2011
Pacific Regional
MDGs Tracking Report
Acknowledgements
This Report was prepared by the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,
with the assistance of a Technical Working Group (TWG). The MDGs
TWG consisted of representatives from ADB, AusAID, SPC, UNDP,
UNESCAP, UNFPA, as well as country representatives from Palau,
PNG and Samoa. The Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat sincerely
thanks all members of the TWG for their technical advice and input,
as well as the country MDG focal points and others that provided
comments on earlier drafts.
i
2011
Pacific Regional
MDGs Tracking Report
Prepared by the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat
August 2011
ii
© Copyright Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, 2011
All rights for commercial /profit reproduction, in any form, are reserved. PIFS authorises the partial reproduction or translation of this material for scientific, educational or research purposes, provided that PIFS and the source document are properly
acknowledged. Permission to reproduce the document in any form, whether for commercial /profit or non-profit purposes,
must be requested in writing.
Original text: English
PIFS Cataloguing-in-Publication
2011 Pacific regional MDGs tracking report / prepared by the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat.
106 p.: col. ill.; 30 cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-982-202-018-2
1. Economic policy – Oceania 2. Economic development – Oceania
3. Social policy – Oceania I. Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat
338.995 2011 dc21
iii
Table of Contents
Acronyms and Abbreviations
iv
Executive Summary
vii
Part 1 Purpose of the Report
1
Background and Objectives
2
Part 2 Guidelines and Overview
5
Assessment and Data Guidelines
6
A Brief Summary of Progress
9
Part 3 Performance on the Eight Goals
15
Goal 1 Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
16
Goal 2 Achieve Universal Primary Education
22
Goal 3 Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women
24
Goal 4 Reduce Child Mortality
27
Goal 5 Improve Maternal Health
29
Goal 6 Combat HIV/AIDS and Other Diseases
32
HIV/AIDS
33
Malaria
35
TB
37
Goal 7 Ensure Environmental Sustainability
39
Goal 8 Develop a Global Partnership for Development
43
Part 4 A Closer Look at the Health-Related MDGs
51
Child and Maternal Health
52
HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Tuberculosis
54
Non-communicable Diseases
56
Health Financing
60
Key Challenges
62
Annex 1 Statistical Notes and Country Tables
64
Statistical Notes
65
Country Tables
References
66-93
94
iv
Acronyms and Abbreviations
ACP
ADB
AIDS
ARV
ARI
ATH
BNPL
BPoA
CKI
CMI
COFA
CSO
DAC
DESA
DFAT
DHS
DHSA
DOE
DOH
DOTS
EFA
EMIS
EPA
EPI
EPPSO
EU
FAO
FIC
FPI
FSM
FY
GAO
GBV
GDP
GEF
GFATM
GNI
HIES
HIV
HPV
ICT
ILO
IMCI
IMF
ITA
ITN
African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States
Asian Development Bank
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Antiretroviral
Acute Respiratory Infection
Amalgamated Telecom Holdings Limited
Basic Needs Poverty Line
Barbados Program of Action
Cook Islands
College of the Marshall Islands
Compact of Free Association
Civil Society Organisation
Development Assistance Committee
Department of Economic and Social Affairs
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
Demographic and Health Survey
Department of Health and Social Affairs
Department of Education
Department of Health
Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course
Education for All
Education Management Information System
Economic Partnership Agreement
Expanded Program on Immunisation
Economic Policy, Planning and Statistics Office
European Union
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations
Forum Island Country
Family Planning International
Federated States of Micronesia
Financial Year
Government Accountability Office
Gender Based Violence
Gross Domestic Product
Global Environment Fund
Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
Gross National Income
Household Income and Expenditure Survey
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Human Papillomavirus
Information and Communication Technologies
International Labour Organisation
Integrated Management of Childhood Illness
International Monetary Fund
International Trade Administration
Insecticide-treated Nets
v
Acronyms and Abbreviations con’t
ITU
JEMCO
JICA
LDC
International Telecommunication Union
Joint Economic and Management Committee
Japan International Cooperation Agency
Least Developed Country
MDG
MECC
MESC
MEWAC
MFEM
MHMS
MICS
MISGLB
MMR
MOE
MOFNP
MOH
MSI
NCD
NHIS
NSO
NTA
NZ
NZAID
ODA
OECD
OLPC
OOP
PACER
PacRICS
PAF
PALARIS
PATCRA
PEC
PEDF
PFIP
PICT
PICTA
PIFACC
PIFS
PIRMCCM
PNCC
PNG
PSI
RAM
RMI
RoO
Millennium Development Goal
Ministry of Environment and Climate Change
Ministry of Education, Sports and Culture
Ministry of Education, Women Affairs and Culture
Ministry of Finance and Economic Management
Ministry of Health and Medical Services
Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey
Marshall Islands Scholarship, Grant and Loan Board
Maternal Mortality Ratio
Ministry of Education
Ministry of Finance and National Planning
Ministry of Health
Mauritius Strategy of Implementation
Non-communicable Diseases
National Health Information System
National Statistics Office
National Telecommunications Authority
New Zealand
New Zealand Agency for International Development
Overseas Development Assistance
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
One Laptop Per Child
Out-of-pocket
Pacific Agreement on Closer Economic Relations
Pacific Rural Internet Connectivity System
Performance Assessment Framework
Palau Automated Land and Resources Information System
PNG-Australia Trade and Commercial Relations Agreement
Pacific Environment Community
Pacific Education Development Framework
Pacific Financial Inclusion Program
Pacific Island Countries and Territories
Pacific Island Countries Trade Agreement
Pacific Islands Framework for Action on Climate Change
Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat
Pacific Islands Regional Multi-Country Coordinating Mechanism
Palau National Communication Corporation
Papua New Guinea
Population Services International
Rotarians Against Malaria
Republic of the Marshall Islands
Rules of Origin
vi
Acronyms and Abbreviations con’t
SBOC
Statistics, Budget and Economic Management, Overseas Development Assistance,
and Compact Management
SGS
SIDS
SIS
SOPAC
SPARTECA
SPC
SPREP
STI
TB
TNPF
TPL
UIS
UNAIDS
UNDP
UNEP
UNESCO
UNFCC
UNFPA
UNGASS
UN-HABITAT
UNICEF
UNSD
US
USP
WCMC
WHO
WIBDI
WPP
WTO
Second Generation Surveillance
Small Island Developing States
Smaller Island States
Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission
South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement
Secretariat of the Pacific Community
Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme
Sexually Transmitted Infection
Tuberculosis
Tuvalu National Provident Fund
Tonga Power Limited
UNESCO Institute for Statistics
Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS
United Nations Development Program
United Nations Environment Program
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
United Nations Population Fund
United Nations General Assembly Special Session
UN Agency for Human Settlements
United Nations Children's Fund
United Nations Statistics Division
United States
University of the South Pacific
World Conservation Monitoring Centre
World Health Organization
Women in Business Development Incorporated
World Population Prospects
World Trade Organisation
vii
EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
The Pacific Plan guides the region’s efforts towards achieving the MDGs,
while the Cairns Compact on Strengthening Development Coordination
(Forum Compact) is a tool for implementing the priorities of the Pacific
Plan. One of the key deliverables of the Forum Compact is to track the
progress of FICs towards achieving the MDGs, which is the main purpose
of this Report.
The MDGs assessment in this Report is not strictly made against the
global targets, as the assessments are supplemented by proxy data and
qualitative information. Recent national MDG Reports formed the main
source of the dataset used to assess progress. However, there were many
difficulties in compiling comprehensive, quality and up-to-date MDGs
data, indicating the weaknesses of statistical capacities in the region,
which requires attention.
While the MDGs assessments contained herein are debatable, what is
unambiguous is that more concerted effort is needed in the region to
accelerate and sustain progress towards achieving the MDGs by 2015.
PNG’s population of around 6.7 million people means that overall progress for the region is inextricably tied to PNG’s progress. Consequently,
as PNG is off track on all the MDGs, the region is also off track on all the
goals. However, excluding PNG, the region is on track towards reducing
child mortality, with mixed progress on all the other goals. Polynesia’s
progress is comparatively better than any other sub-region, with Micronesia not on track for any goal.
With the exception of Cook Islands, Niue, Samoa and Palau, all countries
are off track on at least one goal. PNG, Kiribati, Solomon Islands and
Nauru are not on track for any of the goals, while Cook Islands, Niue and
Palau are on track for six of the goals.
Majority of countries are off track on poverty, followed by environmental
sustainability, then gender. On the other hand, most countries were on
track to reduce child mortality, followed by achieving universal education and improving maternal health.
The region’s progress on reducing poverty is constrained by generally
low economic growth, lack of job opportunities and rising prices. Even
though good progress is made towards achieving universal primary
education, the quality of education remains a concern. Similarly, while
there is very low gender disparity in education, progress on empowering
women is much slower.
On the health-related goals, the relatively low measles immunisation
coverage needs to be addressed to sustain progress on reducing child
mortality, while more concerted effort is needed in ensuring universal
access to reproductive health to improve maternal health. Interventions
viii
for maternal and child health are well known in the region and needs to
be scaled up.
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria is instrumental in assisting countries combat the major diseases. Continued support
from the Global Fund is needed to sustain and accelerate progress towards combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis.
Although non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are not included under
MDG 6, majority of countries, in recognition of its importance, have included combating NCDs as an additional target. Of the ten countries
that included NCDs, FSM, Samoa, Tonga and Vanuatu are off track on
combating NCDs.
On environmental sustainability, achieving energy security remains a
key priority in the region, as most countries are highly dependent on
imported fossil fuels. In other areas, access to safe drinking water and
basic sanitation is a major concern in Micronesia.
The successful achievement of the first seven goals is critical on the support of development partners. To this end, overseas development assistance (ODA) has doubled, with two-thirds of ODA directed to the social
infrastructure and services sector, which includes education, health and
water supply and sanitation. However, there is room for improvement
for major developed trading partners to provide better access to their
markets for countries in the region.
Climate change is a critical emerging issue, with the potential to derail
progress on all the goals. The adverse impact of climate change is already being felt by some countries, such as FSM, Kiribati and Tuvalu. Key
approaches to addressing climate change include mainstreaming climate change measures into national plans, improving access to climate
change funds and strengthening development coordination.
This Report makes five broad conclusions, which serves to reinforce the
undertakings made in the Port Vila Declaration. Firstly, there is a general
lack of comprehensive quality data to accurately assess MDGs progress,
so more effort is needed to strengthen statistical capacities. Secondly,
as intervention strategies are generally well known in the respective sectors, these need to be built upon, sustained or scaled up.
Thirdly, development partner support through funding, technical assistance and capacity building is critical, hence, requiring better development coordination and harmonisation. Fourthly, governments, development partners, civil society organisations and the private sector need to
work together. Finally, strong political leadership and resolve towards
achieving the MDGs is the catalyst towards progress.
1
PART 1
Purpose of the Report
2
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Forum Leaders affirmed their support for the Millennium Declaration
in September 2000 and later set out their Vision for the Pacific in the
Auckland Declaration of April 2004, which laid the foundation for the
Pacific Plan. Endorsed in October 2005, the Pacific Plan is designed to
strengthen Pacific regional integration and cooperation based on four
pillars – economic growth, sustainable development, good governance
and security. The Pacific Plan is the foundation for the region’s efforts
towards the achievement of the MDGs.
In 2009, in response to concerns that the region was off track to achieve
the MDGs despite high levels of development assistance, Forum Leaders
agreed to the Cairns Compact on Strengthening Development Coordination in the Pacific (Forum Compact). The key objective of the Forum
Compact will be to improve the coordination and use of available development resources with the aim of achieving real progress against the
MDGs. The Forum Compact is a tool for implementing the priorities of
the Pacific Plan. Forum Leaders’ commitment to the achievement of the
MDGs was further strengthened in 2010 in the Port Vila Declaration on
Accelerating Progress on the Achievement of the MDGs (see Box 1).
The Pacific Plan is the foundation
for the region’s efforts towards
achieving the MDGs.
The Cairns Compact on
Strengthening Development
Coordination (Forum Compact)
is a tool for implementing the
priorities of the Pacific Plan.
One of the main deliverables under the Forum Compact on Strengthening Development Coordination is to provide an annual Pacific Regional
MDGs Tracking Report. This Report is the second Pacific Regional MDGs
Tracking Report.
The principal purpose of the Report is to assess the progress made by
FICs towards achieving the MDGs by 2015. As latest data are not available on a timely basis and considering that policy interventions take time
to be reflected in the data, the MDGs assessment is unlikely to change
markedly on an annual basis. For this reason, thematic focus areas are
chosen to elaborate on pertinent issues.
At the February 2011 Cairns Compact on Strengthening Development
Coordination in the Pacific – Regional Workshop, ‘Health’ was chosen as
the main thematic focus for this year’s Report. The emphasis on ‘Health’
was chosen due to its centrality in the achievement of all the MDGs and
because the 2010 Pacific Regional MDGs Tracking Report indicated that a
cluster of countries were off track on the health-related MDGs. A wealth
of information is contained in the 2010 Regional MDGs Report and much
of it remains valid, particularly with regard to the challenges, emerging
issues and measures needed to accelerate progress. Consequently, only
a few key areas in this regard are briefly highlighted in this Report.
A major component in the preparation of this Report was to validate and
update the MDGs dataset. This proved to be a tremendous exercise, given that data for the MDG indicators were not easily accessible and there
were quality concerns with available data. For some indicators, data was
not available at all. Therefore, as was the case for this Report, a key objective for subsequent Reports will be to improve on the dataset from which
assessments are made.
One of the key deliverables of
the Forum Compact is to track
the progress of FICs towards
achieving the MDGs.
Continuous improvement of
the MDGs dataset is a major
objective.
3
Box 1. Port Vila Declaration on Accelerating Progress on the Achievement of the MDGs (Extract)
Hereby reaffirm our intention to achieve improved standards of living and human wellbeing as measured by the
Millennium Development Goals and commit to:
• Continue to localise the Millennium Development Goals into national and regional plans, programs and prioritise budgets with particular focus on those that have the greatest consequences for Pacific Island Peoples;
• Advocate for the special needs of Small Island Developing States to ensure the development and pursuit of
appropriate and sustainable policies and program responses, including through the use of international platforms such as the BPoA and MSI that articulate an agreed special case for SIDS;
• Coordinate efforts to support the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, drawing on the principles of the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, the Accra Agenda for Action and the Pacific Principles on Aid
Effectiveness, as actioned through the Cairns Compact on Strengthening Development Coordination in the
Pacific, itself endorsed by Forum Leaders at their annual meeting in 2009;
Consistent with these commitments we call on our Development Partners to:
• Work with us to immediately identify and develop major new activities and programs to expedite the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals;
• Deliver on pledges to scale up aid and to channel a share of these increased resources to Pacific Island Countries towards accelerated Millennium Development Goal efforts;
• Honour commitments under various and relevant international and regional arrangements, such as Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness and Accra Agenda for Action, and Pacific Principles on Aid Effectiveness, and actively engage with regional efforts such as the Cairns Compact on Strengthening Development Coordination
in the Pacific, which aim to improve the effectiveness of development efforts through greater transparency and
better governance of national and development partner resources;
• Strengthen their support to Pacific Island Countries towards achieving sustainable development by mainstreaming the MSI and BPoA into programmatic work plans of development partners, including the regional
banks, Bretton Woods Institutions and the UN system, including through development of vulnerability and
resilience indices; and
• Support the strengthening of national systems in data collection including disaggregated data, analysis and
dissemination.
We strongly urge non-governmental organisations, civil society, the private sector and other stakeholders at the
local, national, regional and international levels to join us in redoubling efforts towards achieving this objective.
We, the Leaders of the Pacific Islands Forum, commit ourselves and our governments to implementing this Declaration with the intention of accelerating progress to achieving the Millennium Development Goals in the interest
of all Pacific Peoples allowing them to enjoy peaceful, prosperous, secure and fulfilling lives.
Source: PIFS (2010)
4
Furthermore, as the MDGs span a wide range of areas, it is out of
the scope of this Report and technical capacity of PIFS to provide
very detailed in-depth analysis and policy recommendations on
each of the issues for each of the goals. However, such analyses
are undertaken and reported by respective technical agencies,
such as the UN agencies, SPC (including SOPAC), SPREP, WHO,
ADB, World Bank, IMF and other independent research bodies.
Therefore, to this end, the purpose of the Report is to highlight
the key developments undertaken under each Goal at the regional and national level and, where applicable, report the major findings of recent research.
Finally, one of the other major purposes of the Regional MDGs Report is for raising public awareness and social mobilisation. With
the 2015 deadline drawing closer, the annual Report serves as a
tool for renewed regional and national political commitment, as
well as advocating for wider participation by all stakeholders towards accelerating progress towards achieving the MDGs.
The Report is outlined as follows: Part 2 discusses the assessment
guidelines and MDGs data construction; Part 3 provides the MDGs
assessment on each of the goals based on the latter guidelines
and Part 4 elaborates further on the major issues related to the
health-related MDGs, including NCDs. Detailed country data are
provided in Annex 1.
It is out of the scope of this Report
to provide detailed in-depth analysis
and policy recommendations on each
goal; Instead, key developments are
highlighted.
The Report is important for raising
public awareness and social
mobilisation.
5
PART 2
Guidelines and Overview
6
ASSESSMENT AND DATA GUIDELINES
The MDGs are intended as global targets and not every country is expected to achieve the specific Targets. It is in this overall context that
the MDGs assessment is made for each of the countries. For some FICs,
given their baselines, it would be unrealistic to expect the achievement
of the Targets. In addition, for all countries, there is a lack of comprehensive data on all the MDG indicators and, where data is available, there
are concerns about the quality of the data. Given these shortcomings,
proxy data, as well as qualitative information, supplement the MDGs assessment. Qualitative information includes level of government commitment, donor support, as well as good initiatives in place towards
achieving the MDGs.
In the preparation of this Report, the dataset for the 2010 Pacific Regional MDGs Tracking Report was reviewed, refined and updated. Since the
release of the 2010 Regional MDGs Report, several countries finalised
their second national MDG Report (PNG, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu,
Solomon Islands), while FSM completed their first national MDG Report.
These Reports formed the main source of the MDGs dataset used to assess progress (see Appendix 1).
The MDGs assessment in this
Report is not strictly made
against the global targets; Proxy
data and qualitative information
supplement the assessments.
Recent national MDG Reports
formed the main source of the
dataset used to assess progress.
For countries that had not released a recent national MDG Report, updates were sourced primarily from national sources. Global sources for
MDGs data, particularly the UN Statistics Division’s MDGs Indicators Database, was used when national data was not available. The MDGs dataset was cross-checked and verified against the metadata for the MDG
indicators to ensure consistency and comparability across time for each
country.
Given that global data sources usually transformed national data to ensure comparability across countries, it would not be comparable against
nationally-sourced data. To this end, as much as possible, the same
source (either national or global) for which the most up-to-date data
was available was used to update the indicator for each country. For
cases where national and global sources both reported data for the latest year, national sources were preferred. However, in doing so, the data
presented in this Report is not strictly comparable across countries.
Although comparable across time
for each country, data presented
in this Report is not strictly
comparable across countries.
Significant corrections and updates were made to the dataset used in
the 2010 Regional MDGs Report. However, there is likely to be remaining
quality issues in the current dataset, which will be continuously improved
upon in subsequent Reports. The difficulties in compiling up-to-date
quality MDGs data for the FICs highlight the weaknesses of statistical capacities in the region. For the purposes of accurately tracking countries’
MDGs progress, but more importantly, for the formulation of appropriate development policies, it is imperative that more concerted regional
and national effort is made to strengthen the collection, reporting and
maintenance of statistics.
Difficulties in compiling MDGs
data indicate the weaknesses of
statistical capacities in the region;
More effort needed to strengthen
statistical systems.
The MDGs assessments also account for countries’ own appraisals, particularly for those that have recently completed their national MDG reports.
In most cases, countries use proxy data and qualitative information to
assess their progress against the MDGs. These factors are accounted for
in the overall assessment. However, there are occasions when the recent
The MDGs assessment is not
based solely on quantitative
indicators; countries’ own
appraisals, proxy data and
qualitative information also used.
7
national assessment is different from that contained in this Report. This
could be because of differences in data and/or accounting for recent incountry information from relevant technical agencies.
Therefore, as the MDGs assessments are not solely based on quantitative
indicators, it is open to interpretation. Although a balanced approach
was taken to make the final assessment, there may be cases where the
assessment is considered to be either too optimistic or too pessimistic.
Regardless, it is clear that across all countries, efforts to accelerate progress towards achieving the MDGs need to be scaled up. For FICs that
have made good progress, sustaining these outcomes is a challenge in
itself. Support from development partners is crucial in this regard.
While the assessments are
debatable, what is clear is that
concerted effort is needed to
accelerate and sustain progress.
Based on the Assessment Guidelines (see Box 2), the following MDGs
progress classification is used:
On track (good progress)
Off track (insufficient progress)
Mixed (uneven and/or inconsistent progress)
Insufficient information
Box 2. MDGs Assessment Guidelines
In forming the final MDGs assessment for each country the following are taken into account:
1. How does the baseline and latest data compare with the MDG Target, developing country averages and the
global target for developing countries?
2. Is it realistic to expect that the country will achieve the quantitative target?
3. Is the data trending in the right direction?
4. Are there any issues with the quality of the data?
5. What are the trends in proxy data or qualitative information from national and technical sources indicating?
6. What are the countries’ own assessment on this target? Does the basis for the countries’ own assessment still
hold?
An ‘on track’ assessment does not necessarily indicate that the country
will achieve the quantitative target by 2015. Instead, it means that good
progress was made towards achieving the MDGs:
(i)
Latest data is recording modest to significant increments in the
right direction;
(ii)
Proxy data and qualitative information (strong government commitment and/or development partner support, good initiatives in
place) indicate good progress.
An ‘off track’ assessment indicates insufficient progress towards achieving the MDGs. In other words:
(i)
Data is trending in the wrong direction or recording marginal
increments in the right direction;
‘On track’ indicates good progress
towards achieving the MDGs,
not necessarily the quantitative
targets.
8
(ii) Proxy data and qualitative information (weak government commitment and/or development partner support, lack of initiatives in
place) indicate insufficient progress.
In the 2010 Regional MDGs Report, yellow signified ‘slightly off-track’.
The change in this Report to use ‘mixed’ progress was to adequately capture a country’s progress, where there are different Targets under each
goal. The overall assessment of each Goal is based on the performance
of each of the Targets. If a country’s progress on one of the Targets was
‘on track’ but was ‘off track’ on the other, the overall assessment would
be ‘mixed’. For instance, a country’s progress on MDG 3 (promote gender equality and empower women) would be assessed as ‘mixed’ if the
country was ‘on track’ with the gender parity target but ‘off track’ with
the empowerment indicators. Similarly, the assessment on each Target
would be based on the performance of each of the quantitative indicators, as well as other information, in line with the Assessment Guidelines.
‘Off track’ may indicate weak
government commitment and
lack of initiatives in place.
A ‘mixed’ assessment indicates:
(i)
Uneven progress: good progress on some indicators but insufficient progress in others;
(ii)
Inconsistent progress: initially, insufficient/slow progress but good
progress more recently; initially, good progress but insufficient/
slow progress more recently 1.
‘Mixed’ progress indicates uneven
and/or inconsistent progress;
Equal attention needed for ‘mixed’
and ‘off track’ progress.
Therefore, equal attention for accelerating progress towards the MDGs
should be placed on areas with ‘mixed’ progress, as well as those registering ‘off track’.
MDGs assessments are also made by sub-region (Polynesia, Micronesia,
Melanesia), as well as for the entire region. Given the population size of
PNG, an assessment for Melanesia and the entire region is provided with
and without the inclusion of PNG. These assessments are qualitative
and are based on the progress of each of the countries, weighted by the
population size (as most of the MDG indicators are based on population).
Therefore, as PNG is by far the most populous country in the region, the
region’s, as well as Melanesia’s progress is inevitably tied to that of PNG’s.
For the Polynesian sub-grouping, as Samoa and Tonga have the largest
populations, their assessments influence the overall assessment for Polynesia. Therefore, if the two countries are both ‘on track’ on a particular
goal, Polynesia will also be assessed as ‘on track’, irrespective of the performance of the assessments in Cook Islands, Niue and Tuvalu. Similarly,
for Micronesia, FSM and Kiribati’s assessment strongly influences the
overall assessment of the sub-region. For Melanesia (excluding PNG),
Fiji’s assessment has a strong influence on the results.
On MDG 8 (global partnership for development), this Report recognises
that the premise of goal 8 was that developing countries would focus
on achieving the first seven goals, while the developed countries would
support these efforts through increased aid flows, fairer market access,
debt relief, as well as ensuring access to affordable essential drugs and
ICT. Therefore, countries are not assessed on progress towards the overall goal, but assessments are made for ensuring debt sustainability and
access to affordable essential drugs and ICT. However, trends in aid flows
and market access are discussed.
1
Regional and sub-regional
assessments are qualitative,
based on each country’s progress
and weighted by population.
Samoa and Tonga’s results
influence Polynesia’s assessment;
FSM and Kiribati for Micronesia
and Fiji for Melanesia (excluding
PNG).
For cases where recent data has regressed, comparisons are made to the baseline data, as well as considering the Assessment Guidelines, before finalising a country’s assessment.
9
A BRIEF SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
PNG’s population of around 6.7 million people means that overall progress for the region towards the MDGs is determined by the progress
in PNG (Table 1). Consequently, as PNG is off track on all the goals, as a
whole, the region is also off track on all the MDGs. It is important to note
that PNG considered the global MDG targets as over-ambitious, unrealistic and therefore out of reach for the country (PNG, 2010). Consequently,
in 2003-04, PNG developed its own set of national targets and indicators
associated with each of the MDGs and against these ‘localised’ MDG targets, there is slightly better progress (see Box 3).
As a result of PNG’s progress,
the region is off track on all the
goals. Excluding PNG, the region
is on track towards reducing child
mortality, with mixed progress on
all the other goals.
By the same extension, Melanesia is also off track on all the goals.
However, excluding PNG, the region is on track towards reducing child
mortality, with mixed progress recorded for all the other goals. The encouraging result on MDG 4 is led by the low levels of child and infant
mortality in Fiji, the second most populous country, as well as in Vanuatu,
the fourth most populous FIC.
Polynesia’s progress is comparatively better than the other sub-regions,
as it is on track to achieve four of the goals – achieving universal primary education, reducing child mortality, improving maternal health
and ensuring environmental sustainability. In contrast, Micronesia is not
on track for any goal, off track on the poverty goal, with mixed progress
noted on the other MDGs.
At the country level, with the exception of Cook Islands, Niue, Samoa and
Palau, all FICs are off track on at least one goal. PNG, Kiribati, Solomon Islands and Nauru are not on track for any of the goals, while Cook Islands,
Niue and Palau are on track for six of the goals. Majority of countries
are off track on poverty, followed by environmental sustainability, then
gender. On the other hand, most FICs recorded ‘on track’ for reducing
child mortality, followed by achieving universal education and improving maternal health.
Polynesia’s progress is
comparatively better than any
other sub-region, with Micronesia
not on track for any goal.
10
Table 1
Progress Towards the MDGs
MDG 1
Eliminate
Extreme Poverty
and Hunger
MDG 2
Achieve
Universal
Primary
Education
MDG 3
Promote Gender
Equality and
Empower
Women
MDG 4
Reduce Child
Mortality
MDG 5
Improve
Maternal Health
MDG 6
Combat HIV/
AIDS and Other
Diseases
MDG 7
Ensure
Environmental
Sustainability
Melanesia
Off track
Off track
Off track
Off track
Off track
Off track
Off track
Melanesia (excl PNG)
Mixed
Mixed
Off track
On track
Mixed
Mixed
Mixed
Fiji
Off track t
On track u
Mixed
On track u
On track u
Mixed u
On track u
PNG
Off track
Off track
Off track
Off track
Off track
Off track
Off track
Solomon Is
Mixed
Mixed
Off track
Off track t
Off track t
Mixed
Off track
Vanuatu
Mixed
Mixed
Off track t
On track u
Mixed
On track u
Off track t
Micronesia
Off track
Mixed
Mixed
Mixed
Mixed
Mixed
Mixed
FSM
Off track t
Mixed
Mixed
Mixed
Off track
Mixed t
On track
Kiribati
Off track t
Mixed
Mixed
Mixed
Mixed
Mixed u
Off track
Marshall Is
Off track t
Mixed
Mixed
On track
On track
Off track t
Mixed
Nauru
Insufficient info
Off track
Mixed
Off track
Mixed
Mixed u
Off track
Palau
Mixed
On track
On track u
On track
On track u
On track u
On track
Polynesia
Mixed
On track
Mixed
On track
On track
Mixed
On track
Cook Is
On track u
On track
On track u
On track
On track
On track u
Mixed t
Niue
On track u
On track
On track
On track
On track
On track
Mixed t
Samoa
Mixed
On track
Mixed
On track
Mixed t
Mixed
On track
Tonga
Mixed
On track
Off track t
On track
On track u
On track u
On track
Tuvalu
Off track t
On track
Mixed
On track u
On track
Mixed u
Mixed
FICs
Off track
Off track
Off track
Off track
Off track
Off track
Off track
FICs (excl PNG)
Mixed
Mixed
Mixed
On track
Mixed
Mixed
Mixed
Note: The arrows denote improvement (u) or regression (t) from the assessment in the 2010 Pacific Regional MDGs Tracking Report. Given the differences in the dataset and
assessment guidelines used in the two Reports, this is provided for indicative purposes only as the assessments are not strictly comparable.
11
Box 3. PNG’s Overall Progress Towards its National MDG Targets
PNG considered the global targets associated with the MDGs as over-ambitious, unrealistic and therefore out of reach. Consequently,
in 2003-2004, PNG developed its own set of national targets and indicators associated with each of the MDGs, to better reflect the
realities in the country. These far more reasonable and achievable targets were incorporated in the Medium Term Development
Strategy (MTDS) 2005-2010. In 2004, the MDGs were aligned with the MTDS and the national targets of the MTDS were adopted for
purposes of MDG monitoring.
MDG 1
PNG NATIONAL MDG TARGETS
2009 ASSESSMENT
Decrease by 2015, the proportion of people
below the lower poverty line by 10 percent
(using the 1996 national average figure of 30
percent as the benchmark figure).
LIKELY: Progress was monitored by several proxy indices and
since 1990, the combined impact of all these proxy indices
indicate a small improvement of about 5 to 10 percent in the
poverty situation. In other words, PNG is more or less on track
with its national target. However, the continuing very high Gini
coefficient is a clear example that improvement in the poverty
index does not necessarily translate into development in which
the citizens of the country share equally.
Increase by 2015, commercial agricultural
production by 10 percent and subsistence
agricultural production by 34 percent.
MDG 2
Achieve, by 2015, a Gross Enrolment Rate of 85
% at the primary level.
Achieve, by 2015, a Cohort Retention Ratio of 70
% at the primary level.
Achieve, by 2015, a Youth Literacy Ratio of 70%.
POTENTIALLY: Although some progress was made with regards
to access, retention and achievement, progress is disappointing,
considering that the educational reforms that started in 1994
should have been completed in 2004. Against its national MDG
targets, it appears that PNG is slightly lagging behind with
regards to access to school and more significantly with regards to
retention and youth literacy.
MDG 3
Eliminate gender disparity at the primary and
lower secondary level by 2015 and at the upper
secondary level and above by 2030.
POTENTIALLY: Gender disparity in many areas (education,
literacy, employment, longevity etc.) is not as large as often
assumed. However, PNG’s gender culture places women in
a disadvantaged position. Gender based violence (GBV) in
particular is widespread and this is one of the factors that fuels
the HIV/AIDS epidemic. This poses an enormous threat for future
development and is considered a cross-cutting challenge for the
achievement of all MDGs.
MDG 4
Reduce the Infant Mortality Rate to 44 per
thousand by 2015.
LIKELY: In 2009, the national target for under-five mortality was
achieved. Moreover, if current trends persist, the IMR is expected
to come very close to the 2015 national target.
Reduce the Under Five Mortality Rate to 72 per
thousand by 2015.
MDG 5
Decrease the maternal mortality ratio to 274 per
100,000 live births by 2015.
VERY UNLIKELY: The trend in maternal mortality since 1990
suggests that the national target is unachievable. PNG’s very
high level of maternal mortality is another clear indication of
significant gender disparity and inequity.
MDG 6
Have controlled by 2015 and stabilised the
spread of HIV/AIDS by 2020.
VERY UNLIKELY: Monitoring of HIV/AIDS is exacerbated by the
fact that data remains very incomplete and defective. However,
with the increased number of testing sites, monitoring after 2004
has improved. The available evidence suggests that there is as
yet no sign that the HIV/AIDS epidemic has stabilised. The same
also applies to several opportunistic diseases that are closely
associated with HIV/AIDS, especially TB, pneumonia and malaria.
Have controlled by 2015, and either stabilised
or reversed the incidence of pneumonia, TB,
malaria and other diseases by 2020.
MDG 7
Implement the principles of sustainable
development through sector specific programs
by 2010 and no later than 2015.
By 2020, increase commercial use of land and
natural resources through improvements in
environmentally friendly technologies and
methods of production.
Increase to 60 % the number of households
with access to safe water by 2010 and to 85 %
by 2020.
VERY UNLIKELY: PNG has signed 46 multilateral environmental
agreements and a very large number of indicators were adopted
for the monitoring of progress. However, most of these have
never been measured and may never be measured. Furthermore,
monitoring is made very difficult because of the conflicting views
with regards to environmental issues, especially in the area of
forests and forestry. Moreover, monitoring that is carried out is
fragmented and uncoordinated.
By 2020, to have achieved a significant
improvement in the lives of disadvantaged and
vulnerable groups in urban areas.
Source: PNG (2010)
12
The region’s progress on MDG1 is constrained by generally low economic growth, lack of job opportunities and rising prices. Even though good
progress is made in the majority of FICs towards MDG 2, the quality of
education remains a concern. In addition, although gains were made
towards gender parity in education, progress on empowering women is
much slower.
Although NCDs is not included
under MDG 6, majority of
countries have included
combating NCDs as an additional
target.
On the health-related goals, the relatively low measles immunisation
coverage needs to be addressed to sustain progress on reducing child
mortality, while more concerted effort is needed in ensuring universal
access to reproductive health to improve maternal health. Interventions
for maternal and child health are well known in the region and needs to
be scaled up. For MDG 6, regional and national intervention strategies
are in place to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and TB but are highly dependent on the support and funding from donors. Although NCDs is not included under MDG 6, the majority of FICs, in recognition of its importance, have included combating NCDs as an additional target. Of the ten
countries that included NCDs, four countries are off track on combating
NCDs.
With regard to environmental sustainability, achieving energy security
remains a key priority in the region, as most FICs are highly dependent
on imported fossil fuels. In other areas, access to safe drinking water and
basic sanitation is a major concern in Micronesia. On goal 8, while aid
flows have increased to the region, better access to developed country
markets are needed to bolster FIC exports. Overall, the region is not facing any major debt problems.
In assessing the regional progress towards the MDGs, five main conclusions can be drawn:
(i)
There is a general lack of comprehensive quality data to assess progress, so more effort is needed to strengthen statistical capacities;
(ii)
As intervention strategies are generally well known in the respective sectors, these need to be built upon, sustained or scaled up;
(iii) Development partner support through funding, technical assistance and capacity building is critical, hence, requiring better development coordination and harmonisation;
Five Conclusions
Improve statistics.
Build, sustain and
scale up activities.
Strengthen development
coordination.
Stakeholders to work together.
Political leadership and resolve.
(iv) Governments, development partners, CSOs and the private sector
need to work together;
(v) Strong political leadership and resolve towards achieving the
MDGs is the catalyst towards progress.
Countries that are making good progress towards the MDGs either have
most of these elements in place or are working towards achieving them.
These conclusions are not new but serve to reinforce the findings of the
2010 Regional MDGs Report, as well as the undertakings made in the
Port Vila Declaration.
Finally, a critical emerging issue that has implications on the achievement of all the MDGs is climate change (see Box 4). ADB (2010) noted
that climate change has the potential to prevent Pacific countries from
attaining the MDGs, as well as posing threats to peace, prosperity and
security. The adverse impact of climate change is already being felt in
some countries.
Climate change a critical
emerging issue; potential to derail
MDGs progress.
13
Box 4. The Impact of Climate Change on the MDGs
MDG 1
MDG 2
MDG 3
MDG 4
MDG 5
MDG 6
MDG 7
MDG 8
Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Agricultural production and food security, access to clean and
Hunger
abundant water resources and gainful employment that underpin the solution to extreme poverty and hunger are vulnerable
to climate change.
Achieve
Universal
Primary Climate change stresses pose additional burdens on agricultural
Education
production and other subsistence activities like water collection,
which may burden families enough to remove children from
school. Livelihood activities must become more resilient to future climate for education goals to be met. Climate change also
threatens to destroy infrastructure (e.g. schools) and increase
the displacement and migration of families thus disrupting and
limiting education opportunities.
Promote Gender Equality and Women, the majority of the world’s poor, are the most vulnerEmpower Women
able to climate change. Their traditional roles as the primary users and managers of natural resources, primary caregivers, and
unpaid labourers mean they are involved in and dependant on
resources that are put most at risk by climate change. Further,
women lack rights and access to resources and information vital
to overcoming the challenges posed by climate change.
Climate change will worsen health primarily through: increased
Reduce Child Mortality
vulnerability to poor health due to reduced food security and
Improve Maternal Health
water security; water-borne diseases associated with reduced
Combat HIV/AIDS and Other Dis- water quality due to floods and drought; more favourable condieases
tions for the spread of vector-borne and air-borne diseases; and
the direct link between temperatures and heat stress.
Ensure
Environmental Climate change threatens environmental sustainability because
Sustainability
it will cause fundamental alterations in ecosystem relationships,
change the quality and quantity of available natural resources,
and reduce ecosystem productivity. The poor depend on these
resources for their day-to-day survival and livelihoods in many
parts of the developing world.
Global Partnerships for Develop- Climate change threatens to exacerbate current challenges to
ment
the achievement of the MDGs. Funding for development and
adaptation must be greatly increased to meet the needs of the
poor.
Source: UNDP (2011)
14
With the highest point at about 4.5m, Tuvalu is considered to be one
of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change and is
reportedly experiencing flooding from high tides more frequently each
year (Bateman, 2011). Consequently, many Tuvaluans are migrating
from the island. For Tuvalu, climate change has emerged as a major fiscal, social, and existential challenge (IMF, 2011c). In Kiribati, as a result
of climate change, coastline erosion recurrently disrupts transportation
lifelines. According to the IMF (2011a), as a result of the vulnerabilities
to climate change, coupled with other challenges Kiribati is facing, the
full achievement of the MDGs is likely out of reach. FSM declared a nationwide state of emergency in 2008, as flooding related to high tides
disrupted crops and groundwater sources, resulting in a shortage of
food and water supplies (Fletcher & Richmond, 2010). In 2010, in an international landmark case, FSM challenged the Czech Republic’s plans to
expand a coal fired power station (Oatman, 2011). Although the Czech
Government eventually endorsed its plan, it recognised FSM as an ‘affected state’, and the case could pave the way for other countries to contest the effects of potential energy projects around the world.
Adverse impact of climate change
already being felt by some
countries.
At their meeting in August 2010, Forum Leaders re-emphasised the importance of climate change as it remained the “greatest threat to the
livelihoods, security and well-being of the peoples of the Pacific” (PIFS,
2010). Addressing climate change requires a multi-level collaborative
approach. If not addressed urgently, the impact of climate change has
the potential to significantly derail progress towards the MDGs.
The Pacific Islands Framework for Action on Climate Change (PIFACC)
was endorsed in 2005 and set the platform for addressing the impact of
climate change. Following a comprehensive mid-term review, a revised
Framework is expected to be presented to the 22nd SPREP Meeting of
Officials scheduled for September 2011.
Addressing the limited national capacities to address the impact of
climate change, mainstreaming climate change into national development plans, improving access to climate change funds and strengthening coordination on climate change response activities are key focus areas (CROP, 2011). Climate change financing is critical for designing and
implementing adaptation and mitigation2 coping measures. The UN
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) provides a range
of financial mechanisms, including the Global Environment Fund (GEF),
Kyoto Protocol Adaptation Fund, the LDC Fund and the Special Climate
Change Fund3. However, countries still find it difficult to access and manage funds. Options for accessing and using climate change financing
are currently being examined, and it is widely recognised that effective
development coordination and harmonisation is crucial in this area.
2
3
Mainstreaming climate change
measures into national plans,
better access to climate change
funds and improved coordination
are some key issues.
Adaptation measures aim to reduce the consequences of climate change, while mitigation measures aims to reduce the rate at which climate occurs (ADB, 2010).
More recently, in December 2010, the UN Climate Talks concluded with a set of decisions known as the Cancun Agreements, which included the establishment of a Green Climate Fund (WRI, 2011).
15
PART 3
Performance on the Eight Goals
16
GOAL 1 Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
As noted in the 2010 Report, extreme poverty, defined as the proportion
of the population living below US$1.25 a day, is largely considered irrelevant in the Pacific context due to the generally high dependence on subsistence living and entrenched traditional social safety nets (“subsistence
affluence”). Instead, poverty is viewed from the perspective of hardship
and lack of opportunity, in other words, “poverty of opportunity”. This
is measured by the percentage of people living below the basic needs
poverty line (BNPL).
Poverty of opportunity rather
than extreme poverty is relevant
in the Pacific context.
The vast majority of the region’s poor, around 2 million people, live in
PNG, the most populous FIC. The remaining FICs account for roughly 0.6
million of the poor. Inevitably, FICs’ progress on MDG1 is thus influenced
by PNG’s progress. Consequently, as PNG is off track to meet MDG1, FICs
are also considered off track (Table 2).
Approximately 2 million people
are living in poverty in PNG,
about three-quarters of the poor
in the region.
Nevertheless, PNG reported a slight reduction in the proportion of people living below the BNPL, from 30 percent in 1996 to an estimated 28
percent in 2009 (Table 3), making PNG on track to achieve its national
target4 of 27 percent by 2015.
Excluding PNG, the results for FICs’ progress on MDG1 is mixed, with
most countries off track on halving the number of people living below
the BNPL and achieving full employment (Table 4). On a positive note,
the region (excluding PNG) is on track to halve the proportion of people
suffering from hunger, with a generally low level of food poverty in most
countries (Table 5).
The incidence of basic needs poverty, excluding PNG, is still the highest
in Melanesia, given the population sizes and poverty rates in Fiji, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. Fiji is off track to meet MDG 1, while Solomon
Islands and Vanuatu have reported mixed results. However, Vanuatu
is on track to meet Target 1.a., with a relatively low level (15.9%) of the
population living below the BNPL.
4
Most countries off track on
halving the number of people
living below the BNPL and
achieving full employment;
however, low level of food
poverty in the region (excluding
PNG).
In recognition that it could not achieve the MDG target of halving the proportion of people living below the BNPL by 2015, PNG set a more realistic national target in 2003-04.
17
Table 2
Progress towards MDG 1
MDG 1
ELIMINATE EXTREME
POVERTY & HUNGER
TARGET 1.A.
Halve, between
1990 and 2015, the
proportion of the
population living below
the basic needs poverty
line
TARGET 1.B.
Achieve full and
productive employment
and decent work for all,
including women and
young people
TARGET 1.C.
Halve, between
1990 and 2015, the
proportion of people
who suffer from hunger
Melanesia
Off track
Off track
Off track
Off track
Melanesia (excl PNG)
Mixed
Mixed
Off track
On track
Fiji
Off track
Off track
Off track
On track
PNG
Off track
Off track
Off track
Off track
Solomon Is
Mixed
Mixed
Off track
On track
Vanuatu
Mixed
On track
Off track
Off track
Micronesia
Off track
Off track
Off track
Insufficient info
FSM
Off track
Off track
Off track
Insufficient info
Kiribati
Off track
Off track
Off track
Insufficient info
Marshall Is
Off track
Off track
Off track
Off track
Nauru
Insufficient info
Insufficient info
Insufficient info
Insufficient info
Palau
Mixed
Mixed
Mixed
On track
Polynesia
Mixed
Off track
Mixed
On track
Cook Is
On track
On track
On track
On track
Niue
On track
On track
Insufficient info
On track
Samoa
Mixed
Off track
Mixed
On track
Tonga
Mixed
Off track
Mixed
On track
Tuvalu
Off track
Off track
Off track
On track
FICs
Off track
Off track
Off track
Off track
FICs (excl PNG)
Mixed
Off track
Off track
On track
18
Niue and the Cook Islands are the
only countries on track to achieve
MDG 1.
Micronesian countries are off track to achieve MDG 1, particularly on targets on poverty and employment levels. There is insufficient information for most Micronesian countries to make an assessment on hunger.
Although there is hardly any data available for Nauru on the MDG 1 indicators, it is likely that Nauru is off track given the economic hardships
the country is facing.
Figure 1. FICs - Real GDP Growth Rate1
%
12.0
The results for Polynesian countries are mixed but more favourable than
the other sub-regions. The lowest incidence of poverty (approximately
190 people) is in Niue, the least populous country. Niue and the Cook
Islands are the only FICs on track to achieve MDG 1.
10.0
8.0
6.0
FICs
FICs (excl. PNG)
4.0
The region’s progress on MDG1 is constrained by generally low economic
growth, lack of job opportunities and rising prices. In the last five years,
FICs (excluding PNG) experienced either declining or marginal to negative growth rates, recording an average growth of 0.8 percent (Figure 1).
In addition, the growth rate of per capita GDP was negative for the same
period, indicating a decline in household incomes.
2.0
0.0
-2.0
2006
2007
2008
A contributing factor to the adverse economic growth outcomes was the
negative impact of the global financial crisis and the preceding international food and fuel crises. Various natural disasters also curbed growth
for affected countries, particularly Samoa (tsunami) and Fiji (cyclones).
Table 3 TARGET 1.A.
Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of the population living below
the basic needs poverty line
Basic needs poverty (%)
Poverty gap ratio (%)
Earliest
Poorest quintile in national consumption (%)
Earliest
Latest
Latest
Earliest
Latest
Fiji
35 (2002)
31 (2008)
PNG
30 (1990e)
28 (2009e)
9 (1990e)
9 (2009e)
Solomon Is
… 23 (2006)
... 8 (2006)
… 7 (2006)
Vanuatu
…
16 (2006)
…
6 (2006)
…
7 (2006)
FSM
28 (1998)
31 (2005)
10 (1998)
9 (2005)
… 9 (2005)
Kiribati
…
22 (2006)
…
7 (2006)
Marshall Is
… … … … Nauru
…
…
…
…
Palau
… 25 (2006)
… Cook Is
… 28 (2006)
… Niue
13 (2002)
…
0 (2002)
Samoa
23 (2002)
27 (2008)
7 (2002)
8 (2008)
5 (2002)
4 (2008)
Tonga
16 (2001)
23 (2009)
8 (2001)
8 (2004)
9 (2001)
10 (2009)
Tuvalu
23 (1994)
20 (2010)
8 (1994)
6 (2010)
7 (1994)
8 (2010)
MELANESIA
… … 8 (2002)
9 (2008)
5 (1990e)
5 (2009e)
MICRONESIA
7 (2006)
6 (1996)
8 (2006)
2 (1999)
3 (2002e)
…
12 (2006)
… 10 (2006)
… … POLYNESIA
Note: See detailed country tables in Annex 1 for sources.
… Data not available.
… …
2009
2010
2011
2012
Source: ADB.
1
This does not include Niue, as data is unavailable.
7 (2002)
…
19
Table 4
TARGET 1.B.
Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people
Growth rate of GDP per person
employed (%)
Employment-to-population
ratio (%)
Earliest
Earliest
Latest
Latest
Employed living below $1 (PPP)
per day (%)
Earliest
Own-account and unpaid family
workers (%)
Latest
Earliest
Latest
MELANESIA
Fiji
… … 56 (1996)
50 (2007)
…
PNG
…
…
…
…
…
Solomon Is
… … 23 (1999)
… …
77 (1999)
71 (2006)
…
Vanuatu
1 (1995-99)
3 (2005-08)
… … 39 (2005)
…
…
…
… … … …
…
… … … …
…
…
… 27 (1999)
… 4 (2006)
MICRONESIA
FSM
… 44 (1994)
59 (2000)
…
Kiribati
…
…
0 (2009)
…
…
…
Marshall Is
… … 29 (1997)
35 (2008)
…
Nauru
…
…
84 (2002)
…
…
…
…
…
Palau
… … … … …
… … … … 63 (2008)
…
… … … …
86 (2006)
…
…
…
13 (2006)
… … … …
57 (1996)
…
POLYNESIA
Cook Is
… Niue
…
-1 (2008)
…
Samoa
3 (1999)
5 (2009)
25 (2001)
30 (2009)
…
Tonga
6 (2004)
5 (2008)
53 (1990)
56 (2006)
…
Tuvalu
3 (1998)
0 (2007)
27 (1991)
34 (2004)
…
… 8 (1991)
Note: See detailed country tables in Annex 1 for sources.
… Data not available.
Table 5
TARGET 1.C.
Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer
from hunger
Underweight children under age 5 (%)
Food poverty (%)
Earliest
Latest
Earliest
Latest
7 (1993)
7 (2008)
7 (2002)
8 (2008)
MELANESIA
Fiji
PNG
…
23 (2009e)
…
Solomon Is
… 12 (2007)
… …
9 (2006)
Vanuatu
11 (1996)
12 (2007)
10 (1990-92)
7 (2004-06)
FSM
13 (1989)
15 (2005)
11 (1998)
Kiribati
…
…
…
Marshall Is
19 (1991)
13 (2007)
… … Nauru
…
…
…
Palau
… … … … … … MICRONESIA
5 (2007)
13 (2005)
5 (2006)
0 (2006)
POLYNESIA
Cook Is
0 (2002)
Samoa
7 (1990)
2 (1999)
11 (2002)
5 (2008)
Tonga
2 (1986)
2 (1999)
2 (2001)
2 (2009)
2 (2007)
6 (1994)
4 (2004)
Tuvalu
… Note: See detailed country tables in Annex 1 for sources.
… Data not available.
…
0 (2002)
2 (2006)
Niue
…
19 (2004)
20
Although there is sparse data on employment for FICs, it is likely that
with subdued economic growth performances, employment generation
is increasingly difficult. Data available for Fiji, FSM and RMI indicate that
unemployment rates have increased. The unemployment rate in the RMI
is currently estimated at 30.9 percent5. However, the seasonal worker
programs provided by Australia and NZ, and more recently the US6 , are
providing crucial avenues for employment and income, as well as remittance transfers.
10.0
At the same time, countries across the region are experiencing rising inflation, following high global food and fuel prices (Figure 2). Several FICs
posted double digit inflation at the peak of the crises in 2008, with Solomon Islands’ inflation soaring to 17.3 percent during that year.
8.0
Although most FIC economies are expected to recover in the years
ahead, employment conditions are unlikely to improve markedly to narrow the gap in demand for jobs. Furthermore, the risk of high inflation
is anticipated to persist given the projected increase in global food and
fuel prices. Moreover, the results of recent HIES indicate that income
inequality is also rising. As a result, the poverty situation is unlikely to
improve significantly.
0.0
Pacific Island Countries recognise the importance of raising economic
growth to improve living standards. At the macroeconomic level, generally, governments are focused on public financial reforms, structural
reforms and promoting private sector led growth. Most countries also
have varying social protection initiatives to address poverty. Samoa,
with the assistance of development partners, is currently conducting
studies to formulate specific pro-poor policies.
In addition, regional initiatives have been developed to combat rising
food and fuel prices. A Framework for Food Security in the Pacific 20112015 was developed in the 2010 Pacific Food Summit with the aim that
the region be self-sufficient in food supply. Similarly, Pacific Energy Ministers endorsed the Framework for Action on Energy Security in the Pacific in April 2011.
Across the Pacific, civil society organisations, particularly NGOs (see Box
5) and religious groups, play an important role in the fight against poverty. Given the limited resources of governments, these organisations
fill an important gap in reaching poor, vulnerable and marginalised communities, often working with women to alleviate poverty.
Figure 2. FICs - Inflation Rate
%
12.0
6.0
4.0
FICs
FICs (excl. PNG)
2.0
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Source: ADB.
1
This does not include Niue, as data is unavailable.
Tackling poverty made hard by
low economic growth, lack of job
opportunities and rising prices.
Given stretched government
resources, CSOs play a vital role in
filling the gap in the fight against
poverty.
Source: ADB.
The Australian Pacific Seasonal Worker Pilot Scheme is limited to Kiribati, Tonga, Vanuatu, and PNG. The NZ Recognised Seasonal Employment program is open to FSM, Kiribati, Nauru, Tuvalu,
Palau, PNG, RMI, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. The US added Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, PNG, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu to designated countries eligible for non-immigrant
visa programs.
5
6
21
Box 5. NGOs Focused on Community-led Approach to Poverty Alleviation – Examples from Fiji and Samoa
FIJI: The Foundation for Rural and Integrated Enterprises & Development or FRIEND, a non-government organisation, was set up in 2001 with the main objective of working with the rural and marginalised communities to alleviate
poverty through social and economic empowerment. FRIEND’s programs are based on a participatory process, encouraging communities to take ownership of their own development to escape from the poverty cycle and improve
their living standards.
One of their well known programs, Developing Enterprises for Sustainable Income (DESI), focuses on providing individuals and communities with the opportunity to earn income using available resources and their existing skills to
beat poverty. Through DESI, FRIEND provides assistance with the production, packaging, sales and marketing of the
products under their Friend’s Fiji Style® brand. FRIEND’s other three programs target the youth, health and governance at a community-level. In 2007, UN Habitat recognised FRIEND’s work by listing it as a Good Practice in its Best
Practices Database in Improving the Living Environment in the area of poverty reduction, social services and urban
governance.
SAMOA: One of the first non-government organisations of its kind, Women in Business Development Incorporated
(WIBDI) was set up in 1991 to initially promote and advance the economic and business status of urban women.
WIBDI has since evolved to uncovering income-generating opportunities for rural families. Given the strong family
culture in Samoa, WIBDI focuses its programs on individual families instead of whole village communities or individuals alone.
Committed to poverty alleviation and sustainable development, WIBDI assists individual families use local products,
traditional knowledge, technology and trade to generate income. WIBDI provides skills training (handicraft, printing etc), fine mat weaving programs, as well as assistance with organic certification of farms, fair trade labelling and
establishing niche export markets for products. For example, WIBDI assisted rural Samoan coffee growers to successfully sell and package their organic product to a coffee house in NZ.
Sources: FRIEND (2011), WIBDI (2011)
22
GOAL 2 Achieve Universal Primary Education
The progress of FICs (excluding PNG) towards achieving universal primary education is mixed (Table 6). Although the net primary school enrolment is high, averaging around 94 percent, the proportion of pupils
that start grade 1 who reach the last grade, averaging around 79 percent
(Table 7)7, is still low to ensure that children will be able to complete a
full course of primary school by 20158. On a positive note, youth literacy
rates, except for PNG, are quite high at an average of 94 percent.
All Polynesian countries are on track to achieve MDG 2, recording relatively high primary enrolment (97%) and retention rates (86%), as well as
high youth literacy levels (99%). Progress for the other two sub-regions
(excluding PNG) is mixed, with only Fiji and Palau on track to achieve
universal primary education.
PNG is off track to achieve the global education target, as a result of slow
progress in its educational reforms. Progress is hampered by in-school
factors (lack of educational infrastructure, absenteeism, inability to meet
school fees), out-of-school factors (lack of parental and community
support, high unemployment, institutional constraints), as well as geographic issues and the adverse impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic (PNG,
2010). However, some positive progress was noted with the abolition of
school fees in 2010 (see Box 6).
Even though the region is making good progress towards MDG 2, the
quality of education remains a concern. In March 2009, Pacific Forum Education Ministers endorsed the Pacific Education Development Framework (PEDF), which is expected to address the key challenges in the education sector. The PEDF encompasses the education-related MDGs, as
well as the Education For All (EFA) targets and includes all sectors of education with the exception of higher education. The Framework includes
technical and vocational education and training.
According to the PEDF, teacher quality is a critical concern for most countries, with high levels of teacher absenteeism in some countries. In addition, many students finish school with inadequate basic literacy, numeracy and life skills based on tests administered in a number of countries
in primary schools. These tests also indicate the under-performance of
boys, which is another challenge in most countries.
In addition, most countries are finding it difficult to address the poor
state of the physical learning environment of schools including inadequate learning materials, libraries, ICT tools and the lack of maintenance
of school infrastructure. This challenge is linked to the issue of sustainable financing of education systems and the structure of public expenditure on education, given that in most countries, salaries represent over
90 percent of recurrent government budgets.
Although the region (excluding
PNG) is on track to achieve
universal primary education, the
quality of education remains a
concern.
Table 6
Progress towards MDG 2
MDG 2
ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL
PRIMARY EDUCATION
TARGET 2.A.
Ensure that, by
2015, children
everywhere, boys
and girls alike,
will be able to
complete a full
course of primary
schooling
Melanesia
Off track
Melanesia (excl PNG)
Mixed
Fiji
On track
PNG
Off track
Solomon Is
Mixed
Vanuatu
Mixed
Micronesia
Mixed
FSM
Mixed
Kiribati
Mixed
Marshall Is
Mixed
Nauru
Off track
Palau
On track
Polynesia
On track
Cook Is
On track
Niue
On track
Samoa
On track
Tonga
On track
Tuvalu
On track
FICs
Off track
FICs (excl PNG)
Mixed
Regional and sub-regional averages are weighted by population and based on latest available data for each country.
Based on UN (2011a) data, the average primary completion rate (gross intake rate to the last grade of primary education) is 83, also confirming the assessment. The average is weighted by
population and based on latest available data for each country.
7
8
23
Table 7
TARGET 2.A. Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to
complete a full course of primary schooling
Net enrolment ratio in primary
education (%)
Earliest
Proportion of pupils starting grade
1 who reach last grade of primary (%)
Latest
Earliest
Latest
Literacy rate of 15-24 year-olds (%)
Earliest
Latest
MELANESIA
Fiji
92 (1990)
96 (2008)
91 (1995)
97 (2008)
98 (1986)
PNG
53 (2007)
75 (2010)
62 (1990e)
58 (2010)
61 (1990e)
100 (2008)
63 (2009e)
Solomon Is
39 (1986)
97 (2010)
… 67 (2004)
62 (1991)
83 (2007)
Vanuatu
88 (1989)
86 (2008)
69 (1999)
72 (2008)
32 (1990)
92 (2009)
96 (2009)
… … 96 (1994)
95 (2000)
98 (1990)
79 (2004)
92 (2000)
96 (2005)
MICRONESIA
FSM
… Kiribati
99 (1999)
100 (2002)
Marshall Is
87 (1988)
83 (2007)
42 (2002)
84 (2008)
… 95 (2007)
Nauru
75 (1992)
88 (2007)
25 (2001)
…
99 (2002)
96 (2007)
Palau
82 (1990)
85 (2005)
… 93 (2005)
99 (2000)
100 (2005)
POLYNESIA
Cook Is
Niue
92 (2001)
99 (2009)
100 (1986)
83 (2009)
99 (2001)
100 (1991)
100 (2006)
100 (1991)
100 (2006)
95 (1992)
100 (2006)
99 (2009e)
Samoa
93 (1991)
96 (2009)
83 (2004)
83 (2010)
99 (1991)
100 (2009)
Tonga
92 (1990)
93 (2008)
84 (1996)
90 (2007)
99 (1990)
99 (2006)
Tuvalu
100 (1991)
98 (2007)
81 (1991)
91 (2007)
99 (1991)
99 (2007)
Note: See detailed country tables in Annex 1 for sources.
… Data not available.
Box 6. PNG: Strong Progress in Primary Education
In 2010, PNG continued to make strong progress in the education sector
towards the key targets of its Universal Basic Education Plan 2010-2019 and
National Education Plan 2005-2014. The progress was particularly strong
in the areas of access to education and retention, while some progress was
also made at all levels of education management.
PNG:
Primary Education
%
80
75
Net enrolment rate
Primary completion rate
75
70
64
65
60
60
55 53
50
45
57
54
58
Importantly, in 2010, the Government of PNG abolished school fees for the
first three years of basic education, which is a key step in increasing access.
In addition, government expenditure in the education sector increased
from K727m in 2007 to K1,018m in 2010. Australia is the largest donor to
the sector with total funding of AUD41m or approximately K90m in 2010.
44
Over the past two years, all major development partners in the education sector, including donors, agreed to a single Performance Assessment
35
Framework (PAF) to track progress towards jointly-agreed targets. The PNG
Government’s prime responsibility is to monitor the PAF indicators and
30
2007
2008
2010
2009
targets through its internal monitoring and evaluation systems, including
the DOE’s Education Management Information System (EMIS). At the same
time, donors continued to strengthen their coordination and harmonisation in 2010, finalising the terms of references
for the local donor group in education and continuing regular and minuted formal meetings. In particular, donors
worked to reduce the transaction costs to the PNG Government, with a joint procurement assessment of the education
sector undertaken in 2010.
40
Given that PNG’s population represents three quarters of the region’s population, this rapid progress in primary education in PNG is a notable bright spot on the regional MDG landscape.
Source: AusAID
24
GOAL 3 Promote Gender Equality and
Empower Women
FICs (excluding PNG) have
achieved gender parity in
education, while progress
on empowering women is
much slower.
Excluding PNG, FICs’ progress towards promoting gender equality and
empowering women is mixed (Table 8). All Melanesian countries, except
Fiji, are off track to achieve MDG 3, while mixed progress was noted for the
Micronesian and Polynesian countries. Gains are being made on achieving gender parity in education while progress on empowering women, as
measured by the share of women in the non-agricultural sector and seats
held by women in national parliament, is much slower.
Progress in Melanesian countries is comparatively slower than that observed in the Micronesian and Polynesian countries. A likely reason is the
strong patriarchal cultures inherent in Melanesian countries, which discriminate against women, compared with the other sub-regions.
Collectively, with the exclusion of PNG, the region has achieved gender parity9 in education, with an average gender parity index of 98 for
primary and tertiary education, and 101 for secondary education10 (Table 9). PNG is unlikely to achieve gender parity in education. In addition, there are a few countries that are below the developing country
average11 of 96 for gender parity in primary (Tonga, Nauru and Vanuatu)
and secondary (Niue, Solomon Islands) education. Solomon Islands12 and
Vanuatu are also below the developing country average of 97 for gender
parity in tertiary education.
Most education ministries have implemented gender equality measures,
with gender offices now included in the curriculum writing teams of Solomon Islands and Samoa (SPC, 2010d). The PEDF, discussed earlier, is also
focused on addressing gender disparities in primary and secondary education, particularly for Melanesian countries.
On women’s empowerment generally, in FICs, men outnumber women in
paid employment outside the agricultural sector, approximately twice13 as
many men than women. The public sector is usually the largest employer,
with most women occupying lower level positions although there are a
growing number of women in some countries holding mid- to senior-level
public service positions (SPC, 2010d). In Samoa, prelminary findings from
a UNDP study indicate that gender parity index the public sector is currently 97, up from 80 in 2004. Cook Islands and Niue are the only countries
where women account for more than 50 percent of employment in the
non-agricultural sector.
With generally subdued economic growth performances, overall lack of
job opportunities in most FICs hinder women’s participation in paid employment. Although economies in the region are recovering from the
global financial crisis, a general shortage of jobs is expected to persist.
This situation is likely to continue to constrain women’s share of employment in the non-agricultural sector.
Table 8
Progress towards MDG 3
MDG 3
PROMOTE GENDER
EQUALITY AND
EMPOWER WOMEN
TARGET 3.A.
Eliminate gender
disparity in primary and
secondary education,
preferably by 2005, and
in all levels of education
no later than 2015
Melanesia
Off track
Melanesia (excl PNG)
Off track
Fiji
Mixed
PNG
Off track
Solomon Is
Off track
Vanuatu
Off track
Micronesia
Mixed
FSM
Mixed
Kiribati
Mixed
Marshall Is
Mixed
Nauru
Mixed
Palau
On track
Polynesia
Mixed
Cook Is
On track
Niue
On track
Samoa
Mixed
Tonga
Off track
Tuvalu
Mixed
FICs
Off track
FICs (excl PNG)
Mixed
Gender parity in education is defined by the UN as a gender parity index between 97 and 103.
Averages are weighted by population and based on latest available data for each country.
11
Developing country averages as per UN (2011b).
12
Although this assessment for Solomon Islands is based on 2000 data, it is still likely that Solomon Islands is below the developing country average.
13
The average share of women in the non-agricultural sector is 32 percent, weighted by population and based on the latest available data for each country.
9
10
25
Across the majority of countries, governments have done little to raise the
economic participation of women, with CSOs and the private sector leading most of the work (SPC, 2010d). At the regional level, there has been little analysis on gender and the economy or support for women’s economic
rights through the Forum Economic Ministers Meetings (SPC, 2010d).
Only 5 percent of seats
are held by women in
parliament in the region.
Representation of women in parliament is well below the developing
country average of 18 percent. Collectively, women in FICs occupy only 7
of 141, or 5 percent, seats in parliament. Solomon Islands, FSM, Nauru and
Tuvalu have no women in parliament.
According to SPC (2010c), although there are no legal restrictions preventing women from contesting elections, there are significant customary barriers and entrenched discrimination. The majority vote system common
to the region also has an adverse impact on women’s success, with women faring better in proportional representation systems. Lack of financial
support was also reported as a major challenge.
Table 9
TARGET 3.A. Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of
education no later than 2015
Gender parity index in
primary education
Gender parity index in
secondary education
Gender parity index in
tertiary education
Women in the nonagricultural sector (%)
Seats held by women in
parliament (%)
Earliest
Latest
Earliest
Latest
Earliest
Latest
Earliest
Latest
Earliest
Fiji
94 (1990)
99 (2008)
105 (1990)
107 (2008)
72 (1990)
120 (2005)
30 (1990)
30 (2005)
0 (1990)
PNG
85 (1991)
84 (2006)
62 (1991)
…
55 (1999)
…
20 (1990)
32 (2000)
0 (1990)
1 (2011)
Solomon Is
80 (1986)
100 (2010)
57 (1986)
84 (2010)
30 (1995)
30 (2000)
31 (1999)
… 0 (1990)
0 (2011)
Vanuatu
93 (2000)
91 (2009)
95 (2000)
102 (2009)
40 (1995)
85 (2008)
38 (2004)
39 (2008)
4 (1990)
4 (2011)
Latest
MELANESIA
n/a MICRONESIA
FSM
92 (1994)
96 (2009)
98 (1994)
102 (2009)
70 (1994)
107 (2000)
15 (1994)
14 (2000)
0 (1997)
0 (2010)
101 (1999)
104 (2008)
119 (1999)
111 (2008)
120 (1995)
100 (2000)
37 (2000)
39 (2005)
0 (1990)
7 (2010)
98 (1999)
99 (2009)
107 (1999)
105 (2009)
90 (1996)
103 (2008)
33 (1988)
36 (1999)
3 (1990)
3 (2011)
Nauru
103 (1992)
90 (2008)
75 (1992)
110 (2008)
60 (1995)
250 (2000)
42 (2002)
…
6 (1990)
0 (2011)
Palau
93 (1999)
103 (2007)
107 (1999)
98 (2007)
235 (2000)
204 (2002)
40 (1990)
40 (2000)
0 (1990)
7 (2011)
98 (1991)
96 (2009)
112 (1990)
102 (2009)
86 (1990)
100 (2001)
46 (2001)
55 (2006)
6 (1991)
4 (2011)
270 (1991)
110 (2006)
90 (1991)
80 (2006)
190 (1995)
200 (2002)
43 (1991)
76 (2006)
10 (1990)
15 (2011)
98 (1990)
97 (2009)
106 (1990)
113 (2009)
166 (1990)
156 (2009)
31 (1990)
40 (2009)
4 (1990)
4 (2011)
Tonga
87 (1997)
88 (2008)
97 (1995)
97 (2009)
67 (1995)
99 (2005)
34 (1986)
39 (2006)
3 (2005)
3 (2009)
Tuvalu
105 (1991)
96 (2009)
105 (1991)
112 (2009)
42 (1991)
172 (2009)
36 (1991)
36 (2007)
6 (1990)
0 (2011)
Kiribati
Marshall Is
POLYNESIA
Cook Is
Niue
Samoa
Note: See detailed country tables in Annex 1 for sources.
… Data not available.
n/a Indicator not applicable to country context.
26
Globally, quotas and political party measures are key interventions in raising
women’s participation in parliament. For instance, the 2000 French‘Parity Law’
was applied to the French territories, effectively raising the share of women
in parliament to 53 and 43 percent in French Polynesia and New Caledonia
respectively (see Box 7). These outcomes are much higher than the 23
percent average of developed regions14.
At the regional level, to address low levels of women in decision making
in Smaller Island States (SIS), PIFS, with donor support, is convening ‘mock
parliaments for women’ in Kiribati and RMI in 2011. These sessions provide
a practical forum to expose participants to the realities of policy-making
and parliamentary engagement. At the national level, governments are
examining temporary special measures to raise women’s participation in
parliament.
Box 7. Application of the French ‘Parity Law’ in French Polynesia, New Caledonia and Wallis & Futuna
The ‘Parity Law’ was passed in France in 2000 and extended to all French overseas departments, territories and countries. This law required all political parties to maintain gender equality on their lists of electoral candidates. In other
words, all parties had to have 50 percent of each sex on their lists, alternating the names of male and female candidates. The ‘Parity Law’ was applied to French Polynesia in 2001, Wallis and Futuna in 2002, and New Caledonia in
2004.
In French Polynesia, although the adoption of the parity law was not supported by political groups, it was immediately promulgated and applied from 2001. As a result, women’s representation in the Assembly rose from 12 in the
2001 elections, to 48 percent in the 2004 elections. Currently, women’s share in the French Polynesian parliament is
53 percent.
In New Caledonia, some indigenous Kanak men opposed the application of parity, insisting that there were only a
few qualified women candidates, and that the law undermined Kanak custom. The opposition to the application of
the ‘Parity Law’ mobilised women from various backgrounds in support of the law, resulting in the rejection of an
amendment to postpone the application of parity. Consequently, women’s representation in Congress rose from 17
to 46 percent in the 2004 elections. Currently, women’s share in the New Caledonian parliament is 43 percent.
In Wallis and Futuna, twenty representatives are elected by universal suffrage using a list-based system of proportional representation. In 2002, although parity was observed in drawing up the lists, none of the women were
elected. The high number of lists, the low number of lists led by women, as well as the cost and travel inherent in an
election campaign hindered the effective application of the law. Currently, women’s share in the Wallis and Futuna
parliament is 20 percent.
The application of the ‘Parity Law’ to the Pacific French territories is a good example of legislated measures to raise
the participation of women in parliament. However, as the experience of Wallis and Futuna demonstrates, it does
not guarantee the election of women into parliament.
Sources: Bargel et al (2010), SPC (2010c)
14
As reported in UN (2011b).
27
GOAL 4 Reduce Child Mortality
FICs (excluding PNG) are on track to reduce child mortality (Table 10), with
the average15 under-five mortality (U5M) rate at 28 (Table 11), which is below
the global developing region target of 3316. The average infant mortality (IM)
rate is also low at 20. However, the average measles immunisation coverage
is only 71 percent, which is an area of concern.
Melanesia (excluding PNG) and Polynesia are on track to reduce child mortality, reporting average U5M rates of 26 and 19, respectively, with average IM
rates of 20 and 11, respectively. Mixed progress is noted for the countries of
Micronesia, with a comparatively higher average U5M and IM rates of 51 and
30, respectively.
The region (excluding PNG)
is on track to reduce child
mortality, with average U5M
rates below the developing
region target.
Table 10
Progress towards MDG 4
MDG 4
REDUCE CHILD
MORTALITY
TARGET 4.A.
Reduce by two-thirds,
between 1990 and
2015, the under-five
mortality rate
Melanesia
Off track
Melanesia (excl PNG)
On track
RMI is on track to achieve MDG 4 as the U5M rate fell by 51 percent from 1988
to 46 in 2009. For Kiribati, although the U5M rate rose slightly from 69 to 72,
the IM rate fell to 46, while the measles immunisation rate increased to 82. In
addition, Kiribati is undertaking several child survival strategies, such as the
Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (see Box 8), and coupled with
improved staff capacity, as well as the roll-out of water and sanitation projects, there is cautious optimism that Kiribati will achieve MDG 4 with continued donor support (WHO, 2010b). Consequently, overall, Kiribati’s progress
is mixed.
Fiji
On track
PNG
Off track
Solomon Is
Off track
Vanuatu
On track
Micronesia
Mixed
FSM
Mixed
Kiribati
Mixed
Compared to the 80 percent17 developing region average for measles immunisation coverage, collectively, only Micronesia is above with 85 percent. Both
Melanesia (excluding PNG) and Polynesia have comparatively lower average
measles immunisation coverage of 69. Samoa, Palau, Fiji, Solomon Islands
and Tuvalu recorded a decline in coverage.
Marshall Is
On track
Nauru
Off track
Palau
On track
Polynesia
On track
Cook Is
On track
Niue
On track
Samoa
On track
Tonga
On track
Tuvalu
On track
FICs
Off track
FICs (excl PNG)
On track
According to the UN (2011b), countries with high U5M are those with 40 or
more deaths per 1,000 live births. In the region, Kiribati (72), PNG (70), RMI
(46) and Nauru (44) have high U5M. Even so, only PNG and Nauru are off track
to achieve MDG 4. PNG has a relatively high rate of U5M and IM (53) and low
measles immunisation coverage (62) in the region. Although Nauru’s measles
immunisation coverage is quite high at 99 percent, the U5M and IM rates have
increased from the early 1990s to 2009.
Samoa’s measles immunisation coverage plummeted to 52 percent in 2009,
with coverage in urban areas much lower than that in rural areas. According
to Samoa (2010), public delivery of immunisation services are concentrated in
the rural areas, and while the same services are available through the private
sector, uptake in urban areas is low. Samoa has introduced incentivised performance, offering incentives to community health workers and advocates to
encourage and support families to have their children fully immunised (WHO
& SPC, 2011).
The failure to achieve and/or sustain high measles immunisation coverage
may lead to measles outbreaks and increased susceptibility to pneumonia
and diarrhoea, all of which are leading causes of child morbidity and mortality (WHO, 2010a). Therefore, to sustain the gains made in reducing child
mortality across the region, it is important to raise the immunisation coverage to at least 90 percent. WHO’s Expanded Programme on Immunisation
(EPI) is targeting district-specific planning in Pacific island countries, using the
“Reaching Every District” strategy aimed at improving routine immunisation.
Regional and sub-regional averages are weighted by population and based on latest available data for each country.
As reported in UN (2011b).
17
As reported in UN (2011b).
15
16
Comparatively lower
measles immunisation
coverage for most FICs is an
area of concern, particularly
in Melanesia and Polynesia.
28
Table 11
TARGET 4.A.
Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate
Under 5 mortality
(per 1,000 live births)
Earliest
Latest
Infant mortality
(per 1,000 live births)
Measles immunisation of
1 year old (%)
Earliest
Latest
Earliest
Latest
23 (2009)
17 (1990)
15 (2009)
86 (1991)
72 (2009)
70 (2009e)
77 (1986-1996)
53 (2009e)
45 (1990e)
62 (2009e)
MELANESIA
Fiji
28 (1990)
PNG
100 ( 1986-1996)
Solomon Is
38 (1990)
36 (2009)
31 (1990)
30 (2009)
70 (1990)
60 (2009)
Vanuatu
40 (1990)
16 (2009)
33 (1990)
14 (2009)
66 (1990)
80 (2009)
58 (1990)
39 (2009)
20 (1999)
13 (2009)
79 (1999)
91 (2009)
MICRONESIA
FSM
Kiribati
69 (2005)
72 (2009)
65 (1990)
46 (2009)
75 (1990)
82 (2009)
Marshall Is
93 (1988)
46 (2009)
63 (1988)
34 (2009)
70 (1998)
78 (2009)
Nauru
10 (1991)
44 (2009)
19 (1995)
36 (2009)
99 (1997)
99 (2009)
Palau
37 (1990)
26 (2009)
25 (1990)
22 (2009)
98 (1990)
75 (2009)
26 (1996-2002)
18 (2006)
16 (1991-97)
14 (2006)
83 (2001)
97 (2008)
POLYNESIA
Cook Is
Niue
0 (1991)
0 (2006)
29 (1997-2001)
8 (2001-06)
99 (1990)
99 (2009)
Samoa
42 (1991)
15 (2009)
33 (1991)
9 (2009)
89 (1991)
52 (2009)
Tonga
27 (1990)
26 (2008)
12 (1991)
16 (2008)
94 (1994)
100 (2007)
Tuvalu
69 (1991)
25 (2009)
57 (1992)
15 (2009)
94 (1995)
90 (2008)
Note: See detailed country tables in Annex 1 for sources.
Box 8. Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) in the Pacific
WHO and UNICEF jointly formulated the IMCI strategy in the mid-1990s to provide a more integrated approach for
addressing the main causes of childhood morbidity and mortality, and for improving child welfare. It includes elements of prevention, as well as curative care, combining the management of childhood illness with aspects of nutrition, immunisation, disease prevention and health promotion.
The IMCI strategy consists of three components:
1.
Upgrading the case management and counseling skills of health care providers;
2.
Strengthening the health system for effective management of childhood illness; and
3.
Improving family and community practices related to child health and nutrition.
With the support of WHO/UNICEF, Fiji, FSM, PNG, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu have adopted the IMCI strategy.
Amongst other factors, the IMCI has proven to be an important strategy in reducing child mortality. In the Solomon islands, a reduction in child mortality due to neonatal causes is attributed to the improved status of maternal/
safe motherhood programs and services, supported by much improved paediatric care and the focus on the IMCI
approach. In Vanuatu, where acute respiratory infections (ARI) and diarrhoeal diseases contribute significantly to
the child morbidity burden, the introduction of the IMCI strategy and the support for integrated health services is
expected to reduce the burden on the health system caused by advanced cases of ARI and diarrhoeal disease.
Sources: WHO (2003, 2010a)
29
GOAL 5 Improve Maternal Health
Polynesian countries on track to
improve maternal health, while
Melanesia (excluding PNG) and
Micronesia’s progress is mixed.
The region (excluding PNG) recorded mixed progress towards reducing
the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and achieving universal access to reproductive health (Table 12). Overall, Polynesian countries are on track
to achieve MDG 5, with mixed progress recorded for Melanesia (excluding PNG) and Micronesia.
The assessment on Target 5.a. is complicated by the measurement of
maternal mortality due to the lack of a standardised definition for maternal death across the FICs. In addition, MMR per 100,000 live births
can be misleading for countries with populations less than 250,000, as
the statistical impact of an individual event has a magnified effect (WHO,
2010a). Only PNG, Fiji and the Solomon Islands have populations greater
than 250,000.
Maternal mortality rates per
100,000 live births are misleading
for countries with populations
less than 250,000, which apply to
majority of FICs.
Consequently, there is a wide range of reported MMR, from zero (FSM,
Cook Islands, Niue & Tuvalu) to 711 in PNG (Table 13). The developing
region average for MMR is 29018 - PNG, Palau and RMI recorded MMRs
above this average. However, Palau reported only 1 maternal death,
while it is estimated that RMI reported only 5 maternal deaths in 200919.
Table 12
Progress towards MDG 5
MDG 5
IMPROVE
MATERNAL HEALTH
Melanesia
Off track
TARGET 5.A.
Reduce, by three-quarters, between 1990
and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio
Off track
TARGET 5.B.
Achieve by 2015, universal access to
reproductive health
Off track
Melanesia (excl PNG)
Mixed
Mixed
Mixed
Fiji
On track
On track
On track
PNG
Off track
Off track
Off track
Solomon Is
Off track
Off track
Off track
Vanuatu
Mixed
Mixed
Off track
Micronesia
Mixed
Mixed
On track
FSM
Off track
Off track
On track
Kiribati
Mixed
Mixed
Mixed
Marshall Is
On track
On track
On track
Nauru
Mixed
Mixed
Mixed
Palau
On track
On track
On track
Polynesia
On track
On track
Mixed
Cook Is
On track
On track
On track
Niue
On track
On track
On track
Samoa
Mixed
On track
Off track
Tonga
On track
On track
Mixed
Tuvalu
On track
On track
On track
FICs
Off track
Off track
Off track
FICs (excl PNG)
Mixed
Mixed
Mixed
18
19
As reported in UN (2011b).
Estimate is based on approximately 1,542 live births, given an MMR of 324 reported by the RMI MOH. RMI (2009) reports that annual births range from 1,500 to 1,600.
30
Table 13
TARGET5.A.
Reduce, by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015,
the maternal mortality ratio
Maternal mortality
(per 100,000 live births)
Earliest
Skilled birth attendance (%)
Latest
Earliest
Latest
MELANESIA
Fiji
60 (1995)
28 (2009)
98 (1990)
PNG
739 (1990e)
711 (2009e)
50 (1990e)
52 (2009e)
Solomon Is
130 (1990)
100 (2008)
85 (1999)
70 (2007)
96 (1998)
86 (2007)
79 (1990-95)
74 (2007)
FSM
224 (1994)
0 (2009)
93 (1998)
90 (2008)
Kiribati
110 (1991)
215 (2004)
60 (1988)
80 (2009)
0 (1991)
324 (2009)
… 94 (2007)
…
…
366 (2009)
100 (1990)
100 (2009)
0 (2008)
98 (2001)
100 (2008)
0 (2006)
99 (1990)
99 (2009)
46 (2002-06)
76 (1991)
81 (2009)
Vanuatu
100 (2009)
MICRONESIA
Marshall Is
Nauru
…
Palau
0 (1990)
97 (2007)
POLYNESIA
Cook Is
485 (1991-2001)
Niue
0 (1991)
Samoa
74 (1990-94)
Tonga
205 (1995)
76 (2008)
96 (1999)
98 (2007)
Tuvalu
413 (1990)
0 (2009)
95 (1990)
98 (2007)
Note: See detailed country tables in Annex 1 for sources.
…Data not available.
Table 14
TARGET 5.B.
Achieve by 2015, universal access to reproductive health
Contraceptive
prevalence rate (%)
Earliest
Latest
Adolescent birth rate
(per 1,000 females)
Earliest
Latest
Antenatal care coverage,
≥ 1 visit (%)
Earliest
Latest
Unmet need for
family planning (%)
Earliest
Latest
MELANESIA
Fiji
31 (1990)
29 (2009)
59 (1990)
30 (2004)
… PNG
20 (1996)
24 (2006)
77 (1996)
65 (2006)
78 (1996)
7 (2001)
35 (2007)
… 67 (2007)
15 (1991)
38 (2007)
92 (1999)
64 (2009)
Solomon Is
Vanuatu
100 (2008)
… … 78 (2006)
46 (1996)
30 (2006)
… 74 (2007)
… 11 (2007)
…
84 (2007)
24 (1996)
…
MICRONESIA
FSM
45 (1990)
40 (2009)
90 (1990)
42 (2008)
10 (1999)
35 (2009)
… … Kiribati
…
22 (2009)
39 (2004-05)
51 (2009)
…
71 (2009)
…
28 (2009)
Marshall Is
31 (1995)
45 (2007)
… 81 (2007)
… 162 (1988)
138 (2007)
95 (2007)
8 (2007)
Nauru
…
36 (2007)
93 (1997-02)
69 (2007)
…
Palau
… 21 (2007)
25 (2000)
18 (2007)
… Cook Is
47 (2001)
… 33 (2001)
24 (2009)
100 (2001)
100 (2008)
… … Niue
36 (1991)
23 (2001)
35 (1994)
53 (2004)
…
100 (2008)
…
…
100 (2007)
…
24 (2007)
… … POLYNESIA
Samoa
18 (1991)
29 (2009)
26 (1992)
44 (2009)
55 (1991)
58 (2009)
… 46 (2009)
Tonga
33 (1990)
27 (2008)
23 (1995)
20 (2008)
99 (2002)
98 (2008)
…
…
Tuvalu
39 (1990)
31 (2007)
39 (1991)
42 (2007)
… 97 (2007)
… 24 (2007)
Note: See detailed country tables in Annex 1 for sources.
…Data not available.
31
Given the problems associated with MMR data, the UN (2003) recommends using attendance by skilled health personnel at delivery to assess
progress towards reducing maternal mortality (UN, 2003). On average20,
skilled birth attendance in FICs (excluding PNG) is 87 percent, which is
well above the developing region average of 65 percent21. Majority of
countries that are on track to achieve Target 5.a. registered over 90 percent skilled birth attendance.
FICs’ progress towards achieving universal access to reproductive health
(Target 5.b.) is also mixed but with more countries off track on this Target. Contraceptive use is very low across all countries, averaging around
26 percent22 (Table 14), compared to the developing region average of
61 percent. Use of contraceptives is important for maternal and infant
health, as it prevents unintended or closely spaced pregnancies, and
pregnancy in very young women, which can be risky (UN, 2011b). Teenage pregnancies also increase the risks of complications or even death.
To this end, it is cause for concern that the average adolescent birth rate
is relatively high in Micronesia (excluding Palau) and Melanesia (excluding Fiji). RMI still has the highest adolescent birth rate among FICs, although the rate is trending downward.
Antenatal visits allow for appropriate interventions vital to ensure maternal health and that of their infants. In this regard, the region has a high
rate of antenatal coverage (at least one visit), averaging around 79 percent23. However, WHO recommends a minimum of four antenatal visits
and for countries where data is available, antenatal coverage for at least
four visits is much lower. For instance, according to the 2006 DHS, PNG’s
antenatal coverage for at least one visit was 78 percent. However, the
same survey reported that the antenatal coverage for at least four visits
was 55 percent. Similarly, in Tuvalu, the 2007 DHS reported antenatal
coverage (at least one visit) of 97 percent, compared to a much lower
antenatal coverage (at least four visits) of 67 percent.
Most FICs on track for reducing
maternal mortality record over 90
percent skilled health personnel
at delivery.
Contraceptive use is low
across the FICs, while teenage
pregnancies are relatively high in
Micronesia (excluding Palau) and
Melanesia (excluding Fiji).
Although antenatal coverage of
at least one visit is high, there
is less coverage of the WHOrecommended four antenatal
visits.
Unmet need for family planning describes women (married or in a consensual union) who are fecund and sexually active that do not use any
method of contraception but want to avoid or delay pregnancy (UN,
2011b). There is sparse data available for FICs for this indicator. However,
five of the seven countries where latest data is available, report a much
higher percentage of unmet need for family planning than the developing country average of 11.
The 2009 Madang Commitment by Ministers of Health for the Pacific island countries laid out nine recommendations to improve maternal and
child health (see Box 9) with good progress reported in implementing
the recommendations (WHO & SPC, 2011b). As the interventions for maternal and child health are well known in the region, countries need to
build on existing policies and strategies, as well as follow the ‘Continuum
of Care’ 24 model (WHO & SPC, 2011a).
Interventions for maternal and
child health well known; need
to build on existing policies and
strategies and follow ‘Continuum
of Care’ model.
Regional and sub-regional averages are weighted by population and based on latest available data for each country.
Developing region averages are as reported in UN (2011b).
22
Excluding PNG, the contraceptive prevalence rate is 32 percent.
23
Excluding PNG, the antenatal coverage (at least one visit) is 83 percent.
24
The “Continuum of Care” for maternal, newborn and child health includes integrated service delivery for mothers and children from pregnancy to delivery, the immediate postnatal period, and
childhood. Such care is provided by families and communities, through outpatient services, clinics and other health facilities.
20
21
32
Box 9. The 2009 Madang Commitment – Recommendations to Improve Maternal, Child and
Adolescent Health
1.
Where MDG 4 and MDG 5 are at risk of not being achieved, strengthen the current efforts to reduce under-5
and maternal mortality rates (most urgently needed in PNG).
2.
Where populations and number of births are small, complement monitoring rates and ratios with absolute
numbers and improve the quality and reliability of data, especially maternal deaths.
3.
Strengthen ongoing services that contribute to good maternal, child and adolescent health with particular
attention to family planning to prevent unintended pregnancies, including among adolescents and teenagers.
4.
Encourage optimal use of the Pacific Policy Framework for Universal Access to Reproductive Health Services
and Commodities.
5.
Encourage the implementation of broader strategies to improve maternal, child and adolescent health, and
include these in improving policy formulation and national programming, strengthening health systems, and
improving monitoring and evaluation to track progress.
6.
Tackle challenges in the broader areas of human development – poverty, food insecurity, status of women and
transport – with inter-sectoral actions.
7.
Enhance partnerships among countries as well as between countries and international and regional organisations such as WHO, SPC, UNICEF and UNFPA.
8.
Sustain, scale up and emulate ‘best practices’ reported by some countries.
9.
Carry out cervical cancer prevention and control activities using a comprehensive approach, especially in the
context of plans to introduce the HPV vaccine, so that primary prevention does not replace secondary prevention, which needs to be introduced or strengthened in all countries.
Source: WHO & SPC (2009a)
GOAL 6 Combat HIV/AIDS and Other Diseases
The region (excluding PNG) is on track to combat malaria and TB, with
mixed progress noted for HIV/AIDS (Table 15). Malaria is only endemic
in PNG, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. Collectively, Melanesia (excluding
PNG) is on track to combat malaria and TB, with mixed progress on HIV/
AIDS. Micronesia also recorded mixed progress towards combating HIV/
AIDS, while it is off track to combat TB. Polynesia is the only sub-region
on track to halt and reverse the spread of all the diseases. At the country
level, PNG and RMI are the only FICs off track to achieve MDG 6.
Regional and national intervention strategies are in place to combat HIV/
AIDS, malaria and TB but are highly dependent on the support and funding from donors, particularly the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis
and Malaria (GFATM). Strong and concerted government commitment,
as well as CSO engagement, is also vital to the successful fight against
the diseases.
Polynesia is the only sub-region
on track to combat all the
diseases.
33
Table 15
Progress towards MDG 6
MDG 6
COMBAT HIV/
AIDS AND OTHER
DISEASES
TARGET 6.A.
Have halted by
2015 and begun to
reverse the spread
of HIV/AIDS
TARGET 6.B.
Achieve, by 2010,
universal access
to treatment for
HIV/AIDS for all
those who need it
TARGET 6.C.
Have halted by 2015 and begun to
reverse the incidence of
Malaria
Tuberculosis
Melanesia
Off track
Off track
Off track
Off track
Off track
Melanesia (excl PNG)
Mixed
Mixed
Achieved
On track
On track
Fiji
Mixed
Off track
Achieved
Not applicable
On track
PNG
Off track
Off track
Off track
Off track
Off track
Solomon Is
Mixed
Mixed
Achieved
On track
Mixed
Vanuatu
On track
On track
Achieved
On track
On track
Micronesia
Mixed
Mixed
Achieved
Not applicable
Off track
FSM
Mixed
On track
Achieved
Not applicable
Off track
Kiribati
Mixed
Off track
Achieved
Not applicable
Mixed
Marshall Is
Off track
Off track
Achieved
Not applicable
Off track
Nauru
Mixed
Mixed
Not applicable
Not applicable
On track
Palau
On track
On track
Achieved
Not applicable
On track
Polynesia
On track
On track
Achieved
Not applicable
On track
Cook Is
On track
On track
Not applicable
Not applicable
On track
Niue
On track
On track
Not applicable
Not applicable
On track
Samoa
Mixed
Mixed
Achieved
Not applicable
On track
Tonga
On track
On track
Not applicable
Not applicable
On track
Tuvalu
Mixed
Mixed
Achieved
Not applicable
On track
FICs
Off track
Off track
Off track
Off track
Off track
FICs (excl PNG)
Mixed
Mixed
Achieved
On track
On track
HIV/AIDS
Tracking FICs’ progress towards combating HIV/AIDS based on the official MDG indicators is difficult given the limited data available for each
country (Tables 16 & 17). Therefore, proxy data is used to supplement
the assessment.
In the region, the HIV/AIDS epidemic in PNG is the largest and the only
generalised one. Of the 28,882 reported cases25 in FICs, PNG accounted
for 98 percent. Fiji recorded the second highest, with 333 cases, followed
by Kiribati (52) and FSM (37). RMI and Samoa both recorded 22 cases,
with the remaining FICs recording less than 20 cases, with no cases reported for Niue. However, there is a high probability of under-reported cases. For illustration, PNG’s cumulative HIV/AIDS reported cases is
28,294 but UNAIDS (2010) estimates that 34,000 people are living with
HIV in PNG, while the estimate for Fiji is less than 1,000 people. PNG and
Fiji are off track to halt and reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS, with newly
reported cases increasing each year.
Countries with higher reported cases are also those that have widespread counseling and testing facilities. The Commission on AIDS in the
Pacific (2009) notes that it is unclear whether low HIV prevalence in some
island countries are a result of low levels of testing, relative isolation and
late introduction of HIV, prevalence of protective factors or the absence
of vulnerability/risk factors.
25
Cumulative HIV/AIDS cases, sourced from SPC (2010a)
It is estimated that 34,000 people
are living with HIV in PNG,
where the HIV/AIDS epidemic is
concentrated.
34
The STIs epidemic
in the region is a
major concern, since
the main mode of
HIV transmission is
unprotected sex.
Notwithstanding the low HIV prevalence in most FICs, sexually transmitted infections
(STIs) are endemic and it is a growing concern, as the main source of HIV transmission
in the region is unprotected sex (Commission on AIDS in the Pacific, 2009). The high
prevalence of STIs in Kiribati and RMI significantly raises the risk of further HIV infection, and coupled with already reported cases, indicates that these countries are also
off track to combat HIV/AIDS.
Major risks and vulnerabilities highlighted by the Commission on AIDS in the Pacific
(2009) include gender inequality and gender-based violence, commercial and transactional sex, male-to-male sex, as well as mobility and migration. The Commission also
reports that connections between alcohol, drugs, unsafe sex and HIV transmission are
also evident across all countries. Stigma and discrimination (see Box 10), which is relatively high in the region, hampers efforts to combat HIV/AIDS.
Except for PNG, all
FICs have achieved
the target of universal
access to antiretroviral
therapy.
With regard to treatment for HIV/AIDS, except for PNG, all other countries achieved
universal access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) for all those who needed it. ART coverage for those with advanced HIV infection is less than 100 percent in Fiji and Samoa
as persons refused treatment based on personal beliefs and/or denial. There are no
advanced HIV cases in Cook Islands, Nauru, Niue and Tonga.
With regard to the region’s response, a Pacific Regional Strategy on HIV and other STIs
(2009-2013) is in place, building on lessons learnt from the implementation of the Pacific Regional Strategy on HIV and AIDS (2004-2008). According to the Commission
on AIDS in the Pacific (2009), the engagement of traditional, church and community
leaders in the response to HIV, national ownership and implementation, as well as
empowering partnerships (government, CSOs, development partners) are some key
factors in combating HIV/AIDS in the region.
The Commission also highlights that the cost of implementing HIV programs is costly
and requires the support of development partners, as well as the need to strengthen
aid coordination and harmonisation. The GFATM is a vital source for funding programs
in the region.
Table 16
TARGET 6.A.
Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
HIV prevalence of 15-24
years old (%)
Earliest
Latest
Condom use at last
high-risk sex (%)
Earliest
Latest
15-24 years old awareness
of HIV/AIDS (%)
Earliest
Latest
Orphans to
non-orphans
attending school
Earliest
Latest
MELANESIA
Fiji
<0.01 (1990)
0.1 (2009)
… … … … … …
PNG
<0.01 (1990)
0.9 (2009)
…
42 (2006)
…
22 (2008)
… …
Solomon Is
… 0.0 (2008)
… 21 (2007)
… 32 (2007)
n/a n/a
Vanuatu
…
…
…
…
…
…
n/a n/a
MICRONESIA
FSM
… 0.0 (2009)
… … … … n/a n/a
Kiribati
…
…
…
…
…
…
… …
15 (2007)
Marshall Is
… … … … 33 (2007)
… …
Nauru
…
0.0 (2009)
…
8 (2007)
…
12 (2007)
n/a n/a
Palau
… … … 2 (2003)
… … … …
0.0 (2001)
0.0 (2008)
44 (2001)
… … … n/a n/a
70 (2006)
n/a n/a
9 (2009)
n/a n/a
POLYNESIA
Cook Is
Niue
0.0 (1991)
0.0 (2006)
…
…
60 (1991)
Samoa
… … … 15 (2009)
… Tonga
…
…
…
21 (2008)
…
36 (2008)
… …
Tuvalu
… … … 24 (2007)
… 50 (2007)
n/a n/a
Note: See detailed country tables in Annex 1 for sources.
… Data not available.
n/a Indicator not applicable to country context.
35
Table 17
TARGET 6.B.
Achieve, by 2010, universal access to
treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those
who need it
Access to antiretroviral drugs (%)
Earliest
Latest
MELANESIA
Fiji
PNG
… 3 (2004)
96 (2009)
52 (2009)
Solomon Is
… … Vanuatu
…
100 (2010)
MICRONESIA
FSM
0 (1989)
100 (2009)
Kiribati
…
…
Marshall Is
… 100 (2008)
Nauru
n/a
n/a
Palau
100 (1995)
100 (2007)
Cook Is
n/a n/a Niue
n/a
n/a
Samoa
… 89 (2010)
Tonga
n/a
n/a
Tuvalu
… 100 (2009)
POLYNESIA
Box 10. Discrimination Faced by Women Living with
HIV in PNG
“They are scared of going close to me. They say, “You have sickness.”
Yeah, (my) family, mother, cousins, and sisters, niece. They don’t accept me in the family because I got this type of sick. They used to
give me good clothes, (and) good money. All my family looked after
me well, (especially) my parents. I was a very smart girl – everybody
likes me, giving me good food, clothes, money and everything. But
after getting this sick, nobody likes me. I go around house to house,
(and) wait for people to give me money and feed me. Now I am selling chicken (at the market). But at home, they reject me.”
(25-year-old PNG woman)
“In my community, yes, from all my neighbours, because they don’t
want me to stay with them or tell stories with them … They are
scared of me, I might give them HIV. So they don’t want to story
(socialise) with me or hold my hands or shake hands with me. They
don’t want to get my half-food. Because they’re scared the HIV might
be in there and I might pass it to them. They are thinking of that so
that makes me just want to stay by myself in the house. I’m not free
in that community.”
(25-year-old PNG woman)
Note: See detailed country tables in Annex 1 for sources.
… Data not available.
n/a Indicator not applicable to country context.
Source: Pacific Islands AIDS Foundation (2011, pp.24-25)
Malaria
Malaria is endemic to only PNG, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu (Table 18). While
Solomon Islands and Vanuatu are on track to halt and reverse the incidence of
malaria, PNG is off track to achieve the target.
Malaria is endemic in all coastal provinces of PNG and it is one of the leading
causes of morbidity and mortality, making malaria the highest disease burden
in PNG (PNG, 2010). The HIV/AIDS epidemic in PNG exacerbates the incidence
of malaria, as those infected with HIV are vulnerable to malaria. Children under
5 years and pregnant women are also vulnerable to malaria. Funds from the
GFATM have been instrumental in the fight against malaria, particularly in the
free distribution of insecticide-treated nets (ITN). However, overall, progress
is slow and insufficient to ensure that PNG will halt and reverse the spread of
malaria by 2015.
In contrast, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu made sizeable gains in the fight
against malaria. Almost the entire population of the Solomon Islands is at high
risk to malaria, with only 1 percent of the population living in areas free of malaria (WHO, 2010d). The burden of malaria was significantly reduced in the
1990s through the implementation of targeted and effective control measures
but this trend was reversed in 2000 due to the ethnic conflict that disrupted
health services and led to a decline in government finances (WHO, n.d.). Following the end of ethnic conflict in 2003 and with support in 2004 from the
GFATM, AusAID and other partners (see Box 11), as well as strong government
commitment, significant progress was made in malaria control (WHO, 2010c).
Malaria is the highest
disease burden in PNG
but progress is slow and
insufficient, with PNG off
track to combat malaria.
36
Box 11. Collaborative Effort in the Fight Against Malaria in the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu
Funds from the GFATM, which are coordinated by SPC and AusAid continue to be instrumental in financing the fight
against malaria in the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. In addition, the strong commitment by both governments towards reducing the burden of malaria ensured that malaria control programs were prioritised. The national malaria
control programs, both in the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, are supported by numerous partners including WHO,
World Bank, AusAID and Rotarians Against Malaria (RAM) and JICA in the Solomon Islands.
WHO provides mainly technical support through experienced malaria staff stationed in Honiara and Port Vila. AusAID
provides considerable financial assistance towards both governments’ malaria control programs, with GFATM providing complementary funding. RAM has been active in both countries, primarily through the provision and distribution
of bednets, working in partnership with local NGOs including church groups and women’s organisations. The World
Bank provided support to the malaria control program targeting three Solomon Islands provinces as part of a loan
disbursed between 2003 and 2006.
Led by strong government commitment, and with all major partners harmonised in their support of the national malaria plans in each country, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu are on track to combat malaria.
Sources: PIRMCCM (2005), WHO (2010d), RAM (2011), AusAID
Malaria was for many years a major health problem in Vanuatu but
through the concerted efforts by the Government, supported by WHO,
GFATM and AusAID (see Box 11), the burden of malaria was reduced significantly (Vanuatu, 2010). The malaria incidence (per 100,000) rate fell
from 19,800 in 1990 to 1,600 in 2009, consistent with the increase in the
percentage of under 5 children sleeping under insecticide-treated bed
nets, which rose from 13 percent in 2002 to 81 percent in 2009 (Table 18).
The Ministry of Health is targeting the elimination of malaria from target
areas by 2015 (Vanuatu, 2010).
Solomon Islands and Vanuatu are
on track to combat malaria.
Table 18
TARGET 6.C.
Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of Malaria
Malaria incidence rate
(per 100,000)
Earliest
Latest
Malaria death rate
(per 100,000)
Earliest
Latest
Under 5 sleeping under
bed-nets (%)
Earliest
Latest
Under 5 treated with
anti-malarial drugs (%)
Earliest
Latest
MELANESIA
Fiji
n/a PNG
…
Solomon Is
… Vanuatu
19,800 (1990)
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
n/a 18,012 (2008)
…
36 (2008)
…
…
…
…
13,718 (2008)
… 19 (2008)
… 40 (2007)
…
19 (2007)
13 (2002)
81 (2009)
n/a
n/a
1,600 (2009)
22 (1990)
1 (2009)
MICRONESIA
FSM
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
n/a Kiribati
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Marshall Is
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
n/a Nauru
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Palau
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
n/a Cook Is
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
n/a Niue
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Samoa
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
n/a Tonga
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Tuvalu
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
n/a POLYNESIA
Note: See detailed country tables in Annex 1 for sources.
… Data not available.
n/a Indicator not applicable to country context.
37
Table 19
TARGET 6.C.
Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of TB
TB prevalence rates
(per 100,000)
Earliest
Latest
TB death rates
(per 100,000)
Earliest
Latest
TB incidence rates
(per 100,000)
TB detection rate under
DOTS (%)
TB cure rate under
DOTS (%)
Earliest
Latest
Earliest
Latest
Earliest
Latest
MELANESIA
Fiji
80 (1990)
26 (2009)
8 (1990)
2 (2009)
51 (1990)
19 (2009)
62 (1990)
91 (2009)
90 (1994)
90 (2008)
PNG
523 (1990)
337 (2009)
69 (1990)
26 (2009)
250 (1990)
250 (2009)
24 (1990)
73 (2009)
60 (1994)
64 (2008)
Solomon Is
630 (1990)
185 (2009)
80 (1990)
18 (2009)
312 (1990)
115 (2009)
39 (1990)
61 (2009)
90 (1994)
94 (2008)
Vanuatu
176 (1990)
110 (2009)
11 (1990)
10 (2009)
139 (1990)
72 (2009)
67 (1990)
78 (2009)
100 (1994)
93 (2007)
… 168 (2008)
13 (2000)
15 (2008)
105 (1992)
146 (2008)
100 (2000)
100 (2008)
… 20 (2008)
1129 (1990)
288 (2009)
154 (1990)
12 (2009)
513 (1990)
351 (2009)
18 (1990)
81 (2009)
87 (1995)
96 (2008)
MICRONESIA
FSM
Kiribati
Marshall Is
753 (1990)
231 (2009)
112 (1990)
8 (2009)
302 (1990)
207 (2009)
18 (1991)
110 (2009)
25 (1995)
97 (2008)
Nauru
105 (1990)
54 (2009)
6 (1990)
2 (2009)
85 (1990)
2 (2009)
90 (1990)
420 (2008)
83 (1998)
100 (2008)
Palau
224 (1990)
83 (2009)
8 (1990)
3 (2009)
64 (1990)
65 (2009)
90 (1991)
140 (2009)
64 (1994)
60 (2006)
POLYNESIA
Cook Is
6 (1991)
0 (2008)
5 (1991)
0 (2008)
… 0 (2008)
32 (1998)
0 (2008)
… n/a 147 (1990)
0 (2009)
22 (1990)
0 (2009)
59 (1990)
0 (2008)
0 (1990)
88 (2002)
100 (1999)
100 (2002)
Samoa
42 (1990)
33 (2009)
3 (1990)
4 (2009)
32 (1990)
18 (2009)
86 (1990)
51 (2009)
50 (1994)
71 (2008)
Tonga
54 (1990)
34 (2009)
6 (1990)
3 (2009)
34 (1990)
23 (2009)
72 (1990)
33 (2009)
89 (1994)
100 (2008)
Tuvalu
327 (1990)
194 (2009)
12 (1990)
7 (2009)
296 (1990)
155 (2009)
87 (1990)
120 (2009)
100 (1994)
78 (2008)
Niue
Note: See detailed country tables in Annex 1 for sources.
… Data not available.
n/a Indicator not applicable to country context.
Tuberculosis
FICs (excluding PNG) are on track to combat TB, with low prevalence and incidence rates of TB in Melanesia (excluding PNG) and Polynesia (Table 19).
Although the prevalence, incidence and death rates in Micronesia has fallen,
through the implementation of DOTS26, the sub-region still records relatively
high prevalence and incidence rates, particularly in Kiribati, FSM and RMI. Collectively, Micronesia is off track to halt and reverse the spread of TB.
Micronesia is off track to
combat TB, given the high
prevalence and incidence
rates of TB in Kiribati, FSM
and RMI.
PNG has the highest prevalence and death rates of TB, and is second to Kiribati
for the highest incidence of TB. Given the HIV/AIDS epidemic in PNG, and its
close association with TB, death rates from TB are expected to increase (PNG,
2010). Outbreaks of multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) in the Chuuk State of
FSM, as well as MDR-TB cases detected in RMI (SPC, 2010f ), are making it difficult for these countries to contain TB. PNG, FSM and RMI are off track to combat TB.
A Drug Resistance Survey conducted between 2008 and 2009 confirmed that
the TB strains in Kiribati were sensitive to first line anti-TB drugs, and that strict
adherence to the DOTS strategy in Kiribati (see Box 12) has made it possible to
avoid the emergence of TB drug resistance (SPC, 2010f ). In addition, with the
injection of funds by AusAID to SPC in 2010 for the TB Epidemic Control Project
in Kiribati, the project is expected to have a big impact in containing TB (SPC,
2010c).
26
As TB is curable, the directly observed treatment, short-course or DOTS is proven to be the most successful and cost-effective treatment strategy.
38
The Regional Strategy to Stop TB in the Western Pacific (2011-2015), successor to the Strategic Plan to Stop TB in the Western Pacific (2006-2010),
focuses on promoting universal access to TB diagnosis and treatment,
strengthening TB laboratory capacity, scaling up the programmatic management of drug-resistant TB, expanding TB/HIV collaborative activities
and strengthening TB program management capacity (WHO, 2011c).
The GFATM, administered by SPC, is an important source of funding for
TB control programs in the region.
Multi-drug resistant
TB in FSM and RMI are
proving difficult to control
TB; cautious optimism
for Kiribati given strict
adherence to DOTS and
AusAID support.
Box 12. TB Epidemic Control Project in Kiribati
The AusAID-funded TB Epidemic Control Project in Kiribati is implemented by SPC, with the DOTS strategy a key part
of the Project. In South Tarawa, specialist nurses survey households to identify TB sufferers, while community DOTS
workers manage post-hospital home treatments by delivering and ensuring TB patients take their medicine correctly. These workers also assist in identifying TB sufferers. Also part of the DOTS strategy, TB patients are removed
from overcrowded households and treated in isolation in hospital for up to two months until the majority (95%) is
no longer infectious. Patients are then transferred to a Maneaba for further recovery. The Maneaba, a spacious traditional building, allows air to flow through, which is ideal for patients’ recovery and also limits the spread of TB. In
addition, through the Project, Kiribati’s first TB laboratory was built and opened in 2010.
Source: AusAID (2010)
39
GOAL 7 Ensure Environmental Sustainability
Access to safe drinking
water and basic sanitation
is major concern for
Micronesia.
FICs (excluding PNG) recorded mixed progress towards ensuring environmental sustainability (Table 20). Collectively, Polynesia is on track to
achieve MDG 7, with insufficient information available to make an assessment on Target 7.d. Melanesia (excluding Fiji) is off track on Targets
7.a. and 7.b., with all Melanesian countries off track on Target 7.d. However, Melanesia (excluding PNG) is on track with Target 7.c. Micronesia
recorded mixed progress on all the targets, with concerns on the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and
basic sanitation.
Table 20
Progress towards MDG 7
MDG 7
ENSURE
ENVIRONMENTAL
SUSTAINABILITY
TARGET 7.A.
Integrate the
principles of
sustainable
development into
country policies
and programs and
reverse the loss
of environmental
resources
TARGET 7.B.
Reduce
biodiversity
loss,
achieving,
by 2010, a
significant
reduction in
the rate of loss
TARGET 7.C.
Halve, by
2015, the
proportion of
people without
sustainable
access to safe
drinking water
and basic
sanitation
TARGET 7.D.
By 2020, to
have achieved
a significant
improvement
in the lives of at
least 100 million
slum dwellers
Melanesia
Off track
Off track
Off track
Off track
Melanesia (excl PNG)
Mixed
Mixed
On track
Off track
Fiji
On track
On track
On track
Off track
PNG
Off track
Off track
Off track
Off track
Solomon Is
Off track
Off track
Off track
Off track
Vanuatu
Off track
Off track
On track
Off track
Micronesia
Mixed
Mixed
Mixed
Mixed
FSM
On track
On track
Mixed
Insufficient info
Kiribati
Off track
Off track
Off track
Off track
Marshall Is
Mixed
Mixed
Off track
Off track
Nauru
Off track
Off track
Mixed
Insufficient info
Palau
On track
On track
On track
On track
Polynesia
On track
On track
On track
Insufficient info
Cook Is
Mixed
Mixed
On track
Not applicable
Niue
Mixed
Mixed
On track
Not applicable
Samoa
On track
On track
Mixed
Insufficient info
Tonga
On track
On track
On track
Insufficient info
Tuvalu
Mixed
On track
Mixed
Mixed
FICs
Off track
Off track
Off track
Off track
FICs (excl PNG)
Mixed
Mixed
On track
Off track
40
A considerable amount of work has been done in the region towards
sustainable development through the implementation of the Pacific
Plan and in line with the objectives of the MSI. In the 2010 Port Vila
Outcome Statement, it was noted that more than 30 regional initiatives
were implemented since 2005, with successes in conservation (Micronesia Challenge), energy and fisheries (regional solidarity to reduce overfishing)27. The Statement also reported that despite efforts towards the
development of national sustainable development strategies, significant
challenges remain in linking strategies to adequate budgets for effective
implementation.
Achieving energy security remains a key priority in the region, as most
FICs are highly dependent on imported fossil fuels. To this end, in 2010,
Forum Leaders endorsed a Framework for Action on Energy Security in
the Pacific. At the same time, RMI, FSM and Palau launched the Green
Energy Micronesia initiative, targeting 20 percent power generation
from renewable energy by 2020. The EU is funding the Northern Pacific
Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Project. In addition, similar to
the Tonga Energy Road Map (see Box 13), Cook Islands also adopted a
Renewable Energy Chart, targeting 50 percent power generation from
renewable energy by 2015, and 100 percent by 2020.
There is limited data available on the official MDG indicators to track
biodiversity loss (Table 21). However, according to SPREP (2011), native
species are in decline, while human activity is driving unsustainable resource use and extraction. This has led to over-harvesting of fisheries,
declining animal populations, and species loss. In addition, increased
transport and trade has introduced invasive species. Moreover, unsustainable logging and forest conversion for agriculture has often resulted
in severe localised impact on fresh water and soil loss.
Cook Islands targeting 50
percent power generation
from renewable energy by
2015.
Human activity driving
unsustainable resource use
and extraction in the region.
For instance, in the Solomon Islands, large scale commercial logging and
shifting cultivation has led to significant deforestation. Logging activities in the Solomon Islands are also causing problems to freshwater resources and reefs in the coastal areas downstream from them (Roughan
& Wara, 2010).
Box 13. Tonga Energy Road Map 2010-2020
In 2009, the Tongan Government responded to the twin challenges of reducing the Tongan contribution to global
green house gas emissions and improving energy security by approving a policy to supply 50 percent of electricity
generation through renewable resources by 2012. A joint effort by the Government, Tonga Power Limited (TPL) and
several development partners led to the development of the Tonga Energy Road Map 2010-2020: Ten Year Road
Map to Reduce Tonga’s Vulnerability to Oil Price Shocks and Achieve an Increase in Quality Access to Modern Energy
Services in an Environmentally Sustainable Manner.
The Road Map identifies a least-cost program to achieve the energy objectives, including detailed actions with indicative funding sources and costs for each element. It also clearly defines the roles for Government, TPL actions
and development partner support. Furthermore, in recognition that technologies, costs, demand for electricity and
sources of financing change over time, the Road Map is expected to be updated accordingly.
Since the release of the Tonga Energy Road Map, Government launched an Energy Efficiency Public Awareness Campaign in February 2011, a first of its kind in Tonga. The Campaign is expected to help people cut down on wastage
practices to control their spending on electricity. In other developments, NZ is supporting the Tonga Village Network Upgrade Project with a grant of NZ$5.8 million.
Source: Tonga (2010b)
27
See UN (2010).
41
Table 21
TARGET 7.A.
Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and reverse the
loss of environmental resources
TARGET 7.B.
Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss
Proportion of land area
covered by forest (%)
Earliest
CO2 emissions, total (‘000
metric tons)
CO2 emissions, per capita
(metric tons)
CO2 emissions, per $1 GDP
(PPP) (kg)
Use of ODS
(ODP metric tons)
Latest
Earliest
Latest
Earliest
Latest
Earliest
Latest
Earliest
Latest
55
818
1254 (2008)
1.1 (1990)
1.5 (2008)
0.3 (1990)
0.3 (2008)
41.8 (1990)
7.6 (2009)
MELANESIA
Fiji
54 (1990)
PNG
70 (1990)
65
2142
2109 (2008)
0.5 (1990)
0.3 (2008)
0.3 (1990)
0.2 (2008)
28.5 (1990)
3.2 (2009)
Solomon Is
99 (1990)
78
161
198 (2008)
0.5 (1990)
0.4 (2008)
0.2 (1990)
0.2 (2008)
2.1 (1990)
1.6 (2009)
Vanuatu
36 (1990)
36
70
92 (2008)
0.5 (1990)
0.4 (2008)
0.1 (1990)
0.1 (2008)
0.0 (1991)
0.1 (2009)
83 (1986-87)
89
55
62 (2008)
0.5 (1999)
0.6 (2008)
0.2 (1999)
0.2 (2008)
0.0 (1991)
0.1 (2009)
MICRONESIA
FSM
3
22
29 (2008)
0.3 (1990)
0.3 (2008)
0.2 (1990)
0.1 (2008)
0.0 (1991)
0.0 (2009)
Marshall Is
Kiribati
… 3 (1990)
…
48
99 (2008)
1.0 (1990)
1.6 (2008)
… … 1.2 (1990)
0.2 (2009)
Nauru
…
…
132
143 (2008)
14.4 (1990)
14.1 (2008)
…
…
0.6 (1995)
0.0 (2009)
Palau
76 (1990)
81
235
213 (2008)
15.7 (1990)
10.4 (2008)
… … 0.0 (1991)
0.1 (2009)
POLYNESIA
Cook Is
64 (1990)
67
22
70 (2008)
1.2 (1990)
3.6 (2008)
… … 0.1 (1991)
0.0 (2009)
Niue
58 (2001)
54
4
4 (2008)
1.7 (1990)
2.6 (2008)
…
…
0.0 (1991)
0.0 (2009)
Samoa
46 (1990)
60
125
161 (2008)
0.8 (1990)
0.9 (2008)
0.3 (1990)
0.2 (2008)
4.0 (1991)
0.2 (2009)
Tonga
6 (1990)
5
77
176 (2008)
0.8 (1990)
1.7 (2008)
0.3 (1990)
0.4 (2008)
0.4 (1991)
0.0 (2009)
Tuvalu
33 (1990)
33
…
… … … … … 0.0 (1991)
0.1 (2009)
Fish stocks within safe
biological limits (%)
Total water resources
used (%)
Protected terrestrial and
marine areas (%)
Species threatened with
extinction (%)
Earliest
Latest
Earliest
Latest
Earliest
Latest
Earliest
Latest
Fiji
… … 0 (2000)
… 0.2 (1990)
0.2 (2010)
… …
PNG
…
…
…
…
0.9 (1990)
1.4 (2010)
…
…
Solomon Is
… … …
…
0.0 (1990)
0.1 (2010)
… …
Vanuatu
…
…
…
…
0.4 (1990)
0.5 (2010)
…
…
FSM
… … …
…
… … … …
Kiribati
…
…
…
…
0.3 (1990)
22.6 (2010)
…
…
Marshall Is
… … …
… 0.0 (1990)
Nauru
Palau
…
… …
…
…
…
…
… 0.0 (1990)
0.5 (1990)
0.6 (2010)
0.0 (2010)
… …
…
…
4.8 (2010)
…
…
MELANESIA
MICRONESIA
POLYNESIA
…
Cook Is
… …
…
… 0.0 (1990)
0.1 (2010)
…
…
Niue
…
…
…
…
0.0 (1990)
1.9 (2010)
…
…
Samoa
… …
…
… 0.9 (1990)
1.2 (2010)
… …
Tonga
…
…
2 (1995)
2 (2005)
0.1 (1990)
9.4 (2010)
…
…
Tuvalu
… …
… …
0.0 (1990)
0.2 (2009)
… …
Note: See detailed country tables in Annex 1 for sources.
… Data not available.
n/a Indicator not applicable to country context.
42
Table 22
TARGET 7.C.
Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without
sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic
sanitation
TARGET 7.D.
By 2020, to have
achieved a significant
improvement in the
lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers
Using an improved drinking
water source (%)
Earliest
Latest
Using an improved
sanitation facility (%)
Earliest
Latest
Urban population
living in slums (%)
Earliest
Latest
MELANESIA
Fiji
92 (1990)
93 (2000)
92 (1990)
96 (2000)
PNG
41 (1990)
40 (2008)
47 (1990)
45 (2008)
Solomon Is
30 (1999)
84 (2007)
22 (1999)
18 (2007)
Vanuatu
68 (1989)
81 (2009)
28 (1989)
64 (2009)
FSM
29 (1994)
57 (2005)
29 (1990)
25 (2005)
Kiribati
35 (1990)
90 (2009)
24 (1990)
35 (2009)
Marshall Is
92 (1988)
98 (2007)
61 (1988)
71 (2007)
Nauru
72 (1992)
90 (2007)
65 (1990)
72 (2007)
Palau
87 (1990)
96 (2005)
46 (1990)
100 (2005)
… … …
…
… … …
30 (2006)
… … …
…
… … …
…
… … MICRONESIA
POLYNESIA
Cook Is
94 (1990)
98 (2008)
96 (1990)
100 (2008)
100 (1990)
100 (2008)
100 (1990)
100 (2008)
Samoa
89 (2001)
97 (2006)
98 (1990)
100 (2008)
Tonga
92 (1990)
98 (2006)
55 (1986)
82 (2006)
Tuvalu
91 (1991)
98 (2007)
77 (1991)
81 (2007)
Niue
0 (2001)
0 (2008)
n/a
n/a
… … …
…
24 (1991)
7 (2007)
Note: See detailed country tables in Annex 1 for sources.
… Data not available.
n/a Indicator not applicable to country context.
Access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation is a major concern in
Micronesia, with Kiribati and RMI off track on Target 7.c. Although some
gains were made in improving conditions in FSM and Nauru, concerns
remain (Table 22). In mid-April 2011, some Micronesian countries met
for the first time in Majuro (RMI) to look at ways to improve water and
sanitation throughout the region (SOPAC, 2011). Delegates from Palau,
Guam, FSM and RMI gathered to establish a Micronesian Water Committee and also noted that strong political will was critical to address the
water and sanitation challenges.
A Pacific Environment Programme Strategic Plan (2011-2015) was developed in 2010, with four strategic priorities – climate change, biodiversity
and ecosystem management, waste management and pollution control,
and environmental monitoring and governance. Support from development partners, as well as financing from the GEF continues to be crucial
for addressing environmental sustainability issues. The GEF has financed
many projects related to biodiversity conservation, renewal energy,
fisheries management, climate change adaptation, water resources and
wastewater management, as well as coastal and marine resource management28.
More recently, Japan provided US$66 million for the Pacific Environment
Community (PEC) Fund, which is used to support projects with a focus
on the provision of solar power generation systems and sea water desali28
See GEF (2011).
The Global Environment
Fund provides crucial
funding for environmental
sustainability projects.
43
An increase in squatter
settlements in urban centres
in Melanesia is a cause for
concern.
nation plants. Samoa was the first country to access US$4 million under
the PEC Fund in June 2011.
Although data on the urban population living in slums29 is generally not
available (Table 22) to assess progress on Target 7.d., countries in Melanesia are considered to be off track on this Target. According to SPC
(2010c), an increase in the number of very poor squatters in Suva (Fiji),
Honiara (Solomon Islands) and Port Moresby (PNG) is resulting in more
incidences of begging and homelessness. In Vanuatu, according to the
2006 HIES, 30 percent of the population in Port Vila and Luganville were
living in slum conditions.
GOAL 8 Develop a Global Partnership for Development
Aid to the region has
doubled to US$1.6 billion;
Australia is the largest
donor.
The successful achievement of the first seven goals is critically dependent on the support of development partners through more effective official development assistance (ODA), provision of better market access
and debt relief.
ODA30 to Oceania31 has doubled since 2002 to US$1.6 billion in 2009,
with donor countries accounting for 82 percent of the ODA (Figure 3)
32
. The largest donor country to the region is Australia, with net ODA
disbursements of US$704 million in 2009. Other major donor countries
are the US, EU, NZ and Japan, which together account for 98 percent of
ODA by donor countries to Oceania (Figure 4). Total multilateral aid to
the region was US$295 million in 2009, of which ODA from UN agencies
was 36 percent. The European Development Fund, GFATM and GEF also
made up the major multilateral aid to the region (Figure 5).
Figure 3. ODA to Oceania
US$M
1,800
1,600
Multilateral
1,400
Donor
Countries
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Table 23
Source: OECD (2011)
ODA Received from Donor Countries (US$M)
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
MELANESIA
346
438
490
508
610
606
672
Melanesia (excluding PNG)
128
188
245
261
322
343
350
Figure 4. Donor Countries ODA to
Oceania (2009)
EU
US$157m
Other
US$27m
Fiji
43
37
39
40
33
34
50
PNG
219
249
245
248
288
263
322
Solomon Is
56
117
172
179
237
219
202
Vanuatu
28
35
33
41
52
89
98
MICRONESIA
218
178
214
235
232
227
258
FSM
112
85
104
106
111
87
119
Kiribati
13
10
21
20
23
20
22
NZ
US$136m
Marshall Is
51
49
56
55
51
51
59
Source: OECD (2011)
Nauru
16
14
9
17
25
29
23
Palau
25
19
23
37
22
41
34
POLYNESIA
63
65
88
109
88
85
109
Cook Is
5
6
7
31
9
4
6
Niue
9
14
20
9
14
16
7
Samoa
27
25
30
38
29
26
47
Tonga
17
15
25
19
27
23
35
Tuvalu
6
5
6
13
9
15
15
Oceania, regional*
61
75
95
108
117
244
186
* Refers to ODA that benefits more than one country in Oceania, which includes French Polynesia, New Caledonia,
Northern Marianas, Tokelau and Wallis & Futuna
Source: OECD (2011)
US
US$216m
AU
US$704m
Japan
US$112m
Figure 5. Total Multilateral ODA to
Oceania (2009)
Other
US$24m
GFATM
US$52m
GEF
US$32m
UN
US$105m
EU
Institutions
US$82m
Source: OECD (2011)
29
According to the UN (2011a), a slum household is defined as a group of individuals living under the same roof lacking one or more of the following conditions: access to improved water; access to
improved sanitation; sufficient-living area; durability of housing; and security of tenure.
30
Total net ODA disbursements: the sum of grants, capital subscriptions and net loans (loans extended minus repayments of loan principles), See OECD (2011).
31
Oceania includes French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Northern Marianas, Tokelau and Wallis & Futuna.
32
Figures do not include ODA by China.
44
Melanesia receives the bulk of ODA, led by PNG and Solomon Islands,
which together accounted for around 82 percent33 of the ODA to the
sub-region (Table 23). In Micronesia, almost half the aid flows are to FSM,
with ODA to Polynesia comparatively lower than the other two sub-regions. Aid flows to Melanesia and Polynesia almost doubled from 2002
to 2009, while a modest increase was recorded for Micronesia. Approximately two-thirds of ODA to FICs is towards the social infrastructure and
services sector, which includes education, health and water supply and
sanitation (Table 24).
Two-thirds of ODA
goes toward the social
infrastructure and services
sector.
Table 24
ODA from Donor Countries to FICs by Sector (US$M)
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE & SERVICES
445
648
566
652
782
Education
127
132
147
196
163
Water supply and sanitation
5
5
5
3
27
ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES
65
192
145
162
29
Energy
21
18
61
8
22
Transport and Communications
31
167
63
148
1
PRODUCTION SECTORS
74
53
40
45
46
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
71
49
36
36
37
Industry, mining and construction
2
3
2
8
5
Trade and tourism
2
1
2
2
4
MULTISECTOR
136
145
150
266
233
PROGRAMME ASSISTANCE
28
11
19
19
34
Food Aid
0
1
0
0
0
ACTION RELATING TO DEBT
3
24
0
5
0
HUMANITARIAN AID
5
14
5
8
31
UNALLOCATED/UNSPECIFIED
Source: OECD (2011)
14
12
15
18
26
Dependence on ODA, measured by ODA as a percentage of GNI, is much
higher in Micronesia, compared to the other sub-regions (Table 25). FSM,
RMI and Palau are heavily dependent on the Compact of Free Association (COFA) grants from the US. In 2003, the Compact grants for FSM and
RMI were renewed but are set to expire in 2024. As part of the renewed
agreements, grants to the countries are steadily lowered but annual contributions by the US are made to their respective Compact Trust Funds. It
is envisioned that the FSM and RMI will utilise the Trust Funds when their
agreements end in 2024. However, FSM and RMI are facing difficult challenges to ensure fiscal sustainability (IMF, 2010a & IMF, 2010c).
The amended Compact has also tightened rules on reporting, auditing,
and the use of grants, which proved difficult for FSM to meet (IMF, 2010a).
As a result, FSM has not used US$150 million in grants, contributing to
weak economic performance in recent years. Palau’s Compact agreement ended in 2009 and a new 15-year grant agreement was agreed but
is currently awaiting approval by US Congress. Fiscal sustainability remains a key challenge for Palau (IMF, 2010b).
33
2002-2009
Compact of Free Association
grants to FSM and RMI set
to expire in 2024; difficult
challenges ahead. Palau
awaiting approval on new
15-year grant assistance
agreement.
45
Table 25
TARGET 8.D.
Deal comprehensively with the
debt problems
of developing
countries through
national and international measures
in order to make
debt sustainable in
the long term
TARGET 8.A.
Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading
and financial system
TARGET 8.C.
Address the special needs of SIDS (through BPOA)
Debt Sustainability
Latest
Debt (% of exports
of goods & services)
Earliest
ODA to build trade
capacity (%)
Latest
Latest
Earliest
Duty free
exports to
developed
countries
(%)
Latest
Earliest
Net ODA
(% of GNI)
Latest
ODA that is
untied (%)
Earliest
Latest
Earliest
ODA to basic social
services (%)
Market Access
Earliest
Official Development Assistance
MELANESIA
Fiji
…
…
…
…
4 (1990)
2 (2009)
… …
…
…
9 (1990)
2 (2009)
PNG
…
…
…
…
13 (1990)
5 (2009)
… …
…
…
18 (1990)
2 (2009)
Solomon Is
…
…
…
…
22 (1990)
43 (2009)
… …
…
…
11 (1990)
3 (2009)
Vanuatu
…
…
…
…
30 (1990)
16 (2009)
… …
…
1 (2010)
7 (2000)
10 (2009)
FSM
…
58 (2004-08)
…
100 (2009)
29 (1993)
45 (2009)
… …
…
…
6 (2006)
Kiribati
…
…
…
…
42 (1990)
15 (2009)
… …
…
…
…
Marshall Is
…
…
…
…
46 (1998)
32 (2009)
… …
…
…
16 (2004)
59 (2009e)
Nauru
…
…
…
…
0 (1990)
24 (2009)
… …
…
…
…
…
Palau
0
0
65 (1995)
35 (2007)
0 (1992)
18 (2009)
… …
…
…
Cook Is
19
27 (2008)
68 (1991)
85 (2001)
21 (2001)
9 (2008)
… …
3 (1999)
10 (2008)
… … Niue
…
…
…
…
7 (1990)
9 (2009)
… …
…
…
…
…
Samoa
…
…
…
…
29 (1990)
16 (2009)
… …
…
…
11 (1990)
5 (2009)
Tonga
…
…
…
…
26 (1990)
12 (2009)
… …
9 (1995)
14
4 (1990)
15 (2009)
Tuvalu
…
7 (2001-08)
…
…
5 (1990)
18 (2009)
… …
…
…
14 (2006)
39 (2010)
MICRONESIA
4 (2000)
7 (2010e)
8 (2009)
18 (2007)
POLYNESIA
Note: See detailed country tables in Annex 1 for sources.
… Data not available.
46
Table 26
TARGET 8.E.
In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies,
provide access to affordable essential drugs in
developing countries
Population with access to
essential drugs (%)
TARGET 8.F.
In cooperation with the private sector, make available the
benefits of new technologies, especially information and
communication
Telephone lines per 100
population
Cellular subscribers per 100
population
Internet users per 100
population
Earliest
Latest
Earliest
Latest
Earliest
Latest
Earliest
Latest
Fiji
…
…
6 (1990)
15 (2008)
0 (1990)
71 (2008)
0 (1990)
12 (2008)
PNG
…
…
1 (1990)
1 (2008)
0 (1990)
9 (2008)
0 (1990)
2 (2008)
Solomon Is
…
…
1 (1990)
2 (2008)
0 (1990)
6 (2008)
0 (1990)
2 (2008)
Vanuatu
…
…
2 (1990)
4 (2008)
0 (1990)
15 (2008)
0 (1990)
7 (2008)
FSM
…
…
3 (1990)
8 (2008)
0 (1990)
31 (2008)
0 (1990)
14 (2008)
Kiribati
…
…
2 (1990)
4 (2008)
0 (1990)
1 (2008)
0 (1990)
2 (2008)
Marshall Is
…
…
1 (1990)
7 (2008)
0 (1990)
2 (2008)
0 (1990)
4 (2008)
Nauru
…
…
13 (1990)
18 (2008)
0 (1990)
15 (2001)
0 (1990)
3 (2001)
Palau
…
…
35 (2002)
36 (2008)
12 (2002)
60 (2008)
6 (2000)
6 (2007)
Cook Is
100 (1991)
100 (2008)
17 (1990)
34 (2008)
0 (1990)
34 (2008)
0 (1990)
25 (2008)
Niue
100 (1991)
100 (2006)
18 (1992)
66 (2008)
0 (1990)
38 (2004)
0 (1990)
66 (2008)
5 (2008)
MELANESIA
MICRONESIA
POLYNESIA
Samoa
…
…
3 (1990)
16 (2008)
0 (1990)
69 (2008)
0 (1990)
Tonga
…
95 (2002)
5 (1990)
25 (2008)
0 (1990)
49 (2008)
0 (1990)
8 (2008)
Tuvalu
…
…
1 (1990)
15 (2008)
0 (1990)
20 (2008)
0 (1990)
43 (2008)
Note: See detailed country tables in Annex 1 for sources.
… Data not available.
Overall, the significant increase in ODA to the region was instrumental
in the progress that FICs made against the MDGs. In particular, the increase in aid to Solomon Islands following the end of ethnic tensions is
clearly assisting the country make progress towards achieving the MDGs.
However, much more work is needed in the Solomon Islands, as well as in
other FICs, to accelerate MDGs progress. Therefore, it is paramount that
ODA flows to the region are sustained. Work under the Forum Compact
on Strengthening Development Coordination in the Pacific is important
to ensure aid and development effectiveness (see Box 14).
In terms of market access, there is limited data to assess the current
level of duty free exports from the region to developed countries
(Table 25). However, there are agreements in place that provide duty
free access to developed markets. Since 1981, SPARTECA, a non-reciprocal trade agreement, provides FICs duty and quota-free access to Australia and NZ, subject to rules of origin (RoO) requirements. However,
various studies and reviews of SPARTECA criticised the stringent RoO, as
they generally restrict the scope of exports and value addition (Oxfam,
2009). SPARTECA is also criticised for failing to address the more restrictive non-tariff and technical barriers to trade, such as quarantine, sanitary and phytosanitary measures and standards.
Sustaining ODA to
the region is critical to
accelerating progress
towards the MDGs.
47
Box 14. Two Years On: Key Messages from the Implementation of the Forum Compact
1.
The Pacific is making good progress in improving development coordination. The attention to public financial
management and the increasing incidence of more flexible forms of aid represent major gains in the last two
years. However, many countries still struggle to turn resources into development results, and some are considerably behind the best practice in the region.
2.
The crucial factor in alignment and harmonisation is strong political leadership and aid management capacity in
FICs. Development partners may have a strong contribution to make to harmonisation and alignment, but
it will only go so far unless there is strong strategic direction from FICs, which among other factors requires
strong institutional and human resource capacity at the country level.
3.
Having a national or strategic plan does not always lead to clear direction or determine resource allocation. While
nearly all FICs have a national development strategy, only those with relatively good capacity, and with many
years of experience with various forms of national planning, are able to use it to shape sector activity and
budgets. Generally, development partners are finding it easy to align to national plans and budgets which are
pitched at a high level of generality, but they need, and will generally respond to, tighter direction.
4.
The Pacific needs simpler and less fragmented aid delivery modalities, i.e. fewer projects, more program support and
a reduced mission burden. Progress is noted for some countries, but in others, there is still no clear road map
based on mutual understanding of how new modalities, such as program-based approaches, will be phased
in. There is insufficient appreciation of how much time and effort is needed to create successful program approaches.
5.
Notwithstanding the importance of country leadership, the pace of harmonisation and alignment is still driven
by the internal regulations and preferences of some development partners rather than country needs.
6.
Managing for development results is still an area of weakness throughout the Pacific shared by FICs and development partners. Some countries such as Vanuatu and Samoa have already, or are beginning to, give it the
resources it needs, and to work out how to generate useful information that suits their capacity to collect and
report it. Others are still challenged by the complex reporting requirements of national plans which they have
never had the capacity to meet.
Source: PIFS (2011)
Major exports to Australia and NZ are also confined to a few FICs. In
2010, FIC exports to Australia amounted to A$3.3 billion, of which PNG
accounted for 92 percent34. PNG also has a bilateral trade agreement
with Australia (PATCRA II35) that provides duty free access to Australia.
The second largest FIC exporter to Australia was Fiji, which exported
A$190 million, followed by Samoa at A$44 million exports. FIC exports
to NZ totaled NZ$103 million in 2010, of which Fiji accounted for 66 percent, followed by Nauru (NZ$12m) and PNG (NZ$11m)36.
SPARTECA provides FICs
duty free access to Australia
and NZ but is criticised for
stringent rules of origin
requirements and non-tariff/
technical barriers.
Similarly, under COFA, FSM, Palau and RMI have duty free access to the
US market for goods that meet 35 percent local content (FSM, 2011).
However, quarantine requirements are a major barrier to fully utilising
this facility. In 2010, RMI’s exports to the US were US$12 million, while
FSM exported US$4 million, with fisheries products the major commodities exported from both countries37. As Palau’s economy is largely based
on tourism, only a few commodities are exported to the US, with a value
of US$148,035 in 2010.
The EU also historically provided non-reciprocal duty free access for ACP
countries (includes the FICs) under the 1975 Lomé Convention and its
Figures are calculated fom statistics reported by DFAT (2011).
The PNG-Australia Trade and Commercial Relations Agreement was originally signed in 1976 and renewed (PACTRA II) in 1991 (Oxfam, 2009).
36
Figures are calculated from statistics reported by Statistics NZ (2011).
37
Figures are calculated from statistics reported by ITA (2011).
34
35
48
successor the 2000 Cotonou Agreement, which largely benefited PNG
and Fiji. However, the EU-ACP preferential trade arrangement was incompatible with WTO rules so negotiations on a WTO-compatible Economic
Partnership Agreement (EPA) began in 2004, with a view for completion
by end 2007, when the Cotonou Agreement ended. Negotiations were
not completed on time, so PNG and Fiji signed an interim EPA to protect
preferences for their fisheries and sugar sectors. PNG is now implementing the EPA. Nevertheless, FICs are committed to pursue negotiations for
a comprehensive EPA as a single region, which is likely to conclude by
2012.
Negotiations towards a
comprehensive Economic
Partnership Agreement
between FICs and the EU are
ongoing.
In addition, there is a free trade agreement among FICs, the Pacific Island
Countries Trade Agreement (PICTA), which came into force in 2003. To
date, seven FICs (Cook Islands, Fiji, Niue, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu
and Vanuatu) have indicated readiness to trade under PICTA, while 6
countries (Kiribati, Nauru, PNG and Tonga) are in the process of completing necessary domestic arrangements before announcing their readiness. FSM signed PICTA but are yet to ratify, while Palau and RMI are yet
to accede to the Agreement. Although PICTA currently covers trade in
goods, negotiations on trade in services is expected to be concluded by
end 2011. The ultimate aim of PICTA was to set the platform to establish a free trade agreement between Australia and NZ, and the FICs (now
known as PACER Plus).
In 2009, Forum Leaders initiated negotiations on PACER Plus, which are
still at the preliminary stage. One of the key concerns for FIC governments is the loss of government revenue, which has implications on
service delivery and ultimately, on poverty (Oxfam, 2009). However, an
important potential for FICs under PACER Plus is the potential for labour
mobility. FICs are currently consolidating the Office of the Chief Trade
Adviser on PACER Plus and intensifying national consultations.
On debt sustainability, collectively, the region does not have significant
debt problems, with debt sustainability issues currently affecting countries in Micronesia, as well as Tonga. Marshall Islands recorded the largest debt service ratio among FICs (Table 25), which is compounded by
the decrement of COFA grants38. FSM and Palau also face similar issues39.
Recent debt sustainability analysis by the IMF (2011a, 2011b) for Tonga
and Kiribati indicate that both countries are at ‘high risk of debt distress’.
However, in both cases, the debt situation is manageable but requires
close scrutiny and prudent management.
38
39
See IMF (2010c).
See IMF (2010a, 2010b).
PACER Plus presents
opportunities as well as risks
for FICs.
Overall, the region is not
facing major debt problems.
49
Table 27
Progress towards Selected MDG 8 Targets
MDG 8
GLOBAL PARTNERSHIPS
FOR DEVELOPMENT
TARGET 8.D.
Deal comprehensively
with the debt problems
of developing countries
through national and
international measures
in order to make debt
sustainable in the long
term
TARGET 8.E.
In cooperation with
pharmaceutical
companies, provide access
to affordable essential
drugs in developing
countries
TARGET 8.F.
In cooperation with the
private sector, make
available the benefits
of new technologies,
especially information
and communication
Debt Sustainability
Melanesia
On track
Insufficient info
Off track
Melanesia (excl PNG)
On track
Insufficient info
Mixed
Fiji
On track
Insufficient info
On track
PNG
On track
Insufficient info
Off track
Solomon Is
On track
Insufficient info
Mixed
Vanuatu
On track
On track
On track
Micronesia
Off track
Mixed
On track
FSM
Off track
Off track
On track
Kiribati
Mixed
On track
Mixed
Marshall Is
Off track
On track
Mixed
Nauru
Insufficient info
Insufficient info
On track
Palau
Off track
Insufficient info
On track
Polynesia
Mixed
On track
On track
Cook Is
On track
On track
On track
Niue
Insufficient info
On track
On track
Samoa
On track
Insufficient info
On track
Tonga
Mixed
On track
On track
Tuvalu
On track
On track
On track
FICs
On track
Insufficient info
Off track
FICs (excl PNG)
On track
Mixed
Mixed
In terms of access to essential drugs, as data for majority of FICs is not
available (Table 26), assessments are made based on anecdotal evidence.
For instance, Kiribati, Tonga and Tuvalu provide free health services to its
people40. Similarly, Vanuatu (2010) and RMI (2009) reported that, generally, essential drugs are accessible to the majority of its populations. For
FSM, while the Government is committed to providing health services
on a subsidised basis, shortage of drugs, particularly in Chuuk, is a major
concern (FSM, 2011). As a result, FSM is off track on this Target (Table 27).
Effective use of ICT is an important tool for achieving the MDGs. In
the region (excluding PNG), on average41, 4 in 10 people use a mobile
phone, compared to only 1 in 10 people that use a landline telephone
(Table 26). Although Internet use is much lower, averaging around 9 in
100 (excluding PNG), usage is on the rise. Internet use is much higher in
Polynesia, averaging around 19 in 100 people. The successful SPC-supported Pacific Rural Internet Connectivity System (PacRICS) continues to
be an important tool in increasing Internet access across the region.
40
41
See Kiribati (2007), Tonga (2010a) and Tuvalu (2011).
Regional and sub-regional averages are weighted by population and based on latest available data for each country.
4 in 10 people in the region
(excluding PNG) use a
mobile phone.
50
According to SPC (2011a), to date, about 100 systems are in place in 16
countries in the Pacific. In January 2011, with the support of several development partners, a project was launched in the Solomon Islands to
provide satellite broadband Internet access using PacRICS to improve
the delivery of government services (health and other sectors) in rural
areas, which would also save money for the Government (SPC, 2011a). In
addition, more laptops were distributed under the One Laptop Per Child
(OLPC) program, with the latest in Kosrae in FSM (SPC, 2011b). Majority
of FICs have introduced the OLPC program in their schools.
In other areas, the Pacific Financial Inclusion Program’s (PFIP) Branchless
Banking Project, with the support of the private and public sector, aims
to use mobile phones and other technologies to deliver financial services
more cost-effectively, with the aim of reaching the under-served and unbanked populations in the Pacific (PFIP, 2011). PFIP and other donors are
currently funding Digicel to introduce a low cost mobile-phone-based
mobile wallet (m-wallet) in Fiji, Samoa, Tonga and Vanuatu. It is expected
that by the end of 2011, the service will benefit up to 500,000 people of
which 40 percent will be women and 30 percent living in rural villages.
Furthermore, the private sector can play an important role in accelerating progress towards achieving the MDGs. According to UNDP (2010),
there are six essential roles that businesses can play:
(i)
Generate economic growth, which is the main driver of poverty alleviation;
(ii)
Employ inclusive business models which incorporate poor people
into value chains;
(iii) Contribute knowledge and capabilities towards meeting the
MDGs;
(iv) Develop innovative approaches, such as in the area of ICT, which
have positive implications on achieving the MDGs;
(v) Replicate approaches across borders – unlike a government, a
business can replicate successful approaches in various countries;
(vi) Advocate for policies that will alleviate poverty.
The Vodafone Foundation (2011) is a good example of how businesses
can assist in addressing development challenges. Vodafone Foundation
invests in the communities in which Vodafone operates and is at the centre of a network of Vodafone’s global and local social investment programmes. In Fiji, the Vodafone ATH Foundation (2011) was established
in 2004 and works with communities and NGOs on various programmes
to improve livelihoods.
PacRICS continues to
increase the Internet access
coverage in the region.
51
PART 4
A Closer Look at the
Health-Related MDGs
52
CHILD AND MATERNAL HEALTH
Although most FICs recorded a decline in child mortality, it is variable and
uneven across the FICs (Figure 6)42. However, most FICs are below the global
developing country target. The recent DHSs conducted in PNG, RMI, Solomon Islands, Nauru, Tuvalu, Kiribati and Samoa noted that neonatal deaths43
accounted for close to 40 percent of U5M and over 50 percent of IM44. In the
2010 DHS for FSM, neonatal deaths accounted for 72 percent of IM (FSM,
2011), while neonatal deaths in Tonga accounted for 45 percent of U5M
(Tonga, 2010a).
Fiji (2010) also noted that perinatal deaths underpinned the death rate of
under-five children. While accurate statistics are not available for Vanuatu,
perinatal and neonatal deaths are thought to be under-reported due to the
relatively high rate (20%) of home-deliveries (Vanuatu, 2010). Consequently,
improved service delivery should be targeted for maternity, perinatal45 and
neonatal care (WHO & SPC, 2011a).
Overall, the improvement in child health across FICs is due to higher immunisation coverage, exclusive breastfeeding, child nutrition, IMCI and clean
water and sanitation (WHO & SPC, 2011a). Clean water and sanitation is
important for the prevention of diarrhoeal diseases in children, which is a
major cause of morbidity and mortality of children. FICs that recorded lower
U5M rates also recorded higher access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation (Figures 7 & 8).
WHO & SPC (2009b) noted that MMR (Figure 9)46 was not an appropriate
measure for monitoring maternal health for FICs, with small populations
and few maternal deaths. Nevertheless, FICs that recorded higher skilled
birth attendance also reported lower MMR (Figure 10), while countries that
recorded higher adolescent birth rates also generally recorded higher MMR
(Figure 11). Maternal mortality in adolescent girls is likely to be higher, with
studies conducted in Fiji and Tonga showed that maternal and newborn outcomes were poorer among young mothers under 19 years of age (WHO &
SPC, 2009b).
In addition, prevailing low contraceptive use is an area of concern as many
pregnancies are unintended, which is a contributing factor in maternal and
perinatal morbidity and mortality (WHO & SPC, 2011a). Furthermore, the
poor access to emergency obstetric care (below 40%) also contributes to
higher maternal deaths. FICs with good coverage of emergency obstetric
care and effective referral systems reported zero deaths per year or fewer
than five deaths in a three- to five-year period over the last decade (WHO &
SPC, 2011).
Maternal deaths are becoming rare in SIS, where only one event may be reported over a span of years, such as in Cook Islands, Niue, Palau and Tuvalu
(WHO & SPC, 2011a). An increase in the number of midwives, skilled birth attendance and antenatal coverage, as well as better access to emergency obstetric care are underlying reasons that maternal deaths are rare in smaller
countries. However, it was also noted that a report of zero maternal deaths
could be misleading as death measured the worst outcome of pregnancy
and many non-fatal, near-miss maternal complications occur, which seri-
Figure 6. Under 5 Mortality
Fiji
PNG
Solomon Is
Vanuatu
FSM
Kiribati
Marshall Is
Nauru
Palau
Cook Is
Niue
Samoa
Tonga
Tuvalu
Global
Target: 33
Earliest
Latest
0
40
60
80 100
per 1,000 live births
120
Figure 7. U5M to Access to Safe
Drinking Water
U5M
80
70
Kiribati
PNG
60
50
Nauru
RMI
FSM
40
Solomon Is
30
PalauTonga
Tuvalu
Fiji
Cook Is
Vanuatu
Samoa
20
10
Niue
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Access to Safe Drinking Water (%)
120
Figure 8. U5M to Access to Basic
Sanitation
U5M
80
PNG
70
Kiribati
60
50
RMI
Nauru
FSM
40
Solomon Is
30
Tonga
Fiji
Tuvalu
20
Vanuatu
10
Palau
Cook Is
Samoa
Niue
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Access to Basic Sanitation (%)
120
Figure 9. Maternal Mortality Ratio
Fiji
PNG
Solomon Is
Vanuatu
FSM
Kiribati
Marshall Is
Palau
Cook Is
Niue
Samoa
Tonga
Tuvalu
Developing
Country
Average: 290
Earliest
Latest
0
Figures 6, 7 and 8 are for illustrative purposes only, as data are not strictly comparable across countries.
43
Neonatal death occurs during the first 28 days of life.
44
Averages are weighted by population and calculated from figures cited in WHO & SPC (2011a).
45
The perinatal period is immediately before to after birth.
46
Figures 9, 10 and 11 are for illustrative purposes only, as data are not strictly comparable across countries.
42
20
200
400
600
per 1,000 live births
800
53
ously impact the lives of women.
For countries with larger and dispersed populations, living in remote outer
islands and rural communities where transport is limited (e.g. FSM, Kiribati,
PNG and Solomon Islands); access to reproductive health services is much
more difficult. In these cases, WHO & SPC (2011a) reported that most maternal deaths are related to limited access to emergency obstetric care, as this
care is usually only available in the main urban centres or larger provincial
hospitals.
Maternal mortality rates in PNG at over 700 per 100,000 are the highest in
the region. High maternal mortality in PNG is largely attributable to the low
number of skilled birth attendants present at births, high transport and access costs, inefficient procurement and distribution of basic medical supplies and poor referral procedures for women in need of emergency obstetric care. In PNG, most maternal deaths occur in the 24-48 hours surrounding
delivery, with obstetric hemorrhage the most common cause of mortality
(PNG, 2010). Moreover, many maternal deaths in PNG are related to malaria
and HIV.
FICs have implemented maternal, newborn and child health programs for
decades. According to WHO & SPC (2009b), countries have included child
survival strategies as part of their national health initiatives, including IMCI,
while all national reproductive health programs have the key elements of
the Safe Motherhood Initiative, including antenatal, intra-partum, neonatal
and postnatal care; family planning; and prevention and control of STI including HIV. In some countries, programs also focus on adolescent reproductive health, cervical cancer prevention, men’s involvement in reproductive health, infertility services and post-abortion services.
However, several common factors hinder access and limit coverage of essential maternal and child health services (WHO & SPC, 2011a):
(i)
Lack of strategic direction to translate national policies to sub-national
levels, which have implications on resourcing, implementation and
monitoring at the provincial, divisional and district levels;
(ii)
Weak health systems, underpinned by inadequate human resources,
under-equipped health facilities, inadequate monitoring and sub-optimal health information systems, which hinder effective service delivery;
(iii) Inadequate management and poor coordination of health service delivery results in wastage of limited resources and unnecessary costs;
(iv) Insufficient investment in maternal and child health programs, with
majority of programs funded externally and targeted at national levels,
which limits scaling up and expansion of services at the sub-national
level;
(v)
Figure 10. MMR to Skilled Birth
Attendance
MMR
800
PNG
700
600
500
Palau
400
RMI
300
Kiribati
200
100
0
0
MMR
Solomon Is Vanuatu Tonga
Samoa FSM FijiTuvalu
Cook Is Niue
20
40
60
80
100
120
Skilled Birth Attendance (%)
Figure 11. MMR to Adolescent
Birth Rate
800
PNG
700
600
500
400
Palau
RMI
300
200
100
0
Tonga
Kiribati
Solomon Is
Samoa Vanuatu
Fiji
Niue
Cook IsFSM Tuvalu
0
50
100
Adolescent Birth Rate (%)
150
Maternal, newborn and
child health programs in
place for decades but access
and coverage of maternal
and child health services still
lacking.
Limited use of scientific information and data gaps in maternal and
child health hinder effective policy and planning;
(vi) Inadequate attention given to addressing the social determinants of
health, including issues of gender, human rights, economic, cultural,
political, legal and environmental factors.
In the 2011 Pacific Health Ministers Meeting, WHO & SPC (2011a) recommended two main actions to improve maternal and child health:
(i)
Build on existing policies and strategies to redefine national plans (financing, human resources, and monitoring and implementation at
national and sub-national levels), as well as incorporating effective
leadership and management for results at all levels.
(ii) Build on existing services to repackage a comprehensive and integrated set of interventions delivered through the Continuum of Care
model (see Box 15), with specific plans to improve access for particular
Need to upscale existing
maternal and child health
policies and strategies.
54
N ew Bor n and C hi l d H eal t h ( M N C H ) C ont i nuum of C ar e M odel f or
Box 15. Maternal, New Born and Child Health (MNCH) Continuum of Care Model for Universal Access
HEALTH
HEALTH
SYSTEM
STRENGTHENING
1.
Leadership &
management
2.
Financing and
insurance
3.
4.
Human resources
for health
Medicines and
technologies
SYSTEM
CHILDBIRTH &
DELIVERY;
MATERNAL &
NEONATAL
CARE
PREGNANCY
CARE &
NUTRITION
MNCH
CONTINUUM
OF CARE
STRENGTHENING
POST-PARTUM
CARE
- Nutrition
- Family
Planning
5.
Commodities & supply
chains
6.
Service delivery and
quality of care
7.
Sectoral linkages
8.
Inter-Social determinants of
health and human rights
CHILD
SURVIVAL
- IMCI
- EPI
- Nutrition
Source: WHO & SPC (2011a)
HIV/AIDS, MALARIA & TUBERCULOSIS
Coupled with significant support from AusAID and strong government
commitment, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu are on track to combat malaria. PNG’s malaria program was scaled up in 2009 and a collaborative
approach, similar to that in the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, between
the DOH, Population Services International (PSI) and RAM, is now in
place to tackle malaria (GFATM, 2011e). PNG’s DOH works toward the
procurement and distribution of anti-malarial drugs, as well as improving malaria diagnosis and management at health facilities. On the other
hand, RAM’s main focus is in the distribution of ITN, while PSI is responsible for public awareness and advocacy campaigns.
On HIV/AIDS, of the US$34 million disbursed by the GFATM, US$14 million was directed to PNG, while US$20 million was channeled through
SPC for HIV/AIDS programs in the rest of the FICs. The Round 4 GFATM
grant to PNG focused on community education and behavior change;
management of STIs; reduction of discrimination and violence against
people living with HIV; mobilisation and education of youth; scale-up of
voluntary counseling and testing, treatment and care for people living
with HIV; and prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (GFATM,
2011c). However, the grant performance was generally inadequate, as
the DOH had significant constraints to implement the project, including
human resource issues, together with limited capacities in general program management, financial management, and monitoring and evaluation.
GFATM instrumental to
countries’ progress against
MDG 6.
Figure 12. GFATM Disbursements to FICs,
2003-June 2011
60
50
40
US$M
Across the FICs, financing from the GFATM is a common key factor behind progress made towards MDG 6. To date, a total of US$129 million
was disbursed from the GFATM to FICs since outlays began in 2003 (Figure 12). Slightly over half of the disbursements were towards combating malaria (Figure 13), with US$46 million directed to PNG, while US$23
million was provided through SPC for malaria programs in the Solomon
Islands and Vanuatu.
30
20
10
0
TB
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
0.7 0.5 0.7 0.4 1.8 3.3 4.3 11.0 3.2
HIV/AIDS 0.7 1.2 3.6 1.5 4.3 5.5 11.0 4.5 1.4
Malaria
0.9 3.5 4.2 3.0 4.7 7.1 36.4 7.5 2.0
Source: GFATM (2011b)
Figure 13. Total GFATM
Disbursements to FICs,
2003-June 2011
TB
US$26m
HIV/
AIDS
US$34m
Malaria
US$69m
Source: GFATM (2011b)
55
Gender inequality, particularly gender based violence (GBV) is one of the
key factors driving the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Consequently, PNG (2010)
reports that reversing the course of the epidemic will depend, to a significant degree, on the empowerment of women. GBV and related factors
are also major contributors to the high level of maternal mortality and a
major deterrent to the achievement of all MDGs in PNG. However, very
little progress has been made to address GBV in the country.
The Round 7 GFATM grant directed through SPC funded activities that
strengthened human resources dedicated to HIV and other STIs; advocacy for legal reforms and the provision of legal advice to decision-makers;
provision of test kits and drugs for STIs, including ARVs; campaigns aimed
at increasing the availability of free condoms to key populations in all participating countries, as well as condom social marketing initiatives; and
counselor training at the national level (GFATM, 2011d). Countries supported by this grant included Cook Islands, RMI, FSM, Kiribati, Nauru, Niue,
Palau, Samoa, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. Solomon Islands only received
ARV treatment under this program.
Gender based violence
major obstacle in combating
HIV/AIDS in PNG.
GFATM funds a range of
HIV/AIDS activities in many
island countries.
Total outlays so far to regional TB activities was US$26 million, of which
US$11 million was granted to PNG and close to US$10 million was directed through SPC to the rest of the FICs47. The Round 6 GFATM grant to
expand and implement the Stop TB Program in PNG has generally performed adequately. However, the HIV/AIDS epidemic continues to be a
major barrier.
Built on the experiences and successes of the Round 2 GFATM grant, the
main purpose for the Round 7 grant through SPC was to reach the goal
of the Strategic Plan to Stop TB in the Western Pacific, which was to halve
the prevalence and mortality from all forms of TB by 2010 relative to 2000,
thereby contributing to the achievement of MDG 6 (GFATM, 2011a).
The Round 7 Program focused efforts on sustaining and optimising quality DOTS and exceeding the Stop TB Partnership targets for case detection
and treatment; ensuring equitable access to high-quality TB care for all
people with TB; and adapting DOTS to respond to MDR-TB and TB/HIV coinfection48. Despite these efforts, SPC (2010f ) reported that the regional
(excluding PNG) TB control targets49 were narrowly missed. Similarly, the
target for the TB case detection rate, a measure of the effectiveness of TB
programs, was also narrowly missed. However, SPC noted that the incidence of TB was trending downward and an acceleration of TB control
programs was required across the region.
GFATM-funded TB regional
project narrowly misses
target on halving TB
prevalence and mortality.
Although much more work is needed to accelerate progress towards
achieving MDG 6 by 2015, the majority of the grants are in its final stages,
particularly the multi-country funding (Figure 14). In addition, there are
currently no GFATM grants in progress to combat HIV/AIDS in PNG, which
is an area of concern given the epidemic there.
Moreover, concerns over the $8.3 billion shortfall in pledges received in
the 2010 Global Fund Replenishment (for 2011-2013) Meeting50, as well as
the freezing of funding by major donors following corruption allegations
in early 201151, could possibly have an impact on the region’s Round 11
proposals. Given the costly nature of the programs needed to combat
these diseases, FICs’ progress towards achieving MDG 6 will be critically
dependent on the funding levels received in the years prior to 2015.
Continued support from
GFATM is needed to
accelerate progress towards
MDG 6.
This excludes Fiji and Solomon Islands, which received direct funds from the GFATM of US$3.4m and US$1.6m, respectively. See GFATM (2011a).
Countries supported by this grant include Cook Islands, Kiribati, RMI, FSM, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Samoa, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. See GFATM (2011a).
49
The regional target was to reduce TB prevalence and mortality by 50% by 2010.
50
See WHO (2011a)
51
See The Economist (2011).
47
48
56
Figure 14. GFATM Disbursement Timeline
PNG: GFATM Disbursement Timeline
2004
2005
2007
2009
2010
2011
Round 3 Malaria in Closure
Round 4 HIV/AIDS in Closure
In Progress
Funds Not Yet Disbursed
Round 8 Malaria
US$20m
In Progress
Funds Not Yet Disbursed
US$8m
Round 3 Malaria
Round 4 HIV/AIDS
Round 6 TB
SPC Multicountry: GFATM Disbursement Timeline
2003
Round 2 Malaria
2006
2007
2008
2011
Round 2 Malaria Closed
In Progress
Funds Not Yet Disbursed
US$5m
Round 5 Malaria
Round 2 HIV/AIDS
Round 2 HIV/AIDS in Closure
In Progress
Funds Not Yet Disbursed
US$3m
Round 7 HIV/AIDS
Round 2 TB
Round 2 TB in Closure
In Progress
Funds Not Yet Disbursed
US$2m
Round 7 TB
Note: The year corresponding to the Rounds in Closure denotes the last year that disbursements were received. Funds not yet disbursed are rounded figures.
Source: GFATM (2011)
NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
In June 2011, through the Honiara Communiqué, Pacific Health Ministers
declared that the region is facing a NCD crisis due to the rapid increase in
the incidence and prevalence of NCDs. WHO & SPC (2011c) reported that
of the estimated 63,900 adult deaths (from natural causes) that occurred
in all PICTs in 2010, approximately 75 percent were attributable to NCDs.
The Pacific also has the highest prevalence of obesity and diabetes in the
world (Puloka, 2011).
Most NCD-related deaths in the region are due to cardiovascular disease,
followed by cancer (Puloka, 2011). Moreover, most island countries exhibit relatively high levels of tobacco use and alcohol consumption, poor
diet practices and low levels of physical activity, the main factors that
contribute to NCDs (Tables 28 & 29).
NCD crisis – 3 in 4 deaths
in the region attributable
to NCDs. High risk factors
observed.
57
Table 28
Prevalence of Behavioural Risk Factors for NCDs
Daily Tobacco Use
(%)
Current Alcohol Use
(%)
Low Fruit & Vegetables
(%)
Low Physical Activity
(%)
Obesity
(%)
Year Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female
Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Fiji
2002
28
6
16
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
21
37
PNG
2007
60
27
44
13
2
7
99
99
99
9
11
10
5
9
7
Solomon Is
2006
44
17
31
52
15
34
93
94
94
37
47
42
26
40
33
Vanuatu
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
FSM
2002
35
16
26
48
10
29
81
82
82
56
74
64
30
56
43
Kiribati
2006
74
45
59
47
6
26
99
99
99
42
57
50
42
59
51
Marshall Is
2002
35
5
21
…
…
…
92
91
91
45
55
50
38
52
…
Nauru
2004
45
53
50
…
…
…
98
96
97
47
57
52
72
77
…
Palau
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
MELANESIA
30
MICRONESIA
POLYNESIA
Cook Is
2003
38
29
33
74
51
63
86
83
85
72
76
74
57
66
61
Niue
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Samoa
2002
49
18
35
80
48
75
44
42
43
38
64
50
45
66
55
Tonga
2004
42
13
27
…
…
…
71
68
69
35
50
42
61
77
69
Tuvalu
2008
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Crude Point Estimates for Population Aged 25-64
Source: PICT NCD Risk Factor STEPS Reports cited in SPC (2011c)
… Data not available.
Table 29
Prevalence of Biochemical Risk Factors for NCDs
High Cholesterol
(%)
Year
Male
Female
Hypertension
(%)
Total
Diabetes
(%)
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
High Risk of NCDs
(%)
Total
Male
Female
Total
…
MELANESIA
Fiji
2002
…
…
47
21
22
22
…
…
23
…
…
PNG
2007
…
…
…
10
7
9
15
14
14
28
15
22
Solomon Is
2006
20
29
25
11
11
11
15
12
14
48
44
46
Vanuatu
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
MICRONESIA
FSM
2002
48
45
47
27
16
21
26
37
32
53
61
57
Kiribati
2006
24
31
28
21
14
17
30
27
28
78
72
75
Marshall Is
2002
…
…
29
17
14
16
…
…
41
62
58
…
Nauru
2004
…
…
18
33
20
24
…
…
23
79
80
79
Palau
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
2004
28
21
25
38
21
30
26
21
24
77
67
72
Samoa
2002
…
…
…
…
…
…
21
22
22
36
32
34
Tonga
2004
…
…
…
27
20
23
17
19
18
…
…
…
Tuvalu
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
POLYNESIA
Cook Is
Niue
Crude Point Estimates for Population Aged 25-64
Source: PICT NCD Risk Factor STEPS Reports cited in SPC (2011c)
… Data not available.
58
There is growing recognition and evidence that the socioeconomic impact of NCDs is a key barrier to the achievement of the MDGs (WHO,
2011b). Preventing NCDs is important for reducing poverty because it
has an adverse impact on productivity, which could lead to lost employment. In addition, the high cost of treatment can also lower household
incomes, as well as divert expenditure away from education, impacting
the achievement of MDG 2.
NCDs also have strong links with maternal and child health (WHO,
2011a). High blood pressure and diabetes increase the risk of complications in pregnancy, affecting maternal health. Smoking also has the potential to affect infant health – mothers who smoke are likely to breastfeed for a shorter time and have less nutritious and lower quantities of
milk. The growing burden of NCDs could also derail the fight against TB,
as diabetes, smoking and harmful alcohol use have been associated with
adult TB cases. The association between diabetes mellitus and TB is well
documented in the Pacific, where it is now accepted that it is a significant
risk factor for TB (SPC, 2010b).
Although NCDs is not included under MDG 6, the majority of FICs, in
recognition of its importance, have included combating NCDs as an additional target. All countries in Micronesia and Polynesia, as well as Vanuatu, have localised MDG 6 to include NCDs. Except for Kiribati, Marshall
Islands and Tuvalu, where NCDs are discussed generally in their national
MDG Reports, Vanuatu, FSM, Palau, Cook Islands, Niue, Samoa and Tonga
have indentified particular NCDs and risk factors to monitor progress on
combating NCDs.
Diabetes is targeted in all of these countries, with some countries including hypertension and/or cardiovascular disease. Niue also identified
asthma and gout as one of its NCD indicators. Obesity is the common
behavioural risk factor included for all the countries. In addition, Vanuatu
developed specific targets against each of its indicators, while Tonga has
a general target of reducing NCDs by 2 percent per year by 2015. Of the
countries that included specific indicators, Niue reported that there was
potential likelihood it would successfully combat NCDs; FSM, Samoa and
Tonga reported being off-track; while Cook Islands and Palau were not
sure (Table 30) .
Although it is not clear from Vanuatu’s national MDG Report as to its progress towards combating NCDs, the reported figures for the stated targets have increased from 1998 to 2007. Consequently, Vanuatu could be
considered off track to achieving its MDG targets on NCDs (see Box 16).
NCDs is a key barrier to
achieving the MDGs
All FICs, except Fiji, PNG and
Solomon Islands included
NCDs as part of MDG 6.
Table 30
Combating NCDs
MELANESIA
Fiji
Target not included
PNG
Target not included
Solomon Is
Target not included
Vanuatu
Off track
MICRONESIA
FSM
Off track*
Kiribati
Discussed; Not Assessed
Marshall Is
Discussed; Not Assessed
Nauru
No MDG Report
Palau
Uncertain*
POLYNESIA
Cook Is
Niue
Samoa
Unsure*
Potentially*
Off track*
Tonga
Off track*
Tuvalu
Discussed; Not Assessed
Note: *Assessment as reported by the country.
59
Box 16. Vanuatu: MDG Targets on NCDs
Prevalence rate of diabetes, per 1,000 adult population
Prevalence rate of high blood pressure
Proportion of adult populations with NCD risk factors, smoking, males
Proportion of adult populations with NCD risk factors, smoking, females
Proportion of adult populations with NCD risk factors, alcohol use, males
Proportion of adult populations with NCD risk factors, alcohol use, females
Proportion of adult populations with NCD risk factors, obesity, males
Proportion of adult populations with NCD risk factors, obesity, females
Proportion of adult populations with NCD risk factors, physical inactivity, total
1998
2007
2015 Target
3%
13%
49%
5%
50%
…
12%
19%
22%
12%
15%
62%
6%
60%
11%
22%
29%
45%
10%
13%
30%
3%
25%
8%
20%
25%
25%
Source: Vanuatu (2010)
Even though Fiji did not localise NCDs into the achievement of MDG 6 in
its latest national MDG Report, its government does recognise that addressing NCDs is important for Fiji to achieve the MDGs (Vuibau, 2011).
For PNG and Solomon Islands, while there is evidence that NCDs are increasing, communicable diseases are the major health concerns.
In 2007, a Pacific Framework for the Prevention and Control of NCDs was
developed with a four-year comprehensive program of support, established in partnership with SPC, WHO and the 22 PICs, which was funded
by Australia and New Zealand (WHO & SPC, 2011d). This collaborative effort, the ‘2-1-22 Pacific NCD Program’ aims to reduce morbidity, disability
and mortality due to NCDs and their risk factors, thus contributing to
WHO’s global goal of reducing death rates from chronic diseases by 2
percent a year until 201552.
The Program includes the preparation of national NCD plans and strategies and the integration of NCD policies on tobacco, nutrition, physical activity, alcohol, diabetes and cancer into national programmes. The
Framework supports multi-sectoral approaches to addressing NCDs, given that contributing factors to the NCD problem fall outside the health
sector and equally impact on the fight against NCDs. Since the program
was established, some key highlights include (WHO & SPC, 2011d and
SPC, 2010e):
•
•
•
•
Annual Pacific NCDs Forum;
12 new national NCD plans developed;
15 national NCD coordinators appointed;
78 small grants for community projects to address key NCD risk
factors. For example, Tobacco Control Summit (FSM), walking
and fitness trails (Samoa), ‘Go Local’ food security project (FSM),
community gardening (Solomon Islands, Fiji, FSM), physical activity interventions (Niue, Nauru), tobacco legislation implementation (Cook Islands, Tuvalu).
NCDs affect PNG and
Solomon Islands to a lesser
extent, compared to other
FICs.
2-1-22 Pacific NCD
Framework aims to reduce
the burden of NCDs.
Some progress but
overall response to NCDs
inadequate; calls for more
concerted government
leadership.
WHO set this goal in 2005 for achievement by 2015 (WHO, 2005). CHronic diseases include heart disease, stroke, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes. Chronic diseases can include
communicable diseases such as cervical cancer and liver cancer.
52
60
Despite progress in the implementation of the 2-1-22 Framework, WHO
& SPC (2011d) reported that the overall response was inadequate given
the prevailing NCD burden, underpinned by the lack of bold, evidencebased multi-sectoral policies. This was a result of the absence of sustained and committed government leadership, as well as insufficient allocation of resources for NCD prevention by governments, coupled with
weak health infrastructure systems. In addition, there was weak engagement from the communities in NCD programs. The 2-1-22 Framework is
currently being reviewed and key lessons from the review will guide the
next phase of support for NCD prevention and control.
With the upcoming 2011 UN High Level Meeting on NCDs, Pacific Health
Ministers through the Honiara Communiqué echoed other international
calls to “adopt a small number of global and publicly reported targets for
NCDs that can be adapted to national context”. In July 2011, the WHO
Technical Working Group on NCDs Targets (WHO, 2011d) proposed
several NCD targets and indicators, including a 25 percent reduction in
premature mortality from NCDs and a 10 percent reduction in the prevalence of diabetes by 2025, with 2010 as a baseline. Interim targets are
expected to be set for 2015 and 2020. This is an important development,
especially if these targets are also included as part of the MDGs.
HEALTH FINANCING
WHO (2010b) outlined three fundamental, interrelated problems that
restrict countries from moving toward universal health coverage: availability of resources, inefficient and inequitable use of resources, as well
as over-reliance on direct payments at the time people need health care.
To this end, a few indicators are examined to assess the state of health
financing in the region. However, more detailed research is needed in
this area to make substantial conclusions.
Government commitment to health can be assessed by examining public
health expenditure53 as a percentage of total government expenditure.
Collectively, in 2010, 15 percent of government spending was towards
the health sector54. FSM recorded the highest spending on health, with
21 percent, almost double from 10 years ago (Figure 15). Public spending on health has increased steadily over the years, which is consistent
with the high cost of health service delivery in FSM due to its dispersed
population.
Other notable increases in public health expenditure were recorded in
Tuvalu, Kiribati, Vanuatu, Palau and Samoa. Incidentally, these countries
are generally making good progress towards the health-related MDGs.
Despite a slight reduction, public health expenditure in RMI and Solomon Islands is still comparatively high at 20 and 17 percent, respectively.
Majority of FICs allocated more than 10 percent towards health except
for PNG and Fiji, at 8 and 9 percent, respectively. Given PNG’s poor performance on all the health-related MDGs, the low level of commitment
and reduction of public health expenditure55 is an area of concern.
Three barriers to universal
health coverage:
Availability of resources;
Inefficient use of resources;
Reliance on direct payments.
Figure 15. Public Health Expenditure
(% of Total Government Expenditure)
Fiji
PNG
Solomon Islands
Vanuatu
FSM
Kiribati
Marshall Is
Palau
Samoa
2000
Tonga
2009
Tuvalu
0
5
10
15
20
25
Source: Estimated by the World Bank (2011)
Public health expenditure consists of recurrent and capital spending from government (central and local) budgets, external borrowings and grants (including donations from international
agencies and non governmental organisations), and social (or compulsory) health insurance funds. See World Bank (2011).
54
Calculated from World Bank (2011) data, excluding Nauru, Cook Islands and Niue, for which data is not available.
55
In 2000, public health expenditure as a percent of total government expenditure was 10 percent (World Bank, 2011).
53
61
Support from development partners to improve the health sectors in
FICs is indicated by the external resources for health56 as a percentage
of total health expenditure57 (Figure 16). Generally, countries in Micronesia are heavily dependent on external resources for health expenditure,
with external resources accounting for an average of 50 percent of total
health spending. COFA support to FSM, RMI and Palau, as well as Australia’s aid assistance to Kiribati are the major likely sources for health
expenditure in these countries. Despite the high levels of public and external resources to health in FSM and RMI, they are each off track on one
of the health-related MDGs58.
A significant increase in the external resources provided to the health
sectors in the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu was also noted, which is
a contributing factor to their progress on the MDGs. For PNG, around
20 percent of health spending in 2010 was from external resources, a
decline from 24 percent recorded in 2000. Coupled with the reduction
in public expenditure on health, as well as lack of new funds from the
GFATM towards HIV/AIDS to address the epidemic, this is a major area of
concern. Fiji has the lowest external resources for health, at 3 percent of
total health expenditure in 2010, which declined from 7 percent in 2000.
Universal health coverage is difficult to achieve if public financing is less
than 5 percent of GDP (WHO, 2009). Higher government spending generally provides adequate public infrastructure and health service delivery at subsidised cost, which reduces the need to access private health
services, where out-of-pocket (OOP) payments are usually required at
the point of service delivery. Fiji, Vanuatu and PNG are the only countries
where public health expenditure is less than 5 percent of GDP (Figure 17).
These countries also have comparatively high OOP payments (Figure 18).
In Fiji, OOP payments have increased to 16 percent of total health expenditure, one of the highest in the region. OOP payments in Vanuatu
and PNG are also comparatively high at 12 and 9 percent, respectively.
With the increase in public health expenditure (as a percentage of GDP)
in Samoa and Tonga, a corresponding fall in OOP payments was recorded during the same time period. However, OOP payments as a percentage of total health spending in Tonga remain the highest in the region,
at 18 percent. Generally, OOP payments in the region are relatively low
by international standards, with global experience indicating that OOP
higher than 30 percent of total health expenditure is a major obstacle to
universal coverage (WHO, 2009).
However, the current NCD crisis in the region, if not addressed urgently,
could lead to more OOP payments on health care. Treatment for cardiovascular diseases and cancer, the major NCDs in the region, can be
protracted and therefore extremely expensive. A likely reason for the
relatively higher OOP payments in Tonga could be a result of the high
burden of NCDs there. However, this observation needs to be substantiated by a more detailed study.
Figure 16. External Resources for Health
(% of Total Expenditure on Health)
Fiji
PNG
Solomon Islands
Vanuatu
FSM
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Palau
Samoa
2000
Tonga
2009
Tuvalu
0
20
40
60
80
Source: Estimated by the World Bank (2011)
Figure 17. Public Health Expenditure
(% of GDP)
Fiji
PNG
Solomon Islands
Vanuatu
FSM
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Palau
2000
Samoa
2009
Tonga
Tuvalu
0
5
10
15
20
25
Source: Estimated by the World Bank (2011)
Figure 18. Out-of-pocket Health Expenditure
(% of Total Expenditure on Health)
2000
2009
Source: Estimated by the World Bank (2011)
External resources are funds or services in kind that are provided by entities not part of the country in question. The resources may come from international organisations, other countries
through bilateral arrangements, or foreign non governmental organisations. See World Bank (2011).
57
Total health expenditure is the sum of public and private health expenditures. It covers the provision of health services (preventive and curative), family planning activities, nutrition activities,
and emergency aid designated for health but does not include provision of water and sanitation. See World Bank (2011).
58
FSM is off track on improving maternal health, while RMI is off track to combat both HIV/AIDS and TB. However, RMI is performing relatively better as it is on track to reduce child mortality and
improved maternal health.
56
62
KEY CHALLENGES
In 1995, Ministers of Health for the Pacific island countries envisioned
‘Healthy Islands’, a unifying theme for health protection and health promotion in the Pacific, with three central themes:
(i)
The predominant and growing burden of NCDs;
(ii) The lingering burden of infectious diseases and the dangers of
their re-emergence;
(iii) The need to support health systems to cope with the double burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases.
Consistent with the overarching theme of ‘Healthy Islands’, the 2009 Madang Commitment addresses a broad spectrum of health issues from
NCDs and communicable diseases to the need to strengthen health systems. However, there was also a call for the revitalisation of the ‘Healthy
Islands’ vision, with a focus on strengthening primary health care.
‘Healthy Islands’ vision to be
revitalised.
WHO & SPC (2011b) reported that while there was significant progress
in implementing the recommendations of the Madang Commitment,
progress was not uniform across all countries, and highlighted several
key challenges.
Firstly, most countries faced the double burden of communicable and
non-communicable disease. NCDs are the leading cause of death and
morbidity, while HIV/AIDS, malaria and dengue continue to pose significant challenges to health. In addition, there is the ever-present threat of
emerging infections, such as avian flu and pandemic influenza A (H1N1).
Consequently, it was important to sustain policies and programmes to
control and prevent communicable diseases, while efforts to address
NCDs need to be scaled up. As most provincial and district health services still have a communicable-disease orientation, primary health care
services desperately need to also focus on addressing NCDs.
Secondly, health systems need to be strengthened. To this end, WHO
proposed a framework of six building blocks to analyse health systems:
service delivery; information; medical products and technology; human
resources; health financing; and leadership. For effective results, these
interactive building blocks must be considered in a holistic fashion. In
addition, shortage of health workers is a chronic problem due to migration and fewer trained health workers. Strong leadership and political
commitment, with the support of development partners was needed to
overcome the health workforce challenges.
Thirdly, as many of the underlying causes of disease are outside the control of health ministries, effective multi-sectoral partnerships are needed
to address the relevant issues. This approach is particularly important
given resource constraints (human, financial and infrastructural), and the
weakness of the regulatory environment, especially of the private sector,
which is needed to promote inter-sectoral engagement.
Address the double burden
of disease; Scale up efforts
to address the NCD crisis.
Strengthen health systems
and improve health human
resources.
Multi-sectoral approach
needed.
63
Fourthly, the impact of climate change through adverse weather conditions, poses clear and imminent risks to the health of Pacific peoples,
and in some cases, threaten the survival of entire island populations. The
impact of climate change has the potential to overwhelm already frail
health systems, highlighting the critical importance of disaster risk reduction and emergency preparedness and response systems.
Adverse impact of climate
change on Pacific lives and
health systems call for better
disaster risk management.
Finally, there is a need to strengthen development coordination. This
is because there is a high degree of reliance on project-based health financing, which lacks long-term predictability and flexibility. Moreover,
the number of agencies involved in public health has increased and so
too the potential for duplication of effort. Mechanisms for aid effectiveness and sector coordination are in early stages of development.
Need to strengthen
development coordination
in the health sector.
64
ANNEX 1
Statistical Notes and Country Tables
65
Statistical Notes
For data sourced from the United Nations Statistics Division’s MDGs Indicators Database (see UN, 2011), the nature of the data is as follows:
Country Data: The figure is the one produced and disseminated by the
country (including data adjusted by the country to meet international
standards).
Country Adjusted Data: The figure is the one produced and provided
by the country, but adjusted by the international agency for international comparability to comply with internationally agreed standards, definitions and classifications.
Estimated Data: The figure is estimated by the international agency,
when corresponding country data on a specific year or set of years are
not available, or when multiple sources exist, or there are issues of data
quality. Estimates are based on national data, such as surveys or administrative records, or other sources but on the same variable being estimated.
Modeled Data: The figure is by the agency when there is a complete
lack of data on the variable being estimated. The model is based on a set
of covariates – other variables for which data are available and that can
explain the phenomenon.
The international agencies responsible for the particular MDG indicator
are listed in Table A1.
MDG INDICATORS
RESPONSIBLE AGENCY
MDG 1 Indicators
MDG INDICATORS
RESPONSIBLE AGENCY
MDG 7 Indicators
1.1, 1.2, 1.3
World Bank
7.1
FAO
1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7
ILO
7.2a, 7.2b, 7.3c
UNFCC
1.8, 1.9
UNICEF
7.3
UNEP
7.4
FAO
7.5
FAO/UN-Water
MDG 2 Indicators
2.1, 2.2, 2.3
UIS
MDG 3 Indicators
7.6
UNEP-WCMC
3.1a, 3.1b, 3.1c
UIS
7.7
UNEP-WCMC
3.2
ILO
7.8
UNICEF
3.3
Inter-Parliamentary Union
7.9
WHO
7.10
UN-HABITAT
MDG 4 Indicators
4.1, 4.2, 4.3
UNICEF
MDG 5 Indicators
MDG 8 Indicators
8.5
OECD
5.1, 5.2
UNICEF
8.12
World Bank
5.3, 5.4
UN DESA
8.14, 8.15, 8.16
ITU
5.5
WHO/UNICEF
5.6
UNFPA/UN DESA
MDG 6 Indicators
6.1
UNAIDS
6.2, 6.3, 6.4
UNICEF
6.5
WHO
6.6a, 6.6b,
WHO
6.7, 6.8
UNICEF
6.9a, 6.9b, 6.9c, 6.10a, 6.10b
WHO
66
MDG 6
MDG 5
MDG 4
MDG 3
MDG 2
MDG 1
Cook Islands
Earliest
Latest
Source
28.4
(2006)
SPC from 2005-06 HIES
…
-1.3
(2008)
(2008)
NSO cited in [1]
1.1
Basic needs poverty (%)
…
1.2
Poverty gap ratio (%)
…
1.3
Poorest quintile in national consumption (%)
…
1.4
Growth rate of GDP per person employed (%)
…
1.5
Employment-to-population ratio (%)
…
1.6
Employed living below $1 (PPP) per day (%)
…
1.7
Own-account and unpaid family workers (%)
…
1.8
Underweight children under age 5 (%)
…
1.9
Food poverty (%)
…
2.0
(2006)
2005-06 HIES cited in [1]
2.1
Net enrolment ratio in primary education (%)
92.0
(2001)
99.0
(2009)
MOE cited in [1]
2.2
Reaches last grade in primary education (%)
99.9
(1986)
*
83.0
(2009)
**
2.3
Literacy rates of 15-24 years old (%)
99.0
(2001)
99.0
(2009e)
3.1a
Gender parity index in primary education
98.0
(1991)
*
96.0
(2009)
**
MOE cited in *[2],**[1]
3.1b
Gender parity index in secondary education
112.0
(1990)
*
102.0
(2009)
**
MOE cited in *[2],**[1]
3.1c
Gender parity index in tertiary education
86.0
(1990)
100.0
(2001)
55.0
(2006)
*
4.2
(2011)
**
*[2], **PIFS extrapolated from [3]
18.4
(2006)
**
*[4], **[5]
…
62.9
…
[2] NSO cited in [1]
…
…
3.2
Women in the non-agricultural sector (%)
46.0
(2001)
3.3
Seats held by women in parliament (%)
6.0
(1991)
4.1
Under 5 mortality (per 1,000 live births)
26.1
(1996-2002) *
4.2
Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births)
16.0
(1991-97)
*
13.9
(2006)
**
Measles immunisation of 1 year old (%)
83.0
(2001)
97.0
(2008)
5.1
Maternal mortality (per 100,000 live births)
485.4
(1991-2001) *
0.0
(2008)
**
5.2
Skilled birth attendance (%)
98.0
(2001)
Contraceptive prevalence rate (%)
47.2
(2001)
5.4
Adolescent birth rate (per 1,000 females)
33.0
(2001)
5.5
Antenatal care coverage, ≥ 1 visit (%)
100.0
(2001)
5.6
Unmet need for family planning (%)
…
6.1
HIV prevalence of 15-24 years old (%)
0.0
(2001)
6.2
Condom use at last high-risk sex (%)
43.8
(2001)
6.3
15-24 years old awareness of HIV/AIDS (%)
…
6.4
Orphans to non-orphans attending school
n/a
6.5
Access to antiretroviral drugs (%)
n/a
6.6a
Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000)
n/a
6.6b
Malaria death rate (per 100,000)
n/a
6.7
Under 5 sleeping under bed-nets (%)
n/a
6.8
Under 5 treated with anti-malarial drugs (%)
n/a
6.9a
TB prevalence rates (per 100,000)
5.9
NSO cited in [1]
MOE cited in [2]
NSO cited in [1]
4.3
5.3
*NSO cited in [2], **MOE cited in [1]
*[6], **[5]
MOH cited in [1]
MOH cited in *[2],**[1]
100.0
(2008)
…
24.0
(2009)
100.0
(2008)
MOH cited in [1]
0.0
(2008)
…
MOH cited in [1]
n/a
(2008)
**
MOH cited in [1]
MOH cited in[1]
MOH cited in [1]
…
MOH cited in [1]
…
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
(1991)
*
0.0
6.9b
TB death rates (per 100,000)
5.3
(1991)
*
0.0
(2008)
**
6.9c
TB incidence rates (per 100,000)
…
0.0
(2008)
6.10a
TB detection rate under DOTS (%)
32.0
(1998)
*
0.0
(2008)
**
6.10b
TB cure rate under DOTS (%)
…
n/a
*WHO cited in [2], **MOH cited in [1]
*WHO cited in [2], **MOH cited in [1]
MOH cited in [1]
*WHO cited in [2], **MOH cited in [1]
MOH cited in [1]
67
Cook Islands
MDG 8
MDG 7
7.1
Proportion of land area covered by forest (%)
Earliest
63.9
(1990)
7.2a
CO2 emissions, total (‘000 metric tons)
22.0
(1990)
7.2b
CO2 emissions, per capita (metric tons)
1.2
(1990)
7.2c
CO2 emissions, per $1 GDP (PPP) (kg)
…
7.3
Use of ODS (ODP metric tons)
0.1
7.4
Fish stocks within safe biological limits (%)
…
7.5
Total water resources used (%)
7.6
7.7
Latest
Source
66.5
Estimated data cited in [7]
70.0
(2008)
3.6
(2008)
Global monitoring data cited in [7]
(2009)
Country data cited in [7]
(2005)
Global monitoring data cited in [7]
…
(1991)
0.0
…
…
Protected terrestrial and marine areas (%)
0.0
(1990)
0.1
(2010)
Species threatened with extinction (%)
…
…
98.0
(2008)
100.0
(2008)
0.0
(2008)
MFEM cited in [1]
…
Estimated data cited in [7]
Estimated data cited in [7]
7.8
Using an improved drinking water source (%)
94.0
(1990)
7.9
Using an improved sanitation facility (%)
96.0
(1990)
Estimated data cited in [7]
7.10
Urban population living in slums (%)
0.0
(2001)
8.1
OECD net ODA (% GNI)
n/a
8.2
ODA to basic social services (%)
19.0
(2001)
26.9
(2008)
8.3
ODA that is untied (%)
67.6
(1991)
*
84.8
(2001)
**
8.4
ODA to landlocked developing countries
n/a
n/a
8.9
(2008)
…
Office of the Prime Minister cited in [1]
n/a
8.5
Net ODA (% of GNI)
21.0
(2001)
8.6
Duty free exports to developed countries (%)
…
8.7
Average tariffs by developed countries
n/a
8.8
OECD agricultural support (% of GDP)
n/a
MFEM cited in *[2] & **[1]
MFEM cited in [1]
n/a
n/a
8.9
ODA to build trade capacity (%)
2.6
(1999)
*
10.0
(2008)
**
8.10
Countries reached HIPC points (no.)
n/a
n/a
8.11
Debt relief committed under HIPC and MDRI Initiatives n/a
8.12
Debt service (% of exports)
Telecom Cook Islands Limited cited in [7]
…
MFEM cited in *[2] & **[1]
n/a
…
8.13
Population with access to essential drugs (%)
100.0
(1991)
*
100.0
(2008)
**
8.14
Telephone lines per 100 population
16.8
(1990)
34.3
(2008)
8.15
Cellular subscribers per 100 population
0.0
(1990)
33.9
(2008)
8.16
Internet users per 100 population
0.0
(1990)
25.4
(2008)
MOH cited in *[2] & **[1]
Telecom Cook Islands Limited cited in [7]
ITU estimate cited in [7]
On track
Off track
Mixed
… Data not available
n/a Indicator not applicable to country context
[1] Cook Islands, Office of the Prime Minister, National Millennium Development Goals Report, Cook Islands 2009. Available from http://www.stats.gov.ck.
[2] Cook Islands, Office of the Prime Minister, Millennium Development Goals National Report 2005. Available from http://www.stats.gov.ck.
[3] Lesley Clark and Charmaine Rodrigues, Utilising Temporary Special Measures to Promote Gender Balance in Pacific Legislatures: A Guide to Options. (Suva, Fiji: UNDP & PIFS, 2008).
[4] SPC, Demographic Profile of Cook Islands, 1996–2002. Available from http://www.stats.gov.ck.
[5] Cook Islands, Statistics Office, Cook Islands 2006 Census of Population and Housing: Analytical Report. Available from http://www.stats.gov.ck
[6] Secretariat of the Pacific, Cook Islands Population Profile Based on 1996 Census: A Guide for Planners and Policy-Makers. Available from http://www.stats.gov.ck.
[7] United Nations Statistics Division, Millennium Development Goals Indicators Database. Available from http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg (accessed 15 July 2011).
68
Federated States of Micronesia
MDG 5
MDG 4
MDG 3
MDG 2
MDG 1
1.1
Basic needs poverty (%)
27.9
(1998)
9.8
(1998)
…
Latest
31.4
9.3
(2005)
8.5
(2005)
0.4
(2009)
(2000)
Census data cited in [2]
1.2
Poverty gap ratio (%)
1.3
Poorest quintile in national consumption (%)
1.4
Growth rate of GDP per person employed (%)
1.5
Employment-to-population ratio (%)
1.6
Employed living below $1 (PPP) per day (%)
1.7
Own-account and unpaid family workers (%)
1.8
Underweight children under age 5 (%)
1.9
Food poverty (%)
2.1
Net enrolment ratio in primary education (%)
2.2
Reaches last grade in primary education (%)
2.3
Literacy rates of 15-24 years old (%)
96.4
(1994)
3.1a
Gender parity index in primary education
92.0
(1994)
3.1b
Gender parity index in secondary education
98.0
3.1c
Gender parity index in tertiary education
70.0
…
43.6
(2005)
Source
[1]
[1]
[1]
[2]
(1994)
58.6
…
…
13.3
(1989)
*
15.0
(2005)
**
11.2
(1998)
13.1
(2005)
[1]
…
96.0
(2009)
DOE cited in [2]
95.1
(2000)
Census data cited in [2]
*
96.0
(2009)
**
*Census data & **DOE cited in [2]
(1994)
*
102
(2009)
**
*Census data & **DOE cited in [2]
(1994)
107.0
(2000)
Census data cited in [2]
…
…
…
*National Nutrition Survey & **DHSA cited in [2]
…
3.2
Women in the non-agricultural sector (%)
14.8
(1994)
14.4
(2000)
3.3
Seats held by women in parliament (%)
0.0
(1997)
0.0
(2010)
Country data cited in [3]
4.1
Under 5 mortality (per 1,000 live births)
57.7
(1990)
38.5
(2009)
Estimated data cited in [3]
Census data cited in [2]
4.2
Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births)
19.5
(1999)
13.0
(2009)
4.3
Measles immunisation of 1 year old (%)
79.0
(1999)
91.0
(2009)
DHSA (Family Health Unit) cited in [2]
5.1
Maternal mortality (per 100,000 live births)
224.0
(1994)
0.0
(2009)
DHSA cited in [2]
93.0
(1998)
90.0
(2008)
45.0
(1990)
40.0
(2009)
DHSA cited in [2]
90.0
(1990)
*
41.5
(2008)
**
*Census data & **DHSA cited in [2]
9.7
(1999)
34.7
(2009)
DHSA (Family Health Unit) cited in [2]
0.0
(2009)
5.2
Skilled birth attendance (%)
5.3
Contraceptive prevalence rate (%)
5.4
Adolescent birth rate (per 1,000 females)
5.5
Antenatal care coverage, ≥ 1 visit (%)
5.6
Unmet need for family planning (%)
MDG 6
Earliest
6.1
HIV prevalence of 15-24 years old (%)
6.2
Condom use at last high-risk sex (%)
6.3
15-24 years old awareness of HIV/AIDS (%)
6.4
Orphans to non-orphans attending school
6.5
Access to antiretroviral drugs (%)
6.6a
Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000)
6.6b
Malaria death rate (per 100,000)
6.7
Under 5 sleeping under bed-nets (%)
6.8
Under 5 treated with anti-malarial drugs (%)
6.9a
TB prevalence rates (per 100,000)
6.9b
TB death rates (per 100,000)
6.9c
TB incidence rates (per 100,000)
6.10a
TB detection rate under DOTS (%)
6.10b
TB cure rate under DOTS (%)
…
…
…
n/a
n/a
0.0
(1989)
100.0
(2009)
n/a
n/a
n/a
(2008)
DHSA cited in [2]
…
n/a
[4]
…
FSM Statistical Yearbook 2008 cited in [2]
…
…
DHSA cited in [2]
n/a
DHSA cited in [2]
n/a
n/a
n/a
…
13.0
(2000)
*
14.8
(2008)
**
*WHO & **DHSA cited in [2]
105.0
(1992)
*
146.0
(2008)
**
*WHO & **DHSA cited in [2]
100.0
(2000)
*
100.0
(2008)
**
*WHO & **DHSA cited in [2]
…
20.0
(2008)
168.0
DHSA cited in [2]
69
Federated States of Micronesia
MDG 7
7.1
Proportion of land area covered by forest (%)
7.2a
CO2 emissions, total (‘000 metric tons)
7.2b
CO2 emissions, per capita (metric tons)
7.2c
CO2 emissions, per $1 GDP (PPP) (kg)
7.3
Use of ODS (ODP metric tons)
7.4
Fish stocks within safe biological limits (%)
7.5
Total water resources used (%)
7.6
Protected terrestrial and marine areas (%)
7.7
Species threatened with extinction (%)
7.8
Using an improved drinking water source (%)
7.9
Using an improved sanitation facility (%)
7.10
Urban population living in slums (%)
MDG 8
8.1
OECD net ODA (% GNI)
8.2
ODA to basic social services (%)
8.3
ODA that is untied (%)
8.4
ODA to landlocked developing countries
8.5
Net ODA (% of GNI)
8.6
Duty free exports to developed countries (%)
8.7
Average tariffs by developed countries
8.8
OECD agricultural support (% of GDP)
8.9
ODA to build trade capacity (%)
8.10
Countries reached HIPC points (no.)
8.11
Debt relief committed under HIPC and MDRI Initiatives
8.12
Debt service (% of exports)
8.13
Population with access to essential drugs (%)
8.14
Telephone lines per 100 population
8.15
Cellular subscribers per 100 population
8.16
Internet users per 100 population
Earliest
83.0
(1986-87)
55.0
(1999)
0.5
(1999)
0.2
(1999)
0.0
(1991)
…
Latest
89.0
(2006-07)
Source
US Department of Agriculture Forestry Service cited in [2]
62.0
(2008)
0.6
(2008)
0.2
(2008)
0.1
(2009)
Country data cited in [3]
…
…
Global monitoring data cited in [3]
Global monitoring data cited in [3]
Global monitoring data cited in [3]
…
…
…
…
29.0
(1994)
*
57.0
(2005)
**
29.0
(1990)
25.0
(2005)
Estimated data cited in [3]
…
…
58.0
(2004-08)
100.0
(2009)
n/a
44.7
(2009)
…
n/a
…
n/a
29.3
(1993)
…
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
(2010e)
[5]
FSM Telecommunication Corporation cited in [3]
Disbursement basis, OECD DAC country data cited in [3]
n/a
(2006)
7.2
2.5
(1990)
7.9
(2008)
0.0
(1990)
30.8
(2008)
0.0
(1990)
14.5
(2008)
…
US GAO for COFA funds cited in [2]
…
n/a
5.8
FSM Statistical Yearbook 2008 cited in [2]
n/a
…
*Census data & **2005 HIES cited in [2]
…
n/a
…
…
FSM Telecommunication Corporation cited in [3]
ITU estimate cited in [3]
On track
Off track
Mixed
… Data not available
n/a Indicator not applicable to country context
[1] FSM, Office of SBOC and UNDP Pacific Centre, Federated States of Micronesia: Analysis of the 2005 HIES. Available from http://www.undppc.org.fj.
[2] FSM, Office of SBOC, Millennium Development Goals and the Federated States of Micronesia, Status Report 2010 (forthcoming).
[3] United Nations Statistics Division, Millennium Development Goals Indicators Database. Available from http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg (accessed 15 July 2011).
[4] FSM, Department of Health & Social Affairs, UNGASS 2010 Country Progress Report: Federated States of Micronesia. Available from http://www.unaids.org.
[5] International Monetary Fund, "FSM: 2010 Article IV Consultation – Staff Report", IMF Country Report No. 11/43. (Washington D.C.: IMF, 2011). Available from http://www.imf.org.
70
MDG 6
MDG 5
MDG 4
MDG 3
MDG 2
MDG 1
Fiji
Earliest
1.1
Basic needs poverty (%)
35.0
1.2
Poverty gap ratio (%)
…
1.3
Poorest quintile in national consumption (%)
8.2
1.4
Growth rate of GDP per person employed (%)
…
1.5
Employment-to-population ratio (%)
56.0
1.6
Employed living below $1 (PPP) per day (%)
…
1.7
Own-account and unpaid family workers (%)
1.8
Latest
(2002)
31.0
(2002)
Source
(2008)
[1]
(2008)
[1]
…
9.3
…
(1996)
…
Underweight children under age 5 (%)
6.9
(1993)
1.9
Food poverty (%)
6.8
2.1
Net enrolment ratio in primary education (%)
2.2
50.3
[2]
(2007)
Country census data cited in [2]
39.0
(2005)
Country household/labour force survey data cited in [2]
*
7.0
(2008)
**
*National Nutrition Survey cited in [2], **[3]
(2002)
7.5
(2008)
[1]
92.0
(1990)
95.8
(2008)
MOE cited in Fiji [4]
Reaches last grade in primary education (%)
91.4
(1995)
*
96.7
(2008)
**
MOE cited in *[5] & **[4]
2.3
Literacy rates of 15-24 years old (%)
97.5
(1986)
*
99.5
(2008)
**
*NSO cited in [5], **MOE cited in [4]
3.1a
Gender parity index in primary education
94.0
(1990)
*
99.0
(2008)
**
*MOE cited in [5], **Country data cited in [2]
3.1b
Gender parity index in secondary education
105.0
(1990)
*
107.0
(2008)
**
*MOE cited in [5], **Country data cited in [2]
3.1c
Gender parity index in tertiary education
72.0
(1990)
*
120.0
(2005)
**
*USP cited in [5], **Estimated data cited in [2]
3.2
Women in the non-agricultural sector (%)
29.9
(1990)
*
29.6
(2005)
**
*Country & **estimated data cited in [2]
3.3
Seats held by women in parliament (%)
0.0
(1990)
*
n/a
**
*[5], **Parliament dissolved/suspended since 2007
4.1
Under 5 mortality (per 1,000 live births)
27.8
(1990)
*
23.2
(2009)
**
*MOH cited in [5], **[3]
4.2
Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births)
16.8
(1990)
*
15.2
(2009)
**
*MOH cited in [5], **[3]
4.3
Measles immunisation of 1 year old (%)
86.0
(1991)
*
71.7
(2009)
**
*MOH cited in [5], **[3]
5.1
Maternal mortality (per 100,000 live births)
60.4
(1995)
*
27.5
(2009)
**
*MOH cited in [5], **[3]
5.2
Skilled birth attendance (%)
98.0
(1990)
*
99.8
(2009)
**
*MOH cited in [5], **[3]
5.3
Contraceptive prevalence rate (%)
31.0
(1990)
*
28.9
(2009)
**
*MOH cited in [5], **[3]
5.4
Adolescent birth rate (per 1,000 females)
58.6
(1990)
*
29.9
(2004)
**
*Country NSO data & **UNSD & WPP cited in [2]
5.5
Antenatal care coverage, ≥ 1 visit (%)
…
100.0
(2008)
Country adjusted data, FPI+ cited in [2]
5.6
Unmet need for family planning (%)
…
6.1
HIV prevalence of 15-24 years old (%)
0.0
(1990)
0.1
(2009)
6.2
Condom use at last high-risk sex (%)
…
…
6.3
15-24 years old awareness of HIV/AIDS (%)
…
6.4
Orphans to non-orphans attending school
…
…
6.5
Access to antiretroviral drugs (%)
…
96.3
(2009)
6.6a
Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000)
n/a
n/a
6.6b
Malaria death rate (per 100,000)
n/a
6.7
Under 5 sleeping under bed-nets (%)
n/a
6.8
Under 5 treated with anti-malarial drugs (%)
n/a
6.9a
TB prevalence rates (per 100,000)
80.0
(1990)
26.0
(2009)
Estimated data cited in [2]
6.9b
TB death rates (per 100,000)
8.0
(1990)
2.0
(2009)
6.9c
TB incidence rates (per 100,000)
51.0
(1990)
19.0
(2009)
6.10a TB detection rate under DOTS (%)
62.0
(1990)
91.0
(2009)
6.10b TB cure rate under DOTS (%)
90.0
(1994)
90.0
(2008)
…
…
Estimated data cited in [2]
…
[6]
n/a
n/a
n/a
Estimated data cited in [2]
Estimated data cited in [2]
Estimated data cited in [2]
Country data cited in [2]
71
Fiji
MDG 8
MDG 7
Earliest
Latest
54.7
(2005)
1254.0
(2008)
1.5
(2008)
0.3
(2008)
7.6
(2009)
Country data cited in [2]
…
Estimated data cited in [2]
0.2
(2010)
…
93.0
(2000)
96.0
(2000)
Estimated data cited in [2]
n/a
2.3
(2009)
…
(2009)
Country adjusted data cited in [2]
7.1
Proportion of land area covered by forest (%)
53.6
(1990)
7.2a
CO2 emissions, total (‘000 metric tons)
818.0
(1990)
7.2b
CO2 emissions, per capita (metric tons)
1.1
(1990)
7.2c
CO2 emissions, per $1 GDP (PPP) (kg)
0.3
(1990)
7.3
Use of ODS (ODP metric tons)
41.8
(1990)
7.4
Fish stocks within safe biological limits (%)
…
7.5
Total water resources used (%)
0.3
(2000)
7.6
Protected terrestrial and marine areas (%)
0.2
(1990)
7.7
Species threatened with extinction (%)
…
7.8
Using an improved drinking water source (%)
92.0
(1990)
7.9
Using an improved sanitation facility (%)
92.0
(1990)
7.10
Urban population living in slums (%)
…
8.1
OECD net ODA (% GNI)
n/a
8.2
ODA to basic social services (%)
…
8.3
ODA that is untied (%)
…
8.4
ODA to landlocked developing countries
n/a
8.5
Net ODA (% of GNI)
3.8
(1990)
8.6
Duty free exports to developed countries (%)
…
8.7
Average tariffs by developed countries
n/a
8.8
OECD agricultural support (% of GDP)
n/a
8.9
ODA to build trade capacity (%)
…
8.10
Countries reached HIPC points (no.)
n/a
8.11
Debt relief committed under HIPC and MDRI Initiatives n/a
8.12
Debt service (% of exports)
9.0
8.13
Population with access to essential drugs (%)
…
8.14
Telephone lines per 100 population
8.15
8.16
On track
Off track
Source
Country data cited in [2]
Global monitoring data cited in [2]
Global monitoring data cited in [2]
Global monitoring data cited in [2]
…
Estimated data cited in [2]
Estimated data cited in [2]
…
n/a
…
…
Disbursement basis, OECD DAC country data cited in [2]
n/a
n/a
…
n/a
n/a
(1990)
1.7
5.9
(1990)
*
15.3
(2008)
**
*Telecom Fiji & **ITU estimate cited in [2]
Cellular subscribers per 100 population
0.0
(1990)
*
71.1
(2008)
**
*Telecom Fiji & **Ministry of Information cited in [2]
Internet users per 100 population
0.0
(1990)
*
12.2
(2008)
**
*Telecom Fiji & **ITU estimate cited in [2]
…
Mixed
… Data not available
n/a Indicator not applicable to country context
[1] Wadan Narsey, Toga Raikoti and Epeli Waqavonovono, Preliminary Report: Poverty and Household Incomes in Fiji in 2008-09 (based on the 2008-09 HIES). Available from http://www.statsfiji.gov.fj.
[2] United Nations Statistics Division, Millennium Development Goals Indicators Database. Available from http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg (accessed 15 July 2011).
[3] Fiji, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Health Annual Report 2009. Available from http://www.health.gov.fj.
[4] Fiji, Ministry of National Planning, Millennium Development Goals: 2nd Report, 1990-2009 Report for the Fiji Islands. Available from http://www.undp.org.fj.
[5] Fiji, National Planning Office, Ministry of Finance & National Planning, Millennium Development Goals Fiji National Report November 2004. Available from http://www.statsfiji.gov.fj.
[6] Fiji, UNGASS Country Progress Report 2010. Available from http://www.unaids.org.
+
Family Planning International, A Measure of the Future: Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Risk Index for the Pacific 2009. Available from http://www.fpi.org.nz.
72
Kiribati
Earliest
MDG 5
MDG 4
MDG 3
MDG 2
MDG 1
1.1
Basic needs poverty (%)
1.2
Poverty gap ratio (%)
1.3
Poorest quintile in national consumption (%)
1.4
Growth rate of GDP per person employed (%)
1.5
Employment-to-population ratio (%)
…
6.0
21.8
7.2
(2006)
(1996)
*
7.8
(2006)
…
…
…
…
Latest
(2006)
[1]
**
*SPC, **[1]
[1]
…
…
…
[2]
1.6
Employed living below $1 (PPP) per day (%)
Own-account and unpaid family workers (%)
1.8
Underweight children under age 5 (%)
1.9
Food poverty (%)
…
5.3
(2006)
[1]
2.1
Net enrolment ratio in primary education (%)
98.8
(1999)
99.5
(2002)
Estimated data cited in [2]
2.2
Reaches last grade in primary education (%)
98.0
(1990)
*
79.1
(2004)
**
2.3
Literacy rates of 15-24 years old (%)
92.0
(2000)
*
96.0
(2005)
**
*SPC from NSO, **Census data cited in [4]
3.1a
Gender parity index in primary education
101.0
(1999)
104.0
(2008)
Country data cited in [2]
3.1b
Gender parity index in secondary education
119.0
(1999)
111.0
(2008)
3.1c
Gender parity index in tertiary education
120.0
(1995)
100.0
(2000)
3.2
Women in the non-agricultural sector (%)
36.8
(2000)
38.5
(2005)
3.3
Seats held by women in parliament (%)
0.0
(1990)
*
6.5
4.1
Under 5 mortality (per 1,000 live births)
69.0
(2005)
*
4.2
Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births)
65.0
(1990)
4.3
Measles immunisation of 1 year old (%)
75.0
5.1
Maternal mortality (per 100,000 live births)
110.0
60.0
(1988)
*
79.8
(2009)
**
…
22.3
(2009)
39.0
(2004-05)
*
51.0
(2009)
**
…
71.0
(2009)
SPC from Draft 2009 DHS
28.0
(2009)
(2009)
Estimated data cited in [2]
Estimated data cited in [2]
5.2
Skilled birth attendance (%)
5.3
Contraceptive prevalence rate (%)
5.4
Adolescent birth rate (per 1,000 females)
5.5
Antenatal care coverage, ≥ 1 visit (%)
…
Source
1.7
5.6
6.1
HIV prevalence of 15-24 years old (%)
6.2
Condom use at last high-risk sex (%)
6.3
15-24 years old awareness of HIV/AIDS (%)
6.4
Orphans to non-orphans attending school
6.5
Access to antiretroviral drugs (%)
6.6a
Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000)
6.6b
Malaria death rate (per 100,000)
6.7
Under 5 sleeping under bed-nets (%)
6.8
Under 5 treated with anti-malarial drugs (%)
6.9a
TB prevalence rates (per 100,000)
6.9b
TB death rates (per 100,000)
6.9c
TB incidence rates (per 100,000)
6.10a
TB detection rate under DOTS (%)
6.10b
TB cure rate under DOTS (%)
…
…
Unmet need for family planning (%)
MDG 6
USP data+ cited in [3]
(2010)
**
*Kiribati (2007), **PIFS extrapolated from [5]
72.0
(2009)
**
*Census data cited in [4], **SPC from Draft 2009
DHS
*
46.0
(2009)
**
(1990)
82.0
(2009)
Estimated data cited in [2]
(1991)
215.0
(2004)
MHMS cited in [4]
SPC from Draft 2009 DHS
…
…
…
…
…
n/a
n/a
n/a
*SPC, **SPC from Draft 2009 DHS
SPC from Draft 2009 DHS
n/a
n/a
*MHMS cited in [3], **SPC from Draft 2009 DHS
…
n/a
*Census data cited in [4], **SPC from Draft 2009
DHS
…
…
n/a
Country census data cited in [2]
…
…
Country data cited in [2]
…
*NSO cited in [3], **SPC from NSO
n/a
1129.0
(1990)
154.0
(1990)
513.0
(1990)
18.0
(1990)
87.0
(1995)
288.0
12.0
(2009)
351.0
(2009)
81.0
(2009)
96.0
(2008)
Estimated data cited in [2]
Estimated data cited in [2]
Country data cited in [2]
73
MDG 7
Kiribati
Earliest
7.1
Proportion of land area covered by forest (%)
7.2a
CO2 emissions, total (‘000 metric tons)
7.2b
CO2 emissions, per capita (metric tons)
7.2c
CO2 emissions, per $1 GDP (PPP) (kg)
7.3
Use of ODS (ODP metric tons)
7.4
Fish stocks within safe biological limits (%)
7.5
Total water resources used (%)
7.6
Protected terrestrial and marine areas (%)
7.7
Species threatened with extinction (%)
7.8
Using an improved drinking water source (%)
7.9
Using an improved sanitation facility (%)
7.10
Urban population living in slums (%)
MDG 8
8.1
OECD net ODA (% GNI)
8.2
ODA to basic social services (%)
8.3
ODA that is untied (%)
8.4
ODA to landlocked developing countries
8.5
Net ODA (% of GNI)
8.6
Duty free exports to developed countries (%)
8.7
Average tariffs by developed countries
8.8
OECD agricultural support (% of GDP)
8.9
ODA to build trade capacity (%)
8.10
Countries reached HIPC points (no.)
8.11
Debt relief committed under HIPC and MDRI
Initiatives
8.12
Debt service (% of exports)
8.13
Population with access to essential drugs (%)
8.14
Telephone lines per 100 population
8.15
Cellular subscribers per 100 population
8.16
Internet users per 100 population
3.0
(1990)
22.0
(1990)
0.3
(1990)
0.2
(1990)
0.0
(1991)
…
0.3
(1990)
…
29.0
(2008)
0.3
(2008)
0.1
(2008)
0.0
(2009)
Country data cited in [2]
…
22.6
(2010)
…
Global monitoring data cited in [2]
Global monitoring data cited in [2]
Global monitoring data cited in [2]
Estimated data cited in [2]
*Census data cited in [3], **SPC from Draft 2009
DHS
(2009)
**
24.4
(1990)
*
35.1
(2009)
**
*Census data cited in [3], **SPC from Draft 2009
DHS
n/a
15.5
(2009)
…
(2009)
[6]
Telecom Services Kiribati Limited cited in [2]
…
…
n/a
…
…
n/a
41.9
(1990)
…
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
…
n/a
…
Disbursement basis, OECD DAC country data cited
in [2]
n/a
…
n/a
n/a
…
…
n/a
Estimated data cited in [2]
90.0
…
*
(1990)
Source
35.1
3.0
…
(2005)
…
Latest
7.9
…
1.7
(1990)
0.0
(1990)
0.0
(1990)
4.1
(2008)
1.0
(2008)
2.1
(2008)
Telecom Services Kiribati Limited cited in [2]
ITU estimate cited in [2]
On track
Off track
Mixed
… Data not available
n/a Indicator not applicable to country context
[1]
Kiribati, NSO and UNDP Pacific Centre, Kiribati Analysis of the 2006 HIES: A Report on the Estimation of Basic Needs Poverty Lines and the Incidence and Characteristics of Poverty in Kiribati. Available from
http://www.undppc.org.fj.
[2] United Nations Statistics Division, Millennium Development Goals Indicators Database. Available from http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg (accessed 15 July 2011).
[3] SPC, Pacific Islands Regional Millennium Development Goals Report 2004. Available from http://wwwx.spc.int/mdgs.
[4] Kiribati, Ministry of Finance & Economic Planning, Republic of Kiribati Millennium Development Goals Report 2007. Available from http://www.undp.org.fj.
[5] Lesley Clark and Charmaine Rodrigues, Utilising Temporary Special Measures to Promote Gender Balance in Pacific Legislatures: A Guide to Options. (Suva, Fiji: UNDP & PIFS, 2008).
[6] International Monetary Fund, "Kiribati: 2011 Article IV Consultation – Staff Report", IMF Country Report No. 11/113. (Washington D.C.: IMF, 2011). Available from http://www.imf.org.
+
“In-country”, for USP centres and satellite training.
74
MDG 5
MDG 4
MDG 3
MDG 2
MDG 1
Marshall Islands
1.1
Basic needs poverty (%)
…
1.2
Poverty gap ratio (%)
…
1.3
Poorest quintile in national consumption (%)
1.6
1.4
Growth rate of GDP per person employed (%)
1.5
Employment-to-population ratio (%)
1.6
Employed living below $1 (PPP) per day (%)
…
1.7
Own-account and unpaid family workers (%)
1.8
Underweight children under age 5 (%)
1.9
Food poverty (%)
2.1
Latest
(1999)
…
Source
…
3.3
(2002e)
EPPSO cited in [1]
[2]
(1997)
26.7
(1999)
…
19.0
(1991)
*
13.0
(2007)
…
…
Net enrolment ratio in primary education (%)
86.5
(1988)
*
83.2
(2007)
2.2
Reaches last grade in primary education (%)
42.4
(2002)
83.5
(2008)
2.3
Literacy rates of 15-24 years old (%)
…
94.9
(2007)
SPC from 2007 DHS
3.1a
Gender parity index in primary education
98.0
(1999)
99.0
(2009)
Country data cited in [3]
3.1b
Gender parity index in secondary education
107.0
(1999)
105.0
(2009)
Country data cited in [3]
3.1c
Gender parity index in tertiary education
90.0
(1996)
103.0
(2008)
29.0
35.0
(2008)
EPPSO cited in [2]
…
Country census data cited in [3]
** *SPC & **2007 DHS cited in RMI [2]
** *Census data & **2007 DHS cited in [2]
Country data cited in [3]
CMI, MISGLB & USP data cited in [2]
3.2
Women in the non-agricultural sector (%)
33.2
(1988)
35.9
(1999)
3.3
Seats held by women in parliament (%)
3.0
(1990)
*
3.0
(2011)
** *[2], **Country data cited in [3]
4.1
Under 5 mortality (per 1,000 live births)
93.0
(1988)
*
46.0
(2009)
** *Census data cited in [2], **MOH cited in [4]
Census data cited in [2]
4.2
Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births)
63.0
(1988)
*
34.0
(2009)
** *Census data cited in [2], **MOH cited in [4]
4.3
Measles immunisation of 1 year old (%)
70.0
(1998)
*
78.1
(2009)
** *SPC cited in [2], **MOH cited in [4]
5.1
Maternal mortality (per 100,000 live births)
0.0
(1991)
*
324.2
(2009)
** MOH cited in *[1] & **[4]
94.1
(2007)
30.6
(1995)
*
44.6
(2007)
** *SPC & **2007 DHS cited in [2]
162.0
(1988)
*
138.0
(2007)
** *Census data & **2007 DHS cited in [2]
81.2
(2007)
8.1
(2007)
5.2
Skilled birth attendance (%)
5.3
Contraceptive prevalence rate (%)
5.4
Adolescent birth rate (per 1,000 females)
5.5
Antenatal care coverage, ≥ 1 visit (%)
…
Unmet need for family planning (%)
…
5.6
MDG 6
Earliest
…
6.1
HIV prevalence of 15-24 years old (%)
…
6.2
Condom use at last high-risk sex (%)
…
6.3
15-24 years old awareness of HIV/AIDS (%)
…
6.4
Orphans to non-orphans attending school
…
6.5
Access to antiretroviral drugs (%)
…
6.6a
Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000)
n/a
6.6b
Malaria death rate (per 100,000)
n/a
6.7
Under 5 sleeping under bed-nets (%)
n/a
6.8
Under 5 treated with anti-malarial drugs (%)
n/a
6.9a
TB prevalence rates (per 100,000)
753.0
2007 DHS cited in [2]
2007 DHS cited in [3]
2007 DHS cited in [2]
…
2007 DHS (average of men & women) cited
in [3]
15.3
(2007)
33.0
(2007)
…
100.0
(2008)
n/a
2007 DHS (average of men & women) cited
in [3]
MOH cited in [2]
n/a
n/a
n/a
(1990)
6.9b
TB death rates (per 100,000)
112.0
(1990)
6.9c
TB incidence rates (per 100,000)
302.0
(1990)
6.10a
TB detection rate under DOTS (%)
18.0
(1991)
6.10b
TB cure rate under DOTS (%)
25.0
(1995)
231.0
8.3
(2009)
Estimated data cited in [3]
207.0
(2009)
Estimated data cited in [3]
110.0
(2009)
Estimated data cited in [3]
97.0
(2008)
(2009)
Estimated data cited in [3]
Country data cited in [3]
75
MDG 7
Marshall Islands
7.1
Proportion of land area covered by forest (%)
7.2a
CO2 emissions, total (‘000 metric tons)
…
48.0
(1990)
(1990)
7.2b
CO2 emissions, per capita (metric tons)
1.0
7.2c
CO2 emissions, per $1 GDP (PPP) (kg)
…
7.3
Use of ODS (ODP metric tons)
1.2
7.4
Fish stocks within safe biological limits (%)
…
(1990)
Total water resources used (%)
…
Protected terrestrial and marine areas (%)
0.0
(1990)
7.7
Species threatened with extinction (%)
…
7.8
Using an improved drinking water source (%)
91.5
7.9
Using an improved sanitation facility (%)
60.8
7.10
Urban population living in slums (%)
OECD net ODA (% GNI)
Source
…
99.0
(2008)
Global monitoring data cited in [3]
1.6
(2008)
Global monitoring data cited in [3]
(2009)
Country data cited in [3]
0.2
…
0.6
(2010)
…
(1988)
*
97.9
(2007)
** *Census data & **2007 DHS cited in [2]
(1988)
*
70.8
(2007)
** *Census data & **2007 DHS cited in [2]
…
…
7.5
8.1
Latest
…
7.6
MDG 8
Earliest
Estimated data cited in [3]
…
n/a
n/a
32.1
(2009)
…
n/a
8.2
ODA to basic social services (%)
…
8.3
ODA that is untied (%)
…
8.4
ODA to landlocked developing countries
n/a
8.5
Net ODA (% of GNI)
45.8
(1998)
8.6
Duty free exports to developed countries (%)
…
8.7
Average tariffs by developed countries
n/a
8.8
OECD agricultural support (% of GDP)
n/a
8.9
ODA to build trade capacity (%)
…
8.10
Countries reached HIPC points (no.)
n/a
8.11
Debt relief committed under HIPC and MDRI Initiatives
n/a
8.12
Debt service (% of exports)
15.5
8.13
Population with access to essential drugs (%)
…
8.14
Telephone lines per 100 population
1.1
…
…
Disbursement basis, OECD DAC country data
cited in [3]
n/a
n/a
…
n/a
(2004)
59.3
n/a
(2009e)
[5]
…
(1990)
8.15
Cellular subscribers per 100 population
0.0
(1990)
8.16
Internet users per 100 population
0.0
(1990)
7.3
(2008)
1.7
(2008)
*
3.6
(2008)
NTA cited in [3]
NTA cited in [3]
** *NTA & **ITU estimate cited in [3]
On track
Off track
Mixed
… Data not available
n/a Indicator not applicable to country context
[1] SPC, Pacific Islands Regional Millennium Development Goals Report 2004. Available from http://wwwx.spc.int/mdgs.
[2]
Republic of the Marshall Islands, Economic Policy, Planning & Statistics Office, Republic of the Marshall Islands Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2009. Available from
http://www.undp.org.fj.
[3] United Nations Statistics Division, Millennium Development Goals Indicators Database. Available from http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg (accessed 15 July 2011).
[4] World Health Organisation, Western Pacific Country Health Information Profiles: 2010 Revision. Available from http://www.wpro.who.int.
[5] International Monetary Fund, Republic of the Marshall Islands: 2009 Article IV Consultation—Staff Report, IMF Country Report No. 10/51. Available from http://www.imf.org.
76
Nauru
Earliest
MDG 6
MDG 5
MDG 4
MDG 3
MDG 2
MDG 1
1.1
Basic needs poverty (%)
…
1.2
Poverty gap ratio (%)
…
1.3
Poorest quintile in national consumption (%)
…
1.4
Growth rate of GDP per person employed (%)
…
1.5
Employment-to-population ratio (%)
83.9
Latest
…
12.4
Source
(2006)
SPC from 2006 HIES
…
…
(2002)
…
[2]
SPC from census data
…
4.8
(2007)
1.6
Employed living below $1 (PPP) per day (%)
…
1.7
Own-account and unpaid family workers (%)
…
…
1.8
Underweight children under age 5 (%)
…
1.9
Food poverty (%)
…
…
2.1
Net enrolment ratio in primary education (%)
75.1
(1992)
88.1
(2007)
*Census data cited in [1], **SPC from 2007 DHS
2.2
Reaches last grade in primary education (%)
25.4
(2001)
2.3
Literacy rates of 15-24 years old (%)
99.0
(2002)
*
96.0
(2007)
**
SPC from *NSO & **2007 DHS
3.1a
Gender parity index in primary education
103.0
(1992)
*
90.0
(2008)
**
*Census data cited in [1], **SPC from NSO
3.1b
Gender parity index in secondary education
75.0
(1992)
110.0
(2008)
**
*Census data cited in [1], **SPC from NSO
3.1c
Gender parity index in tertiary education
60.0
(1995)
250.0
(2000)
USP data+ cited in [1]
3.2
Women in the non-agricultural sector (%)
42.0
(2002)
3.3
Seats held by women in parliament (%)
5.6
(1990)
0.0
(2011)
Country data cited in [2]
4.1
Under 5 mortality (per 1,000 live births)
10.4
(1991)
44.2
(2009)
Estimated data cited in [2]
4.2
Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births)
19.0
(1995)
36.0
(2009)
4.3
Measles immunisation of 1 year old (%)
99.0
(1997)
99.0
(2009)
Estimated data cited in [2]
5.1
Maternal mortality (per 100,000 live births)
…
…
5.2
Skilled birth attendance (%)
…
97.4
(2007)
5.3
Contraceptive prevalence rate (%)
…
35.6
(2007)
2007 DHS cited in [2]
5.4
Adolescent birth rate (per 1,000 females)
93.0
(1997-02)
*
69.0
(2007)
**
*SPC, **SPC from 2007 DHS
5.5
Antenatal care coverage, ≥ 1 visit (%)
…
94.6
(2007)
2007 DHS cited in [2]
5.6
Unmet need for family planning (%)
…
23.5
(2007)
6.1
HIV prevalence of 15-24 years old (%)
…
0.0
(2009)
6.2
Condom use at last high-risk sex (%)
…
7.9
(2007)
6.3
15-24 years old awareness of HIV/AIDS (%)
…
11.5
(2007)
6.4
Orphans to non-orphans attending school
n/a
n/a
6.5
Access to antiretroviral drugs (%)
n/a
6.6a
Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000)
n/a
54.0
(2009)
Estimated data cited in [2]
2.0
(2009)
1.8
(2009)
420.0
(2008)
100.0
(2008)
SPC from 2007 DHS
…
Country data cited in [2]
…
SPC from census data
Estimated data cited in [2]
2007 DHS cited in [2]
SPC from 2007 DHS
[3]
2007 DHS cited in [2]
2007 DHS (average of men & women) cited in [2]
n/a
6.6b
Malaria death rate (per 100,000)
n/a
6.7
Under 5 sleeping under bed-nets (%)
n/a
6.8
Under 5 treated with anti-malarial drugs (%)
n/a
6.9a
TB prevalence rates (per 100,000)
105.0
(1990)
6.9b
TB death rates (per 100,000)
6.2
(1990)
6.9c
TB incidence rates (per 100,000)
85.0
(1990)
6.10a
TB detection rate under DOTS (%)
90.0
(1990)
6.10b
TB cure rate under DOTS (%)
83.0
(1998)
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Estimated data cited in [2]
Estimated data cited in [2]
Estimated data cited in [2]
Country data cited in [2]
77
Nauru
MDG 8
MDG 7
Earliest
7.1
Proportion of land area covered by forest (%)
…
7.2a
CO2 emissions, total (‘000 metric tons)
132.0
(1990)
7.2b
CO2 emissions, per capita (metric tons)
14.4
(1990)
7.2c
CO2 emissions, per $1 GDP (PPP) (kg)
…
7.3
Use of ODS (ODP metric tons)
0.6
Fish stocks within safe biological limits (%)
…
Total water resources used (%)
…
7.6
Protected terrestrial and marine areas (%)
0.0
(1990)
7.7
Species threatened with extinction (%)
…
7.8
Using an improved drinking water source (%)
71.7
(1992)
7.9
Using an improved sanitation facility (%)
65.3
(1990)
7.10
Urban population living in slums (%)
…
…
8.4
ODA to landlocked developing countries
n/a
8.5
Net ODA (% of GNI)
0.2
(1990)
8.6
Duty free exports to developed countries (%)
…
8.7
Average tariffs by developed countries
n/a
8.8
OECD agricultural support (% of GDP)
n/a
Debt service (% of exports)
…
Global monitoring data cited in [2]
(2009)
Country data cited in [2]
…
0.0
(2010)
…
90.1
(2007)
72.2
(2007)
*Census data cited in [1], **SPC from 2007 DHS
n/a
24.1
(2009)
…
ITU estimate cited in [2]
0.0
…
ODA that is untied (%)
8.12
(2008)
8.3
n/a
(2008)
14.1
…
Debt relief committed under HIPC and MDRI Initiatives
143.0
n/a
8.11
OECD net ODA (% GNI)
…
…
ODA to basic social services (%)
n/a
Source
Global monitoring data cited in [2]
Estimated data cited in [2]
*Census data cited in [1], **SPC from 2007 DHS
…
8.1
ODA to build trade capacity (%)
…
8.2
Countries reached HIPC points (no.)
(1995)
7.4
8.9
Latest
…
7.5
8.10
n/a
…
Disbursement basis, OECD DAC country data cited in [2]
n/a
n/a
n/a
…
n/a
…
17.7
(2008)
14.9
(2001)
3.0
(2001)
8.13
Population with access to essential drugs (%)
…
8.14
Telephone lines per 100 population
13.1
(1990)
…
8.15
Cellular subscribers per 100 population
0.0
(1990)
8.16
Internet users per 100 population
0.0
(1990)
ITU estimate cited in [2]
ITU estimate cited in [2]
On track
Off track
Mixed
Insufficient information
… Data not available
n/a Indicator not applicable to country context
[1] SPC, Pacific Islands Regional Millennium Development Goals Report 2004. Available from http://wwwx.spc.int/mdgs.
[2] United Nations Statistics Division, Millennium Development Goals Indicators Database. Available from http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg (accessed 15 July 2011).
[3] Nauru, UNGASS Taskforce, UNGASS Country Progress Report 2010: Nauru. Available from http://www.unaids.org.
+
“In-country”, for USP centres and satellite training.
78
MDG 6
MDG 5
MDG 4
MDG 3
MDG 2
MDG 1
Niue
Earliest
1.1
Basic needs poverty (%)
13.0
(2002)
1.2
Poverty gap ratio (%)
0.0
(2002)
1.3
Poorest quintile in national consumption (%)
6.6
(2002)
1.4
Growth rate of GDP per person employed (%)
…
1.5
Employment-to-population ratio (%)
…
1.6
Employed living below $1 (PPP) per day (%)
…
1.7
Own-account and unpaid family workers (%)
1.8
Latest
…
…
…
SPC from 2002 HIES
NSO cited in [1]
…
85.9
Source
NSO cited in [1]
[2]
(2006)
SPC from census data
…
(2006)
SPC from census data
Underweight children under age 5 (%)
0.0
(2002)
1.9
Food poverty (%)
0.0
(2002)
…
NSO cited in [1]
2.1
Net enrolment ratio in primary education (%)
100.0
(1991)
100.0
(2006)
NSO from MOE cited in [1]
2.2
Reaches last grade in primary education (%)
100.0
(1991)
100.0
(2006)
2.3
Literacy rates of 15-24 years old (%)
95.0
(1992)
100.0
(2006)
NSO from MOE cited in [1]
3.1a
Gender parity index in primary education
270.0
(1991)
110.0
(2006)
NSO cited in [1]
3.1b
Gender parity index in secondary education
90.0
(1991)
80.0
(2006)
3.1c
Gender parity index in tertiary education
190.0
(1995)
200.0
(2002)
3.2
Women in the non-agricultural sector (%)
43.0
(1991)
76.0
(2006)
3.3
Seats held by women in parliament (%)
10.0
(1990)
*
15.0
(2011)
**
*Justice cited in [1], **PIFS extrapolated from [3]
4.1
Under 5 mortality (per 1,000 live births)
0.0
(1991)
0.0
(2006)
NSO cited in [1]
4.2
Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births)
29.4
(1997-2001)
7.8
(2001-06)
4.3
Measles immunisation of 1 year old (%)
99.0
(1990)
99.0
(2009)
Estimated data cited in [5]
5.1
Maternal mortality (per 100,000 live births)
0.0
(1991)
0.0
(2006)
MOH cited in [1]
5.2
Skilled birth attendance (%)
99.0
(1990)
99.0
(2009)
5.3
Contraceptive prevalence rate (%)
35.9
(1991)
22.6
(2001)
5.4
Adolescent birth rate (per 1,000 females)
35.0
(1994)
52.6
(2004)
5.5
Antenatal care coverage, ≥ 1 visit (%)
…
100.0
(2008)
Country adjusted data, FPI# cited in [5]
5.6
Unmet need for family planning (%)
…
6.1
HIV prevalence of 15-24 years old (%)
0.0
(1991)
0.0
(2006)
6.2
Condom use at last high-risk sex (%)
…
…
6.3
15-24 years old awareness of HIV/AIDS (%)
60.0
(1991)
70.0
(2006)
6.4
Orphans to non-orphans attending school
n/a
n/a
6.5
Access to antiretroviral drugs (%)
n/a
6.6a
Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000)
n/a
6.6b
Malaria death rate (per 100,000)
n/a
6.7
Under 5 sleeping under bed-nets (%)
n/a
6.8
Under 5 treated with anti-malarial drugs (%)
n/a
6.9a
TB prevalence rates (per 100,000)
147.0
(1990)
0.0
(2009)
Estimated data cited in [5]
6.9b
TB death rates (per 100,000)
22.0
(1990)
0.0
(2009)
6.9c
TB incidence rates (per 100,000)
59.0
(1990)
0.0
(2008)
6.10a
TB detection rate under DOTS (%)
0.0
(1990)
88.0
(2002)
6.10b
TB cure rate under DOTS (%)
100.0
(1999)
100.0
(2002)
…
13.2
…
*
NSO from MOH cited in [1]
NSO from MOE cited in [1]
NSO cited in [1]
**
*USP data+ cited in [2], **NSO cited in [1]
Census data cited in [1]
[4]
Country adjusted data, Booth^ & FPI# cited in [5]
MOH cited in [1]
*Country data & **country adjusted data cited in [5]
…
MOH cited in [1]
MOH cited in [1]
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Estimated data cited in [5]
Estimated data cited in [5]
Estimated data cited in [5]
Country data cited in [5]
79
Niue
MDG 8
MDG 7
Earliest
7.1
Proportion of land area covered by forest (%)
58.1
(2001)
7.2a
CO2 emissions, total (‘000 metric tons)
4.0
(1990)
7.2b
CO2 emissions, per capita (metric tons)
1.7
(1990)
7.2c
CO2 emissions, per $1 GDP (PPP) (kg)
…
7.3
Use of ODS (ODP metric tons)
0.0
Latest
Source
54.2
(2006)
Environment Department cited in [1]
4.0
(2008)
2.6
(2008)
Global monitoring data cited in [5]
(2009)
Country data cited in [5]
Global monitoring data cited in [5]
…
(1991)
0.0
…
1.9
(2010)
…
100.0
(2008)
100.0
(2008)
Estimated data cited in [5]
n/a
9.0
(2009)
…
…
100.0
(2006)
65.9
(2008)
38.5
(2004)
65.9
(2008)
7.4
Fish stocks within safe biological limits (%)
…
7.5
Total water resources used (%)
…
…
7.6
Protected terrestrial and marine areas (%)
0.0
(1990)
7.7
Species threatened with extinction (%)
…
7.8
Using an improved drinking water source (%)
100.0
(1990)
7.9
Using an improved sanitation facility (%)
100.0
(1990)
7.10
Urban population living in slums (%)
n/a
Estimated data cited in [5]
Estimated data cited in [5]
n/a
8.1
OECD net ODA (% GNI)
n/a
8.2
ODA to basic social services (%)
…
8.3
ODA that is untied (%)
…
8.4
ODA to landlocked developing countries
n/a
8.5
Net ODA (% of GNI)
7.2
(1990)
8.6
Duty free exports to developed countries (%)
…
8.7
Average tariffs by developed countries
n/a
8.8
OECD agricultural support (% of GDP)
n/a
n/a
…
…
Disbursement basis, OECD DAC country data cited in [5]
n/a
n/a
n/a
8.9
ODA to build trade capacity (%)
…
8.10
Countries reached HIPC points (no.)
n/a
…
8.11
Debt relief committed under HIPC and MDRI Initiatives
n/a
8.12
Debt service (% of exports)
…
8.13
Population with access to essential drugs (%)
100.0
(1991)
8.14
Telephone lines per 100 population
18.1
(1992)
8.15
Cellular subscribers per 100 population
0.0
(1990)
8.16
Internet users per 100 population
0.0
(1990)
n/a
*
MOH cited in [1]
**
*Posts and Telecom & **ITU estimate cited in [5]
ITU estimate cited in [5]
ITU estimate cited in [5]
On track
Off track
Mixed
… Data not available
n/a Indicator not applicable to country context
[1] Niue, Economics, Planning Development & Statistics Unit, Premiers Department, Niue Millennium Development Goals 2006 Report. Available from www.spc.int/prism/country/nu/stats.
[2] Lesley Clark and Charmaine Rodrigues, Utilising Temporary Special Measures to Promote Gender Balance in Pacific Legislatures: A Guide to Options. (Suva, Fiji: UNDP & PIFS, 2008).
[3] SPC, Pacific Islands Regional Millennium Development Goals Report 2004. Available from http://wwwx.spc.int/mdgs.
[4]
Niue, National Planning & Development Office and SPC, Niue Population Profile based on 2006 Census of Population and Housing: a Guide for Planners and Policy-Makers. Available from
www.spc.int/prism/country/nu/stats.
[5] United Nations Statistics Division, Millennium Development Goals Indicators Database. Available from http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg (accessed 15 July 2011).
+
“In-country”, for USP centres and satellite training.
^
Family Planning International, A Measure of the Future: Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Risk Index for the Pacific 2009. Available from http://www.fpi.org.nz.
#
Booth, H., A Compilation of Data Relating to the Welfare of Children in the South Pacific and an Assessment of the Availability and Quality of Such Data. (n.p., 1983).
80
MDG 6
MDG 5
MDG 4
MDG 3
MDG 2
MDG 1
Palau
Earliest
Latest
1.1
Basic needs poverty (%)
…
24.9
1.2
Poverty gap ratio (%)
…
1.3
Poorest quintile in national consumption (%)
…
1.4
Growth rate of GDP per person employed (%)
…
1.5
Employment-to-population ratio (%)
…
1.6
Employed living below $1 (PPP) per day (%)
…
1.7
Own-account and unpaid family workers (%)
…
1.8
Underweight children under age 5 (%)
…
1.9
Food poverty (%)
…
2.1
Net enrolment ratio in primary education (%)
81.8
(1990)
*
2.2
Reaches last grade in primary education (%)
…
2.3
Literacy rates of 15-24 years old (%)
99.0
(2000)
3.1a
Gender parity index in primary education
93.0
(1999)
3.1b
Gender parity index in secondary education
107.0
(1999)
3.1c
Gender parity index in tertiary education
235.0
(2000)
(2006)
6.6
(2006)
10.2
(2006)
[1]
[1]
[1]
…
…
…
Source
[2]
0.0
(2006)
[1]
85.0
(2005)
**
*Census data cited in [2], **MOE cited in [3]
93.0
(2005)
99.7
(2005)
Office of Planning and Statistics cited in [3]
*
103.0
(2007)
**
*Country & **estimated data cited in [4]
98.0
(2007)
204.0
(2002)
…
…
MOE cited in [3]
*Country & **estimated data cited in [4]
Estimated data cited in [4]
3.2
Women in the non-agricultural sector (%)
39.6
(1990)
*
39.6
(2000)
**
*Estimated data & **country census data cited in [4]
3.3
Seats held by women in parliament (%)
0.0
(1990)
*
6.9
(2011)
**
*[3], **PIFS extrapolated from [5]
4.1
Under 5 mortality (per 1,000 live births)
36.8
(1990)
*
25.6
(2009)
**
*MOH cited in [3], **MOH cited in [6]
4.2
Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births)
24.5
(1990)
22.0
(2009)
4.3
Measles immunisation of 1 year old (%)
98.0
(1990)
75.0
(2009)
Estimated data cited in [4]
5.1
Maternal mortality (per 100,000 live births)
0.0
(1990)
366.3
(2009)
MOH cited in [6]
*MOH cited in [3], **MOH cited in [6]
5.2
Skilled birth attendance (%)
100.0
(1990)
*
100.0
(2009)
**
MOH cited in *[3] and **[6]
5.3
Contraceptive prevalence rate (%)
…
21.0
(2007)
MOH cited in [3]
5.4
Adolescent birth rate (per 1,000 females)
24.8
(2000)
17.7
(2007)
5.5
Antenatal care coverage, ≥ 1 visit (%)
…
100.0
(2007)
MOH cited in [3]
5.6
Unmet need for family planning (%)
…
6.1
HIV prevalence of 15-24 years old (%)
…
6.2
Condom use at last high-risk sex (%)
…
(2003)
Country survey+ data cited in [4]
6.3
15-24 years old awareness of HIV/AIDS (%)
…
6.4
Orphans to non-orphans attending school
6.5
MOH cited in [3]
…
…
1.8
…
…
Access to antiretroviral drugs (%)
100.0
(1995)
100.0
(2007)
6.6a
Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000)
n/a
n/a
6.6b
Malaria death rate (per 100,000)
n/a
6.7
Under 5 sleeping under bed-nets (%)
n/a
n/a
6.8
Under 5 treated with anti-malarial drugs (%)
n/a
6.9a
TB prevalence rates (per 100,000)
224.0
(1990)
(2009)
Estimated data cited in [4]
6.9b
TB death rates (per 100,000)
8.2
(1990)
6.9c
TB incidence rates (per 100,000)
64.0
(1990)
Estimated data cited in [4]
6.10a
TB detection rate under DOTS (%)
90.0
(1991)
6.10b
TB cure rate under DOTS (%)
64.0
(1994)
…
MOH cited in [3]
n/a
n/a
83.0
3.0
(2009)
65.0
(2009)
140.0
(2009)
60.0
(2006)
Estimated data cited in [4]
Estimated data cited in [4]
Country data cited in [4]
81
Palau
MDG 8
MDG 7
Earliest
7.1
Proportion of land area covered by forest (%)
76.3
(1990)
7.2a
CO2 emissions, total (‘000 metric tons)
235.0
(1990)
7.2b
CO2 emissions, per capita (metric tons)
15.7
(1990)
7.2c
CO2 emissions, per $1 GDP (PPP) (kg)
…
7.3
Use of ODS (ODP metric tons)
0.0
7.4
Fish stocks within safe biological limits (%)
…
7.5
Total water resources used (%)
7.6
Latest
80.5
(2005)
213.0
(2008)
10.4
PALARIS cited in [3]
(2008)
Global monitoring data cited in [4]
(2009)
Country data cited in [4]
0.1
…
…
Protected terrestrial and marine areas (%)
0.5
(1990)
4.8
(2010)
7.7
Species threatened with extinction (%)
…
…
7.8
Using an improved drinking water source (%)
86.8
(1990)
95.7
(2005)
7.9
Using an improved sanitation facility (%)
46.3
(1990)
99.9
7.10
Urban population living in slums (%)
8.1
OECD net ODA (% GNI)
n/a
8.2
ODA to basic social services (%)
8.3
ODA that is untied (%)
65.0
(1995)
…
8.4
ODA to landlocked developing countries
n/a
Net ODA (% of GNI)
0.0
(1992)
8.6
Duty free exports to developed countries (%)
…
8.7
Average tariffs by developed countries
0.0
(1995)
OECD agricultural support (% of GDP)
n/a
ODA to build trade capacity (%)
…
8.10
Countries reached HIPC points (no.)
n/a
8.11
Debt relief committed under HIPC and MDRI
Initiatives
n/a
Estimated data cited in [4]
(2005)
Census data cited in [3]
35.0
(2007)
n/a
18.3
(2009)
…
0.0
(2007)
n/a
(2007)
Derived from IMF data cited in [3]
36.1
(2008)
ITU estimate cited in [4]
59.9
(2008)
5.7
(2007)
Census data cited in [3]
n/a
8.5
8.8
Global monitoring data cited in [4]
…
(1991)
8.9
Source
US GAO & MOF cited in [3]
Disbursement basis, OECD DAC country data cited in [4]
COFA cited in [3]
…
n/a
n/a
8.12
Debt service (% of exports)
4.2
8.13
Population with access to essential drugs (%)
…
(2000)
8.14
Telephone lines per 100 population
35.1
(2002)
8.15
Cellular subscribers per 100 population
12.4
(2002)
8.16
Internet users per 100 population
6.1
(2000)
17.5
…
ITU estimate cited in [4]
Office of Planning and Statistics/PNCC cited in [3]
On track
Off track
Mixed
… Data not available
n/a Indicator not applicable to country context
[1] Palau, Office of Planning & Statistics and UNDP Pacific Centre, Palau Analysis of the 2006 HIES. Available from http://www.undppc.org.fj.
[2] SPC, Pacific Islands Regional Millennium Development Goals Report 2004. Available from http://wwwx.spc.int/mdgs.
[3] Palau, MDG Task Force, Ministry of Finance, The Millennium Development Goals: Initial Status Report Republic of Palau, 2008. Available from http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org.
[4] United Nations Statistics Division, Millennium Development Goals Indicators Database. Available from http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg (accessed 15 July 2011).
[5] Lesley Clark and Charmaine Rodrigues, Utilising Temporary Special Measures to Promote Gender Balance in Pacific Legislatures: A Guide to Options. (Suva, Fiji: UNDP & PIFS, 2008).
[6] World Health Organisation, Western Pacific Country Health Information Profiles: 2010 Revision. Available from http://www.wpro.who.int.
+
2003 Palau Population, Environment and Labor Force Survey
82
MDG 6
MDG 5
MDG 4
MDG 3
MDG 2
MDG 1
Papua New Guinea
Earliest
1.1
Basic needs poverty (%)
30.0
(1990e)
1.2
Poverty gap ratio (%)
9.0
(1990e)
1.3
Poorest quintile in national consumption (%)
4.5
(1990e)
1.4
Growth rate of GDP per person employed (%)
…
1.5
Employment-to-population ratio (%)
…
1.6
Employed living below $1 (PPP) per day (%)
…
1.7
Own-account and unpaid family workers (%)
…
1.8
Underweight children under age 5 (%)
…
1.9
Food poverty (%)
…
2.1
Net enrolment ratio in primary education (%)
52.9
2.2
Reaches last grade in primary education (%)
2.3
Latest
28.0
(2009e)
9.0
(2009e)
4.5
(2009e)
Source
Derived from survey+ & census^ data cited in [1]
Derived from survey+ & census^ data cited in [1]
…
…
Derived from survey+ & census^ data cited in [1]
[2]
…
23.0
(2009e)
…
(2007)
*
74.9
(2010)
**
*SPC from DOE, **AusAID from DOE
62.0
(1990e)
*
57.5
(2010)
**
*CRR derived from DOE data cited in [1], **AusAID from DOE
Literacy rates of 15-24 years old (%)
61.0
(1990e)
63.0
(2009e)
Derived from census^ data cited in [1]
3.1a
Gender parity index in primary education
85.0
(1991)
84.0
(2006)
Country data cited in [2]
3.1b
Gender parity index in secondary education
62.0
(1991)
3.1c
Gender parity index in tertiary education
55.0
(1999)
3.2
Women in the non-agricultural sector (%)
20.3
(1990)
3.3
Seats held by women in parliament (%)
0.0
4.1
Under 5 mortality (per 1,000 live births)
100.0
…
Derived from NHIS & survey data# cited in [1]
…
Country data cited in [2]
…
Estimated data cited in [2]
32.1
(2000)
(1990)
0.9
(2011)
Country data cited in [2]
(1986-1996)
*
70.0
(2009e)
**
*SPC from 1996 DHS, **Derived from 2006 DHS cited in [1]
Country census data cited in [2]
4.2
Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births)
77.3
(1986-1996)
*
53.0
(2009e)
**
*SPC from 1996 DHS, **Derived from 2006 DHS cited in [1]
4.3
Measles immunisation of 1 year old (%)
45.0
(1990e)
62.0
(2009e)
Derived from NHIS data cited in [1]
5.1
Maternal mortality (per 100,000 live births)
739.0
(1990e)
711.0
(2009e)
Derived from 2006 DHS cited in [1]
5.2
Skilled birth attendance (%)
50.0
(1990e)
52.0
(2009e)
5.3
Contraceptive prevalence rate (%)
19.8
(1996)
24.1
(2006)
SPC from 1996 & 2006 DHS
5.4
Adolescent birth rate (per 1,000 females)
77.0
(1996)
65.0
(2006)
5.5
Antenatal care coverage, ≥ 1 visit (%)
77.5
(1996)
78.0
(2006)
5.6
Unmet need for family planning (%)
45.9
(1996)
29.8
(2006)
6.1
HIV prevalence of 15-24 years old (%)
0.0
(1990)
0.9
(2009)
6.2
Condom use at last high-risk sex (%)
…
42.3
(2006)
21.9
(2008)
…
52.0
(2009)
(2008)
6.3
15-24 years old awareness of HIV/AIDS (%)
…
6.4
Orphans to non-orphans attending school
…
6.5
Access to antiretroviral drugs (%)
3.0
(2004)
6.6a
Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000)
…
18012.0
36.0
(2008)
…
6.6b
Malaria death rate (per 100,000)
…
6.7
Under 5 sleeping under bed-nets (%)
…
6.8
Under 5 treated with anti-malarial drugs (%)
…
6.9a
TB prevalence rates (per 100,000)
523.0
(1990)
6.9b
TB death rates (per 100,000)
69.0
(1990)
6.9c
TB incidence rates (per 100,000)
250.0
(1990)
6.10a
TB detection rate under DOTS (%)
24.0
(1990)
6.10b
TB cure rate under DOTS (%)
60.0
(1994)
Derived from 2006 DHS cited in [1]
SPC from 1996 & 2006 DHS
SPC from 1996 & 2006 DHS
SPC from 1996 & 2006 DHS
Estimated data cited in [2]
2006 DHS (average of men & women) cited in [2]
[3]
Estimated data cited in [2]
Estimated data cited in [2]
(2009)
Estimated data cited in [2]
Estimated data cited in [2]
Estimated data cited in [2]
…
337.0
26.0
(2009)
250.0
(2009)
73.0
(2009)
64.0
(2008)
Estimated data cited in [2]
Estimated data cited in [2]
Country data cited in [2]
83
MDG 8
MDG 7
Papua New Guinea
Earliest
Latest
65.0
2109.0
(2008)
0.3
(2008)
0.2
(2008)
(2009)
Country data cited in [2]
7.1
Proportion of land area covered by forest (%)
69.6
(1990)
7.2a
CO2 emissions, total (‘000 metric tons)
2142.0
(1990)
7.2b
CO2 emissions, per capita (metric tons)
0.5
(1990)
7.2c
CO2 emissions, per $1 GDP (PPP) (kg)
0.3
(1990)
7.3
Use of ODS (ODP metric tons)
28.5
(1990)
3.2
…
1.4
(2010)
…
40.0
(2008)
45.0
7.4
Fish stocks within safe biological limits (%)
…
7.5
Total water resources used (%)
…
7.6
Protected terrestrial and marine areas (%)
0.9
(1990)
7.7
Species threatened with extinction (%)
…
7.8
Using an improved drinking water source (%)
41.0
(1990)
7.9
Using an improved sanitation facility (%)
47.0
(1990)
7.10
Urban population living in slums (%)
…
…
OECD net ODA (% GNI)
n/a
ODA to basic social services (%)
…
8.3
ODA that is untied (%)
…
8.4
ODA to landlocked developing countries
n/a
8.5
Net ODA (% of GNI)
13.3
(1990)
8.6
Duty free exports to developed countries (%)
…
8.7
Average tariffs by developed countries
n/a
8.8
OECD agricultural support (% of GDP)
n/a
ODA to build trade capacity (%)
…
Countries reached HIPC points (no.)
n/a
8.11
Debt relief committed under HIPC and MDRI Initiatives n/a
8.12
Debt service (% of exports)
18.4
Country data cited in [2]
Global monitoring data cited in [2]
Global monitoring data cited in [2]
Global monitoring data cited in [2]
Estimated data cited in [2]
(2008)
Estimated data cited in [2]
Estimated data cited in [2]
…
8.1
8.9
Source
…
8.2
8.10
(2005)
n/a
…
n/a
5.3
(2009)
…
(2009)
Country adjusted data cited in [2]
*Telikom PNG & **ITU estimate cited in [2]
Disbursement basis, OECD DAC country data cited in [2]
n/a
n/a
n/a
…
n/a
(1990)
1.8
0.9
(2008)
9.1
(2008)
1.8
(2008)
8.13
Population with access to essential drugs (%)
…
8.14
Telephone lines per 100 population
0.7
(1990)
…
8.15
Cellular subscribers per 100 population
0.0
(1990)
8.16
Internet users per 100 population
0.0
(1990)
*Telikom PNG & **ITU estimate cited in [2]
*Telikom PNG & **ITU estimate cited in [2]
On track
Off track
Mixed
… Data not available
n/a Indicator not applicable to country context
[1] Papua New Guinea, Ministry of National Planning and District Development, Millennium Development Goals National Progress Summary Report for Papua New Guinea 2009 (forthcoming).
[2] United Nations Statistics Division, Millennium Development Goals Indicators Database. Available from http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg (accessed 15 July 2011).
[3] Papua New Guinea, National AIDS Council Secretariat, UNGASS 2010 Country Progress Report Papua New Guinea. Available from http://www.unaids.org.
+
1996 HIES and 1996 & 2006 DHS.
^
2000 census.
#
2005 Micro Nutrients Survey.
84
Samoa
Earliest
MDG 5
MDG 4
MDG 3
MDG 2
MDG 1
1.1
22.9
(2002)
Latest
(2008)
Source
26.9
SPC from 2002 & 2008 HIES
8.2
(2008)
4.3
(2008)
2002 & 2008 HIES cited in [1]
4.7
(2009)
30.0
(2009)
[1]
…
1.9
(1999)
1.2
Poverty gap ratio (%)
6.6
(2002)
1.3
Poorest quintile in national consumption (%)
5.2
(2002)
1.4
Growth rate of GDP per person employed (%)
3.2
(1999)
1.5
Employment-to-population ratio (%)
25.3
(2001)
1.6
Employed living below $1 (PPP) per day (%)
…
1.7
Own-account and unpaid family workers (%)
…
1.8
Underweight children under age 5 (%)
6.6
(1990)
1.9
Food poverty (%)
10.6
(2002)
4.9
(2008)
2002 & 2008 HIES cited in [1]
2.1
Net enrolment ratio in primary education (%)
93.0
(1991)
96.0
(2009)
MESC cited in [1]
2.2
Reaches last grade in primary education (%)
82.9
(2004)
83.3
(2010)
2.3
Literacy rates of 15-24 years old (%)
99.0
(1991)
99.5
(2009)
Country data cited in [2]
3.1a
Gender parity index in primary education
98.0
(1990)
97.0
(2009)
[1]
3.1b
Gender parity index in secondary education
106.0
(1990)
113.0
(2009)
3.1c
Gender parity index in tertiary education
166.0
(1990)
156.0
(2009)
2002 & 2008 HIES cited in [1]
[2]
…
[1]
MESC cited in [1]
[1]
[1]
3.2
Women in the non-agricultural sector (%)
31.0
(1990)
40.1
(2009)
3.3
Seats held by women in parliament (%)
4.0
(1990)
*
4.1
(2011)
**
*[1], **PIFS extrapolated from [3]
4.1
Under 5 mortality (per 1,000 live births)
42.0
(1991)
*
15.0
(2009)
**
*Census data & **2009 DHS cited in [1]
[1]
4.2
Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births)
33.0
(1991)
*
9.0
(2009)
**
*Census data & **2009 DHS cited in [1]
4.3
Measles immunisation of 1 year old (%)
89.0
(1991)
*
52.0
(2009)
**
*Samoa (2004), **2009 DHS cited in [1]
5.1
Maternal mortality (per 100,000 live births)
74.0
(1990-94)
46.0
(2002-06)
[1]
5.2
Skilled birth attendance (%)
76.0
(1991)
*
80.8
(2009)
**
*[1], **SPC from 2009 DHS
5.3
Contraceptive prevalence rate (%)
18.0
(1991)
*
28.7
(2009)
**
*[1], **SPC from 2009 DHS
5.4
Adolescent birth rate (per 1,000 females)
26.0
(1992)
*
44.0
(2009)
**
*[1], **SPC from 2009 DHS
5.5
Antenatal care coverage, ≥ 1 visit (%)
55.0
(1991)
*
58.4
(2009)
**
*[1], **SPC from 2009 DHS
45.6
(2009)
(2009)
[1]
5.6
MDG 6
Basic needs poverty (%)
Unmet need for family planning (%)
…
6.1
HIV prevalence of 15-24 years old (%)
…
6.2
Condom use at last high-risk sex (%)
…
6.3
15-24 years old awareness of HIV/AIDS (%)
…
6.4
Orphans to non-orphans attending school
n/a
6.5
Access to antiretroviral drugs (%)
…
6.6a
Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000)
n/a
6.6b
Malaria death rate (per 100,000)
n/a
6.7
Under 5 sleeping under bed-nets (%)
n/a
6.8
Under 5 treated with anti-malarial drugs (%)
n/a
6.9a
TB prevalence rates (per 100,000)
42.0
SPC from 2009 DHS
…
14.7
8.9
(2009)
n/a
88.9
(2010)
n/a
(2009)
Estimated data cited in [2]
Estimated data cited in [2]
2009 DHS (average of men & women) cited in [2]
[1]
n/a
n/a
n/a
(1990)
6.9b
TB death rates (per 100,000)
2.8
(1990)
6.9c
TB incidence rates (per 100,000)
32.0
(1990)
6.10a
TB detection rate under DOTS (%)
86.0
(1990)
6.10b
TB cure rate under DOTS (%)
50.0
(1994)
33.0
4.0
(2009)
18.0
(2009)
51.0
(2009)
71.0
(2008)
Estimated data cited in [2]
Estimated data cited in [2]
Country data cited in [2]
85
Samoa
Earliest
MDG 8
MDG 7
7.1
Proportion of land area covered by forest (%)
45.9
(1990)
Latest
Source
60.4
161.0
(2008)
0.9
(2008)
0.2
(2008)
0.2
(2009)
Country data cited in [2]
…
1.2
(2010)
…
7.2a
CO2 emissions, total (‘000 metric tons)
125.0
(1990)
7.2b
CO2 emissions, per capita (metric tons)
0.8
(1990)
7.2c
CO2 emissions, per $1 GDP (PPP) (kg)
0.3
(1990)
7.3
Use of ODS (ODP metric tons)
4.0
(1991)
7.4
Fish stocks within safe biological limits (%)
…
7.5
Total water resources used (%)
…
7.6
Protected terrestrial and marine areas (%)
0.9
(1990)
7.7
Species threatened with extinction (%)
…
(2005)
Country data cited in [2]
Global monitoring data cited in [2]
Global monitoring data cited in [2]
Global monitoring data cited in [2]
…
Estimated data cited in [2]
7.8
Using an improved drinking water source (%)
88.6
(2001)
97.3
(2006)
7.9
Using an improved sanitation facility (%)
98.0
(1990)
100.0
(2008)
Estimated data cited in [2]
Census data cited in [1]
7.10
Urban population living in slums (%)
8.1
OECD net ODA (% GNI)
n/a
8.2
ODA to basic social services (%)
…
8.3
ODA that is untied (%)
…
8.4
ODA to landlocked developing countries
n/a
n/a
…
…
8.5
Net ODA (% of GNI)
28.9
(1990)
8.6
Duty free exports to developed countries (%)
…
8.7
Average tariffs by developed countries
n/a
8.8
OECD agricultural support (% of GDP)
n/a
8.9
ODA to build trade capacity (%)
…
8.10
Countries reached HIPC points (no.)
n/a
8.11
Debt relief committed under HIPC and MDRI Initiatives
n/a
8.12
Debt service (% of exports)
10.6
8.13
Population with access to essential drugs (%)
…
8.14
Telephone lines per 100 population
8.15
8.16
n/a
16.1
(2009)
…
(2009)
Country adjusted data cited in [2]
16.1
(2008)
*Country data+ & **ITU estimate cited in [2]
69.3
(2008)
5.0
(2008)
Disbursement basis, OECD DAC country data cited in [2]
n/a
n/a
…
n/a
n/a
(1990)
2.5
(1990)
Cellular subscribers per 100 population
0.0
(1990)
Internet users per 100 population
0.0
(1990)
4.6
…
*Country data+ & **ITU estimate cited in [2]
*Country data+ & **ITU estimate cited in [2]
On track
Off track
Mixed
… Data not available
n/a Indicator not applicable to country context
[1] Samoa, National MDG Taskforce, Ministry of Finance, Millennium Development Goals: Second Progress Report 2010 (Samoa, 2010)
[2] United Nations Statistics Division, Millennium Development Goals Indicators Database. Available from http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg (accessed 15 July 2011).
[3] Lesley Clark and Charmaine Rodrigues, Utilising Temporary Special Measures to Promote Gender Balance in Pacific Legislatures: A Guide to Options. (Suva, Fiji: UNDP & PIFS, 2008).
+
Samoa Communications Limited.
86
MDG 5
MDG 4
MDG 3
MDG 2
MDG 1
Solomon Islands
Latest
22.7
7.5
(2006)
6.7
(2006)
1.1
Basic needs poverty (%)
…
1.2
Poverty gap ratio (%)
...
1.3
Poorest quintile in national consumption (%)
…
1.4
Growth rate of GDP per person employed (%)
…
1.5
Employment-to-population ratio (%)
23.1
1.6
Employed living below $1 (PPP) per day (%)
…
1.7
Own-account and unpaid family workers (%)
…
1.8
Underweight children under age 5 (%)
…
1.9
Food poverty (%)
…
2.1
Net enrolment ratio in primary education (%)
39.0
(1986)
2.2
Reaches last grade in primary education (%)
…
2.3
Literacy rates of 15-24 years old (%)
62.0
(1991)
3.1a
Gender parity index in primary education
80.0
3.1b
Gender parity index in secondary education
3.1c
(2006)
SPC from 2006 HIES
SPC from 2006 HIES
SPC from 2006 HIES
…
(1999)
…
Source
[2]
Country census data cited in [1]
…
11.5
(2007)
8.6
(2006)
SPC from 2006 HIES
*
97.2
(2010)
**
*NSO from census cited in [2], **SPC from DOE
67.1
(2004)
*
83.4
(2007)
**
*NSO cited in [2], **SPC from 2007 DHS
(1986)
*
100.0
(2010)
**
*NSO from census cited in [2], **SPC from DOE
57.0
(1986)
*
84.0
(2010)
**
*NSO from census cited in [2], **SPC from DOE
Gender parity index in tertiary education
30.0
(1995)
30.0
(2000)
USP data+ cited in [2]
3.2
Women in the non-agricultural sector (%)
30.8
(1999)
3.3
Seats held by women in parliament (%)
0.0
(1990)
0.0
(2011)
Country data cited in [1]
4.1
Under 5 mortality (per 1,000 live births)
38.2
(1990)
35.8
(2009)
Estimated data cited in [1]
4.2
Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births)
31.0
(1990)
30.0
(2009)
4.3
Measles immunisation of 1 year old (%)
70.0
(1990)
60.0
(2009)
Estimated data cited in [1]
5.1
Maternal mortality (per 100,000 live births)
130.0
(1990)
100.0
(2008)
Modeled data cited in [1]
…
SPC from 2007 DHS
SPC from NSO
…
Country census data cited in [1]
Estimated data cited in [1]
5.2
Skilled birth attendance (%)
85.0
(1999)
*
70.1
(2007)
**
Country adjusted data, *WHO & **2007 DHS cited in [1]
5.3
Contraceptive prevalence rate (%)
6.8
(2001)
*
34.6
(2007)
**
*MOH cited in [2], **SPC from 2007 DHS
5.4
Adolescent birth rate (per 1,000 females)
…
67.0
(2007)
5.5
Antenatal care coverage, ≥ 1 visit (%)
…
(2007)
5.6
MDG 6
Earliest
73.9
11.1
(2007)
0.0
(2008)
(2007)
Unmet need for family planning (%)
…
6.1
HIV prevalence of 15-24 years old (%)
…
6.2
Condom use at last high-risk sex (%)
…
6.3
15-24 years old awareness of HIV/AIDS (%)
…
6.4
Orphans to non-orphans attending school
n/a
6.5
Access to antiretroviral drugs (%)
…
6.6a
Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000)
…
6.6b
Malaria death rate (per 100,000)
…
6.7
Under 5 sleeping under bed-nets (%)
…
6.8
Under 5 treated with anti-malarial drugs (%)
…
6.9a
TB prevalence rates (per 100,000)
630.0
(1990)
6.9b
TB death rates (per 100,000)
80.0
(1990)
6.9c
TB incidence rates (per 100,000)
312.0
(1990)
6.10a
TB detection rate under DOTS (%)
39.0
(1990)
6.10b
TB cure rate under DOTS (%)
90.0
(1994)
21.1
32.2
(2007)
n/a
SPC from 2007 DHS
2007 DHS cited in [1]
2007 DHS cited in [1]
SGS cited in [3]
2007 DHS (average of men & women) cited in [1]
(2008)
Estimated data cited in [1]
2007 DHS cited in [1]
2007 DHS cited in [1]
…
13718.0
19.0
(2008)
40.5
(2007)
19.1
(2007)
185.0
(2009)
18.0
(2009)
115.0
(2009)
61.0
(2009)
94.0
(2008)
Estimated data cited in [1]
2007 DHS cited in [1]
Estimated data cited in [1]
Estimated data cited in [1]
Estimated data cited in [1]
Estimated data cited in [1]
Country data cited in [1]
87
MDG 8
MDG 7
Solomon Islands
Earliest
Latest
77.6
198.0
(2008)
0.4
(2008)
0.2
(2008)
(2009)
Country data cited in [1]
7.1
Proportion of land area covered by forest (%)
98.9
(1990)
7.2a
CO2 emissions, total (‘000 metric tons)
161.0
(1990)
7.2b
CO2 emissions, per capita (metric tons)
0.5
(1990)
7.2c
CO2 emissions, per $1 GDP (PPP) (kg)
0.2
(1990)
7.3
Use of ODS (ODP metric tons)
2.1
(1990)
1.6
…
0.1
(2010)
…
7.4
Fish stocks within safe biological limits (%)
…
7.5
Total water resources used (%)
…
7.6
Protected terrestrial and marine areas (%)
0.0
(1990)
7.7
Species threatened with extinction (%)
…
Source
(2005)
Country data cited in [1]
Global monitoring data cited in [1]
Global monitoring data cited in [1]
Global monitoring data cited in [1]
…
Estimated data cited in [1]
7.8
Using an improved drinking water source (%)
29.8
(1999)
*
84.2
(2007)
**
*Census data cited in [2], **SPC from 2007 DHS
7.9
Using an improved sanitation facility (%)
22.4
(1999)
*
17.6
(2007)
**
*Census data cited in [2], **SPC from 2007 DHS
7.10
Urban population living in slums (%)
…
8.1
OECD net ODA (% GNI)
n/a
8.2
ODA to basic social services (%)
…
8.3
ODA that is untied (%)
…
8.4
ODA to landlocked developing countries
n/a
…
…
n/a
…
8.5
Net ODA (% of GNI)
22.0
(1990)
8.6
Duty free exports to developed countries (%)
…
8.7
Average tariffs by developed countries
n/a
8.8
OECD agricultural support (% of GDP)
n/a
8.9
ODA to build trade capacity (%)
…
8.10
Countries reached HIPC points (no.)
n/a
8.11
Debt relief committed under HIPC and MDRI Initiatives
n/a
8.12
Debt service (% of exports)
11.3
n/a
42.8
(2009)
…
(2009)
Country adjusted data cited in [1]
Disbursement basis, OECD DAC country data cited in [1]
n/a
n/a
n/a
…
n/a
(1990)
3.3
8.13
Population with access to essential drugs (%)
…
8.14
Telephone lines per 100 population
1.5
(1990)
*
1.6
…
(2008)
**
*Country data^ & **ITU estimate cited in [1]
8.15
Cellular subscribers per 100 population
0.0
(1990)
*
5.9
(2008)
**
*Country data^ & **ITU estimate cited in [1]
8.16
Internet users per 100 population
0.0
(1990)
2.0
(2008)
ITU estimate cited in [1]
On track
Off track
Mixed
… Data not available
n/a Indicator not applicable to country context
[1] United Nations Statistics Division, Millennium Development Goals Indicators Database. Available from http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg (accessed 15 July 2011).
[2] SPC, Pacific Islands Regional Millennium Development Goals Report 2004. Available from http://wwwx.spc.int/mdgs.
[3] Solomon Islands, National AIDS Committee, UNGASS Country Progress Report 2010 Solomon Islands. Available from http://www.unaids.org.
+
“In-country”, for USP centres and satellite training.
^
Solomon Telekom Company Limited.
88
MDG 6
MDG 5
MDG 4
MDG 3
MDG 2
MDG 1
Tonga
Earliest
1.1
Basic needs poverty (%)
16.2
(2001)
1.2
Poverty gap ratio (%)
7.7
(2001)
1.3
Poorest quintile in national consumption (%)
9.4
(2001)
1.4
Growth rate of GDP per person employed (%)
6.0
(2004)
1.5
Employment-to-population ratio (%)
53.1
(1990)
1.6
Employed living below $1 (PPP) per day (%)
…
1.7
Own-account and unpaid family workers (%)
57.0
(1996)
1.8
Underweight children under age 5 (%)
1.6
(1986)
1.9
Food poverty (%)
1.7
(2001)
2.1
Net enrolment ratio in primary education (%)
91.6
(1990)
2.2
Reaches last grade in primary education (%)
84.0
(1996)
2.3
Literacy rates of 15-24 years old (%)
98.8
(1990)
3.1a
Gender parity index in primary education
87.0
(1997)
3.1b
Gender parity index in secondary education
97.0
(1995)
3.1c
Gender parity index in tertiary education
67.0
(1995)
3.2
Women in the non-agricultural sector (%)
33.7
(1986)
3.3
Seats held by women in parliament (%)
3.0
(2005)
4.1
Under 5 mortality (per 1,000 live births)
27.0
(1990)
4.2
Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births)
12.2
(1991)
4.3
Measles immunisation of 1 year old (%)
94.0
(1994)
5.1
Maternal mortality (per 100,000 live births)
204.7
(1995)
5.2
Skilled birth attendance (%)
96.0
(1999)
5.3
Contraceptive prevalence rate (%)
33.0
(1990)
5.4
Adolescent birth rate (per 1,000 females)
23.0
(1995)
5.5
Antenatal care coverage, ≥ 1 visit (%)
98.5
(2002)
5.6
Unmet need for family planning (%)
…
6.1
HIV prevalence of 15-24 years old (%)
…
6.2
Condom use at last high-risk sex (%)
…
6.3
15-24 years old awareness of HIV/AIDS (%)
…
6.4
Orphans to non-orphans attending school
…
6.5
Access to antiretroviral drugs (%)
n/a
6.6a
Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000)
n/a
6.6b
Malaria death rate (per 100,000)
n/a
6.7
Under 5 sleeping under bed-nets (%)
n/a
6.8
Under 5 treated with anti-malarial drugs (%)
n/a
6.9a
TB prevalence rates (per 100,000)
53.7
(1990)
6.9b
TB death rates (per 100,000)
5.9
(1990)
6.9c
TB incidence rates (per 100,000)
34.0
(1990)
6.10a
TB detection rate under DOTS (%)
72.0
(1990)
6.10b
TB cure rate under DOTS (%)
89.0
(1994)
Latest
22.5
(2009)
7.7
(2004)
10.0
(2009)
5.2
(2008)
55.9
(2006)
NSO cited in [1]
…
Census data cited in [2]
2.0
(1999)
2.0
(2009)
NSO from 2009 HIES cited in [1]
93.0
(2008)
MEWAC cited in [1]
90.0
(2007)
99.4
(2006)
MEWAC cited in [1]
88.0
(2008)
MEWAC cited in [1]
97.0
(2009)
99.0
(2005)
39.2
(2006)
3.3
(2009)
Parliament Office cited in [1]
26.0
(2008)
MOH cited in [1]
16.4
(2008)
99.6
(2007)
MOH cited in [1]
76.1
(2008)
MOH cited in [1]
98.0
(2007)
27.0
(2008)
19.6
(2008)
98.0
(2008)
MOH, Reproductive Health Unit cited in [1]
21.1
(2008)
Youth SGS Survey & MOH cited in [1]
36.4
(2008)
…
34.0
(2009)
MOH cited in [1]
2.7
(2009)
23.0
(2009)
33.0
(2009)
100.0
(2008)
Source
NSO from 2009 HIES cited in [1]
NSO from 2009 HIES cited in [1]
NSO from 2009 HIES cited in [1]
[2]
…
NSO from 2009 HIES cited in [1]
MEWAC cited in [1]
MEWAC cited in [1]
MEWAC cited in [1]
Census data cited in [1]
MOH cited in [1]
MOH cited in [1]
MOH, Reproductive Health Unit cited in [1]
MOH, Reproductive Health Unit cited in [1]
…
…
Youth SGS Survey & MOH cited in [1]
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
MOH cited in [1]
Estimated data cited in [2]
Estimated data cited in [2]
Country data cited in [2]
89
Tonga
MDG 8
MDG 7
Earliest
7.1
Proportion of land area covered by forest (%)
5.5
(1990)
7.2a
CO2 emissions, total (‘000 metric tons)
77.0
(1990)
7.2b
CO2 emissions, per capita (metric tons)
0.8
(1990)
7.2c
CO2 emissions, per $1 GDP (PPP) (kg)
0.3
(1990)
7.3
Use of ODS (ODP metric tons)
0.4
(1991)
7.4
Fish stocks within safe biological limits (%)
…
7.5
Total water resources used (%)
2.2
(1995)
7.6
Protected terrestrial and marine areas (%)
0.1
(1990)
7.7
Species threatened with extinction (%)
…
7.8
Using an improved drinking water source (%)
91.5
(1990)
7.9
Using an improved sanitation facility (%)
55.0
(1986)
7.10
Urban population living in slums (%)
…
8.1
OECD net ODA (% GNI)
n/a
8.2
ODA to basic social services (%)
…
8.3
ODA that is untied (%)
…
8.4
ODA to landlocked developing countries
n/a
8.5
Net ODA (% of GNI)
25.5
(1990)
8.6
Duty free exports to developed countries (%)
…
8.7
Average tariffs by developed countries
n/a
8.8
OECD agricultural support (% of GDP)
n/a
8.9
ODA to build trade capacity (%)
9.0
(1995)
8.10
Countries reached HIPC points (no.)
n/a
8.11
Debt relief committed under HIPC and MDRI
Initiatives
n/a
8.12
Debt service (% of exports)
3.5
8.13
Population with access to essential drugs (%)
…
8.14
Telephone lines per 100 population
8.15
8.16
Latest
Source
5.3
(2008)
MECC cited in [1]
176.0
(2008)
1.7
(2008)
0.4
(2008)
0.0
(2009)
Country data cited in [2]
2.2
(2005)
MECC cited in [1]
9.4
(2010)
…
98.0
(2006)
82.0
(2006)
Census data cited in [1]
n/a
12.4
(2009)
…
n/a
14.3
(2005)
n/a
15.0
(2009)
**
*Country adjusted data cited in [2], **[3]
95.0
(2002)
24.7
(2008)
48.7
(2008)
8.1
(2008)
Global monitoring data cited in [2]
Global monitoring data cited in [2]
Global monitoring data cited in [2]
…
Estimated data cited in [1]
Census data cited in [1]
…
n/a
…
…
Disbursement basis, OECD DAC country data cited in [2]
n/a
MOFNP cited in [1]
n/a
(1990)
*
4.6
(1990)
*
Cellular subscribers per 100 population
0.0
(1990)
Internet users per 100 population
0.0
(1990)
MOH cited in [1]
**
Country data+ cited in [2]
ITU estimate cited in [2]
ITU estimate cited in [2]
On track
Off track
Mixed
… Data not available
n/a Indicator not applicable to country context
[1] Tonga, Ministry of Finance and National Planning, 2nd National Millennium Development Goals Report Tonga: Status and Progress between 1990-2010. Available from http://www.undp.org.fj.
[2] United Nations Statistics Division, Millennium Development Goals Indicators Database. Available from http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg (accessed 15 July 2011).
[3] International Monetary Fund, "Tonga: 2011 Article IV Consultation – Staff Report", IMF Country Report No. 11/110. (Washington D.C.: IMF, 2011). Available from http://www.imf.org.
+
*Tonga Telecommunications Commission, **Tonga Communications Corporation Limited.
90
MDG 6
MDG 5
MDG 4
MDG 3
MDG 2
MDG 1
Tuvalu
Earliest
1.1
Basic needs poverty (%)
23.2
(1994)
1.2
Poverty gap ratio (%)
7.6
(1994)
1.3
Poorest quintile in national consumption (%)
7.0
(1994)
1.4
Growth rate of GDP per person employed (%)
2.7
(1998)
1.5
Employment-to-population ratio (%)
26.8
(1991)
1.6
Employed living below $1 (PPP) per day (%)
…
1.7
Own-account and unpaid family workers (%)
8.4
(1991)
1.8
Underweight children under age 5 (%)
…
1.9
Food poverty (%)
6.0
(1994)
2.1
Net enrolment ratio in primary education (%)
99.5
(1991)
2.2
Reaches last grade in primary education (%)
81.3
(1991)
2.3
Literacy rates of 15-24 years old (%)
98.7
(1991)
3.1a
Gender parity index in primary education
105.0
3.1b
Gender parity index in secondary education
3.1c
Latest
(2010)
Source
19.7
1994 & 2010 HIES cited in [1]
6.2
(2010)
8.1
(2010)
1996 & 2010 HIES cited in [1]
-0.2
(2007)
33.5
(2004)
1991 census & 2004 HIES data cited in [1]
19.2
(2004)
1991 census & 2004 HIES data cited in [1]
1.6
(2007)
3.5
(2004)
1994 & 2004 HIES cited in [1]
98.1
(2007)
1991 census & 2007 DHS cited in [1]
91.2
(2007)
98.6
(2007)
1991 census & 2007 DHS cited in [1]
(1991)
*
96.0
(2009)
**
*Census & **DOE cited in [1]
105.0
(1991)
*
112.0
(2009)
**
*Census & **DOE cited in [1]
Gender parity index in tertiary education
42.0
(1991)
*
172.0
(2009)
**
*Census & **DOE cited in [1]
3.2
Women in the non-agricultural sector (%)
36.4
(1991)
36.0
(2007)
3.3
Seats held by women in parliament (%)
6.0
(1990)
0.0
(2011)
Parliament records cited in [1]
4.1
Under 5 mortality (per 1,000 live births)
68.7
(1991)
24.6
(2009)
MOH cited in [1]
4.2
Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births)
57.3
(1992)
14.8
(2009)
4.3
Measles immunisation of 1 year old (%)
94.0
(1995)
90.0
(2008)
MOH cited in [1]
5.1
Maternal mortality (per 100,000 live births)
413.2
(1990)
0.0
(2009)
MOH cited in [1]
1995 & 2010 HIES cited in [1]
[2]
…
2007 DHS cited in [1]
1991 census & 2007 DHS cited in [1]
1991 census & 2007 DHS cited in [1]
MOH cited in [1]
5.2
Skilled birth attendance (%)
95.0
(1990)
*
98.0
(2007)
**
*MOH cited in [2], **2007 DHS cited in [1]
5.3
Contraceptive prevalence rate (%)
39.0
(1990)
*
31.0
(2007)
**
*MOH cited in [2], **2007 DHS cited in [1]
5.4
Adolescent birth rate (per 1,000 females)
38.6
(1991)
*
42.0
(2007)
**
*Census data cited in [1], **SPC from 2007 DHS
5.5
Antenatal care coverage, ≥ 1 visit (%)
…
97.0
(2007)
2007 DHS cited in [1]
5.6
Unmet need for family planning (%)
…
24.2
(2007)
6.1
HIV prevalence of 15-24 years old (%)
…
6.2
Condom use at last high-risk sex (%)
…
(2007)
2007 DHS (average of men & women) cited in [1]
6.3
15-24 years old awareness of HIV/AIDS (%)
…
6.4
Orphans to non-orphans attending school
n/a
6.5
Access to antiretroviral drugs (%)
…
6.6a
Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000)
n/a
6.6b
Malaria death rate (per 100,000)
n/a
6.7
Under 5 sleeping under bed-nets (%)
n/a
6.8
Under 5 treated with anti-malarial drugs (%)
n/a
6.9a
TB prevalence rates (per 100,000)
327.0
(1990)
6.9b
TB death rates (per 100,000)
12.0
(1990)
6.9c
TB incidence rates (per 100,000)
296.0
(1990)
6.10a
TB detection rate under DOTS (%)
87.0
(1990)
6.10b
TB cure rate under DOTS (%)
100.0
(1994)
2007 DHS cited in [1]
…
24.5
50.1
(2007)
n/a
100.0
(2009)
(2009)
Estimated data cited in [3]
Estimated data cited in [3]
n/a
n/a
2007 DHS (average of men & women) cited in [1]
MOH cited in [1]
n/a
n/a
194.0
7.1
(2009)
155.0
(2009)
120.0
(2009)
78.0
(2008)
Estimated data cited in [3]
Estimated data cited in [3]
Country data cited in [3]
91
MDG 8
MDG 7
Tuvalu
Earliest
7.1
Proportion of land area covered by forest (%)
33.3
7.2a
CO2 emissions, total (‘000 metric tons)
…
7.2b
CO2 emissions, per capita (metric tons)
…
7.2c
CO2 emissions, per $1 GDP (PPP) (kg)
…
7.3
Use of ODS (ODP metric tons)
0.0
7.4
Fish stocks within safe biological limits (%)
…
7.5
Total water resources used (%)
7.6
Latest
(1990)
33.3
…
Source
(2005)
Estimated data cited in [3]
(2009)
Country data cited in [3]
…
…
(1991)
0.1
…
…
Protected terrestrial and marine areas (%)
0.0
(1990)
0.2
(2009)
7.7
Species threatened with extinction (%)
…
…
7.8
Using an improved drinking water source (%)
90.5
(1991)
97.6
(2007)
7.9
Using an improved sanitation facility (%)
77.1
(1991)
80.7
(2007)
7.10
Urban population living in slums (%)
23.6
(1991)
6.5
(2007)
8.1
OECD net ODA (% GNI)
n/a
8.2
ODA to basic social services (%)
…
6.9
8.3
ODA that is untied (%)
…
8.4
ODA to landlocked developing countries
n/a
8.5
Net ODA (% of GNI)
5.1
(1990)
8.6
Duty free exports to developed countries (%)
…
8.7
Average tariffs by developed countries
n/a
8.8
OECD agricultural support (% of GDP)
n/a
8.9
ODA to build trade capacity (%)
…
8.10
Countries reached HIPC points (no.)
n/a
8.11
Debt relief committed under HIPC and MDRI Initiatives
n/a
8.12
Debt service (% of exports)
14.1
8.13
Population with access to essential drugs (%)
…
8.14
Telephone lines per 100 population
8.15
8.16
…
Estimated data cited in [3]
1991 census & 2007 DHS cited in [1]
1991 census & 2007 DHS cited in [1]
1991 census & 2007 DHS cited in [1]
n/a
(2001-08)
Aid Unit, Department of Planning & Budget cited in [1]
…
n/a
17.5
(2009)
…
(2010)
Tuvalu (2011b)
*Country data+ & **ITU estimate cited in [3]
Disbursement basis, OECD DAC country data cited in [3]
n/a
n/a
n/a
…
n/a
(2006)
39.4
1.4
(1990)
15.2
(2008)
Cellular subscribers per 100 population
0.0
(1990)
20.2
(2008)
Internet users per 100 population
0.0
(1990)
43.0
(2008)
…
ITU estimate cited in [3]
ITU estimate cited in [3]
On track
Off track
Mixed
… Data not available
n/a Indicator not applicable to country context
[1] Tuvalu, Department of Planning and Budget, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, Tuvalu Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2010/2011 (forthcoming).
[2] Tuvalu, Millennium Development Goals Report 2006. Available from http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org.
[3] United Nations Statistics Division, Millennium Development Goals Indicators Database. Available from http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg (accessed 15 July 2011).
+
Tuvalu Telecommunications Corporation.
92
MDG 6
MDG 5
MDG 4
MDG 3
MDG 2
MDG 1
Vanuatu
Earliest
1.1
Basic needs poverty (%)
…
1.2
Poverty gap ratio (%)
…
1.3
Poorest quintile in national consumption (%)
1.4
…
Growth rate of GDP per person employed (%)
0.8
(1995-99)
1.5
Employment-to-population ratio (%)
76.8
(1999)
1.6
Employed living below $1 (PPP) per day (%)
…
1.7
Own-account and unpaid family workers (%)
…
1.8
Underweight children under age 5 (%)
10.6
1.9
Food poverty (%)
2.1
Latest
15.9
(2006)
5.6
(2006)
7.4
(2006)
2.7
(2005-08)
71.1
(2006)
4.0
(2006)
…
(1996)
11.7
(2007)
*National Nutrition Survey & **2007 MICS cited in [2]
10.0
(1990-92)
7.0
(2004-06)
Estimated data cited in [2]
Net enrolment ratio in primary education (%)
88.0
(1989)
86.0
(2008)
2.2
Reaches last grade in primary education (%)
68.9
(1999)
71.5
(2008)
2.3
Literacy rates of 15-24 years old (%)
32.0
(1990)
92.0
(2009)
NSO from MOE cited in [1]
3.1a
Gender parity index in primary education
93.0
(2000)
91.0
(2009)
MOE cited in [1]
3.1b
Gender parity index in secondary education
95.0
(2000)
102.0
(2009)
3.1c
Gender parity index in tertiary education
40.0
(1995)
85.0
(2008)
3.2
Women in the non-agricultural sector (%)
37.5
(2004)
38.9
(2008)
3.3
Seats held by women in parliament (%)
4.3
(1990)
3.8
(2011)
Country data cited in [2]
4.1
Under 5 mortality (per 1,000 live births)
40.1
(1990)
16.3
(2009)
Estimated data cited in [2]
4.2
Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births)
33.0
(1990)
14.0
(2009)
4.3
Measles immunisation of 1 year old (%)
66.0
(1990)
80.0
(2009)
WHO/UNICEF Joint Reporting Forms cited in [1]
5.1
Maternal mortality (per 100,000 live births)
96.0
(1998)
86.0
(2007)
MOH cited in [1]
5.2
Skilled birth attendance (%)
79.0
(1990-95) *
74.0
(2007)
**
*MOH & **2007 MICS cited in [1]
5.3
Contraceptive prevalence rate (%)
15.0
(1991)
*
38.0
(2007)
**
*MOH & **2007 MICS cited in [1]
5.4
Adolescent birth rate (per 1,000 females)
92.0
(1999)
*
64.0
(2009)
**
*NSO & **preliminary census data cited in [1]
5.5
Antenatal care coverage, ≥ 1 visit (%)
…
84.0
(2007)
2007 MICS cited in [1]
5.6
Unmet need for family planning (%)
24.0
(1996)
6.1
HIV prevalence of 15-24 years old (%)
…
6.2
Condom use at last high-risk sex (%)
…
6.3
15-24 years old awareness of HIV/AIDS (%)
…
6.4
Orphans to non-orphans attending school
n/a
n/a
6.5
Access to antiretroviral drugs (%)
…
100.0
(2010)
6.6a
Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000)
19800.0 (1990)
1600.0
(2009)
6.6b
Malaria death rate (per 100,000)
22.0
(1990)
0.9
(2009)
6.7
Under 5 sleeping under bed-nets (%)
13.0
(2002)
81.0
(2009)
MOH cited in [1]
6.8
Under 5 treated with anti-malarial drugs (%)
n/a
6.9a
TB prevalence rates (per 100,000)
176.0
(1990)
110.0
(2009)
Estimated data cited in [2]
6.9b
TB death rates (per 100,000)
11.0
(1990)
10.0
(2009)
6.9c
TB incidence rates (per 100,000)
139.0
(1990)
72.0
(2009)
6.10a
TB detection rate under DOTS (%)
67.0
(1990)
78.0
(2009)
6.10b
TB cure rate under DOTS (%)
100.0
(1994)
93.0
(2007)
*
Source
NSO from 2006 HIES cited in [1]
NSO from 2006 HIES cited in [1]
[2]
NSO derived from 1999 Census & 2006 HIES cited in [1]
NSO cited in [1]
**
*NSO from census data & **MOE cited in [1]
Country data cited in [2]
MOE cited in [1]
USP data cited in [1]
Country administrative data cited in [2]
Estimated data cited in [2]
…
NSO from 2006 HIES cited in [1]
MOH from National Family Planning Study cited in [1]
…
…
…
MOH cited in [1]
MOH from Malaria Information System cited in [1]
MOH from Malaria Information System cited in [1]
n/a
Estimated data cited in [2]
Estimated data cited in [2]
Estimated data cited in [2]
Country data cited in [2]
93
MDG 8
MDG 7
Vanuatu
Earliest
7.1
Proportion of land area covered by forest (%)
36.1
(1990)
7.2a
CO2 emissions, total (‘000 metric tons)
70.0
(1990)
7.2b
CO2 emissions, per capita (metric tons)
0.5
(1990)
7.2c
CO2 emissions, per $1 GDP (PPP) (kg)
0.1
(1990)
7.3
Use of ODS (ODP metric tons)
0.0
(1991)
7.4
Fish stocks within safe biological limits (%)
…
7.5
Total water resources used (%)
…
7.6
Protected terrestrial and marine areas (%)
0.4
(1990)
7.7
Species threatened with extinction (%)
…
7.8
Using an improved drinking water source (%)
68.0
(1989)
7.9
Using an improved sanitation facility (%)
28.0
(1989)
7.10
Urban population living in slums (%)
…
8.1
OECD net ODA (% GNI)
n/a
8.2
ODA to basic social services (%)
…
8.3
ODA that is untied (%)
…
8.4
ODA to landlocked developing countries
n/a
8.5
Net ODA (% of GNI)
30.5
(1990)
8.6
Duty free exports to developed countries (%)
…
8.7
Average tariffs by developed countries
n/a
8.8
OECD agricultural support (% of GDP)
n/a
8.9
ODA to build trade capacity (%)
…
8.10
Countries reached HIPC points (no.)
n/a
8.11
Debt relief committed under HIPC and MDRI Initiatives
n/a
8.12
Debt service (% of exports)
7.3
8.13
Population with access to essential drugs (%)
…
8.14
Telephone lines per 100 population
8.15
8.16
Latest
Source
36.1
(2005)
Country data cited in [2]
92.0
(2008)
0.4
(2008)
0.1
(2008)
0.1
(2009)
Country data cited in [2]
…
0.5
(2010)
…
81.0
(2009)
64.0
(2009)
30.0
(2006)
n/a
16.5
(2009)
…
n/a
1.0
(2010)
n/a
(2009)
Reserve Bank of Vanuatu cited in [1]
Global monitoring data cited in [2]
Global monitoring data cited in [2]
Global monitoring data cited in [2]
…
Estimated data cited in [2]
NSO from census data cited in [1]
NSO from census data cited in [1]
NSO from 2006 HIES cited in [1]
n/a
…
…
Disbursement basis, OECD DAC country data cited in [2]
n/a
Parliamentary Appropriations cited in [1]
n/a
(2000)
9.8
1.7
(1990)
*
4.5
(2008)
**
*Telecom Vanuatu Limited & **ITU estimate cited in [2]
Cellular subscribers per 100 population
0.0
(1990)
*
15.4
(2008)
**
*Telecom Vanuatu Limited & **ITU estimate cited in [2]
Internet users per 100 population
0.0
(1990)
7.3
(2008)
ITU estimate cited in [2]
…
On track
Off track
Mixed
… Data not available
n/a Indicator not applicable to country context
[1] Vanuatu, Prime Minister’s Office, Millennium Development Goals 2010 Report for Vanuatu. Available from http://www.undp.org.fj.
[2] United Nations Statistics Division, Millennium Development Goals Indicators Database. Available from http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg (accessed 15 July 2011).
94
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