Development and Change of Japan in 20th Century:
Factors for Postwar Economic Growth
By Dr. Siu Kam Wah
Department of History, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Lecture Outline
I. Factors for Postwar Economic Growth
1. Historical and geographical factors
2. Foundation of industrialization and economic development since Meiji Restoration
(1868)
3. Influence of the economic policy during the U.S. occupation (1945-1952)
4. Role of Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)
5. Economic bloom due to the Korean War and success of private enterprise in Japan
6. Stable political leadership
7. Private enterprise expansion by exploiting growing consumer power in the 1950s
8. Government support to private enterprise that helped achieve economic growth
after 1960
9. Government policy to finance economic development rather than social welfare
programs
10. Favorable factors like government’s decisive policy and the revalued Japanese
currency counteracted the bad effects of internal social dissatisfaction, the Nixon
Shocks and the oil crisis in the 1970s
1
11. Electronics and automobile industries fueled Japan’s economic resurgence
12. Important role of small firms in Japan’s economic recovery
13. Prime Minister Nakasone Yasuhiro’s financial reform succeeded in balancing the
budget
14. Economic bloom since 1986 due to low interest rates
II. Japan’s economic slide and the ineffective government countermeasures in
the 1990s
2
Basic References on Factors for Postwar Economic Growth of Japan
1. Matray, James I. Japan's Emergence As A Global Power. Westport, Conn.:
Greenwood Press, 2001.
2. Dower, John W. Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. New York:
W.W. Norton & Co., c1999
3. Mikiso Hane. Modern Japan: A Historical Survey Boulder, CO: Westview Press,
1986.
4. Large, Stephen S. (ed.) ShŌwa Japan : Political, Economic and Social History,
1926-1989. London; New York: Routledge, 1998.
5. Allinson, Gary D. Japan’s Postwar History. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press,
1997.
6. Beasley W.G. The Rise of Modern Japan.(3 ed.) New York, N.Y.: St. Martin's Press,
2000. （葉延燊譯。《現代日本的崛起：簡明日本現代史》。臺北：金禾出版
社，1992。）
7. McClain, James L. Japan, A Modern History. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.,
2002.
8. 講談社イ─ナ編。《對譯日本事典》(The Kodansha Bilingual Encyclopedia of
Japan)。東京：講談社イ―ナ, 1998.
3
Introduction to Basic References on
Development and Change of Japan in 20th Century
1. Matray, James I. Japan's Emergence As A Global Power. Westport, Conn.:
Greenwood Press, 2001.
Relevant Parts:
Chronology of Events, Reprise of the Rising Sun, Evolution of an Economic Giant,
Cold War Client, Contending with the Communists, Pursuing Partners in Asia,
Primary Documents of Japan's Emergence, Glossary of Selected Terms, etc.
2. Allinson, Gary D. Japan’s Postwar History. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press,
1997.
Relevant Parts:
Chronology of Postwar Events, Postwar Prime Ministers, Antecedents (1932-1945),
Revival (1945-1955), Growth (1955-1974), Affluence (1974-1989), Uncertainty
(1989-1995), etc.
3. Beasley W.G. The Rise of Modern Japan.(3 ed.) New York, N.Y.: St. Martin's Press,
2000. （葉延燊譯。《現代日本的崛起：簡明日本現代史》。臺北：金禾出版
社，1992 年。）
Relevant Parts:
The Meiji Emperor and Constitution (1873-1904), Cultural Borrowing (1860-1912),
First Phase of Industrialization (1860-1930), Capitalism and Domestic Politics (18901930), Independence & Empire (1873-1919), Soldiers and Patriots (1918-1933), New
Order (1931-1945), An Empire Won and Lost (1937-1945), Military Occupation
(1945-1952), Conservative Democracy and the American Alliance (1951-1972),
Economic Miracle, End of the Showa Era (1971-1989), The Postwar Pattern Unravels
(1989-1999), etc.
4. McClain, James L. Japan, A Modern History. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.,
2002.
Relevant Parts:
Japan in Revolutionary Times (The Meiji Restoration, "New Beginnings", Crafting a
Constitutional Polity, Toward an Industrial Future, Living the Meiji Dream), Japan in
the New Century (Acquisition of Empire, New Awakenings, New Modernities, The
Tumultuous Twenties), Japan at War (A Period of National Emergency, In Pursuit of
4
a New Order, The Greater East Asia War), Contemporary Japan (The Years of
Occupation, Recovery and Affluence, Another New Century), etc.
5. Lee, Chong-sik. Japan and Korea: The Political Dimension. Stanford, Calif.:
Hoover Institution Press, 1985.
Relevant Parts:
Legacies of the Colonial Era, The Clash of Emotions: Japan and Syngman Rhee,
Normalization and Economic Symbiosis, Groping for a Korea Policy in the Detente
Era, The limits of Japanese- South Korean Security Ties: The Loan Negotiations,
History and Politics: The Textbook Controversy and Beyond, etc.
6. Bridges, Brian. Japan and Korea in the 1990s: From Antagonism to Adjustment.
Aldershot, England; Bookfield, Vermont: Edward Elgar, 1993.
Relevant Parts:
The Legacies of History, Perceptions and Policy-making, The Political and Security
Triangle, The Major Powers and the Korean Conundrum, Economic Interdependence,
Culture, Korean Residents and Reconciliation, Normalising Japan-North Korea
Relations.
7. Giffard, Sydney. Japan Among the Powers, 1890-1990. New Haven: Yale
University Press, 1994.
Relevant Parts:
A Place Among the Powers (1890-1900), Expansion on the Asian Continent (190012), World Crisis and Reconstruction (1912-22), Earthquake, Economic Tremors,
Violent Indiscipline (1922-31), National Dreams, International Nightmares, (1931-41),
War, Occupation and Renewal (1941-52), Fevered Politics, Robust Industry (195272), New Agenda: Domestic, Regional and Global (1972-90), Glossary of Selected
Japanese Terms.
8. Lim, Hua Sing. Japan's Role in Asia. (3rd ed) Singapore: Times Academic Press,
2001.
Relevant Parts:
Japan-Malaysia (Japanese Perspectives on Malaysia's "Look East" Policy, The JapanMalaysia Economic Relationship towards the Twenty-first Century), Japan-Singapore
(Japan-Singapore Trade Frictions: A Study of Japanese Non-Tariff Barriers, Japanese
Foreign Direct Investment and Japanese-Style Management in Singapore), JapanASEAN (Japan in ASEAN: Potential Trade Frictions, Japan's Role in ASEAN's
Economic Developments - Trade and Investment), Japan-Asia (Japanese Economic
5
Involvement in Asia and Chinese Partnerships, Economic Superpower and
International Roles, Japan's Role and the Asian Economic Performance (Japan's ODA
and Economic Performance in Asia, Japan and the Asian Economic Crisis), Japan's
Economic Performance and Asia's Revitalization (Japan's Bubble Economy and Asia
Economic Recovery, Japan's Initiatives and Asia's Revitalization).
9. Hilpert, Hanns Günther & Haak, René (eds.). Japan and China: Cooperation,
Competition, and Conflict. New York: Palgrave, 2002.
Relevant Articles:
“China and Japan: Conflict or Cooperation? What does Trade Data Say?” (Hanns
Gunther Hilpert)
“Japanese Direct Investment in China: Its Effects on China's Economic Development”
(Katsuji Nakagane)
“Japan's Role in China's Industrialization” (Markus Taube)
“Japan's ODA: Its Impacts on China's Industrialization and Sino-Japanese Relations”
(Juichi Inada)
“Will Global Warming Affect Sino-Japan Relations?” (Yasuko Kameyama)
“Japanese Business Strategies towards China: A Theoretical Approach” (Rene Haak)
“Japanese FDI and China's Industrial Development in the Automobile, Electronics
and Textile Industries” (Tomoo Marukawa)
“The Role of the Overseas Chinese in the Sino-Japanese Economic Relationship”
(Yan Zhu)
10. Söderberg, Marie & Reader, Ian (eds.). Japanese Influences and Presences in Asia.
Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 2000.
Relevant Articles:
Anthropological Perspectives:
“Commodities, Culture and Japan's Corollanization of Asia” (Brian Moeran),
“Globalization, 'Folk Models' of the World Order and National Identity: Japanese
Business Expatriates in Singapore” (Eyal Ben-Ari)
“Japanese Manufacturing in Thailand: An Anthropology Seeking 'Efficient,
Standardised Production'” (Mitchell W. Sedgwick)
Economics and Investment:
“Asia as Seen from the Perspective of the Japanese General Trading Houses” (Marie
Soderberg)
“Shifting patterns in Japan's economic co-operation in East Asia: A growing role for
local actors'” (David Arase)
6
Japanese Political Aspirations:
“Post-Cold War Changes in Japanese International Identity: Implications for Japan's
Influence in Asia” (Kenn Nakata Steffensen)
“Japan & the Asia Pacific Region: Global Ambitions - Regional Aspirations” (JeanPierre Lehmann)
Asian Aspirations and Attitudes:
“Will the Sun Ever Shine in South Asia'” (Purnendra Jain)
“Malaysia-Japan Relations: Economic and political dimension” (Paridah Abd. Samad)
“Chinese Students in Japan: Networking Asia” (Paul D. Scott)
11. 王振鎖。《日本戰後五十年：1945-1995》。北京：世界知識出版社，1996
年。
12. 鄭樑生。《日本史：現代化的東方文明國家》。台北：三民書局股份有限公
司，2003 年。
13. 講談社イ─ル編。《對譯日本事典》(The Kodansha Bilingual Encyclopedia of
Japan)。東京：講談社イ―ナ, 1998 年。
14. Seisaku kyōryoku NHK Entāpuraizu; Nihongo-han seisaku Maruzen Kabushiki
Kaisha. Reinventing Japan (日本の再構築：後日本軌跡) . (Video resources)
Tokyo: NHK Sofutowea, 2001. [In English and Japanese]
7
Development and Change of Southeast Asia in the 20th Century
By Prof. Leung Yuen Sang
Department of History, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Lecture Outline
1
Modern Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia: A region without its own history and traditions?
2
Southeast Asia under Western colonization
z Invasion and rule for nearly 500 years
z Colonization of the whole region beginning from the occupation of Malacca
by Portugal in 1511
„ Portugal
„ Spain
„ The Netherlands
„ Britain
„ France
„ The United States
3
Invasion by and influence of powerful neighbours in Asia
Three major external cultural influences for more than a thousand years:
z
Influence of China and Confucianism: Invasion by Chinese ancient
colonialism and culture
a
Southern expansion of China during the Qin and Han dynasties
b
The period of Han rule in Annam (Vietnam)
c
Ethics, education and politics of the Confucian school
z
Sanskritization and Indianization
a
Indian origin and cultural characteristics in the ancient country of
Phunam (present-day Cambodia)
8
b
c
d
z
4
Influence of the Arabs and Islam – “hurricane” on the peninsula and islands
a
Expansion of the Islamic Arabian empire
b
A cultural sphere of Islam by the sea route from Malacca to Mataram
c
“Local culture” after the 15th century
Southeast Asia during the colonial period
z
Reasons for the rise of Western colonization
a
God
b
Gold
c
Glory
d
Geographic discovery
z
Pioneers of Western colonialism
a
Portugal
1497
Vasco de Gama traveled round the Cape of Good Hope
1510
Alfonso de Albuquerque invaded and occupied India
1511
Occupation of Malacca
1521
Occupation of the Spice Islands
b
5
Sanskritization and the influence of Buddhism during the period of the
Pagan dynasty (Burma)
Hinayana and Mahayana, divine power and imperial power
Religion of the masses and customs
Spain
1492
1512
1565
1570
Columbus discovered a new continent
Magellan’s journey
Competition in the spice trade
Occupation of Manila
Modern Southeast Asian nationalism and independent movements
z
The tide of anti-colonialism in the 20th century
a
The Middle East and Africa after World War I
i
Afghanistan
ii Egypt
9
z
6
Decolonization and independent movements after World War II
a
Jordan (March 1946)
b
The Philippines (July 1946)
c
India (August 1947)
d
Pakistan (August 1947)
e
Burma (January 1948)
f
Ceylon (February 1948)
g
Indonesia (1949)
h
French Indo-China (1954)
i
Sudan (January 1956)
j
Ghana (march 1957)
k
Malaya (August 1957)
l
Somali (June 1960)
m Cyprus (August 1960)
n
Nigeria (October 1960)
o
Kuwait (June 1961)
p
Cameron (October 1961)
q
Jamaica (August 1962)
r
Uganda (October 1962)
s
Gambia (February 1965)
t
Singapore (August 1965)
u Mauritius (March 1968)
v
Tonka (June 1970)
w Fuji (October 1970)
x The Bahamas (July 1973)
y Brunei (1984)
Background of the rise of independent movements
z
Influence of Sun Yat Sen’s revolutionary ideas
a
Nationalism and independent sovereignty
b
Revolution and republic
z
Overseas students’ movement and Western thought of freedom
z
Communism and left-wing thought
10
z
Islamic fundamentalist movement
7
British colonialism in Southeast Asia
z The establishment of British power in Malaya
a
The Straits settlement
1786
Penang
1800
Province Wellesley
1819
Singapore
1824
Malacca
b
Federated Malay states
1874
Perak
Clangor
1888
Pahang
1889
Negri Sembilan
c
Non-federated Malay states
i
Johore
ii Kelantan
iii Kedah
iv Perlis
v
Trengganu
d
Sarawak
e
North Brunei, Sabah, North Borneo Company
8
Southeast Asia after independence
z Influence of international politics during the Cold War period
z Different internal problems and worries of various countries
z Regional competition and cooperation
a
Southeast Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO)
b
The establishment and development of the Association of Southeast
Asian Nations (ASEAN)
z Facing the 21st century
9
Development of ASEAN
z First phase: 1967-1976
Composition: From five to six nations (400 million people)
z Second phase: 1976-1996
11
z
Regional competition and economic cooperation
Third phase: 1996-present
Ten nations and the whole (10+1, 10+3)
Basic references
尼古拉斯．塔林主編，賀聖達等譯。《劍橋東南亞史》上、下冊。昆明：雲南人
民出版社，2003 年。
王民同主編。《東南亞史綱》。昆明：雲南大學出版社，1994 年。
秦欽峙等編著。《東南亞十國概覽》。昆明：雲南人民出版社，1992 年。
梁英明編。《近現代東南亞 1511-1992》。北京：北京大學出版社，1994 年。
韓振華。《中國與東南亞關係史研究》。廣西人民出版社，1992。
陳鴻瑜。
《東南亞國家協會之發展》
。台北：國立暨南國際大學東南亞研究中心，
1997 年。
廖少廉、王勤、吳崇伯。《東盟國家經濟發展與社會經濟形態》。北京：北京社
會科學文獻出版社，1993 年。
王賡武。
《東南亞與華人：王賡武教授論文選集》
。北京：中國友誼出版社，1987
年。
Tarling, Nicholas (ed.). The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia. Cambridge; New
York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Tarling, Nicholas. Nations and states in Southeast Asia. Cambridge; New York:
Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Hall, D.G.E. A History of South-East Asia. London; Melbourne: MacMillan, 1968.
Steinberg, David Joel (ed.). In Search of Southeast Asia: A Modern History (Revised
ed.) Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1987.
Christie, Clive J. A Modern History of Southeast Asia: Decolonization, Nationalism
12
and Separatism. London; New York: Tauris Academic Studies, 1996.
Reid, Anthony (ed.) Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era: Trade, Power, and
Belief. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1993.
13