w>vDRbDvDRrk>vX[D.cd.csX
Extremely Fun Facts
w>vDRbDvDRrk>vX[D.cd.csX
Extremely Fun Facts (Karen version)
Drum Publication Group
P.O Box 66
Kanchanaburi 71000
Thailand
vgeDvDR< 2749 unDeH.
November, 2010
[email protected]
www.drumpublications.org
ISBN 978-616-7225-24-1
ii
w>*h>cd.wD
w>ol.xD.bSDxD.’D;w>vX[D.cd.zdwhxD.0Jwz.
ubsH;yR 1 = 17
MqX.cd.CXR
ubsH;yR 18 =28
q.zduD>zd
ubsH;yR 29 = 43
xH{dRuD>{dR
ubsH;yR 44=48
iii
w>uwdRvXng
‘fySRrRvdw>zdtod;< xDbdwbd,l>CDyub.Ckoh.ngtgxD.w>*h>w>usdRwz.xD
bdM.vDRI w>oHuG>wz.'ftrh>[D.cd.csXxHusdvXtxDuwX>td.zJvJ.< 0h>vXtvD>
vHRuwX>M.rh>0h>rwRvJ.M.yoHuG>vdmyo;wbsDbsDvDRI ySRweDReDRb.oh.oh.pH;
qX0Jub.’D;ySRweDReDRb.oh.oh.pH;qX0Jwb.b.M.vDRI
vXw>*h>tHRtCd< vXvHmzdwbh.tHRtylRyCkxX'D;ymzSd.uhRw>vXt’d.uwX>< t
xDuwX>< tqH;uwX>’D;tuwX>t*h>tusdRoh.wz.’D;xk;xD.tDR’fvHmzdwbh.t
od;M.vDRI w>*h>oh.wz.tHRb.w>CkxXymzSd.tDR’fvHm{dRvJ>{dR< thxX.eJ;wz.
tylRvDRI rh>w>ymzSd.xD.tDR’fvHmw>oh.nge>yX>ymzSd.tod;’D;*hR0JvXySRvXtCk
oh.ngw>oh.nge>yX>xD&DR’D;w>pl;ugtDR’fvHmuG>o}wJRwbh.tod;oh.ph>uD;M.
vDRI
w>Ckoh.nge>yX>twuGD.M.rh>w>twuGD.vXtvJ>’D;rh>w>vXerRySJRtDRwwkRxD.
xD.b;0Jb.M.vDRI ‘fw>toDtd.xD.uG‹>uG‹>tod;< w>vXyub.Ckoh.ngtDRph>
uD;ub.td.0JxDbdM.vDRI rfyuz;oud;vHmwz.tHR’D;rRySJRyw>oh.nge>yX>tuk
zdM.wuh>I
iv
w>ol.xD.bSDxD.’D;w>vX[D.
cd.zdwhxD.0Jwz.
ySR[D.cd.wz.tHRxDbd’k;td.xD.wh>w>toDoh.wz.
uG‹>uG‹>M.vDRI ‘k;td.xD.cloD0h>oD< w>ol.xD.toDwz.
wpdRb.wpdR’D;weDReDRrh>w>vXtvDRbDvDRrk>vDRymuJ0J
M.vDRI w>ol.xD.bSDxD.wz.tHRrh>ph>uD;w>vXtuGJ;wJ
uhRw>pH.pdRwz.M.vDRI
1
w>ol.xD.bSDxD.'D;w>vX[D.cd.zdwhxD.0Jwz.
0h>vXtvD>vHRuwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
Ó
0h>,&HRCdtusJpXRwwDR
rh>0J0h>,&HRCd(Jericho) vXttd.bl;’D;,>’h.usdvX
uD>y.vJ;pwJ.rk>EkmwuyRvDRI ‘fySRul.b.ul.oh
Ckcl.uhRw>vD>vHRzDC;vXysXRymzsg0Jtod;< 0h>tHR
tylRw>vD>w>usJvD>vHRvXysXRtd.0JtwDR 20< ‘D;
tusgwwDRM.w>oh.ngtDRvXttd.wh>vHvXt
ylRuGHmteH. 11<000 ngM.vDRI 0h>tHRtd.ol.vDR
to;tupDRzk.M>’H;yD.vJ.xHtrJmzH;cd.< ’D;td.vX
yD.vJ.oHtuvHRpd;wuyR 10 rH;vmM.vDRI rh>0h>
wzsX.vXw>emvXtrh>0h>vXto;yS>uwX>vXySR
td.qd;’H;vXtylRtusgwzsX.vX[D.cd.csXM.vDRI
0h>vXtd.vXw>vD>tupDRxD.xDuwX>vX
[D.cd.csXeU.rh>0h>r EkRvJ.I
0h>0JpltJ (Wenzhuan) M.< td.ol.vDRto;vXu
pX>wl>&J.w.uv. (Tangla) tzDcd.vXuD>wHbJ;
M.vDRI tupDRxDM>yD.vJ.rJmzH;cd. 16<730 cD.
,D>M.vDRI
Ó
0h>0JpltJ (Wenzhuan)< uD>wHbJ;
0h>cd.vXtvD>vHRuwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>r
EkRvJ.I
rh>0J0h>’>r;pcX; (Damascus) ‘D;vXtylRuGHmw>ud;
tDRvX’HrH;(%Sf) (Dimishq) ‘D;rh>0JuD>pH&H,gt0h>cd.M.
vDRI 0h>tHRw>oh.ngph>uD;tDRvXtrh>0h>zDuFJ;prH(ef)
M.vDRI 0h>cd.tHRw>p;xD.’k;uJxD.tDRvX csIcIe
Ó 0h>'>r;pcX; (Damascus)< uD>pH&H 2<500 eH.’D;td.0JwkRpdRcJtHRM.vDRI qXuwD>tHR<
0h>tHRtySReD.*H>td.0J 1<669<000 *RC.C.M.
,gt0h>cd.
vDRI 0h>tHRtd.ol.vDRto;vXtJxH.=vb.ed.
2
w>ol.xD.bSDxD.'D;w>vX[D.cd.zdwhxD.0Jwz.
upX>wl>&J.tcHvDRvXrk>xD.wuyRvXtbl;’D;rJ;’H.xX.&he,X>yD.vJ.zJw>yXRcd.
vXtupDRxD.xDM>’H;yD.vJ.xHtrJmzH;cd.2<200 cD.,D>M.vDRI cDzsdvXttd.vXu
pX>tcHvDRtCd0h>’>r;pcX;tHRw’d;M>rlcd.plRxHb.’D;w>ChxD0JM.vDRI 0h>tHRb.w>
oh.ngtDRvXtrh>0h>cd.tvD>vHRuwX>vXySRtd.qd;’H;vXtylRM.vDRI
0h>cd.vXtd.ol.vDRto;vX[D.cd.tuvHRpd;uwX>eU.rh>rEkR
vJ.I
0h>&h.uFgbH;(cf) (Reykjavík) rh>0JuD>tJ;(pf)vJ(ef)t0h>cd.vXttd.ol.vDRto;vX
[D.cd.tuvHRpd;uwX>M.vDRI yrh>’G;vXeD.*H>eD.’G;M.0h>tHRtd.ol.vDRto;zJu
vHRpd;v.wH;wl; (64°08' N) M.vDRI xHzduD>zdcJvXmtd.0J 120<000 *RtuydmuyR
M.vDRI
0h>cd.vXtd.ol.vDRto;vX[D.cd.tuvHRxH;uwX>eU.rh>rEkR
vJ.I
uD>EFLpH.vJt0h>cd.vXtrh>0h>0JvhxX. (Wellington) M.td.ol.vDRto;vX[D.
cd.uvHRxH;tuwX>M.vDRI yrh>uG>vX[D.cd.*DRtylRM.yuxH.b.tDRzJv;wH;wl;
(41°17' S) uvHRxH;M.vDRI zJM.ySReD.*H>cJvXmtd.0J 386<000 *R’D;vX0h>tHRtcd.
tCXRcdcd.w>vD>wz.M.ySReD.*H>td.0J 3<700 *RM.vDRI
wdmcX.oeX.vXt'd.uwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rJ(vf)bD;(cf)wdmcX.oeX. (Malbork
Castle) rh>0JwdmvXt’d.uwX>vX
[D.cd.csXvXw>bSDtDR’D;[D.uk>
vd.M.vDRI wdmtHRtd.vXuD>zd
vJ(ef)‘D;w>bSDxD.tDRzJ 1274eH.vX
ySRok;zdwz.M.vDRI tth&,X.td.0J
Ó rJ(vf)bD;(cf)wdmcX.oeX.
143<591 puGJ,grHxX.M.vDRI wdmtHRtylR
uGHmw>,k>M>trHRvXr&HbX;(cFf) (Marienburg)< vXtcDynDrh>0J ?rR&Htwdm/ ‘D;p;
3
w>ol.xD.bSDxD.'D;w>vX[D.cd.zdwhxD.0Jwz.
xD.vX 1945 eH.M.w>ud;uhRtrHRvXrJ(vf)bD;(cf) (Malbork) M.vDRI wdmcX.o
eX.tHRrh>0Jw>uG>uDtvD>vXuD>zdvJ(ef)t’d.uwX>wwDR’D;zJ 1997 eH.M.[D.cd.
bDrk>w>ul.b.ul.oh< pJth.yDng’D;w>qJ;w>vRu&XpXzSd. United Nations
Education, Science and Culture Organization (UNESCO) ymyeD.wdm’D;tw>
uG>uDtvD>tHR’f[D.cd.’Dbh.vk>v>w>qJ;w>vRw>M>ogtvD>wwDRtod;M.vDRI
El>vXtd.ol.vDRto;vXw>vD>upDRxD.xDuwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.
rh>rEkRvJ.I
El>z.x;vR (Potala Palace) tHRtd.ol.vDRto;vXw>
vD>txDuwX>vX[D.cd.csXM.vDRI El>tHRtd.ol.vDRt
o;vXrRzd.&H; (Marpo Ri) upX>’Dcd.‘D;upX>trHRtHRt
cDynDrh>0J ?w>vl>*DR/ vX0h>v.p. (Lhasa)< uD>wHbJ;
M.vDRI El>tHRtylR’X;td.tgM> 1<000 zsX.< w>bg’X;
td.tgM> 10<000 zsX.’D;w>*DRpd;ysRtd.0J 200<000 cg
C.C.M.vDRI
El>wzsX.tHRtupDRxD.xDM>yD.vJ.trJmzH;cd. 11<803
cD.,D>’D;b.w>bSDxD.tDRzJ cIe 1<700 tqXuwD>M.
Ó El>z.x;vRtCXR
vDRI b.w>wDcd.&d.rJtDRvXoDcgz;’d.’vJvgrg< vXt
rh>uD>wHbJ;w>bl.w>bgtcd.e>t’d.txDuwX> 14 *Rw*RM.vDRI w>ol.xD.tHR
"
vX0h>v.p.tylRw>vl>td.0JoXvl>vXySRwHbJ;zdym'd.
ymxD0J’ftrh>uD>wHbJ;tySR’Do’Xw>oX*Rtod;< vXtrh>0J
cFd;(cf)zd&H. (Chokpori) (w>o;orltvl>)< zd.0;&H.
(Pongwari) ‘D;rRzd&H. (Marpori) w>vl>*DRwz.M.vDRI
"
t’D.CDRvXrk>xD.’D;qlrk>EkmM.td.0J 400 rHxX.< ‘D;vXuvHRxH;qluvHRpd;M.
4
w>ol.xD.bSDxD.'D;w>vX[D.cd.zdwhxD.0Jwz.
td.0J 350 rHxX.M.vDRI t’l.vXtbHvDRwcDtwD.
td.0J3 rHxX.C.C.’D;t’gwcDwD.0J 5 rHxX. (tgM>
16 cD.,D>) ‘D;w>vlvDR’D;wd>*DR’fod;u’Do’XpXRw>zJ[D.
cd.[l;tqXuwD>M.vDRI rk>rqgweHRtHREl>tHRuJxD.
0Jw>ymuG>uDtvD>M.vDRI
Ó
El>z.x;vR
wdmcX.oeX.vXySRtd.qd;'H;vXtylRt'd.uwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.
rh>rEkRvJ.I
0h(ef)pX.wdmcX.oeX. (Windsor
Castle) rh>wdmvXySRtd.qd;’H;vX
tylR’D;t’d.uwX>vX[D.cd.csX
wzsX.vXttd.vXuD>tJuvH;<
bX;(cf)%Sg,X. (Berkshire) [D.
u0DRtylRM.vDRI wdmcX.oeX.
Ó 0h(ef)pX.wdmcX.oeX.
tHRtth&,X.cJvXmtd.0J 45<000
puGJ,grHxX.C.C.M.vDRI rh>uD>tJuvH;tpDRyRtEl>vXw>bSDxD.tDRzJ 1200 eH.
M.vDRI 0h(ef)pX.wdmcX.oeX.rh>0JwdmoXzsX.tusgwzsX.vX-bH;xH;(%Sf)pDRvd.pDRyR
tpXRtoGJ.wz.vJR[;td.uok.uoDtd.qd;’H;vXtylRM.vDRI
pDRyREl>vXysXRvXttd.'D;w>ol.xD.vXw>bSDtDR'D;oh.zsX.t
'd.uwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>r EkRvJ.I
0h>td.vDRzsD. (Forbidden City)<
w%l;ud;0JvXuluD (Gugong)< M.
rh>pDRyRtEl>vXtd.’D;w>ol.xD.
vXw>bSDtDR’D;oh.t’d.uwX>vX
Ó 0h>td.vDRzsD. (El>uluD)
[D.cd.csX’D;td.ol.vDRo;zJ0h>yH.
uhvXtrh>0JuD>pH.t0h>cd.tcX.o;M.vDRI b.w>bSDxD.tDRzJ 1406 ‘D; 1420 eH.
tbX.pXR< ’D;w>ol.xD.tHRw>yXtDRp;xD.vXw%l;tpDRvd.pDRyRrH>tpdR (Ming
Dynasty) ’D;uwX>vX%SH.pDRyR (Quing Dynasty) tpdRM.vDRI w>ol.xD.z;’d.cJ
5
w>ol.xD.bSDxD.'D;w>vX[D.cd.zdwhxD.0Jwz.
vXmtd.0J 980 zsX.’D;t‘X;td. 8<707 zsX.M.vDRI w>ol.xD.oh.wz.tHRtth&
,X.cJvXmtd.0J 720<000 puGJ,grHxX.M.vDRI pDRyRtEl>tHRtylRtd.vXySJR0J’D;
uD>pH.tw>qJ;w>vRtgr;’ftrh>w%l;tw>whw>bSDw>*DRpd;ysR’D;t*Rtd.0Jtgr;M.
vDRI zJ 1987 eH.M.[D.cd.bDrk>w>ul.b.ul.oh< pJth.’D;w>qJ;w>vRu&X
(UNESCO) ymyeD.pDRyRtEl>vD>vHRtHR< ’ftrh>[D.cd.w>M>ogtvD>’D;td.’D;w>
ol.xD.vXw>rRtDRvXoh.t’d.uwX>vX[D.cd.csXM.vDRI
pDRyRtEl>vXpDRyRtd.qd;'H;vXtylRvXt'd.uwX>vX[D.cd.csX
rh>rEkRvJ.I
tH;pxge. El%l(vf) tgrg(ef) (Istana Nurul Iman) El>tHRrh>El>vXuD>-bLReJtpDRyRpl.
(vf)w.< [.pgeX.(vf)bd;c,. (Hassanal Bolkiah) td.qd;’H;vXtylR’D;rh>pDRyRt
El>t’d.uwX>vX[D.cd.csXM.vDRI El>tHRtd.ol.
vDRto;zJ-bLReJxHusdtuyRzJuD>-bLReJ0h>cd.0h>
bg’>pXR&H>b.u.0. (Bandar Seri Begawan) t
uvHRpd;wDwDM.vDRI tH;pxge. El%l(vf) tgrg(ef)
tHRrh>0JtR&gbH;tw>uwdRvXtcDynDrh>0J ?w>pl>
w>emtw>uyDRtEl>/ M.vDRI w>bSDxD.tDR0HRzJ
Ó tH;pxge.El%l(vf)tgrg(ef)
1984 eH.'D;w>vXmbl.vXmphRcJvXmvDRvXtu
uGJ> 350 ‘Dv.M.vDRI vXEl>tylR’X;td.0J 1<788 zsX.< tw>[;vD>td.0J 257 zsX.
’D;’X;[D.vmvX}wD>pDRyRodvh. 153 cd.t*D>M.vDRI
"
pDRyR[.pgeX.(vf)bd;c,.vXtyXEl>tHRrh>pDRyRvXtxl;wDR
uwX>vX[D.cd.csXM.vDRI
"
6
w>ol.xD.bSDxD.'D;w>vX[D.cd.zdwhxD.0Jwz.
El>vXt'd.'D;CHvRuwX>vX[D.cd.csXvXpDRyRwtd.qd;vXtylR
vXRb.eU.rh>El>rEkRvJ.I
bXphvftEl> (The Palace of Versailles)< td.bl;’D;
0h>zJ&H;pfvXuD>jz.ph.tylRM.vDRI rh>ph>uD;El>wzsX.
vXpDRyRvl0H;pf 14 td.qd;b.vXtylR'D;w>bSDxD.
tDR0HRzJ 1682 eH.‘D;b.w>ymyeD.tDRvXtrh>El>vX
t’d.’D;CHvRuwX>vX[D.cd.csXM.vDRI
Ó
bXphvftEl>< vXuD>jz.ph.
bl;';w>bgtw>ol.xD.cX.oeX.vXt'd.uwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.
rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0Jt.uD0; (Angkor Wat)< td.ol.vDRto;
vXuD>c.bd’H,gzJ0h>zeDzJRM.vDRI b.w>bSD
xD.tDRvXpDRyRpl.,.0.r. 2 *Rw*R (Sur-yavarman 2) tpdRM.vDRI w>ol.xD.tHRt
th&,.td.0J 402 thuX>M.vDRI rh>ph>uD;uD>
c.bd‘H,gw>yeD.’D;td.vXc.bd'H,g’Duvkm
Ó t.uD0;< c.bd'H,g
teD.w,>tvdRph>uD;M.vDRI rh>ph>uD;w>yeD.vXtxk;M>ySRqS.uD>zdwz.to;M.
vDRI
oDcgzF.vXttd.ol.vDRto;vXw>vD>xD.xDuwX>vX[D.cd.csX
eU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
&D.bl;oDcgzF. (Rongbuk Monastery) vXuD>wHbJ;M.vDRI upDRxD.xDM>yD.vJ.rJmzH;
cd.wkRvX 5<100 rHxX.vDRI oDcg (pDRoD) ’D;zH0gwz.td.0JzJM. 500 *RM.vDRI
w>vk>[H.(cathedral) vXt'd.uwX>vX[D.cd.csXrh>rEkRvJ.I
ph>(ef)uFD(ef)tw>vk>[H. ?Cathedral of St.John the Divine/ rh>0Jw>vk>[H.t’d.u
wX>’D;rh>ph>uD;tJuvH;uX.c&Hmzdw>bg,GRo&dmt’d.uwX>M.vDRI w>ol.xD.tHR
7
w>ol.xD.bSDxD.'D;w>vX[D.cd.zdwhxD.0Jwz.
td.ol.vDRto;vX0h>EFL,D;< trJ&uRuD>pX
zSd.tylRM.vDRI w>bSDxD.tDRzJ 1892 eH.M.
vDRI w>ol.xD.tHRtth&,.td.0J 11<200
puGJ,grHxX.< txDtd.0J 601 cD.,D>’D;tu
pDRxD.0J 232 cD.,D>M.vDRI ‘D;vXtcX.o;w>
vD>zJursX>qh.eDRbgw>M.tupDRxD.td.0J
124 cD.,D>M.vDRI w>vk>[H.tHRb.w>p;
Ó ph>(ef)uFD(ef)tw>vk>[H.
xD.’k;td.xD.tuh>t*DRzJ 1888 eH.’D;w>p;
xD.bSDtDRzJ 1892 eH.M.vDRI ‘D;cDzsdvX[D.cd.w>’k;z;’d.wXwbsD’D;cHbsDwbsDtCd<
w>ol.xD.tuh>t*DRtHRb.qDwvJuGHm0JM.vDRI cDzsdvXrh.tltD.w>z;‘d.zJ‘H>ph
bX. 18<2001 eH.tCd< w>b.u;wHmuGHmtDRvXw>ubSD*hRxD.uhRtDRt*D>’D;w>
td;xD.uhRtDRzJ 2008 eH.M.vDRI w>bSDtDRw0HR’H;b.tCdw>vk>[H.tHRw>ud;ph>
uD;trHRvdmuGJvXph>(ef)uFD(ef)w>vk>[H.vXw>bSDtDRw0HR (St. John the Un¿nished)
M.vDRI
o&dmvXt'd.uwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0J&drhRcJ;ovh;w>bg,GRo&dmvXtrh> ?b;
phvH;c.w>rkmw>ck.tydmrk.to&dm (The
Church of the Basilica of Our Lady of Peace
of Yamoussoukro)/
Ó
&drhRcJovh;w>bg,GRo&dm
M.vDRI o&dmtHRtd.ol.
vDRto;vX0h>,grd;pd_cd. (Yamous-soukro)
uD> (Ivory Cost) M.vDRI o&dmtHRtth&,X.
td.0J 30<000 puGJ,grHxX.’D;}wD>vD>qh.eDR
7<000 zsX.’D;}wD>ySRunD 18<000 *RM.vDRI
w>bSDxD.tDRzJ 1985 eH.‘D; 1989 eH.tbX.
pXRM.vDRI
8
w>ol.xD.bSDxD.'D;w>vX[D.cd.zdwhxD.0Jwz.
w>yeD.vX>xl.(Monument) vXtxDuwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkR
vJ.I
rh>vX>xl.w>yeD.vXb.w>ud;tDRvX (Gateway to
The West Arch) vDRI vX>xl.tHRtd.ol.vDRo;vX0h>
ph>vl0H;pf (St. Louis)< rH;plR&HuD>pJ.vXuD>trJ&uR
M.vDRI vX>xl.tHRtupDRxD.xD0J 630 cD.,D>M.
vDRI w>bSDxD.tDRzJ 1963 eH.‘D;0HR0JzJ 1965 eH.M.
vDRI
Ó Gateway to The West Arch
w>yeD.vX>xl.vXtCHvRuwX>vX[D.
cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0Jw>yeD.vX>xl.x;(uFf)r[. (Taj Mahal) td.
vX0h>tmc&g< uD>th’,.M.vDRI w>bSDxD.tDRvX
vX>ubk.0g’DwzsX.ngcDzsdth’,.pDRyRq.[h.,.
vXtrh>w>tJ.tw>yeD.vXtrg ?rlx;(uFf)r[./
t*D>zJ 1630eH.M.vDRI w>bSDxD.tDRzJ 1632 eH.‘D;0HR Ó x;(uFf)r[.w>ol.xD.
0JzJ 1653 eH.M.vDRI zJ 1983 eH.M. UNESCO ymyeD.tDR'ftrh>[D.cd.bDrk>tw>
M>ogtvD>tod;M.vDRI
w>*DRpd;ysR vXvhuyR (Sculpture Monument) vXt'd.uwX>vX
[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
Ó
9
w>*DRpd;ysRvX Stone Mountain, trJ
&uRuD>pXzSd.
w>ol.xD.bSDxD.'D;w>vX[D.cd.zdwhxD.0Jwz.
rh>w>*DRpd;ysRvXvhuyRt'd.uwX>vX[D.cd.csXM.rh>w>*DRpd;ysRvXttd.zJvhupX>
(Stone Mountain) tvdRvXuFDuFH,guD>pJ.< trJ&uRuD>pXzSd.tylRM.vDRI w>*DRpd;
ysRtHRrh>0JySRoX*R’d;uoh.t*DRwz.rh>0J (ph.qlxGJ) uFJ;zXpX.’.bH;(pf) (Jefferson
Davis)< ok;cd.usX>&DbX;tJ;’0X;vH (Robert Edward-Lee) ’D;ok;cd.usX>xDrX;(pf)uFDe
oX.uFJ;pX. (Thomas Jonathan Jackson) M.vDRI w>*DRtHRtth&,.cJvXmtd.0J
1I33 thuX>< 'D;txDtd. 27I4 rHxX.vDRI w>pd;ysRtDR,Hm0J’. 8 eH.’D; 174 oDM.
vDRI
tHBuH;(zf)yH&rH;(Pyramid) vXt'd.uwX>vX[D.cd.csX eU.rh>rEkR
vJ.I
ulzlyH&rH;z;’d. (The Great Pyramid of
Khufu) rhwrh> cFHtD;zfpf (Cheops) rh>0J[D.
cd.csXw>vDRv;tusgwrHR’D;rh>ySRtHuFH;zf
zdtyH&rH;vXt’d.uwX>vXw>bSD
xD.tDRzJuH.p. (Giza) zJ0h>uJ.&d.
Ó ulzlyH&rH;z;'d.< zJuH.p.< tHuFH;tylR
(Cairo) tuydmuyRM.vDRI w>bsX
vDRtHuFH;pDRyRvXysXRvXtrh>pDRyRvGH>pdRwpdRM.vDRI t0JuJwh>pDRyR 23 eH.’D;rh>ySR
vXtrHR’d.vXtbSDxD.yH&rH;vXuHp.tylRM.vDRI
w>oG.cd.vD> (Tomb) vXt'd.uwX>
vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0JvH;w>oG.cd.tupX> (The Mount Li Tomb)
vX0h>pH.,g (Xianyang) w%l;uD>M.vDRI rh>0J±SH±SH.
[G>'H>pDRyR (Qin Shi Huangdi) cD.xH;w*RtoG.
cd.M.vDRI w>tHRrh>w>vD>zJw>cl.vDRbsXvDRpDR
yR±SH.’D;ok;zdt*R 7000 M.vDRI
Ó
vH;w>oG.cd.tupX>
10
w>ol.xD.bSDxD.'D;w>vX[D.cd.zdwhxD.0Jwz.
*DRyR (wdmcd.'l) vXtxDuwX>vX[D. cd. csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0Jw%l;uD>t*DRyR (The Great Wall of China) M.
vDRI txDcJvXmtd.0J 8<851 uHvdrHxX.< b.
w>bSDxD.tDRzJ cIe 210=221 tqXuwD>vXpDR
yR%SH%SH.[G.'H>tpdRM.vDRI td.vXw%l;uD>uvHR
pd;M.vDRI p;xD.ol.vDRto;vXw%l;uD>rk>Ekm'D;
tuwX>wkRvXuD>rd.udvH,.uvHRxH;M.vDRI
Ó The Great Wall vXw%l;uD>
"
vXw>ubSDxD.wdmcd.'l?The Great Wall/ tHRt*D><
w>rXql.0JySRzSD.zd,mzdvXw%l;uD>tylRwz.t*RvX
tuuGJ>wz.tuuGJ>M.vDRI
"
w>yXw>qSX0JR'X;(Administrative Building) vXt'd.uwX>vX[D.
cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0JtrJ&uRuD>pXzSd.ok;0JRvD>cd.oh.w>ol.xD.
vXtd.,J>eX.vXw>ud;trHRvXzJmwud.w>ol.
xD. (Pentagon-US Defense Department) M.vDRI
td.0J,J>uxX< th&,.td.0J 604<000 puGJ,g
uHvdrHxX.’D;tySRrRw>zdtd.vXylRtgM> 23<000
*RM.vDRI
Ó
zJ.wud.w>ol.xD.
wX;wCHm (Twins Towers) vXtxDuwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkR
vJ.I
rh>0JwX;zH;}xde;pf (Petronas Tower) vX0h>cG.v.v.zX.< uD>rvh%SgM.vDRI t
xDtd.0J 452 rHxX.< td. 88 uxX< ‘D;uJwh>0Jw>ol.xD.txDuwX>vX[D.cd.csX
zJ 1998 eH.wkRvX 2004 eH.zJw>ol.xD.wJ.yh. 101 (Taipei 101) wcsK;0HRb.t
11
w>ol.xD.bSDxD.'D;w>vX[D.cd.zdwhxD.0Jwz.
cgM.vDRI emouhvXw>ol.xD.oCHmcJvXmtusgt0Joh.
uJxD.0Jw>ol.xD.wCHmvXtxDuwX>vX[D.cd.csXM.
vDRI
Ó
wX;wCHmvXtxDu
wX>vX[D.cd.csX
wdmx;vXtxDuwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkR
vJ.I
Ó
wdmx;tH.zh(vf)
rh>0JwdmcX.oeX.tH.zh(vf) (Eiffel Tower) td.vX0h>zJ&H;pft
cX.o;< uD>jz.ph.M.vDRI w>ud;vdmuGJtrHRvX (La Dame
De Fer=ydmrk.x;) ’D;rh>0Jw>ol.xD.vXtrHR[lo.zsgvX
[D.cd.’Dwbh.M.vDRI w>ol.xD.tHRrRM>trHRvXySRvXt
whxD.tDRtrHRw*RvXtrh>u;pwH;zftH.zhvf (Gustave
Eiffel) trHRM.vDRI wdmwzsX.tHRtxDtd.0J 324 rHxX.
(1<063 cD.,D>)< txDutd.xJod;’D;w>ol.xD.vXttd.
81 uxXM.vDRI w>ol.xD.wcgtHRuJxD.0J0h>zJ&H;pf’D;jz.
ph.tw>yeD.’D;nDEk>w>uxH.b.tDRvXw>*DRrlwz.tylR
M.vDRI
xHwrX.t'd.uwX>vX[D.cd.csX eU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
Ó Three Gorges Dam
rh>0Jw%l;uD>t}wDRoX}wDRxHwrX. (Three Gorges)
vX< vXt}wD>xHM>tuuGJ> 39I3 c,lbH;rHxX.
M.vDRI tupDRxDtd. 120 uHvdrHxX.’D;vJ>
200 uHvdrHxX.M.vDRI w>vD>0JM.trHRrh>[lo.
zsgvXtMqX.w>CHw>vRwz.b.q.}wDRoX
}wDRxHwrX.t[D.u0DRtHRtd.’D;tw>pH.pdRwJ
pdR’D;w>qJ;w>vRvXt&h’d.wz.M.vDRI
12
w>ol.xD.bSDxD.'D;w>vX[D.cd.zdwhxD.0Jwz.
xHusdRvXw>cl.tDRvXySRunDvXt'd.
uwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>r EkRvJ.I
rh>0JcD&HxHusdR (Corinth Canal) vX-uH;(pf)M.vDRI
txDtd.0J 6I3 uHvdrHxX.< tvJ>td. 81 'D;,dm
cD.,D>< 0J 26 cD.,D>M.vDRI w>bSDxD.tDRzJ 1881=
1893 eH.tylRM.vDRI
Ó
cD&HxHusdR< vX-uH;(pf)
xHusdRvXubDvh>xD.vh>vdRvXtylRvX
t'd.uwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0JxHusdRpltJ; (Suez Canal) vXb.w>cl.M>tDR
vXu’k;td.xD.xHusdRvXu’k;bs;pJyD.vJ.*DR’D;rJ;
’H.xX.&heH,X.yD.vJ.M.vDRI txDtd.0J’. 193
uHvdrHxX.< tvJ>td.205 rHxX.< ‘D;,dm 24 rH
Ó xHusdRpltJ;
xX.M.vDRI w>p;xD.td;xD.tDRzJ 1869 eH.< ‘D;
w>tHRrRnDxD.w>vJRxD.uhRvDRvXxHusdRvXuD>,l&yR’D;th±SX.tbX.pXRvXw
vd.vJRw&H;qltR_zHRuRvXRb.M.vDRI
w>*JRvdmuGJysDvXysXRvXt'd.uwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0J&drhRw>uG>uDw>*JRvdmuGJysDvX&drhRtpdR< trHR
vXcd.vdmpH,X. (Coliseum) vXt}wD>ySRuG>w>zd
80<000 *RM.vDRI w>bSDxD.tDRzJ cIe 70=72 t
bX.pXRM.vDRI w>tHRw>qdurd.ymuJtDRvXtrh>
&drhRtw>pkohcD.b.w>rRvXtCHvR’D;t’d.u
wX>wcgM.vDRI
Ó
cd.vdmpH,X.< vXuD>tH.wvH.
w>uG>uDq.zduD>zdvD>vXtvD>vHRuwX>vX[D.cd.csXrh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0J0h>vd’d.w>uG>q.zduD>zdtvD> (London) td.vXuD>tJuvH;uvHRxH;wuyR’D;
rh>w>ymuG>uDq.zduD>zdvD>vXteH.,HmuwX>vX[D.cd.csXM.vDRI w>bSDxD.tDRzJ
13
w>ol.xD.bSDxD.'D;w>vX[D.cd.zdwhxD.0Jwz.
vgthjzh. 27oD< 1828 eH.M.vDRI q.zduD>zd’l.zdxXzdvXrk>rqgweHRtHRwz.w>ym
zSd.tDRzJM.tgM> 755uvkmM.vDRI zJw>xXzSd.tDRtcD.xH;oDoDtcg< w>xXzSd.tDR
vXw>urRvdrR’d;uG>w>vXpJth.wuyRt*D>M.vDRI vXcHuhRM.w>td;xD.tDRvX
ursX>w>uG>uDt*D>zJ 1847 eH.M.vDRI
w>uG>uDvD> (Museum) vXto;yS>uwX>vX[D.cd.csXrh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0Jw>ymuG>uDvD>tJprd.vHef (Ashmolean) vXtrHRxDwcDrh>0J ?Ashmolean
Museum of Art and Archaeology/< td.vXtD;pzD;('f) (Oxford), uD>tJuvH;M.vDRI
w>p;xD.bSDxD.tDRzJ 1679=1683 eH.tylRM.vDRI
vHm&d'X;vXt'd.uwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0JcDu&J;tvHm&d’X; (The Library of Congress)<
td.vX0.±SH.wX.’H>pH>< trJ&uRuD>pXzSd.tylRM.
vDRI w>bSDxD.tDRzJ 1800 eH.M.vDRI vHmvJ>w
z.td.tgM>tuuGJ> 16I8 bh.< w>yD;w>vDvX’k;
oh.nge>yX>w>wz.td.tgM>tuuGJ> 82I5 cg<
'D;vHmtpd;yd;cd.wz.xDM>'H; 532 rH;vmM.vDRI
Ó
cDu&J;tvHm&d'X;
vHm&d'X;vXtvD>vHRuwX>vX[D.cd.csX eU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0J[.bX;zF.pdrdR (Harvard University) tvHm&d’X;cD.xH;uwX>wzsX.vXuD>trJ&
uRvXw>bSDxD.tDRzJ 1623 eH.M.vDRI rh>w>rRvdrR’d;oeX.vXtvD>vHR’D;t*hRu
wX>wzsX.ph>uD;vX[D.cd.csXM.vDRI
zDu&X>vXtvJ>uwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0Ju&X>cl.cJ.[D; (The Keukenhof Gardens) vXttd.ol.vDRto;zJuD>eJ.o.
vJ(ef)tylRM.vDRI tth&,.td.0J 32 thuX>‘D;vDrh.tlo.td.0J 6 uuGJ>zsX.’D;rh>
u&X>vXtvJ>uwX>vX[D.cd.csXvDRI zDvXw>ol.tDRwz.td.tgM> 7 uuGJ>u
vkmM.vDRI u&X>cl.cJ.[D; (The Keukenhof Gardens) rh>wh>0Ju&X>t’d.uwX>vX
[D.cd.csXteH. 30 bsJ.vHM.vDRI
14
w>ol.xD.bSDxD.'D;w>vX[D.cd.zdwhxD.0Jwz.
usJrk>z;'d. (road) vXtxDuwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0JusJz.=trJ&uRusJrk>z;'d. (The Pan-American Highway)< p;xD.vXtv.p
u.uD>pJ. (Alaska) uwX>vX0h>-b.pH.vH,g (Brasilia)< uD>-b.ph(vf)M.vDRI usJrk>
tHRtw>'h.pXRtd.0J 24<140 uHvdrHxX.M.vDRI
usJrk> (Street) vXtxDuwX>vX[D.cd.csX eU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0J,D(if)tusJrk> (Yonge Street) vX0h>xd.&Jxd.’D;0h>,D(if)< uD>cJe’.M.vDRI txD
td. 1<896 uHvdrHxX.vDRI w>bSDxD.tDRzJ 1790 eH.M.vDRI
usJrk>vXtvJ>uwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0JusJrd.e,l.rJxX.tJ;pH.=-b.phvf (Monumental Axis-Brazil) vXttd.zJ0h>-b.pH
vH,.< uD>-b.phvftylRM.vDRI usJtHRtodvh.tudsRtd.0J 6 usdRvXwcDpkmpkmM.
vDRI cDzsdvXusJrk>wbdM.td.'D;usJtvJR'D;tuhRtCdcJvXmM.odvh.tusdRtd.0J
12 usdRM.vDRI
ubD,lRysDvXtvJ>uwX>vX[D.cd.csX (b.xGJvXth&,.) eU.rh>r
EkRvJ.I
rh>0JubD,lRysD (King Fahd International Airport) vX’.r. (Dammam) uD>pD.’H.t&h
bH.,gvDRI th&,.cJvXmtd.0J 780 puGJ,guHvdrHxX.M.vDRI
ubD,lRysDvXtd.vXw>vD>xD.xDuwX>vX[D.cd.csXrh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0J’.ubD,lRysDv.p. (Lhasa Airport) vXuD>wHbJ;M.vDRI upDRxD.xDM>yD.vJ.
rJmzH;cd.tgM> 4<363 rHxX.M.vDRI tubD,lRusJtxDtd.0J 4<000 rHxX.M.vDRI
ubD,lRysDp;xD.td;xD.o;vX 1956 eH.ubD,lRp;xD.,lRzJvgr>±S;bHuFh=cFJ’l’D;zJ
2004 eH.M.rR’d.xD.0JubD,lRysDM.vDRI
vh.rh.tloeUvXtd.vXw>vD>xD.xDuwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkR
vJ.I
rh>0Jx.ul.v.vh.rh.tloM (Tanggula Railway Station) vXuD>wHbJ;M.vDRI td.
15
w>ol.xD.bSDxD.'D;w>vX[D.cd.zdwhxD.0Jwz.
xD.xDM>yD.vJ.trJmzH;cd. 5<068 rHxX.vDRI tth&,.cJvXmtd.0J 77<002 puGJ
,grHxX.M.vDRI
[D.vmvh.rh.tlusJvXtxDuwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0J0h>vd'd.[D.vmvh.rh.tlusJ (London Underground) vXuD>tJuvH;M.vDRI t
xDtd. 400 uHvdrHxX.M.vDRI rh>ph>uD;vDrh.vh.rh.tloMcD.xH;wwDRvX[D.cd.
csXM.vDRI
vh.rh.tlusJ (Track) vXtxDuwX>vX[D.cd.csX eU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0Jvh.rh.tlusJx&hpX.&H.bH,g (Train-Siberian Line-Moscow) vXrD;pud.’D;0h>e.
cd.’.vXuD>,y. (Nakhodka - Japan) tbX.pXRM.vDRI txDtd. 9<438 uHvdrH
xX.M.vDRI rh>vh.rh.tlusJwbdvXtbs;pJ0JrD;pud.’D;&X±SX.,l&yR‘D;&X±Sgrk>xD.w
uyR< rd.udvH,g< uD>pH.’D;,y.yD.vJ.wuyRvDRI vh.rh.tlusJtHRrh>vh.rh.tl
usJtxDuwX>vX[D.cd.csXvDRI
ubDoeUvXtw>rRtguwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0JuD>phuzdtubDoM (Port of Singapore) M.vDRI rh>ubDoMvXtd.’D;ubDo
Mtw>vh>xD.vh>vdRtguwX>< xHuD>t*kRt*RtubDvXoMtgM> 600 oMvX
xHuD> 123 bh.wz.ywkm0JzJM.vDRI rh>ph>uD;ubDoMvXw>vJvdmcD*mubDtgu
wX>M.vDRI
xHvmvh.rh.tlusJ vXtxDuwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0JpH.u.xHvmvh.rh.tlusJ (Seikan Tunnel) vX,y.uD>M.vDRI w>tHRrh>0J’.
xHvmtusJvXtxDuwX>vX[D.cd.csXM.vDRI xHvmvh.rh.tlusJwbdtHRp;xD.
vXuD;[D>(ef)pl.wkRvXuD;[DuJ.’d. td.0J 53I85 uHvdrHxX.M.vDRI
16
w>ol.xD.bSDxD.'D;w>vX[D.cd.zdwhxD.0Jwz.
w>ySH>&h.eD.odtw>rRvD> (Oil Re¿nery) t'd.uwX>vX[D.cd.csX
eU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0J&HvhefuF.r.u.cDzJs.vXuD>th’,.
(Reliance Jamnagar Complex (RIL)-India)
M.vDRI w>ySH>&h.eD.odvXxH'Xz;'d.M>0J
1<240<000 zsX.vXweHRtwD>ylRM.vDRI
Ó Reliance Jamnagar Complex
pJ;CDoGg (Escalator) vXtxDuwX>
vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0JpJ;CDoGgu}wJRvGH>usdRvXtd%SJz;u&X>
(Ocean Park) vX[D.uD.< w%l;uD>M.vDRI
txDtd.0J 745 cD.,D>M.vDRI
Ó Ocean Park tpJ;CDoGg
17
MqX.cd.CXR
MqX.w>b.whvXttd.0;w&H;[D.cd.wbh.tHRvDRvd.vDR
v;r;M.vDRI td.0J’D;upX>uvd< yD.vJ.yD.}wDR< rJ;rk>cd.< }wDR
vm< ysDrk>vg[h< yS>rk>ueXwz.’D;w>tgrHRtguvkmvXywxH.
oh.ngb.eDwbsDb.M.vDRI b.q.emouhrh>yoh.ngwbsD
bsD{gvXupX>rh.tlvXtCHvRuwX>rh>rEkRvJ.’D;uD;vXt’d.
uwX>td.zJvJ.M.b.vDRI z;uG>oud;w>*h>vXvHmcd.wDwcg
tHRvXyuCkoh.ngoud;MqX.tw>clol.’D;uG>oud;tw>qD
wvJwz.vX w>uohuwDDR’D;tH;xGJuG>xGJtDRt*D>M.wuh>I
18
MqX.cd.CXR
uD>rd>yS>vXtvJ>uwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
uD>th%SX. (Asia) tHRtvJ>txDtd.0J 20<700<000
puGJ,grH;vmvXty.Ckm’D;uD;’D;usd>cJvXmwz.‘D;
rh>uD>rd>yS>vXt’d.uwX>vX[D.cd.csX’D;rh>w>vD>
vX[D.cd.’Dbh.tylRySRtd.qd;tguwX>M.vDRI ‘D;
uD>rd>yS>tHRusX>bX0J[D.cd.’DzsX.oXylwylngM.
vDRI erh>’d;xD.rlysDubD,lR’D;,lRxD.vXrlysD’D;uG>
pdCDR[D.cd.M.euxH.vXuD>th%SX.M.pJbl;vdmt
o;’D;uD>,l&yR’D;uD>tRjzHRuR< ‘D;erh>ymzSd.uD>cH
bh.tHRwylRCDb.q.qH;M>’H;uD>th%SX.M.vDRI
wu;’fb.< uD>trJ&uRuvHRpd;’D;uvHRxH;cHbh.vXmymzSd.M.qH;M>’H;uD>th%SX.M.
vDRI
uD>rd>yS>vXtqH;uwX>vX[D.cd.csX
eU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0JuD>rd>yS>tD;p-xhv,. (Australia) vXt
vJ>0J'. 2<941<526 puGJ,grH;vmM.vDRI tD;
p-xhv,.M.wrh>xJuD>rd>yS>wbh.{dRb.<
b.q.rh>uD>wbh.vXty.Ckm’D;uD>zdx;p
rgeH,.‘D;uD;zdoh.wz.vXypH;zH;r;orH;tu
vHRxH;wuyRM.vDRI ySRtd.qd;vXtylRM.zJ
w>xXySReD.*H>p&DzJ 2005 eH.M.w,m0JvXutd.0J’.tgM> 20 uuGJ>*RM.vDRI tD;
p-xhv,.t0h>cd.rh>0J0h>cJ(ef)bX&. (Canberra)< ‘D;t0h>vXt’d.uwX>M.rh>0J0h>pH;
’eH. (Sidney) M.vDRI
19
MqX.cd.CXR
[D.ursdR (Peninsula) vXt'd.uwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
Ó
t.&HbH,X.[D.ursdR
t.&HbH,X.[D.ursdR (Arabian Peninsula)
M.tvJ>txDtd.0J 1I25 uuGJ>puGJ,grH;
vmC.C.’D;rh>[D.ursdRvXt’d.uwX>
vX[D.cd.csXM.vDRI vX[D.ursdRtHRt
ylRtd.’D;xHuD>oh.wz.’ftrh>bg&h>(ef)<
ul0h;(xf)< tdrg(ef)< cGgx.< t.&;tJr&H;
uD>pXzSd.< ‘D;pD.’H.t.&hbH.,gvXtrh>
uD>t’d.uwX>M.vDRI [D.ursdRtHRt.
&hbH,>rJ;rk>ysDtd.usX>bXtDRcJvXmC.
C.ngM.vDRI t.&HbH,X.[D.ursdRtHR
rh>w>vD>vXw>xk;xD.0J&heD.od’D;MqX.
*mo0HttguwX>vX[D.cd.csXph>uD;M.
vDRI
yD.vJ.rd.yS>vXtvJ>uwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0JyD.vJ.rd>yS>ypH;zH; (Paci¿c) ’D;t’d.tvJ>td.0J'. 166<241<700 puGJ,guHvdrH
xX.vDRI t,dmwcDtd.0J'. 12<952 cD.,D>M.vDRI vXyD.vJ.rd>yS>tHRtcH’;M.yu
xH.b.upX>rh.tltusdRwl>&J.vDRto;txDuwX>< ‘D;w>oh.ngtDR’ftrh>ypH;zH;
rh.tltusdR (The Paci¿c Ring of Fire) M.vDRI
w>vD>vXxH,dmuwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
w>vD>vXxH,dmuwX>vX[D.cd.csXrh>0Jr.&H.,gegw>}wdR (The Marianas Trench)<
,dm0J'. 35<797 cD.,D>M.vDRI w>vD>tHRtd.vXypH;zH;yD.vJ.rd>yS>tylRM.vDRI
yD.vJ.rd>yS>vXtqH;'D;tH.uwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0JyD.vJ.rd>yS>t.wh; (Artic) vXtvJ>0J 13<203<700 puGJ,guHvdrHxX.M.vDRI
yD . vJ . tqH ; uwX>wcgtH R tvJ > utd . xJ u D > trJ & uRwbh . ’D ; w0mM.vD R I
rh>ph>uD;yD.vJ.rd.yS>vXt’D.uwX>wbh.< ’D;t,dmutd.tgM>’H;wuHvdrHxX.
20
MqX.cd.CXR
(1<038 cD.,D>) M.vDRI w>vD>vXt,dmuwX>vXtrh>,l.&h±SX.xH}wDR’.vJmt,dm
td.’.xJ 5I45 uHvdrHxX.M.vDRI tg’.w>wuh>yD.vJ.rd>yS>tHRb.w>vk>bXtDR
vXrlcd.zDwz.M.vDRI
yD.vJ.xH[DvXtvJ>uwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
u;pyH,g (Caspain) yD.vJ.rh>0JyD.vJ.vXttd.ol.vDRo;zJuD>&X%SguvHRxH;'D;uD>
tH.&;(cf)tbX.pXRM.vDRI tth&,X.cJvXmtd.0J 371<800 puGJ,guHvdrHxX.’D;
yD.vJ.xHtd.0J 78<200 uHvdrHxX.M.vDRI u;pyH,gyD.vJ.vDR*m’fed.z;’d.wbh.
vXttd.vXcdolcd.M.vDRI
ed.xH[DvXtxH[DuwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.
rh>rEkRvJ.I
ed.xH[DvXtxH[DuwX>vX[D.cd.csXM.rh>0JyD.
vJ.oH (Dead Sea) M.vDRI td.ol.vDRo;zJuD>
tH.p&h(vf)'D;uD>uFD.'>(ef)tbX.pXRM.vDRI [DwkR
vXw>o;orltd.'.vJmM.td.rl0JvXtusgwM>b.
Ó yD.vJ.oH
M.vDRI vXyD.vJ.oHtylR‘h.wtd.n.wtd.< zJySRunD
vDRwJmvXtusgb.q.vDRtk;0JwM>ph>uD;rh>vXxHwz.[DwvX0JtCdM.vDRI b.
rEkRtCdxHwz.b.[DxJtHRvJ.I xHusdRvXttd.vXupX>uvdvXt0;w&H;yD.
vJ.oHwz.,GREkmvDRqlyD.vJ.oHtylRvDRI b.q.xHvXyD.vJ.oHtylRw,GRvDR
uGHmqlw>vD>*ReDwwDRb.’D;td.’.xJo0HxD.uGHmtCdxHvDRoH;’D;tHo.tgxD.tg
xD.0JvDRI
uGHyD.vJ.vXtvJ>uwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
uGHyD.vJ.pH;w>M.rh>uGHvXttd.vXyD.vJ.ylRvXb.w>0;w&H;tDR’D;rJ;uX>cd.wz.
rhwrh>vX>zDwl>&J.wz.M.vDRI uGHyD.vJ.t’d.uwX>wbh.vX[D.cd.csXM.rh>0J}uJef
v.ulp;’f (Grand Lagon Sud) vXttd.vXe,lcgvH.’deH,g (New Caledonia) jz.
ph.t[D.u0DRtylR’D;tvJ>td.0J 24<000 puGJ,guHvdrHxX.’D;td.’D;vX>zDwl>&J.
vXtxDtd.0J 1<600 uHvdrHxX.M.vDRI uGHyD.vJ.tHRtd.’D;w>b.whvXtCHvR
’d.r;‘D;rh>w>vD>vXySRpJth.zd’D;ySR’dw>*DRrlzdwz.b.o;0JM.vDRI
21
MqX.cd.CXR
xHck.ud.vd.tusdvXtxDuwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
xHck.ud.vd.usdtxDuwX>vX[D.cd.csXrh>0JvgbX;xHck.usd (Lambert Glacier) xH
ck.ud.vd.tusdvXuD>rd>yS>t.w.wh;'D;xD0J 700 uHvdrHxX.< vJ> 64 uHvdrHxX.
M.vDRI xHck.ud.vd.usd,GRvDR0J’fxHusdtod;’D;,GRvDR0JvXupX>jzh;cFg (Prince
Charles) tuydmuyRM.vDRI cJtHRw>vlRCkoh.ngtgxD.t*h>tusdRcDzsdw>qXu
wD>wz.qDwvJuGHmto;tCdM.vDRI
rJ;rk>cd.vXtvJ>uwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0JrJ;rk>cd.p[.&; (Sahara) td.0JvXtR
jzHRuRuvHRpd;M.vDRI tth&,.cJvXm
td.0J'. 3<630<000 puGJ,grH;vm’D;td.0J
tR_zHRuRoXylwyl’D;t’d.tvJ>td.0JxJod;
,l&yR rhwrh> trJ&uRuD>pXzSd.M.vDRI rJ;
rk>cd.tHRov.vDRto;wkRvXyD.vJ.*DR
Ó ySRwzkvJRw>vXp[.&;rJ;rk>ysDtylR
M.vDRI p[.&;rJ;rk>cd.trk>EkmwcDtd.’D;
t;wvJwh;yD.vJ.< vXuvHRpd;M.tJ;xv;upX>’D;rJ;’H.xX.&heH,X.yD.vJ.< vXrk>
xD.wcDyD.vJ.*DR’D;tHuFH;(yf)‘D;uvHRxH;wcDegu.xHusdM.vDRI p[.&;rJ;rk>cd.M.
w>ud>’d.r;’D;vXrJ;rk>cd.M.td.’D;xHrlxD.yX>wz.M.vDRI b.oh.oh.wEGHM.w>u
plRcHbsD‘D;wplRuhReDwbsDb.ohM.vDRI
yD.usDR (Gulf) vXt'd.uwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU. rh>rEkRvJ.I
yD.usDRvXt’d.uwX>vX[D.cd.csXM.rh>0JrJ;upH.ud.yD.usDRM.vDRI yD.vJ.usDRw
bh.tHRvDR*mvXxHovXwbh.vXtb.w>0;w&H;tDRvXuvHRpd;trJ&uR’D;c,l
bgtuD;wz.M.vDRI tth&,.td.0J 1<544<000 puGJ,guHvdrHxX.'D;tyD.vJ.
uX>eHRtxDtd.'. 5<000 uHvdrHxX.M.vDRI
yD.BwDR (Bay) vXtvJ>uwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
yD.}wDRrh>0JxHuh.usDRz;vJ>vXyD.vJ.ylRvXtb.w>0;w&H;tDRvXcdolcd.M.vDRI
22
MqX.cd.CXR
yD.}wDRM.qH;M>’H;yD.vJ.uh.usDRM.vDRI bhuvgyD.}wDRrh>0Jrh>0JyD.}wDRt’d.uwX>
vX[D.cd.csX’D;t’d.tvJ>td.0J 2I2 uvD>puGJ,guHvdrHxX.’D;t,dmtd.0J 5<258
rHxX.M.vDRI rhrh>[X;pX. (Hudson) yD.}wDRvXuD>cJe'.M.rh>yD.}wDRvXttd.’D;yD.
vJ.uX>eHRvXtxDuwX>’D;txDtd.0J 12<268 uHvdrHxX.'D;tth&,.cJvXmtd.0J
12<268 uHvdrHxX.M.vDRI
uD;vXt'd.uwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
}uHvJ(ef)rh>0JuD;t’d.uwX>wbh.vX[D.cd.csX’D;tth&,.cJvXmtd.0J 2I17 uuGJ>
puGJ,guHvdrHxX.M.vDRI }uHvJ(ef)w>vD>tgwuh>b.w>vk>bXtDR’D;xHck.ud.vd.
wz.M.vDRI ‘fvJ.*hR< [D.cd.ud>xD.M.w>xH.v.tDRnDu’.zJ}uHvJM.vDRI xH
ck.ud.vd.wz.ySH>vDRcs›xD.M>vXng’D;w>vD>pSRvDR0JweH. 240 puGJ,grHxX.M.
vDRI
xHusdvXtxDuwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
xHusdvXtxDuwX>vX[D.cd.csXrh>0JeJvf (Nile) xHusdvXttd.vXtRjzHRuRuD>rd>yS>
'D;txDtd.0J 4<160 rH;vmM.vDRI xHusdwbdtHRrh>b.xGJ’D;tHuFH;(yf)w>pH.pdRb.
q.xJ’. 22 rs;u,Rtd.vXtHuFH;yfylRM.vDRI eJvfxHusdM.,GRvDRvXrJ;’H.xX.&heH
,X.yD.vJ.ylRM.vDRI
uD;rJ;rk> (Sand Island) vXt'd.uwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
uD;rJ;rk>t’d.uwX>tvJ>uwX>vX[D.cd.csXM.rh>0Jz&.pX. (Fraser Island) vXcGHvJ
uD>pJ. (Queensland) = uD>tD;p-xhvH,gM.vDRI trJ;vl>cd.xD0J 120 uHvdrHxX.M.
vDRI w>ymyeD.tDR’ftrh>[D.cd.tw>M>ogzJ 1992 M.vDRI w>ymyeD.tDR’fuD;rJ;rk>
ysD (_yDcd.) vXt’d.uwX>vX[D.cd.csX’D;tvJ>td.0J 1840 puGJ,guHvdrHxX.M.
vDRI
uD;vXttd.vXuD>rd>yS>tylR (Inland Island) vXt'd.uwX>vX[D.
cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
uD;vXttd.vXuD>rd>yS>tylRt’d.uwX>vX[D.cd.csXrh>0JuD;bege.(vf) (Bananal
23
MqX.cd.CXR
Island)
vXuD>-b.ph(vf)tylRM.vDRI th&,.td.0J 19<162<25 puGJ,guHvdrHxX.
M.vDRI w>ud>cgtqXuwD>w>vJRqluD;tylRvXodvh.oh0Jb.q.tgwuh>w>b.
vJRvXcsHM.vDRI
xHusdvXtvJ>uwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.
rh>rEkRvJ.I
xHusdtvJ>uwX>vX[D.cd.csXrh>0Jtr.pD.
(Amazon) xHusdvXuD>-b.ph(vf)M.vDRI t0J
p;xD.,GRvDRvXtJ’HpfupX>wkRvDRqlyD.vJ.
eHRM.vDRI zJw>plRcgM.tvJ>utd.0J 40 uH
Ó tr.pD.usdw>vD>wwDR
vdrHxX.'D;uvJ> 10 uHvdrHxX.zJw>,DRcgM.
vDRI txDtd.0J 6<400 uHvdrHxX.'D;,dmM> 40 rHxX.zJw>plRcgM.vDRI
uD;u½l> (Archipelago) vXtd.'D;uD;tguwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>
uD;rEkRvJ.I
uD;u±l>t’d.uwX>vX[D.cd.csXrh>0Jth',.rk>xD.tuD;u%l> (The East Indian) r
vhuD;u±l> (Malay ArchIpelago) 'D;uD;cJvXmvXtylRtd.0J'. 17<000 zsX.M.vDRI
uD;cJvXmtd.0J 25<000 zsX.M.vDRI uD;tylRM.y.Ckm’D;th.’d>eH±Sg< zHvH;yH< phuzd<
b±l.eJ< rk>xD.rvh±Sg< wH.rDrk>xD.’D;z.yl.t.e,luHeH.weDRM.vDRI
yD.vJ.'hphRvXubDz;'d.vh>xD.vh>vdRtguwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.
rh>rEkRvJ.I
yD.vJ.’hphRvXtw>rRtguwX>vX[D.cd.csXM.rh>0J‘XbX.yD.vJ.'hphR (Dover) vX
uD>tJuvH;'D;uD>jz.ph.tbX.pXRM.vDRI ubDvh>xD.vh>vdRwpSRM> 120<000 bh.
vXweH.twD>ylRb.M.vDRI weHRtwD>ylRubDuRw>wz.cD*myD.vJ.’hphRtHRtbh.
400 bsJ.M.vDRI vXw>M.tCdySRb.td.cd;uG>w> 24 e.&H.’D;uG>usJRvDRM>uhRu
bDtusdRtusJwz.M.vDRI
24
MqX.cd.CXR
upX>vXtxDuwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.
rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0JupX> (Everest) vXttd.zJuD>eHzD(vf)’D;
uD>wHbJ;tuD>qX< vXtxDtd.0J 29<035I44
cD.,D> (8<850 rHxX.) M.vDRI upX>tJb&J;
rh>0JupX>wzsX.vXySRxD.upX>zdwz.b.o;
xD.0J’d.r;M.vDRI vXw>uxD.upX>t*D>rhrh>
w>vXtvDRb.,d.’D;usd.phrh>vXmtgb.q.
ySRvXtu,Rwz.*kmusJ;pX;vJR0J’.M.vDRI
Ó
upX>tJb&J;tcd.pd.
upX>rh.tlvXt'd.uwX>wzsX.vX[D.cd.csXeU. rh>rEkRvJ.I
upX>rh.tlvXt’d.uwX>vX[D.cd.csXM.rh>0J rDe.vD (Mauna Loa) vX[.0g,H.
uD>pJ.M.vDRI upX>rDe.vDM.td.0J 1<000<000 eH.rh>0JupX>rh.tlvXtyd>z;xD.
tguwX>’D;p;xD.vXupX>cD.xH;’D;wkRtcd.pd;M.txDtd.0J 11<000 rHxX.< ‘D;u
pX>cD.xH;ql 13 uHvdrHxX.M.td.vXyD.vJ.rd>yS>tzDvmM.vDRI
upX>rh.tloHvXtzsgCHvRuwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
upX>rh.tltoHpH;w>M.rh>0JupX>rh.tlvXtyd>z;0HRvHM.vDRI upX>rh.tloHvXtzsg
CHvRuwX>vX[D.cd.csXM.rh>0JupX>rh.tlzluFH.
(Fuji) vX,y.uD>M.vDRI txDtd.0J 3<776
rHxX.M.vDRI zluFH.upX>M.rh>0JuD>,y.
tw>yeD.wcg’D;rh>upX>vXtzsgCHvRw
zsX.M.vDRI zl.uFH.upX>yXRvDR0JqlupX>
cD.xH;wqDb.wqD’D;w>vD>vXupX>cD.
xH;M.w>ymyeD.tDR’fxHuD>tzDu&X>M.vDRI
Ó
25
upX>rh.tlzluFH.vXtyd>z;xD.0HR
MqX.cd.CXR
xHvDRqlvXtzsgCHvRuwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0JxHvDRqleH.ug&. (Niagara Falls)<
vXttd.zJtrJ&uR’D;cJe’.tbX.pXRM.
vDRI td.0J’.vXuD>trJ&uRt0h>bX;z
vd.trk>EkmuvHRpd;< e,l,D; 17 rH;vm’D;
rk>xD.uvHRxH;cJe’>tuD>pJ.vXtrh>tD;
xh&H.td.tbX.pXR 75 rH;vmM.vDRI t
vJ>td. 2<000 cD.,D>’D;txDtd. 184
cD.,D>M.vDRI eH.u.&.xHvDRqlM.vDR
Ó xHvDRqleH.ug&.
rh>wxDb.q.oemuhvJ>0J’D;zsgCHvR0JtCdrh>xHvDRqlvXtrHR[lo.zsguwX>’D;
w>pl;ugtDRph>uD;vXw>xk;xD.xHto[D.M.vDRI
xHx.pGYvXtvJ>uwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.td.zJvJ.I
uhu.xHx.pUvXttd.vXth±SX.uvHRxH;bhuvg< vXty.Ckm’D;uhu.xHusd
(Ganges River) 'D;bhuvg’h;(±Sf)’D;bhuvgrk>EkmwuyRM.vDRI w>ud;trHRtu
vkmuvkm’ftrh>uhu.=-b.r.bl;-x;bl;xHx.pG‹< xHx.pG‹vg[h< rh>vXt[D.cd.
n.xh.*hR0J’D;td.zsgvg[hxJw>rk>w>bdwz.{dRtCdvDRI th&,.td.0J 75<000 p
uGJ,guHvdrHxX.M.vDRI
xHvDRqlvXtxDuwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>xHvDRqlrEkRvJ.I
rh>0JthuFX.xHvDRql (Angel Falls ) vX
uD>bJeH.pUv.M.vDRI txDtd.0J 3<212
cD.,D>’D;td.0JvXbJeH.pG‹v.tyS>’d.,dm
w>vD>wwDRM.vDRI vXtySRuvkm’.0Jt
usdmM.ud;0JvXz.&;ul.y.=bHe.< tcDy
nDrh>0JxHvDRqlvXw>z;xDM.vDRI
Ó
thuFX.xHvDRql
26
MqX.cd.CXR
w>yXRcd.xD.xD (plateau) vXtvJ>uwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkR
vJ.I
rh>0J±S.[J=wHbJ;w>yXRcd.xD.xD (Tibetan
Plateau) vXttd.vXw±l;uD>M.vDRI txD
td. 4<900 rHxX.< th&,.td.0J 1<850<000
puGJ,guHvdrHxX.M.vDRI wHbJ;w>yXRcd.xD.
xDM.b.w>u0DRCmtDR’D;upX>z;xDwz.M.
vDRI rh>ph>uD;Cd.vdmusd< rJ;cD.’D;,.pH.xHusd
Ó %S.[J=wHbJ;w>yXRcd.w>vD>wwDR
txHcHM.vDRI
vX>zDwl>&J.vXtxDuwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.td.zJvJ.I
rh>0J-uh;bJ&H,X.&H;(zf)vX>zDwl>&J. (The Great
Barrier Reef) vXuD>tD;p-xhv,.vXttd.’D;
vX>zDu±l>tgM> 2<900 u±l>wl>&J.vDRto;’D;
tvJ>txDtd.0J 344<400 puGJ,guHvdrHxX.
M.vDRI vX>zDwl>&J.tHRtd.vXcGH(pf)vJvXtrh>
rk>xD.uvHRpd;tD;p-xhv,.tyD.vJ.uX>eHR
M.vDRI -uh;bJ&H,X.&H;zfvX>zDwl>&J.tuydm Ó uD;vX>zDvXuD>tD;p-xhv,.
uyRtd.’D;n.tuvkm 1500< csd.tuvkmcJvXmtd. 4<000 ‘D;yD.vJ.cl. 400 u
vkmM.vDRI wu;’fb.rh>ph>uD;xd;uvJm< o’D.< qGJ.’D;n.q.wz.tvD>td.vD>
qd;M.vDRI
w>uysXRvXtvJ>uwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.td.zJvJ.I
rh>0Jed.tJbXuvh;(‘f) (The Everglades)
vXttd.vXzvD&H.’.uD>pJ.tuvHRxH;<
uD>trJ&uRM.vDRI tth&,.td.0J 2<185
puGJ,grH;vmM.vDRI xHuysXRwbh.tHRt
,dmutd.0JCkpkrk>’d.M.vDRI xHwz.,GRvDR
cDzsd0JvXeD.vgvgwz.tzDcd.’D;rR[l;0JeD.
wz.tCdw>ud;ph>uD;tDRvXxHusdvg[hM.vDRI
27
Ó
ed.tJbXuvh;('f)
MqX.cd.CXR
xHuysXRvXtvJ>uwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
Ó
xHuysXRz.w.eX.vXuD>-b.ph(vf)
rh>0JxHuysXRz.w.eX. (Pantanal) vXt
td.vXr.wd.}uD.pd. (Mato Grosso) vX
uD>-b.ph(vf)rk>EkmuvHRxH;M.vDRI tth&
,.td.0J 109<000 puJG,guHvdrHxX.M.
vDRI zJw>vD>zJM.MqX.w>rJw>rgtuvkm
td.0J’.wkRvX 3<500 q.zduD>zdtuvkm
td.0Jtguvkm’ftrh>xd.td. 650 uvkm
’D;n. 400 uvkmt*Rwz.M.vDRI
w>BwDRvXt,dmuwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
w>}wDRvXt,dmuwX>vX[D.cd.csXM.rh>0Jw>}wDR,.vlpgbd. (The Yarlung
Zangbo)< td.zJupX>[Hr;vh,X.’D;uD>wHbJ;tbX.pXRM.vDRI t,dmtd.0J 5<382
rHxX.M.vDRI w>}wDR,.vlpgbd.rh>w>}wDRvXt,dmuwX>< txDuwX>< tupDR
xDuwX>’D;tvDRysHRuwX>M.vDRI vXngM.w>qdurd.wh>vX}uJcJ,X. (Grand
Canyon) vXttd.vXuD>trJ&uR< cDvd.&>’d.vXtxDtd. 5<133M.rh>w>vXt
,dmuwX>b.q.p;xD.vX 1994 eH.M.w>b.qDwvJuGHmw>*h>oh.wz.tHRvDRI
upX>wl>&J.vXtwl>&J.vDRo;t
xDuwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkR
vJ.I
upX>wl>&J.tJ.’H(pf)M.rh>0JupX>wl>&J.t
xDuwX>vX[D.cd.csXM.vDRI upX>wl>&J.
tHRtxDtd.0J 7<000 uHvdrHxX.M.vDRI
vXupX>wl>&J.tHRtylR< w>vD>vXtxDu
Ó upX>wl>&J.tJ.'H(pf)
wX>M.rh>0JtcD.cgult. (Aconcagua) M.
txDtd.vXyD.vJ.xHtrJmzH;cd. 6<962 rHxX. (22<841 cD.,D>) M.vDRI
28
q.zduD>zd
zJtHRyymzsgxD.b.C;’D;q.zduD>zdoh.wz.vXtrh>ywHRoud;
vXttd.qd;’D;ySRvX[D.cd.wzsX.CDtylRM.vDRI q.zduD>zdw
eDReDRM.tpXRvDRwlmuGHmvHvXteH.tuuGJ>vXtu,RvH< ‘D;w
eDRbl;vXtpXRuvDRwlmuGHm’D;wtd.vXRvX[D.cd.csXvXRb.’D;
weDRtd.’H;0JM.vDRI t0Joh.t*h>tusdRM.ySRpJth.zdoh.wz.Ck
xH.oh.ng0JcDzsdtCHtuGJvXttd.vDRwJmvXysXRweDReDR< ‘D;w>
oh.ngtDRvXteD>’d.M>’H;ySRtp;vXtu,RvDRI tCdt0Joh.t
*h>tusdRM.*hRvXyuoh.ngb.tDRM.vDRI
29
q.zduD>zd
q.zduD>zdvXysXRvXteD>'d.uwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
ySRpJth.zdoh.wz.CkxH.oh.ng0JvX< q.zduD>zd
vXysXRvXteD>’d.uwX>M.rh>0J‘JRed.pDR (Dinos-aurs) M.vDRI ‘JRed.pDRwz.M.tuvkmtd.0Jtg
r;< td.tgM>’H;tuvkm 9000 uvkm’D;rh>q.zd
uD>zdvXttD.w>zH;w>n.< ‘D;tD.oh.rk>0.bdoh.
’d;0.v.rh>*hRtd.0JM.vDRI weDRrh>q.zduD>zdvX
toGH.ud>’D;weDRM.rh>q.zduD>zdvXtoGH.ck.tu
vkmwz.vDRI b.rEkRtCdySRpJth.zdwz.oh.ng
0JvX’JRed.pDRrh>q.zduD>zdvXt’d.uwX>vJ.M.cDzsdvXtCHtuGJ’D;tcD.vD>td.vDR
wJm’H;vX[D.cd.csXvXw>vD>tgwDRtCdM.vDRI ‘JRed.pDRtrd>yS>vXt’d.uwX>M.
’d.M>’H;wX;,J>uxX< ‘D;tqH;uwX>M.xJod;’D;qDrd>yS>wbh.M.vDRI ‘fpJth.w>Ck
xH.oh.ngtd.0Jtod;’JRed.pDRoh.wz.td.rl0JzJtylRuGHmteH. 230 uuGJ>C.C.
‘D;ylRuGHmteH. 65 uuGJ>tylRtwhRtqXuwD>M.vDRI
'JRed.pDRvXttD.w>rk>w>bd(Herbivorous Dinosaurs) vXt'd.u
wX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
pd.&d.zd;’JRed.pDR (Sauropod Dinosaurs)
rh>’JRed.pDRwuvkmvXttD.w>
’d;w>v.< w>rk>w>bdvX
t’d.uwX>vX[D.cd.csX
M.vDRI ‘JRed.pDRwuvkm
tHRtudmbdz;xD< trJ>udz;
xD’D;td.’D;tpktcD.z;’d.M.vDRI
trJM.pl0Jb.q.wth.tgtgb.I
‘JRed.pDRwuvkmtHRtd.rl0JzJtylR
uGHmteH. 65=205 uuGJ>tbX.pXRM.vDRI upDRxD.xD 40 rHxX.’D;CXM>’H; 100
w.M.vDRI pd.&d.zd;’JRed.pDRwuvkmtHRtCHtuGJM.b.w>xH.M>tDRvXuD>rd>yS>
ud;bh.’J;tylR< y.Ckm’D;t.w.wH;u.M.vDRI
30
q.zduD>zd
'JRed.pDRvXteD>qH;uwX>vX[D.
cd.csXxJod;'D;rEkRvJ.I
cD(zf)pd.M;xX.’JRed.pDR (Compsognathus
Dinosaurs) rh>’JRed.pDRwuvkmvXteD>qH;
uwX>vX[D.cd.csX< ‘D;tCHtuGJwXw’k
M.w>xH.M>tDRvXuD>uFXreH.’D;cH’kw’kM.
vXuD>jz.ph.M.vDRI teD.uxJod;’D;qDu
qDwbh.vDRI teg’hwkRvXtrJ>udM.txDtd.0J 60 pJxH.rHxX.’D;tCXtd. 3 uH
vdvDRI ‘JRed.pDRwuvkmtHRtd.rl0JzJtylRuGHmteH. 150 uuGJ>tuydmuyRM.vDRI
q.zduD>zdwuvkmtHRtD.w>zH;w>n.’D;Ch>cV’d.r;vDRI
q.zduD>zdvXvk>tzd'D;tEk>xH (Mammal) vXt'd.uwX>wuvkm
vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh> rEkRvJ.I
rh>0Jn.vlRcd.vgtJ; (Blue Whale) vDRI
vXtd.zsJ.oDtxDtd.0J 6=8 rHxX.’D;
CXM>'H; 3 w.< wkRt’d.wkmcd.ySJRM.t
xDwkRvX 33 rHxX. (108 cD.,D>) ’D;t
CXM>’H; 180 w.vDRI n.vlRcd.oh.w
z.tHRtd.qd;0JvXyD.vJ.txH,dmylRM.
vDRI tgwuh>td.qd;0JvXt;wvJwh;r;o
rH;’D;tw>tD.rh>0Jw>o;rlqH;qH;zd’ftrh>
o’D.yD.vJ.zdjyHoh.wz.M.vDRI vXweHRtwD>ylRM.n.vlRcd.tD.o’D.yD.vJ.zdjyH
vXmwkRvX 3<600 uHvdC.C.ngM.vDRI rhrh>vXuvHRpd;t;wvJwh;wuyRM.
n.vlRcd.vgtJ;’d.wkmcd.ySJRwbh.M.tD.0Jo’D.yD.vJ.zdjyHvXm0JxD.b;vX 40 u
uGJ>bh.vXweHRtwD>ylRM.vDRI
31
q.zduD>zd
cdcd.q.zduD>zdvXvk>tzd'D;tEk>xHvXt'd.uwX>wuvkmvX[D.
cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
tRjzHRuRuqD (The African Bush Elephant)
rh>q.zduD>zdvXtvk>tzd’D;tEk>xHt’d.
uwX>vX[D.cd.csXM.vDRI uqDwuvkm
tHRtupDRxDp;xD.vXtcd.wkRvXtcD.
xH;M.xD.b;vX 9I8 ql 11I5 cD.,D><
‘D;trd>yS>txDwcDnDEk>td.0J 19I7 wkR
24 cD.,D>’D;tw,X>CX0J 6<000 wkR
9<000 uHvdC.C.ngM.vDRI uqDwuvkmtHR
tw>tD.rh>0Jw>’d;w>v.< w>rk>w>bdwz.M.vDRI tw>tD.oh.wz.vDRqDvdmt
o;cDzsdvXtw>td.w>qd;vDRqDtCdvDRI uqDvXttd.vXyS>,dmtylR< rJ;rk>ysDzdw
z.< ‘D;w>vD>vXeD.urSHzdwz.td.0JM.tD.0J’.w>eXrleXqSDtxl.< oh.tuvkmw
z. rhwrh> oh.wySDmwz.tv.M.vDRI tRjzHRuRuqDwuvkmtHRrh>ph>uD;uqDvX
t’d.uwX>vX[D.cd.csXM.vDRI
q.zduD>zdvXvk>tzd'D;tEk>xHvXtqH;uwX>wuvkmvX[D.cd.csX
eU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0JbsguH;wH; rhwrh> bsgxd;eg’h
(Kitti’s Hog-nosed Bat) vDRI bsg
wuvkmtHRtbh.*DRC; rhwrh> t
bDyS>< ‘D;teg’hvDR*mvXxd;eg’hvDRI
bsgwuvkmtHRvXuD>y,DRtylRw>
rh>woh.ngtDR’fb.q.< cJtHRw>
xH.M>tDRvXuD>uFD.wJ.< zJu.cF;
e;bl&H.uD>&h.tylR< pJ;,d.’D;xD;z.
zl;uD>q.M.vDRI bsgxd;eg’htHRtd.vXvhtylRw*D>w*D>< ‘D;vXvhwzsX.tylRM.t
eD.*H>td.wkR 100 bh.C.C.M.vDRI bsgwuvkmtHRtw>tD.rh>0J’.w>zdvHRzdC>
wz.’D;bsgtrd>M.zSHvDRtzdweH.xJwbsD{dR’D;wbsDM.xJwbh.{dRM.vDRI tCdw>
32
q.zduD>zd
b.,d.td.vXbsgwuvkmtHRuvDRwlmuGHm0JM.vDRI teD>’d.uwX>M.uxJod;’D;
ueJC.C.M.vDRI txDtd. 1I1 pkrk>’d.wkR 1I3 pkrk>’d. ’D;CX0J 1I7=2I0 -u>M.
vDRI
q.zduD>zdvXvk>tzd'D;tEk>xHvXteD>xDuwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>
rEkRvJ.I
w>xDudm (Giraffe) rh>q.zduD>zdvXtvk>tzd’D;tEk>xHvXteD>xDuwX>vX[D.cd.
csXM.vDRI w>xDudmtHRteD>xDtd.0J 14 cD.,D> wkRvX 17 cD.,D>C.C.M.vDRI
vXw>rReD.rRCgtylRw>xDudmtzgw’kM.tupDRxD0J
20 cD.,D>C.C.M.vDRI q.zduD>zdwuvkmtHRtrd>
vXt’d.wkmcd.ySJRM.tw,X>CXt,lmtd.0J 830 uHvd<
‘D;rhrh>vXtzgwcDM. 1<200 uHvdM.vDRI tw>tD.w>
tDrh>0Joh.’d;0.v.< ‘D;tD.ph>uD;eD.{dRrHR{dR’D;wRolwRo.
wz.M.vDRI w>vXtvDRo;pJwrHRwcDM.rh>0JvXq.zduD>zd
vXtvk>tzd’D;tEk>xHcJvXmtusg< w>xDudmM.rh>ph>uD;q.zd
uD>zdvXtrHpSRuwX>tusgwuvkmM.vDRI vX 24 e.
&H.twD>ylRM.rH0J,Hm’.xJ 10 rH;eH;wkRvXcHe.&H.tbX.pXRM.vDRI tCdtw>rHw>
xd.ClymzSd.M.rh>0J 1I9 e.&H.vXweHRtwD>ylRM.vDRI
q.zduD>zdvXvk>tzd'D;tEk>xHvXtCh>csUuwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>
rEkRvJ.I
w>Ckoh.ngrRvdM>0JvX< chbO rhwrh> chpH.yd>
(Cheetah) M.rh>cdq.zduD>zdvXtvk>tzd’D;tEk>
xHvXtCh>cVuwX>wuvkmM.vDRI q.zduD>zd
wuvkmtHRwe.&H.twD>ylRCh>w>cV0J 112 ‘D;
120 uHvdrHxX.tbX.pXRM.vDRI wbsDwcD.M.
chbOtHRxD.td.0J’.vXoh.cHM.vDRI chbOM.tD.0J
w>zH;w>n.’D;tgwuh>tD.q.zduD>zdvXtvk>tzd’D;tEk>xHM.vDRI
33
q.zduD>zd
n.vlRcd.vXt,lRxH,dmuwX>wuvkmvX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkR
vJ.I
n.vlRcd.pyXR (Sperm Whale) rh>xHq.zduD>zd
vXtvk>tzd’D;tEk>xHvXw>oh.ngtDR’ftrh>
n.vlRcd.vXt,lRxH,dmuwX>M.vDRI n.
vlRcd.wuvkmtHRnDEk>,lRxH,dm0J 980 wkRvX
2600 cD.,D>tbX.pXR< ‘D;wbsDwcD.M.t0Joh.,lRCktD.t
q.vXxHvm,dm0J 1 wkR 2 uHvdrHxX. (3<300 wkRvX 6<600 cD.,D>) tbX.pXR
M.vDRI n.vlRcd.wuvkmtHRtxDtd.wkRvX 67 cD.,D>’D;tw,X>CXtd.wkR
57<000 uHvdM.vDRI
bD.od.vXteD>'d.uwX>wuvkm
vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
pH.bX&H,>bD.od. (Siberian Tiger) rh>
bD.od.vXt’d.uwX>vXbD.od.tu
vkmcGHuvkmtusgM.vDRI bD.od.wu
vkmtHRtw,X>td.wkRvX 320 uHvd
(710 yD.) M.vDRI tg’.w>wuh>M.td.qd;0JvXuD>th%SX.rk>Ekm< th%SX.cX.o;’D;vX
uD>&X%Sgtrk>xD.M.vDRI
o.rH,DRrHRvXteD>qH;uwX>wuvkmvX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
o.rH,DRtvGJ>C; (Rusty-spotted Cat) rh>o.rH,DRrHRvXtqH;uwX>wuvkmvX
[D.cd.csXM.vDRI teD>cdxD0J 35 wkR 48 pJ;xH.rHxX.< trJ>wcDxD0J 15 wkRvX 30
pJ;xH.rHxX.’D;tw,X>CX0J 0I9 uHvd wkRvX 1I6 uHvdM.vDRI td.’D;tql.urSH’H
zdvXtvGJ>C;< ‘D;vXtysd>vdR’D;t,D>wJmcd.tuyRM.uU0JwuGDRzdwuGDRzd< ‘D;vXt
[XzXwcD0g0J’D;td.’D;tuU wuGDRzdwuGDRzdwz.vXtol0JM.vDRI
34
q.zduD>zd
q.zduD>zdvXttD.xJw>zH;w>n. (Carnivore) vXteD.'d.uwX>
vX[D.cd.csXeU. rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0JwRol0gzd>v. (Polar Bear) vDRI tzgM.wkR
t’d.wkmcd.ySJRM.CX0J 350 ‘D; 680 uHvd
tbX.pXR< ‘D;rhrh>vXtrd>M.CXxJod;’D;t
zgw0mM.vDRI rh>wRolvXt0g’Dw’kng<
tgwuh>td.qd;0JvX[D.cd.uvHRxH;uwX><
t.wh;[D.u0DR’D;zJ[D.u0DRM.tCXR0;0;
vXxHvDRouRtzDcd.’D;tw>tD.wz.rh>0Jn.<
y.Ckm’D;qSDoh.wz.ph>uD;M.vDRI
q.zduD>zdvXttD.xJw>zH;w>n.vXteD.qH;uwX>vX[D.cd.csX
eU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
qSDcd (Weasels) rh>q.zduD>zdvXttD.w>zH;w>n.
teD>qH;uwX>vX[D.cd.csXM.vDRI q.zduD>zdwu
vkmtHRteD>td.z;xD’D;tcD.zk.< ‘D;vXtysd>cd.’D;t
uyRM>tvGJ>C;0J’D;rhrh>vXt[XzXM.0g0JM.vDRI
qSDcdtHRteD>cdtxDtd.0J’. 5 pkrk>’d.ql 18 pkrk>’d.<
‘D;trJ>M.utd.0J 9 pkrk>’d.wkRvX 13 pkrk>’d.M.
vDRI w>vXqSDcdwuvkmtHRtD.0Jq.zduD>zdvXteD>
qH;M>’H;tDRoh.wz.M.vDRI
wRCDRvXteD>'d.uwX>wuvkmvX[D.
cd.csXrh>rEkRvJ.I
tv;pu.wRCDR (Alaskan Moose) tHRrh>wRCDR
t’d.uwX>vXwRCDRt’l.zdxXzdcJvXmtusgvX
[D.cd.csXM.vDRI wRCDRwuvkmtHRw>oh.ngtDR
cDzsdvXttd.’D;teXRz;’d.’D;ubs.< ‘D;teXRtHR
35
q.zduD>zd
wkRrh>t’d.txDwkmM.zJw>*d>cgwkRCDRtqXuwD>vDRbD.uGHm’D;xD.u’guhRvXtoD
M.vDRI wRCDRtuvkmtHRtzgM.tupDRp;xD.vXtzHb.cd.wkRtcD.xH;M.td.0J
7 cD.,D>< teXRM.tvJ>td.0J 6 cD.,D>0;0;‘D;wRCDRwuvkmtHRtw,X>CXt,lm
td.0J 634I5 uHvd’D;trd>M.CX0J 478 uHvdM.vDRI tv.pu.wRCDRwuvkmtHR
tw>tD.rh>0JwRolwRo.’D;w>’d;w>v.oh.wz.M.vDRI
qSDyD.vJ. (Seals and Sea lion) vXteD>'d.uwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.
rh>rEkRvJ.I
qSDuqDyD.vJ. (The Southern Elephant Seal) rh>qSDyD.vJ.vXt’d.uwX>vX[D.
cd.csXM.vDRI qSDwuvkmtHRtuvk>’d.0J’D;tzgM.teD>’d.M>’H;trd>M.vDRI zJqSDu
qDyD.vJ.trd>M.tw,X>CXrh>td.0J 400=900uHvdtbX.pXR’D;txDrh>td. 8=10
cD.,D>M.< tzguCX0J 2<200 = 4<000 uHvdC.C.’D;txDtd.0J 13 = 16I5 cD.
,D>C.C.M.vDRI tgwuh>qSDtuvkmwz.tw>qXuwD>vXttd.vXcdcd.M.td.
0J,J>qHrs;u,R‘D;td.ph>uD;vXxHusg,J>qHrs;u,RM.vDRI trJmcsHM.td.u0DRusDR
zsX.ovX.< z;’d.’D;ol0JM.vDRI tzgM.td.’D;trJz;xDcHbdzJtudmylRM.vDRI t0J
oh.,lRxHwbsDwbsDM.,HmM>’H;cHqHrH;eH;twD>ylR< ‘D;CktD.0Juhrd.’D;n.oh.wz.
M.vDRI
wRCDRvXteD>qH;uwX>wuvkmvX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
wRCDRzl'l (Pudu “Pudu Puda”) rh>wRCDR
vXteD>qH;uwX>vX[D.cd.csX< teD>xD0J 60
wkR 85 pJ;xH.rHxX.M.vDRI wRCDRwuvkm
tHRw>xH.M>tDRvXcFH.vH.’D;tguFJxHe.uD>
pJ.< trJ&uRuD>pXzSd.tylRM.vDRI q.zduD>
zdwuvkmtHRte>’h*hRr;‘D;’due.0JuvHR
usdRvXt[JM.te>pGHr;vDRI q.zduD>zdwu
vkmtHRtD.0Joh.rk>0.bd< oh.o.0.o.<
w>’d;w>v.’D;w>tcsHoh.wz.M.vDRI wRCDRzl’ltHRb.ysHR0Jq.zduD>zdvXttD.
tDRoh.wz.’ftrh>vHm}uD-u;< clu.o.rH,DRrHRz;’d.wuvkm< xGH.rHR’D;o.rH,DR
36
q.zduD>zd
vXtqH;oh.wz.M.vDRI zJwRCDRzl’ltHRysHRw>tcg< t0Joh.Ch>zk0J‘D;Ch>xD.ql
oh.cHoh0Jph>uD;M.vDRI
wRzXzd (Kangaroo) vXteD>'d.uwX>wu
vkmvX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
wRzXzd*DR (Red Kangaroo) rh>wRzXzdt’d.uwX>
vXwRzXzdt’l.cJvXmtusgM.vDRI q.zduD>zdwu
vkmtHRtd.xlvHRvXuD>tD;p-xhv,.tylRM.vDRI
wRzXzdwuvkmtHRtzgM.teD>cdtxDtd.0J 4 cD.,D>
7 pkrk>’d.C.C.’D;tw,X>CX0J 85 uHvdM.vDRI
rhrh>trd>wcDtxDtd.0J 3 cD.,D> 7 pkrk>’d.’D;CX0J 35
uHvdC.C.M.vDRI rhrh>trJ>M.txDuwX>td.0J 3 cD.,D> 3 pkrk>’d.M.vDRI zJwR
zXzdwuvkmtHRqXxX.tcgtupDRxDtd.0J 4 cD.,D> 11 pkrk>’d.C.C.M.vDRI
wRzXzd*DRtHRtd.&RvDRto;vXuD>tD;p-xhv,.cX.o;[D.u0DRoh.wz.tylRo
ukRq;’;M.vDRI tw>tD.rh>0JeD.{dRrHR{dRoh.wz.M.vDRI
xd.vXt,lRwohvXteD>'d.uwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0Jxd.uDRvRtl; (North African Ostriches)
vXuD>tRjzHRuRM.vDRI trd>yS>tvGJ>ol’D;C;<
trJ>cHM.0gM.vDRI tudmbdxD’D;tcD.z;xDM.
vDRI tD.w>rk>w>bd’D;w>zdC>qH;qH;zdph>uD;M.
vDRI tg’.w>wuh>< xd.uDRvRtl;tHRt’d.u
wX>M.tw,X>CX0J 63 wkR 130 uHvd< b.
q.wbsDwcD.tzgM.tw,X>CXtd.0J 155
uHvdC.C.ngM.vDRI xd.uDRvRtl;tHRqX
xX.upDRxD0J 6=9 cD.,D>’D;vXwe.&H.twD>ylRM.Ch>0JM>wkRvX 70 uHvdrHxX.
M.vDRI w>vXxd.uDRvRtl;wuvkmtHRtd.qd;0JvXtu%l>wzkwzk< vX 5 bh.
wkR 50 bh.wu%l>M.vDRI cDzsdvXtcD.’d.’D;xDtCdCh>0JcVwu;b.< rR’X.w>xl
w>’D;tcD.ql.r;M.vDRI
37
q.zduD>zd
xd.vXteD>qH;uwX>wuvkmvX[D.cd.csXrh>rEkRvJ.I
xd.ueJzd (Bee Hummingbird) rh>0Jxd.zdqH;w
uvkmvXtqH;uwX>tusgwuvkmvXxd.qH;u
wX>tusgM.vDRI xd.ueJzdtHRwpJ;uD;twD>ylR0H>
0>t’H;M>0J 12=90 bsDng’D;t0H>0>t’H;M.oD.0J
’H;ueJ,lRoD.tod;M.vDRI tCdxd.tHR,lRtd.
*X>vXwpd>zdtwD>ylRoh0J< ‘D;w>,k>M>trHRvXxd.
ueJzd rhwrh> xd.[grH(ef)M.vDRI rh>ph>uD;xd.xJ
wuvkm{dRvXt,lRu’guhRvXtvD>cHoh0JM.vDRI xd.ueJzdtHRtedmtd.z;xD’D;tD.
0J’.zDtpDvXtqX0J< vXttd.vXzDtylRM.vDRI
cGH.vXtd.'D;tpk.tXuwX>wuvkmvX
[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
cGH.z;’d.uHv. (Gila Monster) rh>cGH.vXttd.’D;
tpk.tXuwX>wuvkmvX[D.cd.csXM.vDRI w>
xH.tDRvXuD>rJ;upH.ud.’D;uD>trJ&uRrk>xD.
uvHRxH;M.vDRI rh>cGH.vXtd.’D;tvGJ>zsgqJ;u
vRvXtzsgCHvRb.q.vXySJR’D;tpk.wz.tg
r;vDRI teD>’d.uwX>M.txDtd.0J 60 pJ;xH.rHxX.’D;[;xD.[;vDR0Ju,Du,DM.
vDRI cGH.wuvkmtHRtD.0Jxd.zdvH.zd< w>t’H.wz.< ‘D;wbsDwcD.tD.0Jxd.zdqH;<
‘h.< cGH.t*Rwz.< w>zdvHRzdC>’D;q.zduD>zdoHtn.tk.oh.wz.M.vDRI
qGJ.vXteD>'d.uwX>wuvkmvX[D.cd.
csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0J,y.qGJ.uyDR (Japanese Spider Crab)
vXw>xH.M>tDRvX,y.uD>‘D;tgwuh>td.vX
uvHRxH;yD.vJ.eHRzJ[D(ef)%SLuD;M.vDRI qGJ.w
uvkmtHRrh>qGJ.t’d.uwX>vX[D.cd.csX< vX
twhRM.txDtd.0J 12 cD.,D> 6 pkrk>’d.’D;qGJ.
38
q.zduD>zd
tHRtw,X>CXtd.wkRvX 19 uHvdngM.vDRI ,y.qGJ.uyDRtHRtD.0J’.csd.wHmw
z.< o’D.wz.’D;q.zduD>zdoHtn.wz.M.vDRI qGJ.tHRtd.rl0JM>wkRvXteH.
100 ngM.vDRI
csH;vXteD>'d.uwX>wuvkmvX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
csH;u.v.y.ud;(pf) (Galápagos Tortoise) rh>csH;t’d.u
wX>wuvkm< vXw>xH.M>tDRvXuD>th>’d.eH%S.< vX
uD;EGHzsX.zJu.v.y.ud;(pf)uD;u%l>tylRM.vDRI
csH;wuvkmtHRt’d.wkmM.tw,X>CXM>’H;t
uHvd 300 ‘D;teD>cdxD0J 4 cD.,D>C.C.M.
vDRI t0Joh.oh.wz.td.rl0J,Hm’d.r;< w>
w,mtd.vXt0Joh.td.rl,HmvXteH. 100 ‘D; 150 eH.tbX.pXRngM.vDRI csH;
oh.wz.rh>q.zduD>zdtpGgtuvkmvXtvJRw>wcV0Jb.< b.q.w>rRvdM>0JvX
t0Joh.vJRw>vX 1 e.&H.twD>ylRM.,HR0J 0I3 uHvdrHxX.M.vDRI
ysJm (Salamander) vXt'd.uwX>wuvkmvX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkR
vJ.I
w%l;ysJmz;’d. (The Chinese Giant Salamander) rh>ysJmvXt’d.uwX>wuvkmvX
[D.cd.csXM.vDRI ysJmwuvkmtHRtD.0Jw>zdvHRzdC>< ‘h.wz.’D;tD.ph>uD;n.M.
vDRI ysJmz;’d.wuvkmtHRteD>’d.wkmM.utd.0J 25=30 uHvdtbX.pXR< txDtd.
0J 3I8 cD.,D>M.vDRI
n.vXt,lRxHcsUuwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
th>’d>ypH;zH;n.xd. (Indo-Paci¿c Sail¿sh)
M.rh>0Jn.vXt,lRxHcVuwX>wuvkmvX
[D.cd.csXM.vDRI w>xd.uG>’G;uG>wh>0JvX
n.wuvkmtHR,lRxHwe.&H.M.M>0J 110
uHvdrHxX.ngM.vDRI n.wuvkmtHR’d.
wkmM.teD>cdxDM>’H; 3I4 rHxX.’D;tw,X>
39
q.zduD>zd
CXM> 100 uHvdngM.vDRI n.tHRtvGJ>vDRqDvdmto;=vXtcd.wcDM.vgtJ;0J<
vXvXtuyRM.bDC;’D;vXt[XzXzDvmwcDM.0guyDR0J’.M.vDRI ‘D;vXtuyR
M.w>tvGJ>vgtJ;wdRuUtd.0Jtbd 20 C.C.M.vDRI th>’d>ypH;zH;n.xd.wuvkm
tHRrh>n.vXttd.vXyD.vJ.ylR‘D;tD.0Jn.zdn.q.vXyD.vJ.ylRoh.wz.M.vDRI
n.vXw>oh.ngtDRvXttXoDuwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
n.zH.&.[. (Piranha) rh>n.xHbsgwuvkmvXtb.w>oh.ngtDRvXttXt
oDuwX>M.vDRI n.wuvkmtHRb.w>xH.M>tDRvXuvHRxH;trJ&uRxHusdoh.w
z.tylR< ‘D;n.wuvkmtHRtD.0Jw>rk>w>bd’D;tD.ph>uD;w>zH;w>n.M.vDRI n.w
uvkmtHRtd.’D;trJz;’d.’D;pl0J’d.r;M.vDRI nDEk>M.n.zH.&.[.tHRtxDtd.0J 6
pkrk>’d.wkRvX 10 pkrk>’d.tbX.pXR< ‘D;weDReDRw>xH.M>tDRvXtxDtd.wkRvX 18
pkrk>’d.C.C.ph>uD;M.vDRI n.vXt*kRt*R
’ftrh>n.urDoh.wz.rh>vlRrR’X.w>M.nDEk>
ub.rh>w>vXtqH;M>t0Joh.< b.q.rhrh>
n.zH.&.[.tHRvlRth.0Jw>vXteD>’d.M>tDR
oh.wz.tCdb.w>oh.ngtDRvXn.vXt
o;’l’D;tXoDuwX>M.vDRI n.tHRtrd>yS>td.
wvlRulR’D;tvGJ>C;bl;vXt[hM.vDRI cD.xH;
cD.bdM.w>xH.tDRvXtrJ.pDRxHusd’D;nDEk>*km
tD.tq.’D’D’l.M.vDRI trJvXtpl’D;th.’d.r;td.ySJRudmylRtCdth.xk;tD.*DRzH;z;
’d.td.wh>xJtCHvXpSRrH;eH;twD>ylRoh0J< y.Ckm’D;ySRunD’.vJmM.vDRI
n.vXtd.'D;tpk.tguwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
n.vX> rhwrh> n.us;vX> (Stone¿sh) rh>
n.vXtpk.tXuwX>< vDRb.,d.0JwkR’.
vJmrRoHySRunDoh0JM.vDRI n.wuvkmtHR
w>xH.M>tDRvXth>’d>ypH;zH;yD.vJ.uX>eHRw
z.tylRM.vDRI tgwuh>n.wuvkmtHRtd.
vXyD.vJ.< ‘D;n.’ftHRt’l.zdxXzdweDRw>xH.
40
q.zduD>zd
M>ph>uD;tDRvXxHusdtylRM.vDRI n.us;vX>wuvkmtHRtpk.M.td.vXtc.csHw
cgtylRvXttd.vXtc.oH.tzDvm’D;zJtysHRw> rhwrh> w>rRb.wdb.xH;tDRt
cgtd;xD.to;M.vDRI n.wuvkmtHRtvGJ>M.C;0J’D;td.’D;tbh.oGJ;uDmu;< vDR
*m0J’fvX>tod;M.vDRI wbsDwcD.ySRvXt,lRxHoh.wz.,D>b.0J’.< rh>vXtqd
urd.0JvXtrh>vX>tCdM.vDRI
n.vXttd.'D;vDrh.tltguwX>vXtylReU.rh>n.rEkRvJ.I
n.wuvkmvXw>ud;tDRvXvDrh.tlwHRwkR (Electric eel) M>rh>n.xJwuvkm{dR
vXtylRtd.’D;vDrh.tlo[D.ttguwX>M.vDRI wHRwkRwuvkmtHRxk;xD.vDrh.
tlo[D.vXtql.oh0J< ‘D;pl;ug0JvXuCkrRoHtD.q.zduD>zdt*R‘D;vXtu’Du’X
vDRuhRto;t*D>ph>uD;M.vDRI vDrh.tlwHRwkRwuvkmtHRxD0J< ‘D;trd>yS>td.zsX.o
vX.’D;teD>’d.wkmM.txDtd.0J 6 cD.,D>C.C.‘D;tw,X>CX0J 20 uHvdC.C.
M.vDRI tysd>cd.M.tvGJ>olC;’D;vXt[XzXM.bD rhwrh> t*DRbD0J’.M.vDRI wHR
wkRwuvkmtHRxk;xD.vDrh.tlt*H>M>wkRvX 500< ‘D;tvDrh.tlo[D.tHRrRoHySR
unDoh0J’.M.vDRI vDrh.tlwHRwkRtHRw>xH.M>tDRvXtrJ;pDusd< tD&hedcd.usd< u
vHRxH;trJ&uRxHusdtx.wz.tylR< vXuysXRylR< vXyD.vJ.uX>eHRw>vD>oh.
wz.tylRM.vDRI nDEk>M.t0Joh.td.qd;vXxHcH’;zJuyHmoh.wz.td.0J< zJxH*X>0J
tvD>M.vDRI wHRwkRwuvkmtHRtD.0Jw>vXtCHwtd.b.’ftrh>xd;uvJmwz.
tod;< ‘D;t’d.wkmcd.ySJRwz.tD.ph>uD;n.’D;q.zduD>zdtqH;wz.M.vDRI
w>o;orlvXtcD.td.tguwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0JoH0D>’h (Millipede) vX
tJuvH;ud;vXtH;vJ.rh>zsJ
eH;(zf) (Illacme Plenipes)
vXw>xH.M>tDRvXcJ.vH.zd
eH,guD>pJ.tcX.o;w>vD><
trJ&uRuD>pXzSd.tylRM.
vDRI oH0D>’hwuvkmtHRwbdM.tcD.td.tgM>’H;tcD 600 M.vDRI oH0D>’hwuvkm
tHRtrd>M.wkRrh>t’d.wkmM.xDM>’H; 1 pkrk>’d.wpJ;< ‘D;rhrh>tzgM.teD>qH;wpJ;’D;t
cD.td.pSRwpJ;M.vDRI
41
q.zduD>zd
o.rH,DRrHR (Wild Cats) vXw>Ckb.tDRuDuwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.
rh>rEkRvJ.I
o.rH,DRrHRvXw>ud;tDRvXtH;&H;,d.rd;(xf)o.rH,DR (Iriomote Cat) rh>o.rH,DR
vXw>b.,d.td.vXuvDRwlmuGHmvX[D.cd.csXtusgwuvkmM.vDRI q.zduD>zd
wuvkmtHRw>xH.M>tDRvX,y.uD>M.vDRI uwD>tHRo.rH,DRrHRwuvkmtHRteD.
*H>vX[D.cd.’Dbh.M.td.pSRM>’H;t’k 100 M.vDRI td.’D;tql.urSHwz.vXtol
C;< ‘D;trJ>M.tql.xD’D;uzl.0JM.vDRI o.rH,DRrHRwuvkmtHRymclol.tpkrh.w
ohb.I zJt’d.wkmM.tcd.o.CH’D;trd>yS>M.txDtd.0J
15 wkR 26 pkrk>’d.C.C.‘D;tupDRp;xD.vXtzHb.
’D;wkRvDRvXtcD.xH;upDRxD0J 10 pkrk>’d.C.C.
M.vDRI trJ>M.xD0J 6 wkR 18 pkrk>’d.tbX.pXR
M.vDRI o.rH,DRrHRtHRtD.0Jw>zH;w>n.< ‘D;Ck
tD.ph>uD;0Jn.’D;qGJ.wz.vXxHusgM.vDRI q.zd
uD>zdwuvkmtHRw>Ckb.tDRuD’D;w>b.,d.td.
vXuvDRwlmuGHmtCdb.w>u[ku,mzd;oJp;uhRt
0Joh.vX,y.uD>M.vDRI
wRz;vXw>Ckb.tDRuDuwX>vX[D.
cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
wRz;t.&hbH>,gtD&H;(pf) (Arabian Oryx) wu
vkmtHRtcD.xH;cD.bdM.b.w>xH.M>tDRvXt.
&hbH>,g[D.ursdRtylR< ‘D;uD>rd>yS>w>vD>cX.o;
(Middle East) w>vD>wz.tylRM.vDRI zJ 1970
eH.M.q.zduD>zdwuvkmtHRvDRwlmuGHmvX[D.cd.
csXwbsD< b.q.w>u[ku,muhRtDRvXw>uG>
q.zduD>zdtvD>tCdtd.rl’H;’D;w>ymzsgxD.uhRtDR
zJ 1980 eH.wbsDM.vDRI zJ 2008 eH.tylR< wRz;
t.&hbH>,gtD&H;(pf)tHRw>w,mvXyS>’d.,dmt
42
q.zduD>zd
ylRM.utd.’H;0J 1100 ‘kC.C.’D;vXw>uG>uDq.zduD>zdtvD>vX[D.cd.’Dbh.wz.
tylRwcDtd.uhRxJ 6000=7000 ‘ktbX.pXRM.vDRI wRz;wuvkmtHRzJt’d.wkmM.
tupDRxDp;xD.vXtzHb.cd.wkRvXtcD.xH;M.td.0J 39 pkrk>’d.C.C.’D;tw,X>
CX0J 70 uHvdtuydmuyRM.vDRI trd>’D;tzgcH’kvXmM.teXRz;xDcHbdtd.vXtcd.<
weDRM.bsX0J’D;weDRuh.xJwpJ;zd’D;txDtd.0J 20 ql 30 pkrk>’d.M.vDRI q.zduD>zdw
uvkmtHRtw>tD.rd>yS>M.rh>0JeD.{dRrHR{dRwz.< b.q.tD.ph>uD;w>’d;w>v.tu
vkmvXt*Roh.wz.M.vDRI
43
xH{dRuD>{dR
vX[D.cd.wbh.tHRtylRxHuD>td.ySJRbh.vJ.M.eoh.
ng{gI rh>eoh.ngxHuD>vXttd.vXecd.eCXRwz.t
w>td.o;upD’D{gI xHuD>vXtqH;uwX>vX[D.cd.csXM.
td.zJvJ.I xHuD>rwRwbh.vXtuD>qXpJbl;td.ttg
uwX>vJ.I vX[D.cd.csXxHuD>vXuwdRw>tusdmttg
uwX>M.rh>rEkRvJ.I rfyuCkoh.ngoud;w>*h>w>usdR
wz.’D;rRtgxD.yw>oh.nge>yX>twuGD.wz.M.w
uh>I
44
xH{dRuD>{dR
xHuD>vXtvJ>uwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0JuD>&X%SgM.vDRI tth&,.td.0J
17<075<400 puGJ,guHvdrHxX.vDRI
tw>vJ>M.utd.0JuD>trJ&uR
cHbh.ymzSd.xD.o;M.vDRI
xHzduD>zdtd.0J 142 uuGJ>
*RM.vDRI uD>&X%SgM.rh>
xHuD>wbh.vXttd.vX
uD>rd>yS>,l&h%SX.tuvHRpd;wuyRM.vDRI
rh>xHuD>vXtb.w>oh.ngtDR’ftvJ>uwX>vX[D.cd.csXvXttd.’D;tySRxHzduD>
zdeD.*H>ttguwX>cGHbh.wbh.M.vDRI xHuD>tHRtd.ph>uD;’D;yS>tvJ>uwX>vX[D.
cd.csX’D;turgted.oh.wz.y.Ckm’D;[D.cd.txHbsgvGH>ylwylngM.vDRI
xHuD>obsUvXtth&,.tH.uwX>
vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0J0h>b.wH.u. (The State of the Vatican
City) rhwrh> [d.vHpH (Holly See) M.vDRI td.
ol.vDRo;vXuD>tH.wvH.M.vDRI rh>w>vD>
vXyRyRvXtrh>0J'.&drhRcJ;ovH;tw>bgcd.
e>‘d.uwX>td.qd;zJM.vDRI th&,.cJvXmtd.
Ó b.wH.u.0h>
0JxJ 109 thuX>’D;ursX>td.0J 826 *RM.vDRI
b.wH.u.xHuD>M.< td.bl;’D;tH.wvH.t0h>cd.&drhRM.vDRI b.wH.u.0h>M.<
b.w>p;xD.ol.xD.tDRvX 1929 zJw>rRw>tX.vDR’D;tH.wvH.0HRtvD>cHM.vDRI
45
xH{dRuD>{dR
xHzdup>uD> (Republic Country) vXttH.uwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.
rh>rEkRvJ.I
uD>e.tlm%lm (Nauru) M.rh>xHzdup>uD>tqH;uwX>vX[D.cd.csXvDRI td.ol.vDR
o;zJypH;zH;yD.vJ.tuvHRpd;zJuD>tD;p-xhv,.’D;uD>EFLpH.vJbX.pXRM.vDRI th&
,.cJvXmtd.0J 5<261 thuX>M.vDRI uD>e.tlm%lm (Nauru) p;xD.uJxD.uD>vDRqD
vXtyXvDRo;’.0JzJ 1966 eH.M.vDRI
xHuD>vXtuD>qXpJbl;'D;xHuD>t*RtguwX>vX[D.cd.csXrh>rEkR
vJ.I
rh>0Jw%l;uD>M.vDRI uD>vXpJbl;’D;tDRwz.td.0J 15 bh.vXtrh>rd.udv,.’D;uD>
&X%SgvXuvHRpd;< vXuvHRxH;pJbl;’D;uD>th’,.< uD>eHzD(vf)< uD>bl.x.< uD>y
,DR< uD>vgtd.< uD>bH.,J;e.M.vDRI vXrk>xD.wcDpJbl;’D;uD>cd&H,guvHRpd;M.
vDRI vXrk>EkmwcDpJbl;’D;uD>c.p;pw.< uD>cH.&uH;pw.< uD>x.uFH>uH.pw.< uD>
y.uH;pw.’D;uD>t.zu.eH;pw.M.vDRI w%l;tHRrh>uD>vXySReD.*H>tguwX>vX
[D.cd.csXM.vDRI
xHuD>vXtuD>qXpJbl;vdmto;xDuwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkR
vJ.I
rh>0JuD>trJ&uR’D;uD>cJe’.tuD>qXM.vDRI tuD>qXw>pJbl;vd.o;t’h.pXRtd.0J
6<416 uHvdrHxX.M.vDRI cJe’.rh>xHuD>z;vJ>wbh.vXtuD>qXpJbl;’w>’D;xHuD>
wbh.M.vDRI
uD>vXtxHzduD>zdtd.tguwX>vX[D.
cd.csXeU. rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0Jw%l;uD>M.vDRI txHzduD>zdcJvXmtd.0J
1<338<000<000 *RM.vDRI b.w>orHxHtDR
zJvg,lR 10< 2010 eH.M.vDRI y’d.ymvDRw>
od.w>oDvX[H.zdCDzdw’l.pkmpkmM.utd.’D;t
46
xH{dRuD>{dR
zdxJw*R{dRM.vDRI b.q.uG>uymM>0Jw>vXuvkm’l.’D;w>vD>vXttd.vXcdcd.yS>
v>usgwz.tylRupD’DM.vDRI
xHuD>obsUvXtxHzduD>zdtd.pSRuwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU. rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0J0h>0.xHu.pHxH.M.vDRI xHzduD>zdcJvXmtd.0J 826 *R< b.w>orHxHtDRzJ,lR
vH 2009 eH.wD>ylRM.vDRI
xHuD>vXtuwdRusdmtguwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU. rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0Jz.yl.t.e,luH>eH. (Papua New Guinea) M.vDRI rh>xHuD>wbh.vXtuwdR
usdm 820 udsm’D;rh> [D.cd.’D bh.usdmvXw>pH;uwdRtDR 11I86 rs;u,RngM.vDRI
rh>xHuD>vXtd.ol.vDRo;vXyD.vJ.o;uH>ylRzJuD>tD.p-xhv,.’D;uD>EFLpvJ.’D;
uD>th>’d>eH%S.tbX.pXRM. vDRI tth&,X.td. 462<840 puGJ,guHvdrHxX.vDRI
xHzduD>zdtd.0J 6<732<000 *RvDRI
xHuD>vXuD;td.tguwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU. rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0JuD.th>’d>eH%SgM.vDRI td.ol.vDRo;zJth%SX.uvHRxH;rk>EkmzJypH;zH;yD.vJ.’D;uD>
tD;p-xhv,.tqXtCdrh>xHuD>vXtd.’D;upX>rh.tltgr;’D;upX>rh.tlvXtltD.’H;
w>wz.td.0J 150 zsX.M.vDRI uD;wz.cJvXmtd.0J 17<508 uD;M.vDRI xHzduD>zd
td.0J 230 uuGJ>*RvDRI tgwuh>rh>ySRrl;pvhzdwz.vDRI xHuD>’Dbh.tth&,X.vX
uD>’Dbh.ngtd.0J 1<919<440 puGJ,guHvdrHxX.M.vDRI
uD>vXtd.'D;urgtguwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0JuD>zhvJM.vDRI urgwz.td. 187<888 bh.M.vDRI wbh.’D;wbh.M.vJ>M>'H;
500 puGJ,grHxX.vDRI urgwz.qH;0Jb.q.urg 309 bh.M.vJ>M>'H; 10 puGJ
,guHvdrHxX.vDRI
47
xH{dRuD>{dR
xHuD>vXxk;xD.xltguwX>vX[D.cd.csXeU.
rh>rEkRvJ.I
rh>0JuD>tRjzHRuRuvHRxH;vX0h>uFd.[.M;(pf)bX.
(Johannesburg) M.vDRI rh>ph>uD;uD>tRjzHRuRw>ul.
vJRrRuRt0h>cd.vXtug’d.wzsX.vDRI rh>[D.cd.’Dbh.
xltvD>vXtvJ>uwX>wwDRM.vDRI w>uvJRvDRqlxl
tvD>M.b.cl.vDRtDR,d.0J 3<900 rHxX.ngM.vDRI
tgwuh>M.w>xH.tDRtgvXtRjzHRuRuvHRxH;M.vDRI
48