SCCC – GRANT CAMPUS
BIO 244 – Course Objectives I
1.
Recognize the system of scientific nomenclature that uses genus and species
epithet names and differentiate among the major groups of organisms:
a) using a 5-kingdom system of classification
b) using a 3-domain system of classification
c) giving characteristics of each kingdom and domain and examples of
organisms from each group that may be the subject of study in
microbiology.
2.
Compare the theories of spontaneous generation and biogenesis including the
contributions to microbiology made by Needham, Spallanzani, Virchow, and
Pasteur.
3.
Explain how the germ theory of disease evolved and the contributions to this
theory of Pasteur, Lister, and Koch (including a discussion of Koch’s postulates
and their relevance then and now).
4.
List at least four beneficial activities of microorganisms.
5.
Define and describe normal microbiota and resistance as compared to infectious
diseases and emerging diseases.
6.
Discuss the metric units of measurement used for microorganisms, and their
metric equivalent to each other and the meter.
7.
Understand the path of light through a compound microscope and define total
magnification and resolution.
8.
Identify a use for darkfield, phase-contrast, DIC, and fluorescence microscopy
and compare each with brightfield illumination.
9.
Explain how electron microscopy differs from light microscopy and identify one
use for the TEM and SEM microscopes.
10.
Differentiate between acidic and basic dyes, and compare simple, differential, and
special stains.
11.
List the steps in preparing a Gram stain, and describe the appearance of grampositive and gram-negative cells after each step.
12.
Compare and contrast the Gram stain and the acid-fast stain.
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13.
Explain why each of the following is used:
a) capsule stain
b) endospore stain
c) flagella stain
14.
Compare and contrast the overall cell structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
including:
a) prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella
b) prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell walls and glycocalyxes
c) prokaryotic and eukaryotic plasma membranes
d) prokaryotic and eukaryotic cytoplasm
15.
Identify and describe the three basic bacterial shapes and the structure and
function of the glycocalyx, flagella, axial filament, fimbriae, and pill.
16.
Compare and contrast the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative
bacteria, archaea, and mycoplasmas.
17.
Describe the structure, chemistry, and functions of the prokaryotic plasma
membrane and the processes of simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion,
active transport, and group translocation.
18.
Identify the functions of:
a) nuclear area
b) ribosomes
c) inclusions
d) endospores and the process of sporulation and endospore germination
19.
Define and describe organelles in eukaryotic cells and functions of the nucleus,
endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi complex, lysosomes, vacuoles,
mitochondria, chloroplasts, peroxisomes, and controsomes.
20.
Discuss evidence that supports the endosymbiotic theory of eukaryotic evolution.
21.
List the defining characteristics of fungi.
22.
Differentiate between sexual and asexual reproduction and describe each of these
processes in fungi.
23.
List the defining characteristics of the phyla:
a) Zygomycota
b) Ascomycota
c) Basidiomycota
24.
List the defining characteristics of protozoa.
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25.
Describe the outstanding characteristics of several phyla of protozoa and give
examples of each.
26.
Differentiate between an intermediate host and a definitive host, describing a
parasitic infection in which humans serve as a definitive host, as an intermediate
host, and as both.
27.
List the distinguishing characteristics of parasitic helminthes and explain why
parasitic helminthes have elaborate life cycles.
28.
List the characteristics of trematodes, cestodes, and nematodes and give examples
of each.
29.
Define “arthropod vector”, and give examples of diseases transmitted by several
representatives vectors.
30.
Classify microbes into groups on the basis of preferred temperature range.
31.
Identify how and why the pH of culture media is controlled.
32.
Explain the importance of osmotic pressure to microbial growth.
33.
Provide a use for each of the four elements (C, N, S, P) needed in large amounts
for microbial growth.
34.
Explain how microbes are classified on the basis of oxygen requirements and how
aerobes avoid damage by toxic forms of oxygen.
35.
Distinguish between chemically defined and complex media.
36.
Justify the use of each of the following:
a) anaerobic techniques
b) living host cells
c) candle jars
d) selective and differential media
e) enrichment media
37.
Define and describe a colony and how pure cultures can be isolated by using
streak plates.
38.
Define bacterial growth (including binary fission), comparing the phases of
microbial growth and describing their relation to generation time.
39.
Explain four direct methods and three indirect methods of measuring cell growth
being sure to explain the difference between direct and indirect methods.
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40.
Discuss Francesco Redi’s Experiment.
41.
Explain the significance of Diatoms and Dinoflagellates.
42.
Obtain knowledge of fungal diseases (systemic, cutaneous, opportunistic).
43.
Discuss the similarities and differences between the following organisms in each
group and the diseases caused by these organisms.
A. Fungi
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Histoplasma capsulatum
Coccidioides immitis
Candida albicans
Amanita phalloides
Claviceps purprea
B. Protozoa
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Giardia lamblia
Entamoeba histolytica
Balantidium coli
Trypanosoma gambiense
Tryponasoma cruzi
Plasmodium
C. Helminths
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
Paragonimus westermani
Taenia saginata
Taenia solium
Echinococcus granulosis
Enterobius vermicualris
Ascaris lumricoides
Necator americanus
Trichinella spiralis