The Five (Maybe Six?) Kingdoms
It’s Alive!!!
• In order to be part of a kingdom, an organism
must be considered alive.
• To be alive, an organism has to:
– Be made of one or more units called cells.
– Obtain and use energy in a process called
metabolism.
– Respond to the environment in order to maintain
homeostasis.
– Grow and develop
– Reproduce
Kingdom Monera
• Examples:
E. Coli
(http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/49477C30-0513-47BE-88FC-17974CB1F952/0/e_coli.jpg)
Yersinia pestis (Bubonic plague)
http://uhavax.hartford.edu/bugl/Yersinia-pestis.jpg
To be a Moneran...
• Most of these organisms are
classified as Eubacteria
• Unicellular
• Prokaryotic
• Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic
• Have cell walls made of
peptidoglycan
• These bacteria live in the same
environment as humans.
• Some are anaerobic – they don’t
need oxygen to live.
Possible 6th New Kingdom…
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This would be a second kingdom for bacteria.
Archaebacteria – ancient bacteria
Unicellular
Prokaryotic
Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic
Have cell walls not made of peptidoglycan
Probably among the first life forms on earth.
Live in EXTREME conditions (high
pressure/temperature, deep sea vents).
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/84150f.jpg
Kingdom Protista
• Examples:
Paramecium
http://upsidedownhippo.com/archives/Paramecium.jpg
Amoeba
http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/robert.fuller/370%20Files/Week9Soil%20Organisms/
amoeba1.jpg
Plasmodium
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://workforce.cup.edu/
buckelew/images/Plasmodium%2520cathemerium%252012%2520midnite.jpg&imgrefurl=http://workforce.cup.e
du/buckelew/Plasmodium%2520cathemerium.htm&h=512&w=640&sz=48&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=pBy5L3
xpODFaaM:&tbnh=110&tbnw=137&prev=/images%3Fq%3DPlasmodium%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3
Den
To be a Protist…
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Mostly unicellular, some multicellular colonies
Eukaryotic
Can be heterotrophic, autotrophic, or both
Some have cell walls made of cellulose
Reproduce sexually and asexually
Live in moist environments – no protection from
drying out.
• Some move by cilia (tiny hairs), flagella (tail),
pseudopods (fake feet)
Kingdom Fungi
• Examples:
Yeast
http://www.utoronto.ca/greenblattlab/images/a/yeast%201.jpg
Truffle
Mushroom
http://www.truffle-
tree.co.uk/images/truffle_on_grass.jpg
http://fogcity.blogs.com/jen/mushroom-thumb.jpg
To be a Fungus…
• Mostly multicellular, some unicellular
• Eukaryotic
• External heterotrophs – dissolves food outside
the body
• Have cell walls made of chitin
• Reproduces sexually and asexually
• Body made of a mesh of filaments called
hyphae.
Kingdom Plantae
• Examples:
http://www.landscapingyourself.com/images/1plant1.jpg
http://andromeda.cavehill.uwi.edu/Aquatic%20plant%20photos/pond%20plant%20use.JPG
To be a Plant…
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Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Autotrophic
Reproduce sexually (flowers) and asexually
(vegetative propagation)
• Cell walls made of cellulose
• Specialized reproductive structures (fruit) to
aid in dispersal of seeds.
http://www.jtrue.com/cartoons/art/low/plant_layoff.jpg
Kingdom Animalia
• Example:
Daphnia
http://www.fresnochaffeezoo.com/images/polar-bear.gif
http://www.chasewater.org.uk/images/microscopic/Daphnia%20with%20eggs.jpg
http://library.thinkquest.org/11922/fish/flying_fish.jpg
To be an Animal…
• Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Internal heterotrophs – dissolves food inside the
body
• Most reproduce sexually
• No cell wall
• Many specialized structures for movement or food
gathering
• 5 – 10 million species (99% without a backbone)
Cladograms
• Scientists use taxonomy to examine evolutionary
relationships using cladograms.
• Cladograms look like trees.
• The lowest organism on the cladogram is the
common ancestor of all other organisms on the
cladogram.
• Each branch of the tree represents a derived
character.
– Derived character means something that the new
organism has and the ones before it did not have.
Cladogram
Cladograms
• In a cladogram, the closer together two
organisms are, the more closely related they
are.
• The organisms on the left are primitive.
• The organisms on the right are more complex.
Cladogram
• Which organism in the
cladogram is most
primitive?
– Hagfish
• Which organism in the
cladogram is most
complex?
– Chimp
• Which organisms have
lungs?
– Salamander, Lizard,
Pigeon, Mouse, Chimp
• Which organisms have
fur?
– Mouse, Chimp
Cladogram
• Which organism is most
primitive?
– Lancelet
• Which organism is most
complex?
– Leopard
• Which organisms have four
walking legs?
– Salamander, Turtle, Leopard
• Which are most closely
related?
a. Lancelet & Turtle
b. Tuna & Salamander
c. Leopard & Lamprey