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Activity 1 Measuring “Stuff”
1
SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS
INTERACTIONS
AND PROPERTIES
6. Complete the following sentences on your answer sheet by calculating the
highest and lowest values of the range for each elastic rubber ball.
a) The true value of the Doinkster's rebound height is probably within the
range between _______ cm (lowest) and ________ cm (highest).
b) The true value of the Bouncinator's rebound height is probably within the
range between _______ cm (lowest) and ________ cm (highest).
c) The true value of the Zwingmax's rebound height is probably within the
range between _______ cm (lowest) and ________ cm (highest).
For Questions 7-8, choose one of the following two conclusions and complete
the blank with the name of the highly elastic rubber ball:
• Conclusion 1: Since there is no overlap between the ranges of height
values when taking into account their best values and uncertainties,
I conclude that the two values are different. Thus, the claim that the _______
is bouncier than the Doinkster is probably valid.
• Conclusion 2: Since there is an overlap between the ranges of height
values when taking into account their best values and uncertainties, I
conclude that the two values could be the same. Thus, the claim that the
_______ is bouncier than the Doinkster is probably not valid.
7. Based on Jorge's data, can you conclude that the Bouncinator is bouncier than
the Doinkster? Select and complete the correct conclusion statement.
8. Based on Jorge's data, can you conclude that the Zwingmax is bouncier than
the Doinkster? Select and complete the correct conclusion statement.
PRACTICES—ANSWERS
BUILDING A FOUNDATION
D. (how an object can smell)
1. Acrid
3. Spicy
2. Aromatic 4.Burnt
E. (how an object can taste)
1. Buttery
3. Spicy
2. Burnt
4.Creamy
Activity 2 Practice
1. Volume = (6 cm)(5 cm)(10 cm)
= 300 cm3 or “300 cubic
centimeters” or 300 cc.
2. Volume of Box A =
(2 ft)(6 ft)(2 ft) = 24 ft3
or “24 cubic feet”
Volume of Box B =
(3 ft)(3 ft)(3 ft) = 27 ft3
or “27 cubic feet”
Thus, Box B will hold more sports
equipment because it has a greater
volume (capacity) than Box A.
More Practice Calculating Volume
9. A contractor digs a rectangular hole for the basement of a house. The hole
measures 12 m long, by 7 m wide, by 3 m deep. What volume of dirt is
removed for the basement of the house?
10. A backyard has an area of 12 m2 that would be an ideal spot to build a pool.
The pool will be 4 m deep. What volume of water will be needed to fill this
pool? Recall that Volume = (area of base) x (height).
11. The relationship volume = (area of base) x (height) can be
used for other solids. For a cylindrical solid, the base is a circle.
The area of a circle with radius r is r 2. Suppose you have a
large cylindrical container. Its radius is 10 cm and its height is
60 cm. What would be the volume of sand that would fill the
container?
Unit 1 • Chapter 3
Activity 1 Practice
E F. “I lock my property in my
locker to keep it safe.”
1.
E A. “Hey. Take your hands off my
property!”
2. (Students will have different
responses. Examples are given
below.)
E B. “My friend's parents own
property by a river.”
© It’s About Time
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S C. “One property of glue is that
it's sticky.”
A. (how objects can look)
1. Bright
3. Dull
2. Green
4. Shiny
E D. “On a class field trip to a
police station, we saw where the
stolen property is kept.”
B. (how objects feel when rubbed
with hands)
1. Rough
3. Furry
2. Smooth
4. Soft
S E. “A black color, a crumbly
texture, and 'makes a streak on
paper' are three properties of
charcoal.”
C. (how objects can sound, e.g.,
when tapped with knuckles)
1. Tinny
3. Low
2. High
4. Loud
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CHAPTER 3 INTERACTIONS AND PROPERTIES
3. the type of highly elastic rubber
ball
4. the rebound height of the balls
Interpreting Measurements: An Experiment with Highly Elastic
Rubber Balls
5. (best value and uncertainty in table
below)
(Questions 3-8) Jorge is shopping at the mall and sees displays for two
different rubber balls. The makers of these two new highly elastic balls both claim
that they are “bouncier” than the best selling elastic rubber ball on the market,
which is the "Doinkster.” Jorge purchases both of the new rubber balls, the
“Bouncinator” and “Zwingmax” to test their makers’ claims with the Doinkster he
has at home.
To see if either of the two new elastic rubber balls is bouncier than the Doinkster,
Jorge designs an experiment. He drops each ball three times from a one-meter
(100 cm) height above a hard tile floor, and then measures how high each ball
rebounds from the floor surface. Each ball has the same volume and mass, and all
other variables are controlled, such that Jorge conducts a fair test.
To answer questions 3-4, choose from the following responses:
• the surface the elastic balls
bounce off of
• the type of elastic ball
• the mass of the elastic balls
• the height from which the elastic balls
are dropped
• the rebound height of the elastic balls
Record the best answer to each question.
100
cm
Rebound
height
3. What is the manipulated (independent)
variable?
4. What is the responding (dependent)
variable?
The rebound heights of the balls recorded by Jorge are shown in the Table below.
Table: Various Elastic Rubber Balls and their
Rebound Heights
Rubber Ball
Rebound
Height (cm)
Doinkster
Bouncinator
Zwingmax
Trial 1
81
83
84
Trial 2
82
81
86
Trial 3
79
82
86
Best Value
Uncertainty
5. Calculate the best values and uncertainties for Jorge's data, and record them.
You may refer to the How to Make and Interpret Experimental
Measurements in your workbook.
To make the numbers easier to work with, round each number to the nearest
centimeter so that there are no digits after the decimal point. (For example, an
uncertainty calculation of 2.5 cm or 2.6 cm would each be rounded up to 3 cm.)
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Table: Various Elastic Rubber Balls and their Rebound Heights
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UNIT 1: BUILDING A FOUNDATION
Doinkster
Bouncinator
Zwingmax
Trial 1
81
83
84
Trial 2
82
81
86
Trial 3
79
82
86
Best Value
81 (80.7
rounded up)
82
85 (85.3
rounded down)
Uncertainty
2 (1.5
rounded up)
1
1
© It’s About Time
Rubber Ball
Rebound
Height (cm)
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Activity 2 Volumes of Solids
1
SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS
INTERACTIONS
AND PROPERTIES
6. Complete the following sentences on your answer sheet by calculating the
highest and lowest values of the range for each elastic rubber ball.
a) The true value of the Doinkster's rebound height is probably within the
range between _______ cm (lowest) and ________ cm (highest).
b) The true value of the Bouncinator's rebound height is probably within the
range between _______ cm (lowest) and ________ cm (highest).
c) The true value of the Zwingmax's rebound height is probably within the
range between _______ cm (lowest) and ________ cm (highest).
For Questions 7-8, choose one of the following two conclusions and complete
the blank with the name of the highly elastic rubber ball:
• Conclusion 1: Since there is no overlap between the ranges of height
values when taking into account their best values and uncertainties,
I conclude that the two values are different. Thus, the claim that the _______
is bouncier than the Doinkster is probably valid.
• Conclusion 2: Since there is an overlap between the ranges of height
values when taking into account their best values and uncertainties, I
conclude that the two values could be the same. Thus, the claim that the
_______ is bouncier than the Doinkster is probably not valid.
7. Based on Jorge's data, can you conclude that the Bouncinator is bouncier than
the Doinkster? Select and complete the correct conclusion statement.
8. Based on Jorge's data, can you conclude that the Zwingmax is bouncier than
the Doinkster? Select and complete the correct conclusion statement.
PRACTICES—ANSWERS
BUILDING A FOUNDATION
9. 252 m3 or “252 cubic meters”
10. Volume = (12m2)(4m) = 48 m3
or “48 cubic meters”
11. Area of circular base =
≠ (10 cm)(10 cm) =
314 cm2 or “314 square
centimeters”
Volume of cylindrical solid =
(314 cm2)(60 cm) =
18,840 cm or “18,840 cubic
centimeters” or 18,840 cc
More Practice Calculating Volume
9. A contractor digs a rectangular hole for the basement of a house. The hole
measures 12 m long, by 7 m wide, by 3 m deep. What volume of dirt is
removed for the basement of the house?
10. A backyard has an area of 12 m2 that would be an ideal spot to build a pool.
The pool will be 4 m deep. What volume of water will be needed to fill this
pool? Recall that Volume = (area of base) x (height).
11. The relationship volume = (area of base) x (height) can be
used for other solids. For a cylindrical solid, the base is a circle.
The area of a circle with radius r is r 2. Suppose you have a
large cylindrical container. Its radius is 10 cm and its height is
60 cm. What would be the volume of sand that would fill the
container?
Unit 1 • Chapter 3
© It’s About Time
6. A. The true value of the
Doinkster's rebound height is
probably within the range
between 79 cm (lowest value)
and 83 cm (highest value).
B. The true value of the
Bouncinator's rebound height is
probably within the range between
81 cm (lowest value) and 83 cm
(highest value).
C. The true value of the
Zwingmax's rebound height is
probably within the range between
84 cm (lowest value) and 86 cm
(highest value).
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7. ✔ Conclusion 2: Since there is
an overlap between the ranges
of height values when taking
into account their best values
and uncertainties, I conclude
that the two values could be the
same. Thus, the claim that the
Bouncinator is bouncier than
the Doinkster is probably not
valid.
8. ✔ Conclusion 1: Since there is
no overlap between the ranges
of height values when taking
into account their best values
and uncertainties, I conclude
that the two values are
different. Thus, the claim that
the Zwingmax is bouncier than
the Doinkster is probably valid.
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Activity 3 Practice
1. A. The best method I would use to
find the volume of the rectangular
metal bar is to calculate the
volume. I would measure each side
of the rectangular metal bar
(width, height, depth) and multiply
these together.
Activity 3: Volume of Liquids
1. Suppose that you were given a rectangular metal bar and a can of soda,
and asked to determine the volume of each object. Describe in detail the best
method you would use to find the volume of each object.
a) Volume of Rectangular Metal Bar
b) Volume of Soda
2. Suppose someone shows you two very different containers and claims they both
have the same volume. Describe how you could determine that they do have
the same volume.
B. To find the volume of the can of
soda, I would use the liquidpouring method because the liquid
would take the shape of the
container and fill the entire volume
of the soda can. Then I would just
measure that volume of liquid
using a graduated cylinder, and
know it would be equal to the
volume (capacity) of the soda can.
Activity 4: Measuring Mass
1. Tam, Jason, and Otis are filling party balloons with helium for a surprise
birthday party. They are wondering whether a balloon has a smaller mass, the
same mass, or a larger mass after the helium is pumped into the balloon. Their
conversation is shown below.
After you read it, state whether you agree with Tam, Jason, or Otis and explain
your reasoning.
2. The simplest method that works for
all container shapes is to fill one of
the containers with water, then
pour all the water into the second
container to see whether it is
completely filled (same volumes),
or not completely filled or
overflowing (different volumes).
You can also use the liquid-pouring
method with the graduated
cylinders to compare the actual
volume values. If both containers
are either rectangular or cylindrical
shapes, you can measure the
dimensions, and calculate and
compare the volumes.
I think the balloon will have the same
mass after you add the helium because
gases don't have any mass. All you
have done is increase the volume of the
balloon so it can float.
I think the balloon will have
less mass after you add the
helium. Because we know that
things with air in them, like
whipped cream or Styrofoam
are always lighter. That is why
the helium balloon floats.
Jason
Well, I disagree. I think the balloon
will have a tiny bit more mass, but not
much more. All gasses have mass, just
not as much as liquids or solids.
Tam
Otis
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Activity 4 Practice
(Students may ask why the helium
balloon floats if it has more mass
than just the empty balloon. The
answer to this has to do with
density, which is the topic of
Activities 5 and 7.)
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© It’s About Time
1. I agree with Otis because in class
we learned and observed that gas
has mass. If a gas is put inside the
balloon then the mass of the
balloon plus the gas must be more
than the mass of the balloon
without the gas in it.
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Activity 4 Measuring Mass
(Questions 2–4) A science class found a variety of rolling objects in different
shapes (solid disks, balls, and thin hoops). Each object had the same diameter.
Because they were made out of different materials, some of the objects had the
same mass even though they had different shapes, and some of the objects had a
different mass even though they were the same shape. The students formed teams
and let the objects go from various heights to roll down a long wooden ramp to
the table surface.
Ball
Hoop
Disk
To compare how quickly each object rolled, the students carefully measured the
time it took each object to roll down the ramp with a stopwatch. The table below
shows the best value of the time to roll down the ramp (called “rolling time” for
short) recorded by each team under different conditions. The uncertainty in the
measurement of the rolling time was 0.03 seconds.
Table of Variables for
Rolling Objects Down a Ramp
Team
Type of
Shape
Height of Top of
Ramp (cm)
Mass
(grams)
Rolling Time
(seconds)
A
ball
10
240
3.38
B
disk
15
240
2.86
C
hoop
15
240
3.30
D
ball
15
240
2.76
E
hoop
15
180
3.30
F
ball
20
240
2.39
G
disk
20
180
2.47
1
INTERACTIONS AND PROPERTIES
Review of Fair Tests and Experimental Conclusions: On a Roll!
Ruler
PRACTICES—ANSWERS
BUILDING A FOUNDATION
2. Which teams’ experiments would you choose to make a fair test if you wanted
to answer the following question: If the shape of the rolling object changes,
what happens to the rolling time? Explain your answer.
3. Which teams’ experiments would you choose to make a fair test if you wanted
to answer the following question: If the height of the top of the ramp
increases, what happens to the rolling time? Explain your answer.
4. Based on the table, answer this experiment question: If the mass of the rolling
object increases, what happens to the rolling time? Be sure to state which
teams’ experiments you used as evidence in a fair test to support your answer.
Unit 1 • Chapter 3
© It’s About Time
2. Choose the experiments done by
Teams B, C, and D. Each of these
teams had the same mass (240 g)
and ramp height (15 cm), with
different shapes (disk, hoop, ball).
3. Choose the experiments done by
Teams A, D, and F. Each of these
teams had the same shape (ball)
and mass (240 g), with different
heights (10, 15, 20 cm).
123
4. If the mass of the rolling object
increases, then the rolling time
stays the same. The evidence
comes from Teams C and E, which
had the same shape (hoop) and
ramp height (15 cm), with different
masses (240 g and 180 g) for a
fair test. As the mass of the hoop
increased from 180 g to 240 g,
the rolling time stayed the same at
3.30 seconds.
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Activity 5 Practice
1. See table below.
Activity 5: Density
1. Imagine that Miguel measured the density of four unknown liquids, as shown
in Table 1 below. The uncertainty in the mass measurements is 0.02 grams
2. I could check his claim by checking
if the density of the material he
had matched that of silver. I could
calculate the density if I measured
the mass and volume of the
material and then took the mass
divided by the volume to get the
density.
Table 1: Mass of Unknown Liquids
Mass (g) of 1 cm3
Unknown Liquid
#1
1.18 g
#2
1.12 g
#3
0.73 g
#4
1.10 g
Kind of Liquid
Use the information about densities in Table 2 to identify each liquid. Record the
name of each unknown liquid in Table 1. Remember that more than one unknown
liquid may be the same kind of liquid.
Activity 6 Practice
Table 2: Density of Liquids
1. (d) a light bulb (Using instruments
that can measure properties with
numbers is always better than
having to use imprecise terms like
"dim" and "bright" for bulb
brightness.)
Kind of Liquid
Density
Mass (g) of 1 cm3
Acetic Acid
1.05 g
Antifreeze
1.11 g
Gasoline
0.74 g
Mercury
13.0 g
Rubbing Alcohol
1.20 g
Salt Water
0.79 g
Water
1.00 g
2. A prospector claims to have mined and refined some pure silver metal. What is
one way you could check the validity of his claim?
Activity 6: Characteristic Properties
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following is not an instrument used to measure the properties of
objects?
a) a ruler
b) a mass balance
c) an ammeter
d) a light bulb
e) a graduated cylinder
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Table 1: Mass of Unkown Liquids
Mass of 1-cm3 Cube (g)
Kind of Liquid
#1
1.18
Salt Water
#2
1.12
Antifreeze
#3
0.73
Gasoline
#4
1.10
Antifreeze
© It’s About Time
Unknown Liquid
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Activity 6 Characteristic Properties
PRACTICES—ANSWERS
BUILDING A FOUNDATION
1
SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS
INTERACTIONS
AND PROPERTIES
2. Phoebe wants to make some whipped cream to put on the top of a shortcake she
made. She pours some cold liquid cream into a bowl. When she quickly beats the
liquid cream with a fork, air is gradually mixed into the cream, creating a fluffy,
foam-like whipped cream. After the air is mixed in to make it fluffy, the mass of the
whipped cream mixture
a) increases.
b) decreases.
c) remains the same.
d) cannot be determined from the information given.
3. There are two rectangular pools at a community center. The lap swimming pool
has a depth of 3 m (meters), a length of 25 m, and a width of 10 m. The shallower
play pool has a depth of 1 m, length 40 m, and width 20 m. Which pool holds
more water?
a) The lap swimming pool holds more water.
b) The play pool holds more water.
c) They both hold the same amount (volume) of water.
d) You cannot tell from the information given.
4. Density is a characteristic property of a substance, which means it helps you identify
what a substance is. What is another characteristic property of a substance?
a) length
b) volume
c) mass
d) electrical conductivity
5. In her industrial arts class, Brenda finds that a solid block of steel and a solid block
of aluminum have the same mass. Determine which block has the greater volume.
From the Table of Densities, 1 cm3 of steel has a mass of 7.6 g and 1 cm3 of
aluminum has a mass of 2.7 g.
a) The steel block
b) The aluminum block
c) The volumes are the same.
d) You cannot tell from the information given.
Unit 1 • Chapter 3
125
2. (a) increases (Air is mixed in to
the whipped cream and has mass.)
© It’s About Time
3. (b) The play pool holds more
water. (Volume (capacity) of lap
pool = 750m3, play pool = 800m3.)
4. (d) electrical conductivity
(Characteristic properties of
materials, like electrical
conductivity, are measurements
(numbers) that are different for
different kinds of materials.)
5. (b) The aluminum block (Since the
density of Al (2.7g/cm3) is less
than steel (7.6 g/cm3), a greater
volume of solid Al is required to
create the same mass as solid
steel.)
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6. Julie's conclusion is valid, because
the experiment is a fair test and
her supporting reasons are based
on all of the available evidence
(data).
Review of Evaluating Experimental Conclusions:
An Experiment with Wires
850 mA
(Questions 6– 8) A science team conducted an experiment
with different nichrome wires in an electrical circuit
because they were interested in answering the question:
A
7. Diana's conclusion is not valid,
because her supporting reason is
an opinion, not based on evidence.
thick
nichrome
wire
8. Pietro's conclusion is not valid,
because his supporting reason
does not use all of the available
evidence (data).
What is the relationship between the thickness
(diameter) of a wire and the electrical current the
wire conducts?
other
wires
They used a simulator to conduct the experiment, so there was no uncertainty in the
ammeter measurements of the electric current. You can assume they conducted the
experiment so it was a fair test. The amount of electric current through the circuit as
measured by the ammeter for each wire thickness is shown in the table below.
Table: Electric Current versus
Diameter of Wire
Diameter of Wire
(millimeters)
Electric Current
(mA)
0.50
420
0.70
550
1.0
700
1.4
850
(Questions 6 – 8) Read and evaluate the following students’ conclusions and reasons,
choosing from the following responses:
• The student’s conclusion is not valid, because the experiment is not a fair test.
• The student’s conclusion is not valid, because his/her supporting reason is an
opinion, not based on evidence.
• The student’s conclusion is not valid, because his/her supporting reason does not
use all of the available evidence (data).
• The student’s conclusion is valid, because the experiment is a fair test and his/her
supporting reasons are based on all of the available evidence (data).
• There is not enough information to determine whether the student’s conclusion
is valid or not.
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© It’s About Time
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Activity 7 Calculating Density
PRACTICES—ANSWERS
BUILDING A FOUNDATION
1
SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS
INTERACTIONS
AND PROPERTIES
6. Julie wrote:
Conclusion - I conclude that when the diameter of the nichrome wire increases,
then the electric current in the circuit increases.
Reason - The data show that as the diameter of the wire increased from 0.5 mm to
0.7 mm to 1.0 mm to 1.4 mm, the electric current in the circuit increased
from 420 mA to 550 mA to 700 mA to 850 mA.
7. Diana wrote:
Conclusion - I conclude that when the diameter of the nichrome wire increases,
then the electric current in the circuit increases.
Reason - I think that a thicker wire has a better electrical conductivity than a
thinner wire.
8. Pietro wrote:
Conclusion - I conclude that when the diameter of the nichrome wire increases,
then the electric current in the circuit increases.
Reason - The data show that the electric current for the thickest wire (850 mA) is
more than double the electric current for the thinnest wire (420 mA).
Activity 7: Calculating Density
Short-Answer
For the problems below, show your work and use the correct units. Refer to the Table
of Densities in Activity 5 or in the Appendix.
(Questions 1-3) Suppose you had a rectangular block of shiny gray metal that was
3 cm wide, 2 cm high, and 4 cm long. The metal block has a mass of 252 grams.
1. What is the volume of the metal block? Show your work.
2. What is the density of the metal block? Show your work.
3. What type of metal is the block probably composed of? Use the Table of Densities.
Unit 1 • Chapter 3
127
Activity 7 Practice
1. Volume = Width x Length x Height
= 3cm x 4cm x 2cm = 24cm3
2. Density =
Mass
Volume
=
252 g
24 cm3
© It’s About Time
=10.5g/cm3
3. The block is probably composed of
silver because silver has the same
density as the block.
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CHAPTER 3 INTERACTIONS AND PROPERTIES
4. Volume of solid = Volume with
solid and water – Volume with
water only = 65mL – 52mL =
13mL = 13cm3
5. Density =
Mass
Volume
=
75.4 g
13 cm3
(Questions 4-6) Suppose that you are conducting an experiment in which you are
trying to identify the metal out of which a small toy soldier is made. Using a balance,
you determine that the mass of the toy soldier is 75.4 g.
=
To find the toy soldier’s volume, you use the water displacement method, filling a
graduated cylinder half full of water. You measure the water volume and find it to be
52 mL (= 52 cm3). Then you place the toy in the cylinder so the water completely
covers the toy. The combined volume of the water and toy soldier is 65 mL.
5.8g/cm3
6. The toy soldier is probably
composed of tin because tin has
the same density (5.8 g/cm3) as
the toy soldier.
4. What is the volume of the toy soldier? Show your work.
5. What is the density of the toy solider? Show your work.
6. What metal is the toy soldier probably composed of? Use the Table of Densities in
Activity 5.
7. (d) salt water (120g / 100mL =
1.2 g/mL, same density as salt
water in Table of Densities)
Multiple Choice (Questions 7-9)
You will need to use the Table of Densities in Activity 5 to answer the questions below.
7. Suppose that you are conducting an experiment in which you are trying to identify
a clear liquid. You determine that 100 mL of the liquid has a mass of 120 g. What
might the clear liquid be?
8. (d) None of the blocks is made of
steel. Density of Block 1 = 205g /
20 cm3 = 10.5 g/cm3, Block 2 =
2.7 g/cm3, Block 3 = 5.3 g/cm3,
Steel = 7.6 g/cm3.
a) rubbing alcohol
b) acetic acid
c) water
d) salt water
8. José has three blocks of shiny gray metal. He is trying to determine which block, if
any, is made of steel. All three blocks have a volume of 20 cm3. The first block has
mass of 210 g; the second block has a mass of 54 g; and the third block has a mass
of 106 g. Which block, if any, is probably made of steel?
9. (a) 10 cm3 of mercury
(10 cm3 13.0 g/cm3 = 130g;
salt water = 60g; water = 75g;
rubbing alcohol = 79g.)
a) Block with a mass of 106 g
b) Block with a mass of 54 g
c) Block with a mass of 210 g
d) None of the blocks is made of steel.
9. Which of the following liquids has the largest mass?
a) 10 cm3 of mercury
b) 50 cm3 of salt water
c) 75 cm3 of water
d) 100 cm3 of rubbing alcohol
InterActions in Physical Science
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UNIT 1: BUILDING A FOUNDATION