Exploring Options in Academic Writing: Effective Vocabulary and Grammar Use
Jan Frodesen and Margi Wald
http://www.press.umich.edu/1150364/exploring_options_in_academic_writing
Michigan ELT 2015
Contents
Introductionx
Chapter 1. Using Resources for Vocabulary Development1
1.1 Characteristics of a Word
1.2 Resource: Learner Dictionaries
1.3 Resource: Collocations Dictionaries
1.4 Resource: Online Concordancers
Part
2
9
14
17
1. Showing Relationships within Sentences23
Chapter 2. Writing about Increases and Decreases24
2.1 Verbs Expressing Increases and Decreases
Raising Language Awareness
Building Your Knowledge
Using Verbs to Express Changes in Amount, Size,
Quality, and Intensity
Using Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Appropriately
Using Verbs to Describe Graphic Data
More on Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
2.2 Modifiers Expressing Increases and Decreases
Raising Language Awareness
Building Your Knowledge
Modifying Verbs
Modifying Nouns That Express Increases or Decreases
Using Change-of-State Modifiers with Nouns
24
24
26
27
29
35
37
39
39
40
40
43
49
v
Exploring Options in Academic Writing: Effective Vocabulary and Grammar Use
Jan Frodesen and Margi Wald
http://www.press.umich.edu/1150364/exploring_options_in_academic_writing
Michigan ELT 2015
vi
Contents
Chapter 3. Writing about Other Types of Change51
Raising Language Awareness
52
3.1 Verbs Expressing Change in Form or Behavior
Raising Language Awareness
Building Your Knowledge
54
54
55
Convert/Transform + Noun Phrase + into + Noun Phrase58
Vary + Noun Phrase + Preposition + Noun Phrase60
3.2 Verbs Expressing Positive and Negative Changes
Raising Language Awareness
Building Your Knowledge
62
62
63
Using Verbs That Express Changes for Positive, Neutral, 63
or Negative Conditions, Processes, or Activities
Using Verbs That Express Intensifying or Lessening 67
of Negative Conditions or Situations
3.3 Abstract Nouns Derived from Verbs Expressing Change
Building Your Knowledge
70 70
Chapter 4. Writing about Causal Relationships: Connectors 74
and Abstract Nouns
Raising Language Awareness
74
4.1 Using Connectors and Abstract Nouns
76 Building Your Knowledge
76
Forming Abstract Noun Phrases76
Using Connectors with Abstract Noun Phrases 78
4.2 Modifying Abstract Noun Phrases
81 Building Your Knowledge
81
Describing Abstract Nouns84
Adding Prepositions85
4.3 Punctuating Causal Phrases
Building Your Knowledge
88
88
Exploring Options in Academic Writing: Effective Vocabulary and Grammar Use
Jan Frodesen and Margi Wald
http://www.press.umich.edu/1150364/exploring_options_in_academic_writing
Michigan ELT 2015
Contents
Chapter 5. Writing about Causal Relationships: Verbs90
Raising Language Awareness
90
5.1 Using Verbs That Introduce Reasons or Causes
Building Your Knowledge
92
92
5.2 Using Verbs That Introduce Results or Effects
Building Your Knowledge
94
94
5.3 Using Verbs that Express How a Result Can Be Minimized
Building Your Knowledge
98
5.4 Crafting Sentences with Causal Verbs and Abstract
Noun Phrases
Building Your Knowledge
98
103
103
Chapter 6. Creating Balance and Emphasis with Parallel Structures109
6.1 Using Parallel Structures Raising Language Awareness
Building Your Knowledge
109
110
113
Purposes and Types of Parallel Structures113
6.2 Recognizing Words That Introduce Parallel Structures
116
Raising Language Awareness
116
Building Your Knowledge
118
Checking for Faulty Parallelism122
6.3 Emphasizing Ideas with Correlative Conjunctions
Raising Language Awareness
Building Your Knowledge
Subject-Verb Inversion with not only . . . (but) also
126
126
128
128
vii
Exploring Options in Academic Writing: Effective Vocabulary and Grammar Use
Jan Frodesen and Margi Wald
http://www.press.umich.edu/1150364/exploring_options_in_academic_writing
Michigan ELT 2015
viii
Contents
Part
2. Connecting and Focusing across Sentences132
Chapter 7. Creating Cohesion with Word Forms and Reference 133
Words and Phrases
Raising Language Awareness
7.1 Using Word Forms to Connect Ideas
Raising Language Awareness
Building Your Knowledge
134
136 136
137
7.2 Using Reference Forms
Raising Language Awareness
Building Your Knowledge
139
139
141
Using Reference Forms to Connect and Focus141
Using such vs. Demonstrative Determiners to Connect Ideas143
Checking Verb Agreement with Long Subjects147
Using Comparative Reference Forms150
7.3 Using Reference Forms with the Passive
154
Raising Language Awareness
Building Your Knowledge
154
156
Chapter 8. Creating Cohesion with Topic Introducers and Logical159
Connectors
Raising Language Awareness
8.1 Using Topic Introducers with Reference Forms to Connect Ideas
Building Your Knowledge
160
162
162
167
8.2 Using Logical Connectors with Reference Forms to Connect Ideas
Building Your Knowledge
167
Using Logical Connectors to Express Differences170
Exploring Options in Academic Writing: Effective Vocabulary and Grammar Use
Jan Frodesen and Margi Wald
http://www.press.umich.edu/1150364/exploring_options_in_academic_writing
Michigan ELT 2015
Contents
Part
3. Qualifying Ideas and Reporting Research174
Chapter 9. Expressing Degrees of Certainty and Accuracy175
Raising Language Awareness
175
Building Your Knowledge
178
Using Modal Verbs178
Using Adjectives of Probability181
Modifying Probability Adjectives with Highly183
Using Adverbs of Probability186
Using Verbs of Uncertainty188
Using Frequency Adverbs191
Expressing Normal or Usual Patterns192
Adding Hedges195
Chapter 10. Using Reporting Verbs196
Raising Language Awareness
Building Your Knowledge
197
200
Reporting on an Author’s Strength of Claim200
and Emphasis
Using Reporting Verbs with Inanimate Subjects206
Learning the Grammar of Reporting Verbs207
Using Complements after Reporting Verbs of Advice210
Appendix: Classifier Nouns215
ix