the Shogun as each
representative doubled as a potential hostage.
Tokugawa shogunate
3
Tokugawa's descendants further ensured loyalty by maintaining a dogmatic insistence on loyalty to the Shogun.
Fudai daimyo were hereditary vassals of Ieyasu, as well as of his descendants. Tozama, or "outsiders", became
vassals of Ieyasu after the battle of Sekigahara. Shinpan, or "relatives", were collaterals of Tokugawa Hidetada.
Early in the Edo period, the shogunate viewed the tozama as the least likely to be loyal; over time, strategic
marriages and the entrenchment of the system made the tozama less likely to rebel. In the end, it was the great
tozama of Satsuma, Chōshū and Tosa and to a lesser extent Hizen that brought down the shogunate. These four states
are called the Four Western Clans or Satchotohi for short.[3]
The number of han (roughly 250) fluctuated throughout the Edo period. They were ranked by size, which was
measured as the number of koku that the domain produced each year. One koku was the amount of rice necessary to
feed one adult male for one year. The minimum number for a daimyo was ten thousand koku; the largest, apart from
the shogun, was a million.
Shogun and emperor
Despite the establishment of the shogunate, the emperor in Kyoto was still the legitimate ruler of Japan. Regardless
of the political title of the emperor, the "shoguns of the Tokugawa family controlled Japan."[4] The administration
(体制 taisei) of Japan was a task given by the Imperial Court in Kyoto to the Tokugawa family, which they returned
to the court in the Meiji Restoration.
The shogunate appointed a liaison, the Kyoto Shoshidai (Shogun's Representative in Kyoto), to deal with the
emperor, court and nobility.
Shogun and foreign trade
Foreign affairs and trade were monopolized by the
shogunate, yielding a huge profit. Foreign trade was
also permitted to the Satsuma and the Tsushima
domains.
The visits of the Nanban ships from Portugal were at
first the main vector of trade exchanges, followed by
the addition of Dutch, English and sometimes Spanish
ships.
From 1603 onward, Japan started to participate actively
in foreign trade. In 1615, an embassy and trade mission
under Hasekura Tsunenaga was sent across the Pacific
to Nueva Espana (New Spain) on the Japanese-built
galleon San Juan Bautista. Until 1635, the Shogun
issued numerous permits for the so-called "red seal
ships" destined for the Asian trade.
A 1634 Japanese Red seal ship
After 1635 and the introduction of Seclusion laws, inbound ships were only allowed from China, Korea, and the
Netherlands.
Tokugawa shogunate
Shogun and Christianity
Followers of Christianity first began appearing in Japan
during the 16th century. As a symbol of foreign power
over Japanese people, it would normally have been
swiftly crushed. Oda Nobunaga, however, embraced
Christianity and the western technology that was
imported with it, such as the musket. He also saw it as a
tool he could use to suppress Buddhist forces[5]
Though Christianity was allowed to grow until the
1610s, Tokugawa Ieyasu soon began to see it as a
Sakurada Gate at Edo Castle, the center of Tokugawa rule
growing threat to the stability of the Shogunate. As
Ogosho ("Cloistered Shogun"),[6] he influenced the implementing of laws that banned the practice of Christianity.
His successors followed suit, compounding upon Ieyasu's laws. The ban of Christianity is often linked with the
creation of the Seclusion laws, or Sakoku, in the 1630s.[7]
Institutions of the shogunate
Rōjū and wakadoshiyori
The rōjū (老中) were the senior members of the shogunate. They supervised the ōmetsuke, machibugyō,
ongokubugyō and other officials, oversaw relations with the Imperial Court in Kyoto, kuge (members of the
nobility), daimyo, Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines, and attended to matters like divisions of fiefs. Normally,
four or five men held the office, and one was on duty for a month at a time on a rotating basis. They conferred on
especially important matters. In the administrative reforms of 1867 (Keiō Reforms), the office was eliminated in
favor of a bureaucratic system with ministers for the interior, finance, foreign relations, army, and navy.
In principle, the requirements for appointment to the office of rōjū were to be a fudai daimyo and to have a fief
assessed at 50 000 koku or more. However, there were exceptions to both criteria. Many appointees came from the
offices close to the shogun, such as soba yōnin, Kyoto shoshidai, and Osaka jōdai.
Irregularly, the shoguns appointed a rōjū to the position of tairō (great elder). The office was limited to members of
the Ii, Sakai, Doi, and Hotta clans, but Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu was given the status of tairō as well. Among the most
famous was Ii Naosuke, who was assassinated in 1860 outside the Sakuradamon Gate of Edo Castle (Sakuradamon
incident).
The wakadoshiyori were next in status below the rōjū. An outgrowth of the early six-man rokuninshū (1633–1649),
the office took its name and final form in 1662, but with four members. Their primary responsibility was
management of the affairs of the hatamoto and gokenin, the direct vassals of the shogun.
Some shoguns appointed a soba yōnin. This person acted as a liaison between the shogun and the rōjū. The soba
yōnin increased in importance during the time of the fifth shogun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, when a wakadoshiyori,
Inaba Masayasu, assassinated Hotta Masatoshi, the tairō. Fearing for his personal safety, Tsunayoshi moved the rōjū
to a more distant part of the castle. Some of the most famous soba yōnin were Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu and Tanuma
Okitsugu.
4
Tokugawa shogunate
Ōmetsuke and metsuke
The ōmetsuke and metsuke were officials who reported to the rōjū and wakadoshiyori. The five ōmetsuke were in
charge of monitoring the affairs of the daimyo, kuge and imperial court. They were in charge of discovering any
threat of rebellion. Early in the Edo period, daimyo such as Yagyū Munefuyu held the office. Soon, however, it fell
to hatamoto with rankings of 5000 koku or more. To give them authority in their dealings with daimyo, they were
often ranked at 10 000 koku and given the title of kami (an ancient title, typically signifying the governor of a
province) such as Bizen-no-kami.
As time progressed, the function of the ōmetsuke evolved into one of passing orders from the shogunate to the
daimyo, and of administering to ceremonies within Edo Castle. They also took on additional responsibilities such as
supervising religious affairs and controlling firearms. The metsuke, reporting to the wakadoshiyori, oversaw the
affairs of the vassals of the shogun. They were the police force for the thousands of hatamoto and gokenin who were
concentrated in Edo. Individual han had their own metsuke who similarly policed their samurai.
San-bugyō
The san-bugyō ("three administrators") were the jisha, kanjō, and machi-bugyō, which oversaw temples and shrines,
accounting, and the cities, respectively. The jisha bugyō had the highest status of the three. They oversaw the
administration of Buddhist temples (ji) and Shinto shrines (sha), many of which held fiefs. Also, they heard lawsuits
from several land holdings outside the eight Kantō provinces. The appointments normally went to daimyo; Ōoka
Tadasuke was an exception, though he later became a daimyo.
The kanjō bugyō were next in status. The four holders of this office reported to the rōjū. They were responsible for
the finances of the shogunate.[8]
The machi bugyō were the chief city administrators of Edo and other cities. Their roles included mayor, chief of the
police (and, later, also of the fire department), and judge in criminal and civil matters not involving samurai. Two
(briefly, three) men, normally hatamoto, held the office, and alternated by month.
Three Edo machi bugyō have become famous through jidaigeki (period films): Ōoka Tadasuke and Tōyama Kinshirō
as heroes, and Torii Yōzō as a villain.
The san-bugyō together sat on a council called the hyōjōsho. In this capacity, they were responsible for administering
the tenryō, supervising the gundai, the daikan and the kura bugyō, as well as hearing cases involving samurai.
Tenryō, gundai and daikan
The shogun directly held lands in various parts of Japan. These were known as bakufu chokkatsuchi; since the Meiji
period, the term tenryō has become synonymous.[9] In addition to the territory that Ieyasu held prior to the Battle of
Sekigahara, this included lands he gained in that battle and lands gained as a result of the Summer and Winter Sieges
of Osaka. By the end of the seventeenth century, the shogun's landholdings had reached four million koku. Such
major cities as Nagasaki and Osaka, and mines, including the Sado gold mine, also fell into this category.
Rather than appointing a daimyo to head the holdings, the shogunate placed administrators in charge. The titles of
these administrators included gundai,[10] daikan,[11] and ongoku bugyō. This last category included the Osaka, Kyoto
and Sumpu machibugyō, and the Nagasaki bugyō. The appointees were hatamoto.
5
Tokugawa shogunate
6
Gaikoku bugyō
The gaikoku bugyō were administrators appointed between 1858 and 1868. They were charged with overseeing trade
and diplomatic relations with foreign countries, and were based in the treaty ports of Nagasaki and Kanagawa
(Yokohama).
Late Tokugawa Shogunate (1853–1867)
The Late Tokugawa Shogunate (Japanese: 幕末 Bakumatsu) was the period
between 1853 and 1867, during which Japan ended its isolationist foreign
policy called sakoku and modernized from a feudal shogunate to the Meiji
government. It is at the end of the Edo period and preceded the Meiji era. The
major ideological and political factions during this period were divided into
the pro-imperialist Ishin Shishi (nationalist patriots) and the shogunate forces,
including the elite shinsengumi (newly selected corps) swordsmen.
Although these two groups were the most visible powers, many other factions
attempted to use the chaos of the Bakumatsu era to seize personal power.[12]
Furthermore there were two other main driving forces for dissent; first,
growing resentment of tozama daimyo (or outside lords), and second,
growing anti-Western sentiment following the arrival of Perry. The first
related to those lords who had fought against Tokugawa forces at Sekigahara
(in 1600 AD) and had from that point on been exiled permanently from all
powerful positions within the shogunate. The second was to be expressed in
the phrase sonnō jōi, or "revere the Emperor, expel the barbarians". The
turning points of the Bakumatsu were the Boshin War and the Battle of
Toba-Fushimi, when pro-shogunate forces were defeated.[13]
List of the Tokugawa Shoguns
1. Tokugawa Ieyasu, ruled 1603–1605
2. Tokugawa Hidetada, r. 1605–1623
3. Tokugawa Iemitsu, r. 1623–1651
4. Tokugawa Ietsuna, r. 1651–1680
5. Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, r. 1680–1709
6. Tokugawa Ienobu, r. 1709–1712
7. Tokugawa Ietsugu, r. 1713–1716
8. Tokugawa Yoshimune, r. 1716–1745
9. Tokugawa Ieshige, r. 1745–1760
10. Tokugawa Ieharu, r. 1760–1786
11. Tokugawa Ienari, r. 1787–1837
12. Tokugawa Ieyoshi, r. 1837–1853
13. Tokugawa Iesada, r. 1853–1858
14. Tokugawa Iemochi, r. 1858–1866
15. Tokugawa Yoshinobu, r. 1866–1867
Over the course of the Edo period, influential relatives of the shogun included:
• Tokugawa Mitsukuni of the Mito domain
Tokugawa Yoshinobu, the last Shogun,
in French military uniform, c.1867
Tokugawa shogunate
•
•
•
•
•
Tokugawa Nariaki of the Mito domain
Tokugawa Mochiharu of the Hitotsubashi branch
Tokugawa Munetake of the Tayasu branch.
Matsudaira Katamori of the Aizu branch.
Matsudaira Sadanobu, born into the Tayasu branch, adopted into the Hisamatsu-Matsudaira of Shirakawa.
Notes
[1] Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric et al. (2005). "Bakufu" in Japan encyclopedia, p. 67. (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&
pg=PA67) at Google Books
[2] Nussbaum, "Tokugawa" at p. 976. (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC& pg=PA976) at Google Books
[3] Nussbaum, "Satchotohi" at pp. 826-827. (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC& pg=PA826) at Google Books
[4] Jansen 2002, p. 144-148.
[5] Chie Nakane and Shinzaburou Oishi (1990). Tokugawa Japan - The Social and Economic Antecedents of Modern Japan. University of Tokyo
Press. pp.12.
[6] Nussbaum, "Ogosho" at p. 738. (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC& pg=PA738) at Google Books
[7] Chie Nakane and Shinzaburou Oishi (1990). Tokugawa Japan - The Social and Economic Antecedents of Modern Japan. University of Tokyo
Press. pp.24-28.
[8] Nussbaum, "Kanjō bugyō" at p. 473. (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC& pg=PA473) at Google Books
[9] Nussbaum, "Tenryō" at p. 961. (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC& pg=PA961) at Google Books
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
Nussbaum, "Gundai" at p. 266. (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC& pg=PA266) at Google Books
Nussbaum, "Daikan" at p. 140. (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC& pg=PA140) at Google Books
Shinsengumi, The Shogun's Last Samurai Corps, Romulus, Hillsborough, Tuttle Publishing, 2005
Last Samurai - The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori, Mark Ravina, John Wiley & Sons, 2004
References
• Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 48943301 (http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/
48943301/editions?editionsView=true&referer=br)
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents (http:/ / lcweb2. loc. gov/ frd/ cs/ )
of the Library of Congress Country Studies.
Further reading
• Bolitho, Harold. (1974). Treasures Among Men: The Fudai Daimyo in Tokugawa Japan. New Haven: Yale
University Press. 10-ISBN 0-300-01655-7/13-ISBN 978-0-300-01655-0; OCLC 185685588 (http://www.
worldcat.org/title/treasures-among-men-the-fudai-daimyo-in-tokugawa-japan/oclc/185685588)
• Totman, Conrad. The Collapse of the Tokugawa Bakufu, 1862-1868. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1980.
• Totman, Conrad. Politics in the Tokugawa Bakufu, 1600-1843. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967.
• Waswo, Ann Modern Japanese Society 1868-1994
• The Center for East Asian Cultural Studies Meiji Japan Through Contemporary Sources, Volume Two 1844-1882
7
Tokugawa shogunate
External links
• Japan (http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/jptoc.html)
• Tokugawa Political System (http://web.archive.org/web/20080504211250/http://hkuhist2.hku.hk/
nakasendo/tokupols.htm)
• SengokuDaimyo.com (http://www.sengokudaimyo.com/) The website of Samurai Author and Historian
Anthony J. Bryant
• Anthony J. Bryant is the author of Sekigahara 1600: The Final Struggle for Power, Praeger
Publishers;(September, 2005)
8
Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors
Tokugawa shogunate Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=436209552 Contributors: -- April, 4n19, ACSE, Alex Kov, Alucard (Dr.), Amatulic, Andrwsc, Andy Dingley,
Andycjp, Anonymous of Italy, Anthony Appleyard, Atif.t2, BUF4Life, Ben12865, Bendono, Bloodofox, Bob Fredrickson, Brian0918, Cable-tv of our forefather's, Calcwatch, Can't sleep, clown
will eat me, Carbuncle, Ceoil, Ciphers, CommonsDelinker, Corvi, Curps, Cyde, Dalibor Bosits, Damaavand, Dancingwombatsrule, DarkResin, David Schaich, Delldot, Derek Ross, Diadian,
DocWatson42, Eaefremov, Edward, Eesk120, Ehistory, Eichikiyama, El C, Emperor, Emperorbma, Epbr123, Evan1975, Everyking, Exairetos, Fg2, Fnorp, Gilliam, Golbez, Good Olfactory,
Graculus, Greenshed, Greg Grahame, Gökhan, Hadal, Hailey C. Shannon, HarryHenryGebel, Haverberg, Helgo, Historian, Hu, Huangdi, IPSOS, InGearX, Indrian, Island, Isnow, J-A-V-A,
J.delanoy, JCam, Jeffrey O. Gustafson, JeroenHoek, Jmills2036, JohnCrocker, Jrpibb, Julian Morrison, Karl-Henner, Katefan0, Kbh3rd, Kgorman-ucb, Kintetsubuffalo, Kowloonese,
KrakatoaKatie, Krisgrotius, Kusunose, LFaraone, Lacrimosus, Leandrod, Leuko, Lightmouse, Lights, Lolliapaulina51, Lomn, LordAmeth, Loren Rosen, M.K, Mandarax, Marshman, Martarius,
Materialscientist, Mattis, Maximaximax, Melaen, Menchi, Mic, Mkill, Montrealais, MordredKLB, Morio, Mr Rookles, Mymelo, NHRHS2010, Nabab, Neutrality, Ngebendi, Nihonjoe,
Ninington, Nivenus, Nlu, Nyuhan951, Oda Mari, PCHS-NJROTC, Padrhig, Pearle, Per Honor et Gloria, Pgan002, Pharos, Pie Man 360, Plumcherry, Raul654, Raysonho, Revth, Rich
Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Roberta F., Ronhjones, Ryulong, Seann, Sekicho, Selket, Sengoku Warrior, Shoessss, Sietse Snel, Silverxxx, Slowking Man, SpookyMulder, Square HD, Stan
Lioubomoudrov, Storm Rider, Subzerosmokerain, Sundostund, SuperCrazee, Tachi, Tadakuni, Taichi, TakuyaMurata, Tawker, Tenmei, Tensaibuta, The undertow, TheNoel, Tksb, Tvarnoe,
Ufinne, Urashimataro, Vaerok, WhisperToMe, Wi, Wiccan Quagga, Wik, Wis, Writtenright, 青鬼よし, 299 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:Mon-Oda.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mon-Oda.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: AlexK, Flappiefh,
Kintetsubuffalo, WTCA, Πrate, 1 anonymous edits
File:Tokugawa family crest.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tokugawa_family_crest.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Lemon-s
File:Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Merchant_flag_of_Japan_(1870).svg License: Public Domain Contributors: kahusi - (Talk)
File:Ezo.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ezo.svg License: unknown Contributors: Image:Tokugawa Ieyasu.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tokugawa_Ieyasu.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Amcaja, Complex01, Duesentrieb, Hamasaki
gion higashi, Kareha, Kevyn, Moroboshi, OceanSound, Reggaeman, Thymo
Image:RedSealShip.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:RedSealShip.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Amcaja, Andres rojas22, Binabik155, Geofrog,
KTo288, Kaba, Makthorpe, Mattes, Moroboshi, Shizhao, 1 anonymous edits
Image:SakuradaGate2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SakuradaGate2.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Fg2, Gryffindor, Haragayato, Kinori, LERK,
Tenmei
Image:TokugawaYoshinobu.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TokugawaYoshinobu.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Hamasaki gion higashi, Ratatosk
Image:PD-icon.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PD-icon.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Various. See log. (Original SVG was based on File:PD-icon.png
by Duesentrieb, which was based on Image:Red copyright.png by Rfl.)
License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
http:/ / creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3. 0/
9