Duncanrig Secondary School
East Kilbride
S2 Physics Elective
Light and Sound
Pupil Booklet
Name:
Class:
SCN 3-11a - By exploring the refraction of light when passed through different materials,
lenses and prisms, I can explain how light can be used in a variety of applications.
SCN 4-11a – By recording and analysing sound signals, I can describe how they can be
manipulated and used in sound engineering.
 Learning Outcomes
 Homework Exercises
 Unit Summary
S2 Physics Elective
Light and Sound
Learning Outcomes
How Confident am I with the Learning Outcomes?
 Circle the faces to keep a record of your progress.
 I am confident that I understand this and I can apply this to
problems
 I have some understanding but I need to revise this some more
 I don’t know this or I need help because I don’t understand it
 You can use this to help you pick the areas of the unit that need the
most revision.
 As you revise your class work you will be able to circle more and more
smiley faces.
 If that does not help then you should ask your teacher!
Learning Outcomes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Can you do
this?
State that the speed of light in
air/vacuum is 300 000 000 m/s.
State that light slows down as it passes
from air/vacuum into another
transparent material.
State that refraction is the change in
speed of light as it travels from one
medium to another.
State that refraction causes the light to
change direction, if the incident angle is
not 90°, as it passes from medium to
medium.
State that the normal (an imaginary line)
is drawn at 90°to the boundary where
the ray strikes.
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Comments
S2 Physics Elective
Light and Sound
6. State that all angles are measured from
the normal.
7. Be able to measure angles from the
normal.
8. State that the incident angle is less than
the refraction angle for light travelling
from Perspex to air.
9. Recognise the path a ray of light will
follow through different transparent
shapes.
10. Be able to use appropriate words to
describe an image formed by a convex
lens:
Magnified
Diminished
Upright
Inverted
Real
Virtual
Laterally Inverted
11. Draw/describe the shape of a convex
lens side on.
12. Be able to identify some applications of
convex lenses.
13. State that the focal length can be
measured from the centre of the lens to
the focal point.
14. Describe how to measure the principal
focal length of a convex lens.
15. Identify on a diagram the following ten
main parts of the eye:
Cornea
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Learning Outcomes
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S2 Physics Elective
Light and Sound
Pupil
Ciliary muscles
Lens
Iris
Retina
Optic nerve
Eye Muscles
Blind Spot
Fovea (yellow spot)
Learning Outcomes
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19. Draw/describe a thin/thick convex lens.
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20. State that the eye lens is thinner when
objects are distant but thicker when
objects are near to produce a focused
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16. State the function of the following parts
of the eye:
Cornea
Pupil
Ciliary muscles
Lens
Iris
Retina
Optic nerve
Eye Muscles
Fovea (yellow spot)
17. State the meaning of the word
transparent and name materials that are
transparent.
18. State that the ability of the eye lens to
change shape in order to focus on
objects at different distances is called
accommodation.
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S2 Physics Elective
Light and Sound
Learning Outcomes
image on the retina.
21. State that two eye defects are short
sighted and long sighted.
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22. State that people who are longsighted
see a blurry image when looking at
objects nearby.
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23. State that people who are short-sighted
see a blurry image when looking at
objects far away.
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24. State that light from distant objects
appears parallel.
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25. State that light from nearby objects
appears diverging.
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26. Draw/describe the shape of a concave
lens.
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27. Draw/describe the effect of
convex/concave lenses on parallel rays of
light.
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28. State that a convex lens can correct
long-sightedness and a concave lens can
correct short-sightedness.
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29. State that the pupil size is dependent on
light levels. Larger in dim light and
smaller in bright light.
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30. State that the blind spot is where the
optic nerve leaves the retina.
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31. Explain why no light is detected if it
lands on the blind spot.
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32. Carry out a simple experiment to show
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S2 Physics Elective
Light and Sound
Learning Outcomes
that your own eye has a blind spot.
33. State that an optical illusion is a false or
deceptive visual image.
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34. State that the image produced by a
pinhole camera is upside down and
reversed.
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35. State that increasing the size of the
pinhole make the image brighter but less
sharp.
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36. State that a convex lens can be used to
make the image produced by pinhole
camera sharper.
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37. Form a sharp image of an object on the
screen of a pinhole camera.
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38. Explain that the pinhole camera and the
human eye form an image in the same
way.
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39. State that the image formed on the
retina of the eye is upside side-down and
reversed.
40. State that the three main parts of a
refracting telescope are the light tight
tube, objective lens and eyepiece lens.
41. Describe how to measure the principal
focal length of a convex lens.
42. State that the magnification of a
refracting telescope can be calculated
from the formula:
magnification = focal length of objective
lens / focal length of eyepiece lens
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S2 Physics Elective
Light and Sound
Learning Outcomes
43. State that the objective lens is designed
to collect light from distant objects.
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44. State the eyepiece lens is designed to
magnify the image produced by the
objective lens.
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45. State the image produced by the
objective lens will be brighter is the
diameter of the lens is increased.
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46. Identify on a diagram the following 8
parts of the ear.
outer ear
small bones
outer lobe
semicircular canals
ear canal
cochlea
ear drum
nerve to the brain
47. Describe the function (what it does) of
the five main parts of the ear.
48. State that sound is caused by vibrations
49. State that frequency is the number of
vibrations per second.
50. State that the higher the frequency of
the vibrations the higher the pitch (and
vice versa).
51. State that the human ear cannot detect
sounds of a very high pitch.
52. State and explain why sound travels
more easily in solids than in liquids and
gases.
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S2 Physics Elective
Light and Sound
53. Explain, by use of a diagram, the effect
of varying (changing) the loudness of a
sound as seen on an oscilloscope.
54. Explain, by use of a diagram, the effect
of varying (changing) the frequency of a
sound as seen on an oscilloscope.
55. State that plucking a string harder
increases the amplitude of the sound
from a stretched string.
56. State that shortening a stretched string
and tightening a stretched string both
increase the frequency of the sound
produced when the string is plucked.
57. Be able to record sound using Audacity.
58. Be able to manipulate recorded sound
using Audacity.
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Learning Outcomes
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Where appropriate answer the questions in this homework in full sentences in the spaces provided.
Light and Sound Homework 1 – Refraction
1.
What is the speed of light in air/vacuum?
2.
What is the definition of refraction?
3.
What word means that light can pass through?
4.
What imaginary line should all angles be measured from?
5.
When light passes from Perspex into air how does the incident angle compare
with the refraction angle? (smaller or larger?)
6.
Match the words with their meanings. Use a ruler.
Words
Diminished
Meanings
Increased in size
Virtual
Decreased in size
Inverted
Image is the same way up as the object
Laterally Inverted
Image is upside down compared to the object
Magnified
Image can be projected into a screen
Real
Image cannot be projected onto a screen, can only
be seen by the eye.
Upright
Flipped horizontally.
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Where appropriate answer the questions in this homework in full sentences in the spaces provided.
Light and Sound Homework 2 – The Eye
1.
Name the 10 parts of the human eye.
2.
In the box, draw the shape of a convex and
concave lens (as viewed side on). Include
labels.
3.
What shape is the lens (thick or thin) when looking at a nearby object?
4.
Maria looks at a beautiful lake far in the distance. She then turns to look at
her friend Kerry, standing beside her and explains “if it were not for physics,
I would not understand how I see this wonderful view”.
a.
Describe the shape of the lens in Maria’s eye upon viewing the distant
lake.
5.
b.
Describe the change to her eye lens when looking at Kerry close up.
c.
Name the process that allows the thickness of eye lens to change
according to the object’s distance.
If you looked at the print of this homework exercise with a convex lens close
up, what would it look like?
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Where appropriate answer the questions in this homework in full sentences in the spaces provided.
6.
7.
What happens to the pupil of your eye in
a.
Dim light ?
b.
Bright light ?
a.
b.
8.
9.
Describe the position of the blind spot in the eye.
Why is it called the blind spot?
The mysterious floating finger is an example of an optical illusion. What does
the term optical illusion mean?
Describe the function of the following parts of the eye:
Iris:
Cornea:
Retina:
10. Name two eye defects and state which type of lens can be used to correct
each of them.
Page 10
Where appropriate answer the questions in this homework in full sentences in the spaces provided.
Light and Sound Homework 3 – The Pinhole Camera and Refracting Telescope
1.
Complete the table with the parts of the pinhole camera that correspond to
the parts of the eye.
Parts of the eye
Parts of the Pinhole Camera
Pupil
Lens
Retina
2.
Describe the image formed on the screen of a pinhole camera when looking at
an object.
3.
The image on a pinhole camera is too dull. The pupil improves the brightness
of the image by increasing the size of the pinhole. However, the image is now
out of focus. Explain how the pupil might sharpen the image.
4.
Name the three main parts of a refracting telescope.
5.
Calculate the magnification of the refracting telescope using the formula
below if the focal length of the objective lens is 20cm and the focal length of
the eyepiece lens is 5cm. Show full working.
Magnification = (Focal Length of Objective Lens) / (Focal Length of Eyepiece Lens)
Page 11
Where appropriate answer the questions in this homework in full sentences in the spaces provided.
Light and Sound Homework 4 – Sound and the Ear
1.
Complete the following table:
Part of the ear
What it does
Ear Drum
Transmit sounds from the middle ear to the inner ear
Semicircular Canals
Converts the sound vibrations into electrical signals
2.
Complete the following passage:
Sound is caused by v_________________and needs a m_________________to
travel along.
3.
On the grid below draw a trace of higher frequency than the one shown, but
with the same volume.
4.
On the grid below draw a trace of lower volume than the one shown, but with
the same frequency.
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Complete the summary when instructed by your teacher. Use your learning outcomes and notes to help you.
Unit Summary
1.
The speed of light in air/vacuum is ____________ m/s.
2. A piece of glass that allows light to pass through is
t____________ .
3. Light ____________ down as it passes from air into another
transparent material.
4. ____________ is the change in speed of light as it passes from
one medium to another.
5. During refraction if the incident angle is not 90° the ray will change
____________ as it crosses the boundary of the two materials.
6. The ____________ is an imaginary line drawn at 90° to where the
ray strikes.
7. All angles should be measured from the ____________.
8. As light passes from Perspex to air the ray turns ____________
from the normal.
9. The ____________ or ____________ ____________ is where
the rays converge.
10. The ____________ ____________ is measured from the focus
to the centre of the lens.
11. When an image is tuned upside down it is said to be
____________.
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Complete the summary when instructed by your teacher. Use your learning outcomes and notes to help you.
12. When an image is flipped horizontally it is said to be
____________ ____________.
13. The opposite of diminished is ____________.
14. A ____________ image can be projected onto a screen whereas a
____________ image cannot.
15. A convex lens can be used to m____________ small print.
16. The main parts of the human eye are the c____________
i____________, p____________, l____________,
c____________ m____________, eye m____________ which
are used to swivel the eye, r____________, y____________
s____________, b____________ s____________,
o____________ n____________.
17. Complete the table.
Part of Eye
What it does
Cornea
the light-sensitive screen at the back of the eye
Pupil
coloured part of eye that controls the size of the
pupil
Lens
transmits electrical signals to the brain
controls the curve of the convex lens inside the
eye
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Complete the summary when instructed by your teacher. Use your learning outcomes and notes to help you.
18. A____________ is when the eye lens changes thickness to
f____________ on near and far objects.
19. The eye lens is ____________ for distant objects and
____________ for nearby objects.
20. Two types of eye defects are ____________ and ____________
sighted.
21. People who are ____________ cannot focus on nearby objects.
They see a blurry image.
22. People who are ____________ cannot focus on distant objects.
They see a blurry image.
23. A convex lens will correct ____________ and a concave lens will
correct ____________.
24. When your surroundings become dimmer, the pupil in your eye gets
l____________.
25. The blind spot has no l____________ sensitive cells and is located
where the o____________ n____________ meets the
r____________.
26. An optical illusion is a f____________ or d____________ visual
impression.
27. The image formed on the screen in a pinhole camera is
u____________ down and r____________.
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Complete the summary when instructed by your teacher. Use your learning outcomes and notes to help you.
28. When the pinhole in a pinhole camera is large the image is not
s____________.
29. The image of a pinhole can be made sharper by the use of a
c____________ l____________.
30. The aperture of a camera is similar to the p____________ in the
eye.
31. Camera film or image sensors are similar to the r____________ in
the eye.
32. The refracting telescope is made of three parts: the
____________ lens, the ____________ lens and the
____________ tight ____________.
33. The image produced by the refracting telescope can be made
brighter by ____________ the ____________ of the objective
lens.
34. When sounds enter the human ear the e____________ vibrates.
35. The three small bones in the middle ear transmit sound vibrations
to the i____________ ear.
36. The cochlea converts the sound vibrations into e____________
signals. These signals are carried by a n____________ to the
b____________.
37. The semicircular canals are required for b____________.
38. Sound is caused by v____________.
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Complete the summary when instructed by your teacher. Use your learning outcomes and notes to help you.
39. Sound needs a m____________ to travel through.
40. Sound travels more easily through s____________ than
l____________ and g____________.
41. Frequency is a measure of the p____________ of a sound.
42. Plucking a stretched string harder increases the a____________
of the sound produced.
43. Shortening a stretched string increases the f____________ of
the sound produced when the sting is plucked.
44. Making a stretched string less tight will ____________ the
frequency of the sound produced when the string is plucked.
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