W3.3
Cogeneration engines evaluation:
existing examples in the
partnership areas
Coordination of this report: Project manager: Ahmed RACHID
Participants : Khaled CHAFFAR
Mustapha AIT RAMI
Saïda FLILA
Collaborating organisations: L’Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)
Report prepared as a deliverable for the Interreg IVA Channel Project Ecotec21.
More info on the Interreg IVA Channel Project Ecotec21 :
http://www.chbg.unicaen.fr/ecotec21/?lang=en
More info on the Interreg IVA Channel Programme:
http://www.interreg4a-manche.eu/index.php?lang=en
2
Table of Contents
I. Introduction................................................................................................................................... 5
II.
Cogeneration purpose ............................................................................................................... 5
1. Specifications ............................................................................................................................ 5
2. Benefits ..................................................................................................................................... 7
3. Constraints ................................................................................................................................ 7
4. Main types of cogeneration ....................................................................................................... 8
5. Technological choice .............................................................................................................. 12
6. Fuel types ................................................................................................................................ 12
7. Energy balances, economic and environmental ...................................................................... 13
III.
Synthesis of various surveys ................................................................................................... 13
1. Picardie CHP surveys.............................................................................................................. 13
2. Europe CHP surveys ............................................................................................................... 15
3. Results of the questionnaire .................................................................................................... 15
IV. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 19
3
List of figures
Figure 1: Cogeneration ...................................................................................................................................................... 5
Figure 2: Separate production (right) and combined (left) of heat and electricity ............................................................ 6
Figure 3: Technologies and ranges power cogeneration plants ......................................................................................... 7
Figure 4: Cogeneration by internal combustion engine ..................................................................................................... 9
Figure 5: Schematic diagram of the Stirling engine structure ......................................................................................... 10
Figure 6: Operating principle diagram ALPHA type Stirling engine.............................................................................. 10
Figure 7 : Performance Monitoring ................................................................................................................................. 18
List of tables
Tableau 1 : Comparison of yields with combined and separate heat and electricity ......................................................... 6
Tableau 2 : Cogeneration technologies ............................................................................................................................. 8
Tableau 3 : Cogeneration engine details UK ................................................................................................................... 18
Tableau 4 : CHP Engine Details French .......................................................................................................................... 19
Tableau 5 : Levers and barriers for cogeneration engines installations ........................................................................... 19
4
I.
Introduction
Market study on the types of cogeneration engines is the first step for determining the right choice
and economic profitability of CHP system. This can provide enough information to a user in order
to take suitable decisions for new investments, while saving the time and minimizing the expenses.
This work-package WP3.3 aims to:
-
Assess the relevance/adequacy of different types of existing engine in the market (cost, performance,
capacity, maintenance, ...) to determine the economic viability of cogeneration.
-
Study cogeneration projects in partnerships areas: Biofuels system performance, cost, and fuel chain.
-
Develop a strategy for establishing the performance characteristics of the engine, generator, and the
overall thermal efficiency.
Also, this report presents the various studies carried out during the Ecotec21 project. It is organized
as follows:


II.
The first part presents cogeneration’s goals. Different types of cogeneration will be presented along
with technology choices and the possible constraints connected in their installation.
The second part is devoted to surveys conducted in the area of the project partners.
Cogeneration purpose
1. Specifications
The principle of cogeneration is to produce from a primary energy, two kind of energy, one thermal
and the other electrical (see Figure 1). Cogeneration is a smart way to generate heat in order to
obtain a good yield energy.
Thermal energy
Primary energy
Cogeneration
Mechanical energy
Electricity
Figure 1: Cogeneration
Figure 2 shows that for the same production of final energy, in separate production, the share of
recovered energy pass from 68% to 85% by cogeneration. This cogeneration reduces consumption
of primary energy by 20% in our example, and consequently acts on environmental impacts.
5
Fuel
Losses
Electrical
production
Losses
Losses
Electric
power
CHP
system
Boiler
Fuel
Fuel
Thermal production
Losses
Figure 2: Separate production (right) and combined (left) of heat and electricity
Table 1 shows the calculation of thermal and electrical performance for combined and separate heat
and electricity production.
Systems
Separate heat
and power
generation
Production
combined heat
and power
Efficiency
Expression
Thermal efficiency (boiler)
 th 
Electrical efficiency (generator)
 élec 
Overall efficiency of separate production
system
s 
Thermal efficiency
 th 
Electrical efficiency
 élec 
Overall efficiency of cogeneration system
 cogen   th   élec
Qchaleur utile
Qcombustible
Pélec
Qcombustible
Q  Pélec
Q  th  Pélec  élec
Qchaleur utile
Qcombustible
Pélec
Qcombustible
Tableau 1 : Comparison of yields with combined and separate heat and electricity
CHP system leads to a decentralized electricity generation which through the power grid can supply
customers that can be closer or far away. As well as the resulting production of heat can be
consumed in proximity.
The various cogeneration systems are:
-
Cogeneration: range 1 MWe-250 MWe (industry, district heating).
-
Mini-CHP: range 200-600 kWe (building,...).
-
Micro-cogeneration: range 5-50 kWe (house, small building). At the French level, see Figure 3
this reduces to the facilities of less than 36 kWe.
6
Fuel cell
Stirling engine
Engines
Blue tariff
Micro cogeneration
Yellow tariff
Mini cogeneration
Green tariff
Small cogeneration
Average cogeneration
Big cogeneration
Figure 3: Technologies and ranges power cogeneration plants
2. Benefits
a. Energy and performance
The heat is exploited by the cogeneration, hower in a conventional power plant, it is lost. We note
that a centralized thermoelectric plant, which produces only electricity from a fuel, has a yield of 30
to 40%. Also, an efficient heating system that only produces heat from a fuel has a yield of about 90%
of PCI. But a cogeneration plant producing electricity and enhancing heat, has an electrical yield of
about 20% and a thermal yield of about 70%. Therefore, the overall yield is about 90%. In
conclusion, centralized production requires 30% more primary energy for the same produced
energy.
b. Reducing emissions
The residential and tertiary sectors are responsible for the increase in power requirements, much in
industry, transport and agriculture. It is therefore essential to find better solutions for housing. The
potential for reducing emissions from cogeneration is eminent.
c. Decentralization of power generation
Another advantage of cogeneration is to distribute electricity production throughout the country and
balance the supply network during peak periods. Also, the transmission losses are reduced, and in
addition, the availability of electric power is ensured.
3. Constraints
a. Balance: production /needs
Producing energy locally and reducing electrical losses is good. We must therefore avoid generating
heat that will not be consumed. Cogeneration provides the ability to exploit both thermal energy and
electricity on site or nearby while minimizing potential losses with a good balance between
production and needs.
7
b. Financial profitability
An industrial project requires good power purchase contract with good availability of power
generation. In order to have viable contract, one must take into account its profitability. Thus one
have to evaluate the total financial cost taking into account many parameters: cost of primary
energy and its evolution, the price of electricity, operating costs and the use of heat. Large-scale
projects need to have a long-term vision on economic conditions. For more details see workpackage WP5.1.
4. Main types of cogeneration
There are currently five cogeneration systems that are different by: their conversion systems, their
energy sources and their typical yields (see Table 2).
Power conversion
efficiency
Thermal conversion
efficiency
Advantages / Disadvantages
Type converter
Energy Source
Internal
combustion engine
Liquid fuel,
natural gas
30-38%
45-50%
Fuel cell
Hydrogen,
hydrocarbon
30-40%
40%
No GHG emissions, no noise, good efficiency,
low emissions / High cost of battery production,
equipment reliability and maintenance cost
Stirling engine
All types of
sunshine
10-35%
60-90%
Lower noise, high efficiency, reliability and
easy maintenance, long life / high cost, sealing
problems, lack of flexibility, lack of knowledge
of this type of engine
Rankine cycle
engine
All types of
sunshine
10-20%
70-85%
Micro-turbines
Natural gas,
diesel, biofuel
20-30%
50-60%
Lower initial investment cost, quick start,
possibility of change of easy power / medium
power efficiency, frequent maintenance, high
CO2
Expensive, independent and reliable and proven
technology, variable fuel, semi-automatic, high
heat
Wide variety of fuels, low emission of
greenhouse gases, low maintenance, significant
loss by convection
Tableau 2 : Cogeneration technologies
a. Internal combustion engine
CHP engines are available in a power range from a few tens of kW to about 4 MW. These engines
produce two types of thermal energy:
-
An energy "low temperature" (about 95 ° C), recovered on the engine block.
-
An energy "high temperature" (about 450 ° C), on the exhaust gas.
They are designed from a generator on which are placed heat exchangers, see Figure 4. Their
electricity yields are typically between 35 and 45%. The heat recovery allows to have outlet
temperatures between 70 and 90°C. This is suitable for domestic applications. Among the various
types of existing combustion engines: Spark ignition 2 times-4 times, rotary piston or ignition by
compression, diesel 2 times- 4 times.
8
Design:
Home heating
Thermal supplies
Combustion gas
Thermal supplements
Rollover
Exhaust gas heat exchanger
Cold water
Engine
Gas
Storage tank
Alternator
Domestic consumption
Electrical network
Figure 4: Cogeneration by internal combustion engine
Performance:
Vaillant
ecopower
Preventive
Maintenance
Lifetime
fuel
Cost
sound
level
Makes
electrical /
Electric power
Makes glob /
Thermal
power
Dimension
certification
4000h
40000h
Natural gas,
propane
17000€
5058dB à
2m
25% , 1.34.7kW
90% , 412.5kW
780×1370
×1080mm
CE ; P modular
Natural gas,
biogas,
propane, fuel
oil, biodiesel
1500020000€
5258dB
26-30% , 55.5kW
88% ; 10.312.5kW
720×1070
×1000mm
CE et TUV the
most sold in
Europe;
constant P
49dB
30% ; 615.2kW
92% ; 1730kW
1250×1110
×750mm
modular
44dB
25%, 1.34.7kW
85% ; 2.8kW
580×380
×880mm
Big success in
Japan. Current
CE marking
(Vaillant)
3500h
BAXI/Sener
tec : Dachs
EC Power
XRGI
8500h
40000h
Natural gas,
propane
Honda
MCHP :
Ecowill
6000h
20000h
Natural gas
b.
5300€
Stirling engine
These engines have the advantage of an external combustion which allows the possibility of using
different fuels including wood. These engines are still in the R & D phase. They have poor
performance with a fairly high cost. These engines are, with Ericsson engines, the family of socalled heat engines "hot air" or "hot gas". This family is characterized by:
-
An alternative operation to external heat.
-
Compression cylinders and relaxation separated.
-
A gas-phase working fluid.
9
-
A refreshing element.
Design:
Figure 5 illustrates the principle of the Stirling engine. Heat is exchanged with the hot and cold
sources via heat exchangers (H and K). During the cycle, the regenerator (R) placed inside the
engine exchanges heat with the fluid. The engine work is provided by the expansion piston (E).
Contrariwise, a non-driven work is received by the compression piston (C).
Hot source
Cold source
Work done
Received work
Figure 5: Schematic diagram of the Stirling engine structure
There are different types of engines whose operation is associated with a Stirling cycle: stirling
engines (alpha, beta, gamma), free piston Stirling engines, double engine, rotary engine, etc. These
architectures will not fundamentally affect the operation of the thermodynamic cycle.
Alpha motor has two pistons, mechanically connected in two separate cylinders and connected by
the regenerator. This is the example shown in Figure 6.
Fireplace
Surface temperature
between 680 and 790°C
Energy
recovery
Biomass
Burner
Air preheater
Regenerator
Pump
Electricity
Production
Energy
recovery
Figure 6: Operating principle diagram ALPHA type Stirling engine
10
Performance:
Preventive
Maintenance
Lifetime
Fuel
Sound
level
Makes electrical
/ Electric power
Makes glob /
Thermal power
Dimension
certification
Baxi Ecogen
1an
50000h
Natural gas,
biogas
45dB à
1m
14% ; 0.2 à
1kW
91% ; 3-6Kw
auxiliary
brumeur 18kW
426×425
×920mm
France
provided
2011
Whisper Gen
1an
100000h
Natural gas
46dB
12% ; 1kW
14kW; ~90%
480×560
×840mm
CE, very
responded to
United
Kingdom
De Dietrich
Remeha
1an
N/A
Natural gas
43dB
20% ; 1kW
4.8kW;
condensing
boiler 24-28kW
490×420
×900mm
marking CE
Sunmachine
3500h
80000h
Wood
pellets,
natural gas,
biogas, LPG
44dB
22%, 1kW
85% ; 2.8kW
580×380
×880mm
Big success
in Japan.
Current CE
marking
(Vaillant)
c. Fuel Cells
This technology may have a relatively high electrical efficiency, but it is not yet fully advanced
enough for commercial distribution. However, the micro-CHP seems, at the present time, one of the
most promising applications for fuel cells. This technology allows to envisage both domestic and
industrial applications. Its performance is better than that of the engine or turbine cogeneration. The
rising cost of fossil fuels should strongly encourage the use of this technology.
Performance :
Maintenance
Battery
Type
fuel
PEMFC
Natural gas
PEMFC
Natural gas
Hexis Sulzer
SOFC
Natural gas
Baxi Innotech
GAMMA
PEMFC
Natural gas,
biogas
Vaillant
2ans
Ene farm
Sound
level
38dB
50dB
Makes
electrical /
Electric power
Makes glob /
Thermal power
Dimension
certification
30-35% ; 1 à
4.6kW
90%
N/A
---
31.5% ; 0.30.7kW
0.9kW; ~72%
890×300
×895mm
Housed in Japan
25-30% ; 1kW
2.5kW ; 85%
550×550
×1600mm
32%, 1kW
85% ; 1.7kW
600×600
×1600mm
Germany
Evaluation
d. Rankine cycle engine
These engines such as Stirling engines have the advantage of an external combustion with the
ability to use a wider variety of energy sources. They have a fairly moderate yield depending on the
temperature level of energy sources. It is therefore preferable to size the installation of the engine
on the basis of the heat demand. Depending on their design, they can be used for industrial
processes, heat networks, commercial or residential buildings.
11
e. Micro-turbines
Micro-turbines can use a variety of fuels. They have low GES emission rates, and require low
maintenance compared to internal combustion engine. Their current global power (thermal and
electric) is of the order of 25 to 80kW. These micro-turbines are suitable for medium power
applications the type such as: Hotel, PME, mall or multi-dwelling.
Performance :
Preventive
Maintenance
MTT BV
Micro-turbine
Normally
low but N/A
OTAGLion
Power blok
Turbine
vapeur
180€/an
Lifetime
15-20
ans
fuel
Prix
sound
level
Makes
electrical /
Electric
power
Makes glob /
Thermal
power
Dimension
certification
Natural gas,
propane,
fuel oil
N/A
N/A
2.3 à 3kW
15kW
N/A
Scheduled
France 2011
Natural gas,
propane,
pellet
N/A
4854dB
0.2-2kW
~94% ; 2.516Kw
850×620
×1260mm
Housed in
Germany
5. Technological choice
Micro-CHP units are extremely easy to install and are very flexible. For the installations, it suffices
to make connections to the heating system, to the electricity grid and the arrival of fuel. In addition,
these units are often delivered "turnkey" in soundproof box of reasonable size. A good technology
choice is to find the right size and the type of cogeneration (see Table 2). For this it is necessary to
know precisely:

The energy requirements of the installation.

The current facility (power, performance, operating hours ...).

The cost of different energies.
6. Fuel types
In environmental approach, usable fuels can be classified according to their origin: fossil or
renewable. This according to the table below:
Fuel
Origin
Natural gas
biogas
fossil
renewable
Fuel oil, crude oil
Biofuels
fossil
renewable
Wood
Hydrogenere
renewable
fossil
Production KWh PCI
Price of KWh (final energy) (in
euros TTC)
13800 KWh PCI by tonne
5.24
6.8 KWh PCI by m3
Between 5 and 10.3 depending on
the nature of the biogas
9.97 KWh PCI by liter
8.63
4600 kWh PCI by tonne Depending on the type
(miscanthus)
4600 KWh PCI tonne
3.53
from coal or natural gas
Next production
12
7. Energy balances, economic and environmental
A micro-cogeneration unit produces all or part of the thermal and electrical needs of a site that,
previously, was provided separately by a boiler and a power supply. The energy balance of a microCHP unit, both in heat and electricity, allows to know the quantities consumed and produced before
and after the introduction of cogeneration. This balance can estimate bill reduction or annual gain.
For this it is necessary to differentiate between the bills 'before' and invoices "after" cogeneration
(or this can be done by simulated data). From an environmental point of view, the combined
production of heat and power by cogeneration enables a saving of primary energy. It is essential to
reduce consumption of primary energy by choosing efficient technology such as cogeneration. Of
course the manager will actively participate in this global dynamics of primary energy savings for
comfort and for the same needs. The gas emissions greenhouses, including CO2, are also
problematic. A primary energy savings directly implies a reduction of pollutant emissions. For CO2,
every kWh saved natural gas corresponds 251g less CO2 emissions into the atmosphere.
III.
Synthesis of various surveys
1. Picardie CHP surveys
UPJV prepared a questionnaire regarding existing cogeneration facilities in Picardie (Annex 1). The
first step is to establish a list of cogeneration sites in Picardie. Then we must collect gather the
informations in the following table:
Site
City Region
Actors
Electric Power (kWe)
Supplier
Type of technology (driving force)
Electrical efficiency
The main objectives of the survey are:
 Review policies and identify micro-CHP users:
-
What technologies are they chosen?
-
How the new facilities are integrated into existing systems?
 Provide information on the technical and organizational aspects of the use of new cogeneration
technologies. Among the main goals one must learn about the difficulties and the observed results:
-
What are the results regarding the performance of different technologies?
-
What is the reliability of new technologies and their availability on the market?
-
What is the time of investment return or what is the subsidy needed to make these attractive
technologies?
-
What is the role of energy sellers?
 Develop a selection procedure on well-selected criteria to offer a diverse range of technologies,
powers, ...
 Target masters work for the cogeneration project. They are best placed to know all the difficulties
and operation of the installation.
13

Visit the site to explain the approach of the study, in order to promote experience sharing.
For our study, we obtained the following information on the amenities Picardie:
-
2 cogeneration gas in the North with a power of 7MWe.
-
1 gas cogeneration plant southeast with a power of 4MWe.
-
1 installation on the industrial Eurolisine site that can be passed to biomass.
-
2 cogeneration engines on IDEX site.
-
1 kogeban installation on the site.
-
1 installation on UPJV the campus.
Other Technical information has been collected from the cogeneration plants managers on the
technology used, the associated networks and the development stages of their projects. These details
are in the Table below.
technology
provider
Biogas
plant
Amiens
Métropole
biogas engine
CLARKE
ENERGY
Boiler
SOUTH
EAST
Amiens
Métropole
Internal
combustion
engine with
gas
---
Type of
fuel
overall
performance
Electric /
therm
performanc
e
Destination
electric /
heat
CO2
Emission
Delivery
points
biogas
82%
2 x 1415 kW
2 x 1385 kW
Sale EDF /
Selfconsumption
process
---
---
Natural
gas
70%
4 MWe
5 MWth
injected into
the network
(purchase
contract by
12 years
duration
EDF) /
connection to
the heating
network
5400 tons
by year
(balance
sheet
December
2010),
when the
raccoredem
ent the
southern
wood boiler
is done, we
move to
1260 tons
(for the
extension of
heating
network
from 14 km
Touring
14000-3000
tonnes)
shopping
center
injected into
the network
(purchase
contract by
12 years
duration
EDF) /
connection to
the heating
network
15,000 tons
by year
(balance
sheet
December
2010)
Caterpillar 24 cylindres
Installation Sout-heast
Internal
combustion
engine with
gas
---
24 cylindres
Amiens
Métropole
2 moteurs Caterpillar
boiler
North
Installation North
Manufa
-cturer
JENBACHER
Building
owner
IDEX
Site name
natural
gas(not
possible
to
convert
wood)
70%
6,8 MWe
7,5 MWth
14
ATTAC
collective
---
2. Europe CHP surveys
In Annex 2, a census of the cogeneration applications in various European countries was presented.
Technical information has been provided by COGEN project-based Europe: CODE, CODE2,
ene.field and CHP goes green; as well as the development of cogeneration systems in Europe.
COGEN Europe is an association promoting cogeneration. It represents the different actors in the
various working committees of the European Union and the European Commission. COGEN
Europe is involved in a wide range of functions such as:
-
Representation of interests of COGEN Europe members, the sector of cogeneration in the
EU, as well as other organizations.
-
Organisation of the Annual Conference of Cogen Europe.
-
Participation in European projects.
-
Coordination of internal expert working groups.
-
Production of publications COGEN Europe.
The COGEN Europe projects are:
CODE 2: CODE2 project is co-funded by the European Commission (Intelligent Europe
Europe - EEI). The project aims to provide a better understanding of key markets around the
political interactions of cogeneration and the acceleration of the penetration of cogeneration
in the industry.
Ene.field: The project ene.field is the largest European event of the last energy smart
solution for private homes and micro-CHP. Ene.field includes up to 1,000 installations
(micro-CHP) across 12 major EU member states.
CODE: Represents an assessment at European level independent of the status of the
Cogeneration Directive. Project partners and COGEN Europe members will encourage the
rapid and effective implementation of this directive.
CHP goes green: This project promotes increased use of renewable energy sources, while
improving its efficiency by using energy solutions for cogeneration.
3. Results of the questionnaire
The University of Greenwich has developed a questionnaire (see Annex 3). It aims to provide an
assessment of cogeneration systems currently in place, giving best practice advice on the design and
installation of future systems. The questionnaire consists of four parts:
-
General information.
-
Installed cogeneration engines.
This parte addresses issues related to: certification, fuel type, distribution of heat, energy and
building types, life cycle phase and post-installation monitoring system.
15
- Process of decision making.
This section relates to issues dealing with the problems of the barriers and levers of implementation.
- Installation process.
In this part, on needs to know if there were unexpected problems during the installation and the
phases of commissioning, and if so, what was the impact of these problems on the project cost, on
the project period and on the performance of the engine.
DECC website contains information for agencies in the UK. Partners could use their preferred
method of distributing and analyzing the questionnaire. They have been invited to give a document
to the University of Greenwich. This document summarizes the feedback on the questionnaire
received by the organizations in their region. Partners could use their preferred method of
distributing and analyzing the questionnaire. They were asked to provide a document at the
University of Greenwich. This document summarizes the feedback on the questionnaire received by
the organizations in their region. The questionnaire was circulated to partners for its distribution in
their specific region area that are:

Region UoG and Medway, Kent.

Council Hampshire and Hampshire.

Littoral Habitat and the Pas-de-Calais.

University of Caen and the Calvados region.

University of Picardie Jules Verne and the region of the Somme.
a. Survey
The questionnaire was distributed to UoG ten regimes identified by DECC and the Cogeneration
Association, only one response is received. The University of Greenwich has given two answers to
the questionnaire (see Annex 4). Hampshire County Council has returned both questionnaires (see
Annex 5 and 6). Amiens Métropole also returned two responses (see Annex 7). The University of
Picardie Jules Verne returned a questionnaire response given by the company IDEX
ENVIRONMENT Picardy (Annex 8). Note that the responses did not fill all the questionnaires.
b. Results

Background: The questionnaires were filled out by managers of energy.

Cogeneration engines installed:
-
Cogeneration engines were installed in: 1986, 2001, 2010, 2011 in the UK and in 1999, 2001,
2009 in France.
-
All UK installation were subject to regulation classes installations for the Protection of the
Environment (ICPE). For installations in France, only that of IDEX has been regulated.
The responses of the questionnaire "cogeneration engine" are summarized in Table 3 and 4. The
fuels used were gas and biogas. The choice of these fuels is based on cost and production on the site.
The four participants in Hampshire area confirmed that they had not planned in detail any change of
16
the fuel in the future. Six of the seven participants confirmed that the engine was installed as part of
a renovation program. All the English participants had the tax exemption on climate change, while
the French installations have received no bonus. All participants were followed up on cogeneration
engines, measuring the annual heat (kW th) and electrical energy (kWe); as well as reducing
emissions (kgCO2e / year), reduced fuel bills (€ / year), bonuses (€ / year) and ICPE installations.
Such information is detailed in Figure 7.

Decisions and yield: This part of the questionnaire focuses on the process of decision making tools
used to assess the feasibility of the project. Additional information regarding the expectations for the
system performance and risk assessment that can be identified before installation, are:
Levers and barriers: The questionnaire contains a list of levers and obstacles related to
the installation of cogeneration engines. Participants must rate each item in the list.
Detailed results are presented in Table 5. Reduced emissions and reduced running costs
were classified with a scale of 1 or 2 by the majority of participants. Other levers
considered are grants, financial incentives, and reduced costs. In general, there was
considerable variation in opinions on the importance of the barriers, and also a
disagreement between the French and English participants. This reflects the difference
between the two countries on the investment costs and cogeneration incentives. The high
initial investment costs and the initial cost seemed to be the main obstacles.
Feasibility Study: All participants completed a feasibility study before
of the English participants identified the relevance engine cogeneration
study by an external consultant. While the third has used its own
combined with that of Carbon Trust. For French participants, one has
study and the other has used a study by an external consultant.
installation. Two
via a feasibility
feasibility study
used an internal
Choice of cogeneration engines: None of the English participants has described in detail
how the cogeneration engine should be at the design stage. The French participants
confirmed that all expectations were met for their facilities.
Risk Assessment: Six participants confirmed that a risk assessment was carried out before
the installation of cogeneration engine. But only two participants gave details of the risks
identified by the evaluation. The yield of cogeneration has been considered by the English
participant who added uncertainties about the fuel price, while the French participant has
taken into account the supply chain as well as building performance problems.

Installation: It was asked if there were unexpected problems during the installation and
the phases of commissioning. And if so, what are the consequences of these problems on
the cost of the project, one the project period and one the engine performance?
17
c. Tables and figure
fuel
Due to the
choice of fuel
Fuel change
in the
future?
Other fuels
considered
Minimum loads /
Highest MW
Nb. Buildings supplied with
heat / Electric power
Gas and oil
Cost
No
No
50
55
3
Gas
Cost
No
No
1
2.1
Offices
Offices
hospital
hospital
5.7
5.7
1
offices
Retail Business
housing
hospital
Entertainment
education
46
Renovated
Rewards
6+
Yes Revision
of the
electricity
production
capacity of
the
emergency
system
Tax
exemption
on climate
change
≤23
industrial
Yes Ministry
funding
Tax
exemption
on climate
change
1 (user)
-
Tax
exemption
on climate
change
Gas turbine
Steam turbine and
combined cycle
turbine
CHP engine
installed
reciprocating
engine
Gas
Cost, easy
connection
Yes, to the
geothermal
and other
(biomass)
No
Tableau 3 : Cogeneration engine details UK
Number of Participants
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Annual Heat Annual Power
Energy
Emissions
Output KWth, Output kWe Consumption Reduction
kWh/m2/yr kgCO2e/yr
Reduced Fuel
Bills £/yr
Incentives
£/yr
Occupant Other: CHPQA
Satisfaction
CHP Engine Parameters being Monitored
Figure 7 : Performance Monitoring
18
Due to the
choice of fuel
Fuel change in
the future?
Other
fuels
considered
Minimum loads /
Highest MW
Nb. Buildings supplied with
heat / Electric power
Renovated
Rewards
Gas
No data
No
No
0.8
0.8
800 homes
EDF
Yes rehabilitatio
n/
replacement
of existing
plant
No
Biogas
Biogas
produced on
the site
No
No
50
100
Industrial
process
EDF
industrial
process
YesEstablishme
nt of a new
biogas
recovery
industry
No
Gas
Related to
incitement of
State for
purchase of
electricity by
EDF
No
No
4
7.5
Offices
housing
EDF
Integrated
in a site
Existingdecrease
heat sale
price
No
Reciprocating
engine
Gas turbine
Reciprocating
engine
CHP
engine
installed
fuel
School,
College,
University,
swimming
pool
Tableau 4 : CHP Engine Details French
Lifts
Rank
Barrières
P1
P2
P3
P4
Reduce emissions
1
1
2
2
initial cost
Reduce current expenditure
1
1
2
Uncertainties on energy efficiency
Subsidies for the installation
1
financial incentives
2
2
Rank
P1
P2
P3
P4
1
3
1
4
7
Uncertainty about the tax benefits
3
8
Fuel prices and unfavorable electricity
2
2
Uncertainties and volatility of fuel prices
High initial investment cost
1
2
1
1
6
Uncertainties about the evolution of demand
3
Lack of investment management
5
Tableau 5 : Levers and barriers for cogeneration engines installations
IV.
Conclusion
This report focuses on the benefits of cogeneration system on their types, one the choice of these
technologies and one the constraints related to the installation of such systems. In particular, a
questionnaire was developed and distributed by partner organizations located in their regions. Also,
the conducted surveys and the obtained results in the areas of the project partners was analyzed. The
data collection questionnaire aimed to conduct an assessment of existing cogeneration systems and
inform users of good practice for the design and installation of their cogeneration systems.
19