Databook
on
tree
on endangered tree
and
species
and shrub species
and provenances
provenances
FAO
FORESTRY
PAPER
77
Forest RE:sources
Resources Division
FAD
Forestry Department
FAO Forestry
FOOD
FOOD
AND
AGRICULTURE
ORGANIZATION
ORGANIZATION
OF THE
THE
NATIONS
UNITED NATIONS
Rome , 1986
Rome,
The designations
designations employed
the presentation
presentat ion of
of
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and the
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ln this
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01
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publication do
any
any opinion
opinion whatsoever
whatsoever on
on the
the part of
a ! the
the Food
Food and
and
Agrlcutture Organization of
of the United
United Nations
Nations
Agriculture
concerning
status
ol any coun
country
concerning the
the legal sta
tus of
tr y territory
terntory .city
Clly
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or area or
or of
of lIS
its authorities.
authorities, or
or concerning
concerning the
o f its
115 frontiers
ies
of
frontiers or
or boundar
boundaries
M-31
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©
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© FAO
- iii -
ABSTRACT
Based
species in need of attention
Based on aa list of species
drawn up by the FAO
FAG Panel
Panel of Experts on Forest Gene
Resources,
81 monographs on endangered
endangered woody
woody species
species
Resources, 81
and provenances were prepared in
in collaboration
collaboration with
with
researchers
over the
researchers and institutes
institutes from
from all
allover
the world.
world.
information on
on the
the botany
botany
The monographs include information
silvics of the species,
species, as
as well
well as
as their
their status
status
and silvics
terms of genetic depletion;
depletion; and outline
outline action
in terms
needed to
to conserve existing
exist ing genetic
genetic variation in
in them.
them.
- iv --
FOREWORD
FOREWORD
At its
its 5th
5th Session
Session in
in Borne
Rome in
in 1981,
1981, the
the FAO Panel
Panel
At
of
included in
in its
its list
list
of Experts on Forest Gene Resources included
of species in
in need
need of
of attention,
attention, 81 species considered
threatened with extinction or subject to
to severe,
severe, genetic
genetic
depletion.
species, endangered either at the
the
These 81
81 species,
depletion.
level, form the
the basis
basis for
for the
the
species or provenance level,
present book.
book. Some of these were also described
described in FAO's
FAD's
present
Data Book
Book on
on Endangered Forest
Forest Tree
Tree Species
Species
1981 Draft Data
and Provenances elaborated in cooperation
cooperation with
with IUFRO
IUFRO
(International
(International Union for
for Forestry Research Organizations)
and UNEP (United
(United Nations Environment Programme).
Programme).
species included
included is
is by
by no
no means
means aa
The list of species
list of
of endangered
endangered woody
woody species,
species, but
but represents
represents
complete list
of those
those species
species which
which the
the Panel
Panel considered
considered
a cross-cut of
should urgently be included in genetic resources
resources
exist on
on endangered
endangered
programmes. Many national lists exist
fauna, and
and these
these complement
complement the
the present
present
flora and fauna,
species of
of international
international socioeconomic
socioeconomic
list of species
from national lists is regularly
importance. Information from
collated and computerized by the International
International Union
for
for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN),
(IUCN) ,
which concentrates on recording information
information on
on species
species
considered endangered,
endangered, threatened and
and vulnerable,
vulnerable,
at the
the species,
at
species, rather than intraspecific, level.
level.
The main purpose of the present
present book
book is
is to
to draw
draw
the attention of decision-makers,
the
decision-makers, scientists
scientist s and
and
international and national
national organizations to
to the
the
conservation needs of the species included
included in
in the
the
book.
To facilitate conservation
conservation activities,
activities, the
the book
book
gives
ecology, biology;
biology;
gives information on distribution, ecology,
actual
uses; silviculture; genetic
genetic status;
status;
actual or potential uses;
and remedial action underway or recommended
and
recommended to
to safeguard
safeguard
the
resources at species and provenance
provenance levels.
levels .
the genetic
genetic resources
The
The book
book attempts
attempts to
to give
give as
as reliable
reliable an
an account
account as
as
possible of each species,
species, and over fourty
fourty scientists
scientists from
from
more than twenty institutes worldwide have
more
have contributed
contributed to
to
the Data Sheets (See
the
(See acknowledgements).
- v -v
Information for many species
species is,
Is, however,
howeve r , still
still
from complete
complete and conservation
conservation action
action will
wil l thus
thus
far from
to be
be complemented by
by further,
further, basic
basic studies
studies
have to
the species
species in
in question.
question.
on the
The catalytic work
work of
of FAO's
FAD's Forest.
Forest . Resources
Division
Resources Division
in
the rield
forest genetic resources,
resources, under the
the
in the
field of forest
guidance of the
the FAO Panel of Experts on Forest Gene
within the
the framework
framework of
of the
the Tropical
Tropical
Resources and within
Forestry Action
Action Plan,
Plan, continues
continues to
to focus
focus on
on the
the interinterrelated
exploration, collection,
collection , evaluarelated activities
activities of exploration,
tion,
uti l ization. The work
work is
is
tion, conservation and utilization.
collaboration with,
with, and
and through
through support
support
carried out in collaboration
to, national institutes especially
especially in
in tropical
tropical
to,
countries.
It
It is
is hoped
hoped that
that the present Data Book will lead
in both
both the
the species
species listed
listed
to conservation action in
species identified at
at the
the national
national level;
level; and,
and,
and in species
emerges, to the description and conservation
as the need emerges,
situ of additional species
species threatened
threatened with
with
in and ex situ
extinction-or-genetic
depletion.
extinction
or genetic depletion.
J.P. Lanl
irector
Division
Forest Resources Division
Forestry Department
- vi --
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
contribution of the
the following
following
The assistance and contribution
individuals to
to this
this work
work is
is gratefully
gratefully
institutions and individuals
acknowledged:
Australia
:
J.W.
J.W. Turnbull
CSIRO Division of Forest Research,
Research,
P.O.
P.O. Box 4008
Canberra, A.C.T.
A.C.T. 2600
Canberra,
(Eucalyptus
(Eucalyptus globulus)
J.
Ja Davidson
Eucalyptus and
and Forestry
Forestry Services,
Services,
P.O. Box 419
P.O.
Armidade,
Armidade, N.S.W. 2750
(Eucalyptus deglupta)
Bermuda
Bermuda
:
Brazil
Brazil
:
G.R. Groves
G.R.
Formerly Dept.
Dept. of Agriculture
Agriculture
and Fisheries
Botanical Gardens
Paget P.O.
P.O. Box 834, Hamilton 5
Paget
(Juniperus bermudiana)
R. Chiaranda, M.
M. Ferreira,
Ferreira,
R.
P.Y. Kageyama,
Kageyama, B.F.
P.Y.
H.F. Luz,
Luz,
M.L.
M.L. Marques,
Marques, I.E.
I.E. Pires
Pires and
M.
M. Tomazello
Forestry Department -- ESALQ
sao Paulo
Universidade de Sao
Cx.
Cx. Postal 9, Piracicaba CEP 13.400
13.400
Sao Paulo
sao
Aspidosperma
(Araucaria angustifolia, Aspidosperma
polyneuron, Astronium
Astronium urundeuva,
urundeuva,
Balfourodendron riedelianum,
riedelianum,
Balfourodendron
Dalbergia nigra,
nigra, Dipterix
Dipterix alata,
alata,
Esenbeckia leiocarpa, Ilex
Ilex
paraguaiensis, Joannensia princeps,
princeps,
paraguaiensis,
Machaerium villosum,
villosum, Ocotea
Ocotea porosa,
Plathymenia
Piptadenia peregrina, Plathymenia
foliosa, Pterogyne
pterogyne nitens, Zeyheria
Zeyheria
foliosa,
tuberculosa)
- vii
Brazil
:
(cont.)
C.E.S.
and I.E.
I.E. Pires
Pires
C.E.S. Nascimento and
EMBRAPA/CPATSA
P.O.
P.O. Box 23
23
Petrolina,
Petrol ina. PE
FE
Mimosa
(Anadenanthera macrocarpa, Mimosa
caesalpiniaefolia, M.
~. verrucosa,
verrucosa,
Schinopsis
s, Tabebuia
Schinopsis brasiliensi
brasiliensis,
~etiginosa)
impetiginosa)
L.G.S.
S.T. Ohasi
Ohasi and
and
L.G.S. Costa, S.T.
O. Daniel
O.
Forestry Department
Faculdade de Ciencias
Ci8ncias Agrarias
do Paré.
Para
P.O. Box 917
P.O.
Belém, Pará
Belem,
Para
(Aniba duckei,
Bertholetia excelsa,
excelsa,
duckei, Bertholetia
Didymopanax morotoni)
OraymQpanax
Chile
:
Corporacion
(CONAF)
Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF)
Avenida Bulnes 285, OF. 703
Santiago (Transmitted
(Transmitted by
by R.Romero
R.Romero
Alpe)
Alpe)
(Acacia caven,
caven, Atriplex repanda)
repanda)
China,
China, Peoples
Peoples
Republic of
Ecuador
:
:
Pan Chih Kang
The Arboretum
Chinese Academy of Forestry
Wan Shou Shan
Beijing
(Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Fagus
Fagus
longipetiolata,
GlyPtostrobus
longipetiolata, Glyptostrobus
lineatus,
Pseudotsuga gaussenii,
gaussenii,
lineatus, Pseudotsuga
Pseudotsuga sinensis,
sinensis, Taiwania
cryptomerioides, Taiwana
Taiwana flousiana)
flousiana)
Pablo Rosero
Batan 405
Av. 6 de
de Diciembre
Quito
(former
(former CATIE,
CATIE, Turrialba
Costa Rica)
(Alnus
(Alnus acuminata)
4170,
- viii -
Ghana
:
Greece
:
Guatemala
:
Italy
:
Japan
:
Kenya
:
S.P.K. Britwum
Britwwn
S.P.K.
Forest Products Research Institute
University of Science
Technology
and Technology
Kumasi
(Pericopsis elata)
elata)
K.
K. Panetsos
Panetsos
Genetics
Laboratory of Forest Genetics
University
Aristotelian University
School of Agriculture and Forestry
Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki
(Platanus orientalis)
J.M. Saraiva,
Saraiva, J.E.
J.E. Sosa and C.
C. Girón
Giron
J.M.
(INAFOR)
Instituto Nacional Forestal (INAFOR)
Ciudad de Guatemala
(Abies guatemalensis)
R.
R. Morandini
Istituto Sperimentale per
Selvicoltura
la Selvicoltura
Arezzo,
Arezzo, Italy
Italy
(Abies
nebrodensis, Cedrus
(Abies nebrodensis,
Cedrus libani,
libani,
Pinus eldarica)
eldarica)
H.
G. Asakawa
H. Takehara and G.
Forestry and
and Forest
Forest Products
Products
Research Institute
Morin Kenku,
Kenku, Ibaraki
Ibaraki
Tsukuba Morin
var. amamiana,
amamiana,
(Pinus armandii var.
koraiensis, Pinus
Pinus pentaphylla)
Pinus koraiensis,
J.A.
J.A. Odera
Forestry Research
Research Dept.
Dept.
Kikuyu
and
Mrs. Christine H.S. Kabuye
Mrs.
East African Herbarium
National Museums of kenya
kenya
Nairobi
(Brachylaena hutchinsii,
hutchinsii, Caesalpinia
dalei,
dalei, Cordia milleni,
milleni, Gigasiphon
Lovoa swynnertonii,
swynnertonii,
macrosiphon, Lovoa
Stuhlmannia
Populus ilicifolia, Stuhlmannia
moavi, Vepris glandulosa)
glandulosa)
moavi,
- ix -
Mauritius
:
The Netherlands
:
A. W. Owadally
A.W.
of Forests
Conservator of
Forest Department
Ministry of Agriculture,
Agriculture, Fisheries
and
and Natural
Natural Resources
Curepipe
Curepipe
(Diospyros
(Diospyros hemiteles)
H.M.
H.M. Heybroek.
Heybroek
Dorschkamp Research Institute
Wageningen
Wageningen
The Netherlands
(Ulmus wallichiana)
Nigeria
:
P . R.O. Kio,
Kia, J.C.
J.C. Okafor,
Okafor,
P.R.O.
F.O.
D. A. Ovat
Ovat
F.O. Adewole and D.A.
Forestry Research Institute of
Nigeria
Federal
i nistry of Science
Scienc e
Federal M
Ministry
and Technology
Ibadan,
Ibadan, Nigeria
(Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum,
balsamiferum,
Irvingia gabonensis,
gabonensis, Nesogordonia
papavifera)
papavifera)
Norway
:
Papua New
Ne w Guinea
Guin e a
:
Sudan
:
T. Hedegart
Hedegart
T.
Saatvedt
Sk.ollenborg
Skollenborg
(Tectona hamiltoniana,
hamiltoniana, Tectona
philippinensis)
philippinensis)
N.H.S. Howcroft
N.H.S.
Office of
of Forests
Forests
Forest Research
Re s earch Station
Bulo
lo
Bulolo
Province
Morobe Province
(Araucaria
Araucaria
(Araucaria cunninghamii,
cunninghamii, Araucaria
hunsteinii)
hunsteinii)
Ahme d
Ahmed El Houri Ahmed
Re search Institute
Institute
Forest Research
Soba,
Soba, Khartoum
Khartoum
(A.
raddiana,
(A. tortilis subsp. raddiana,
A.
A: tortilis subsp.
subsp. tortilis)
tortilis)
-- xx --
Thailand
A. Kaosa-Ard
A.
Teak Improvement Center
Royal
Royal Forest Department
Bangkhen
Bangkok
(Tectona hamiltoniana)
United
United Kingdom
Kingdom
J.B.
J.B. Hall
University College of North Wales
Wales
Dept.
Wood Science
Dept. of Forestry and Wood
Bangor
Gwynedd LL57 2UW,
2UW, Wales
(Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum,
balsamiferum,
Juniperus )rocera,
procera, Nesogordonia
Nesogordonía
Juniperus
papavifera
C.E.
McCarter,
C.E. Hughes,
Hughes, P.S. McCarter,
P.J.
B.T. Styles
P.J. Stewart and B.T.
Oxford
Oxford Forestry Institute
University
University of
of Oxford
South
South Parks Road
OX1 3RB
OXl
(Abies
guinata,
(Abies numidica,
numidica, Bombacopsis quinata,
Cedrela fissilis,
fis511i5, C.
C. odorata,
odorata,
atlantica~ C.
~. dupreziana,
dupreziana,
Cupresus atlantica,
Entandrophragma angolense,
angolense, Khaya
senegalensis,
Liguidambar styraciflua,
styraciflua,
senegalensis, Liquidambar
swynnertonii, Pinus patula
Lovoa swynnertonii,
subsp.
P. pseudostrobus)
pseudostrobus)
subsp. tecunumanii, P.
W.G.
W. G. Dyson
Dyson
tt
(Vepris glandulosa)
glandulasa)
UK,
UK,
U.S.A.
W.J.
Libby
W.J. Libby
School
School of Forestry &
& Conservation
University of California
California
Berkeley,
California
Berkeley, California
(Pinus
(Pinus radiata)
Venezuela
M.
M. Quijada
Quijada
Seccion de
de Genética
Genetica
Sección
Silvicultura
Instituto de Silvicultura
de los
los Andes
Andes
Universidad de
Mérida
Merida
quinata)
(Bombacopsis quinata)
-ti-
author(s) of each species
species monograph is
is duely
The author(s)
mentioned in
in the
the text.
text.
Special thanks
thanks are also due to
to Dr. B.T.Styles
(Oxford
Institute), who undertook the
the
(Oxford Forestry Institute),
verification of botanic details and made the
the final
botanical editing.
editing.
- xii -
Of CONTENTS
TABLE OF
Abstract
iii
Foreword
iv
iv
Acknowledgements
vi
contents
Table of contents
xii
xii
Institutional
Institutional acronyms/abbreviations
xiv
Species monographs
Abies
Abies guatemalensis
A.
A. nebrodensis
A.
A. numidica
Acacia albida
alb ida
A.
A. caven
caven
A. tortilis subsp.tortilis
A.
A.
A. tortilis subsp.raddiana
Alnus
Alnus acuminata
Anactenanthera
Anadenanthera macrocarpa
Aniba duckei
angustifolia
Araucaria angustifolia
A. cunninghamii
cunninghamii
A.
A. hunsteinii
A.
Aspidosperma polyneuron
Astronium urundeuva
Atriplex repanda
repanda
Balfourodendron
Balfourodendron riedelianum
Bertholetia excelsa
quinata
Bombacopsis quinata
Brachyleana huillensis
dalei
Caesalpinia dalei
Cedrela fissilis
fi55ili5
C.
C. odorata
Cedrus libani
libani
Cercidiphyllum japonicum
japonicum
Chlorophora excelsa
excelsa
Cordia milleni
milleni
atlantica
Cupressus atlantica
C. dupreziana
C.
Dalbergia nigra
nigra
morotoni
Didymopanax morotoni
hemiteles
Diospyros hemiteles
11
11
16
21
21
29
36
36
42
42
48
48
54
60
60
69
69
85
85
96
96
106
116
116
126
136
145
155
163
168
173
178
178
184
189
194
200
205
210
216
228
238
- xiii -
Dipterix alata
Cntandrophragma
angolense
Entandrophragma angolense
Esenbeckia
leiocarpa
Esenbeckia leiocarpa
de~lupta
Eucalyptus deglupta
C.
subs? globulus
globulus
E. globulus subsp.
Fagus
l ongipetiolata
Fagus longipetiolata
Gigasiphon macrosiphon
macr osiphon
Glyptostrobus lineatus
lineatus
Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum
balsamiferum
zaizou
Gymnostemon zaizou
Ilex paraguaiensis
Irvingia gabonensis
Irvingia
princeps
Joannesia princeps
Juniperus bermudiana
J. procera
J.
Khaya
seneg a lensis
Khaya senegalensis
Liquidambar
styraciflua
Liguidambar styraciflua
Lovoa
Lovoa swynnertonii
villosum
Machaerium villosum
Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia
M.verrucosa
papav~rifera
Nesogordonia papaverifera
porosa
Ocotea porosa
Pericopsis el
ata
Pericopsis
elata
Pinus
var.amamiana
Pinus armandii var.amamiana
P.
P. eldarica
P. koraiensis
P.
P.
subsp. tecunumanii
tecunumanii
P. patula subsp.
P.. penthaphylla
P
P.
P. pscudostrobus
pseudostrobus
P.
rad iata
P. radiata
Piptadenia peregrina
Platanus orientalis
oriental is
Plathymenia foliosa
Plathymeriia
foliosa
Populus ilicifolia
ilicifolia
Prosopis
Prosopis cineraria
Pseudotsuga gaussenii
P. sinensis
P.
pterogyne
ni tens
Pterogyne nitens
Schinopsis
brasiliensis
Schinopsis brasil
iensis
Stuhlmannia moavi
moavi
impetiginosa
Tabebuia impetiginosa
Taiwania cryptomerioides
T. flousiana
f l ousiana
T.
Tecto
na hamiltoniana
Tectona
T. ohilippinensis
philippinensis
T.
Ulmus
Ulmus wallichiana
Vepris
la ndulosa
Vepris gglandulosa
Zeyheria tuberculosa
Zeyheria
tuberculosa
242
248
248
254
262
262
271
279
283
289
296
304
307
314
314
320
326
326
331
331
341
341
347
347
355
361
368
373
378
387
337
394
401
406
410
415
421
426
431
431
436
441
448
454
459
464
467
470
477
482
485
496
494
498
503
503
506
512
518
518
- xiv -
INSTITUTIONAL ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TEXT
BASA
Banca da
da Amazonia,
Amazonia, Belém,
Belem, Brazil.
Brazil.
CAMCORE
America and Mexico
Mexico Coniferous
Conirerous
Central America
Resources Cooperative,
Coope r ative, School of Forest
Forest
North Carolina
Carol ina State
State University,
University,
Resources, North
USA.
CATIE
Agronomico Tropical de
de Investigación
Investigacion
Centro Agronómico
yy Enseñanza,
Ensenanza, Turrialba,
Turrialba, Costa
Costa Rica.
Rica.
CITES
International Trade
Trade in
in
Convention on International
Endangered Species of
or Woodland
Woodland Fauna and
Flora.
CONAF
Corporación
Corporacion Nacional
Nacional Forestal, Chile.
CONIF
Corporacion Nacional
Nacional de
de Investigación
Investigacion y
y
Corporación
Fomento Forestal,
Forestal, Colombia.
Colombia.
CNPq
Nacional de
de Desenvolvimento
Conselho Nacional
Cientlrico ee Tecnologico,
'l'ecnologico, Brazil.
Brazil.
Cientifico
CPATU
Pesquisas Agricolas
Agricolas dos
dos Trópicos
Tropicos
Centro de Pesquisas
Belem, Brazil.
Brazil.
Umedos, Belém,
CPATSA
Centro de Pesquisas
Pesquisas Agricolas
Agricolas dos
dos Trópicos
Tropicos
Semiáridos, Petrolina,
Semiaridos,
Petrolina, Brazil.
Brazil.
CSIRO
Commenwealth Scientific
Sci e ntific and
and Industrial
Industrial
Research Organization, Melbourne,
Melbourne, Australia.
Australia.
CTM
Tecnologia Madeireira,
Madeireira, Pará,
Para,
Centro de Tecnologia
Brazil.
DID
Departamento de
de Informagao
Informa~ao e
e Difusao,
Difusao,
EMBRAPA.
EMBRAPA
Brasileira de
de Pesquisa
Pesquisa Agropecuária,
Agropecuaria,
Empresa Brasileira
Brazil.
Brasilia, Brazil.
ESALQ
ESALQ
Es cola Superior de
de Agricultura
Agricultura "Luiz
"Luiz de
de
Escola
Queiroz", Universidade de
de Sao Paulo,
Queiroz",
Paulo, Brazil.
FAO
Food and Agriculture Organization
Organization of
of the
the
Unit e d Nations,
Nations, Rome,
Rome, Italy.
Italy.
United
-
xv -
FPR1
FPRI
Forest Products Research Institute,
Institute, Ghana.
Ghana.
1BDF
IBDF
Instituto Brasileiro de
de Desenvolvimento
Desenvolvimento
Brazil.
Florestal, Brazil.
1FSP
IFSP
de Sao
Sao Paulo,
Paulo, Brazil.
Brazil.
Instituto Florestal de
1NAFOR
INAFOR
Institute Nacional Forestal,
Fores tal, República
Republica
Instituto
de Guatemala.
1NDERENA
INDERENA
Institute Nacional de
de los
los Recursos
RecurSDs Naturales
Naturales
Instituto
Renovables, Colombia.
Colombia.
1NPA
INPA
de Pesquisas
Pesquisas da
da Amazönia,
Amazonia,
Instituto Nacional de
Brazil.
1PEF
IPEF
Instituto de
de Pesquisas ee Estudos
Estudos Florestais,
Florestais,
Brazil.
1PT
IPT
Pesquisas Tecnológicas
Tecnologicas do
Instituto de Pesquisas
Estado de
de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Brazil.
OF1
OFI
Oxford Forestry Institute,
Institute, UK.
UK.
PNPF
Programa Nacional de Pesquisas Florestais,
Florestais,
Brazil.
PNUD
Programa
Programa de
de las
las Naciones
Naciones Unidas
Unidas para el
( = United Nations Development
Desarrollo (=
Programme).
PRODEPEF
Projeto
Projeto de
de Desenvolvimento
Desenvolvimento ee Pesquisa
Florestal (PNUD/FAO/IBDF).
(PNUD/FAO/1BDF).
RENARE
Direccion Nacional de Recursos Naturales
Naturales
Dirección
Renovables,
Renovables, Panamá.
Panama.
S1F
SIF
Sociedade
Investiga~oes Florestais,
Florestais,
Sociedade de Investigagoes
Vicosa, Brazil.
Brazil.
Vicosa,
UFPB
Universidade Federal da
da Paraiba,
Paraiba, Brazil.
Brazil.
UFV
Universidade Federal de
Universidade
de Vicosa,
Vicosa, Brazil.
Brazil.
URPFCS
Unidade
Unidade Regional
Regional de
de Pesquisas Florestais
do Centro Sul,
do
SuI, Brazil.
Brazil.
- xvi -
USDA
United States Development
Development Agency
Agency
USP
Universidade
Universidade de Sao
sao Paulo.
- 1 -
Abies guatemalensis
guaternalensis Rehder II
1/
SYNONYMS
Pinus religiosa
religiosa sensu
sensu Parl.
Parl.
~.tacanensis
A.tacanensis
(1868)
Lundell (1940)
(1940)
Lundell
Rehd. var.
var . jaliscana
jaliscana Mart.
Mart.
Rehd.
~.quaternalensis
A.guatemalensis
A.guatemalensis
~.guatemalensis
(1948)
(1948)
Rehd.
Rehd. var.
var. tacanensis
tacanensis (Lundell)
(Lundell) Mart.(1963)
Mart. (l963)
(A.
(~ . reliqiosa
religiosa (HBK.)
(HBK . ) Schlecht.
Schlecht. ++ Cham
Cham.
. is
is closely
closely related
related
guatemalensis, and
and is
is occasionally, and
and wrongly
to A.
A. guatemalensis,
cited as a
a synonym
synonym of
of it.
it .
This
is widespread
widespread in
in
This species is
C.
E . Mexico,
Mexico, but also occurs further
further south
south on
on a
a few
few
C. and E.
hi9h
in N.W.
N.W. Guatemala.
Guatemala.
high mountains in
two species
species are,
are,
The two
in fact,
fact, easily separated
separated on
on vegetative
vegetative material
material alone,
alone ,
in
and
any nomenclatural confusion probably dates
dates back
back to
to
and any
Parlatore's
Pinus religiosa
religiosa (above)
(above) for
for aa
Parlatore's citation of Pinus
specimen of
A.
~.
guatemalensis.
Following the
the division
division
of
the genus
into Picea,
Picea, Abies and
and Pinus,
Pinus, Pinus
Pinus
of the
genus Pinus into
religi o sa became A.
A. religiosa.)
religiosa . )
religiosa
FAMILY
Pinaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
Paxaque
(local Guatemalan dialects);
dialects);
Paxaque or Pajachac (local
Pinbete
(S panish); Guatemalan fir,
fir, Guatamala fir
fir
Pinbete (Spanish);
(English); Sapin
(French)· Guatemalatanne
(English);
Sapin du
du Guatemala
Guatemala (French)Guatemalatanne
(German)
(German)..
l/
1/
Based
the work of i)
i) P.S.
P . S . McCarter (Oxford
(Oxford Forestry
Forest ry
Based on
on the
Institute,
Institute, Dept
Dept.. Plant Sciences,
SCiences, University of
o f Oxford,
Oxfo rd,
OXl
3RB, U.
K. ) and
and ii)
ii) J.M.
J . M. Saraiva,
Sarai va, J.E.
J . ~ . Sosa
Sosa and
and
0X1 3RB,
U.K.)
C
(Insti tuto Nacional Forestal,
Fo restal, INAFOR,
INAFOR ,
C.. Giron
Giron (Instituto
Republi
ca de Guatemala).
Guatemala) .
Republica
-
22 --
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
impressive and quite magnificent forest
forest tree,
tree, which
An impressive
can attain
attain a
height of 45
m, with
with a
of up
m
can
a height
45 m,
a trunk
trunk of
up to
to 1
1 m
of the
the current
current year
year purplishpurplish in diameter. Branchlets of
red,
red-purple, slightly
red, turning
turning aa deeper blackish red-purple,
grooved
sparse pubescence
pubescence of greyish-brown
greyish-brown
grooved and
and with
with aa sparse
hairs. Leaf scars
scars ovate
ovate to
to round.
round. Winter
Winter buds
buds longlongabout 55 cm
ern long,
long, resinous;
resinous; the
the scales
scales
ovate to ovoid,
ovoid, about
broadly triangular-ovate,
triangular-ovate, obtuse at
at apex,
apex, keeled outside.
outside .
Branches spreading,
spreading, or slightly
slightly ascending,
ascending, whorled and
and
growing
shorter, resulting in a
a conical
conical spiregrowing gradually
gradually shorter,
crown .
like crown.
Fruit
Cones
Cones sessile
sessile or
or shortly
shortly peduncled,
peduncled, oblong-cylindrical,
oblong-cylindrical,
8-12 em
cm long,
long, 4-5.5
wide, obtuse or
8-12
4-5 . 5 cm
ern wide,
or rounded
rounded and
and
truncate, purplish-brown, with
truncate,
with concealed
concealed bract
bract scales.
scales.
Bract scales
scales broader
broader than
than long,
Bract
long, 18-22 mm long,
long, 26-30 mm
Seeds
wide, with puberulous
puberulous external
external margins.
margins.
wide,
cuneate-obovoid, 8-9
8-9 mm long,
cuneate-obovoid,
long, light brown;
brown; wings broadly
and
10-13 mm long
long by
by 10
10 mm
mm wide;
wide;
and obliquely obovate 10-13
erose along
along the outer margins.
erose
Foliage
Leaves
arranged, 12-25 mm or
Leaves more
more or
or less
less pectinately arranged,
long, 1.2-1.4
1.2-1.4 mm
mm wide,
wide, obtuse
obtuse or
or broadly
broadly emarginate,
emarginate,
more long,
Upper
with two teeth
teeth at
at apex,
apex, slightly
slightly twisted
twisted at
at base.
base.
surface shining
shining green,
green, curved downwards
surface
downwards with a
a deep
central furrow;
furrow; lower surface
with two white
central
surface .with
white bands
bands each
of
four to
- one on either side of
of four
to six
six lines
lines of
of stomata Marginal resin canals
aa broad midrib. Marginal
canals two - which lie
each
side
close to
to the
the lower
lower epidermis,
epidermis,one
oneonon
each
sideofofthe
the leaf.
leaf.
- 3
3 -
Bark
Bark
rough and
and fissured
fissured with
with small,
small, irregular
irregular
Bark greyish,
greyih,rough
plates,
plates, 1.5
1.5 mm thick
thick in
in older
older trees,
trees, but
but smooth
smooth with
with
resinous blisters in
in young
young plants.
plants.
WOOD PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
Compared with many of
of its
its coniferous
coniferous associates,
associates, the
the
timber of
of A.
A. guatemalensis is softer,weaker
timber
softer,weaker and less
less
In spite of this,
this, or
or perhaps
perhaps because
because of
of it,
it,
it
readily worked by crude tools and is
it is
is more
more readily
durable.
frequently used locally
locally as
as aa sawn
sawn timber
timber for
for building.
building.
It
It is
is also reputed to be valued by the local Indian
population for
for the
the construction
construction of
of hand
hand looms
looms for
for
weaving.
Its pulping properties are
are reported to be
Its
acceptable.
Other Uses
the greatest
greatest value
value of
of the
the species,
species, however,
however ,
Probably the
is
in providing the cover for mountainous
is simply
simply in
watersheds which is
is so
so critical
critical for
for the
the maintenance
maintenance
well regulated
regulated streams.
streams. ~.
guatemaof high quality, well
A. guatemalensis also produces a
a viscous,
viscous, acrid,
acrid, aromatic
aromatic and
and
semi-transparent resin,
resin, which is
is used by the
the pharmapharmaindustry as
as a
a balsam,
balsam, and
and in
in the
the manufacture
manufacture
ceutical industry
Recently
of varnish.
varnish.
Recently there has been interest in
in the
the
potential of the
the species
species for
for tropical
tropica l highland
highland
afforestat
ion.
afforestation.
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
~.
A.
is the
the most
most southerly
southerly occuring
occuring of
of the
the
guatemalensis is
forty
so species
species of the genus,
genus , which is
is restricted
restricted
forty or
or so
to
the northern hemisphere.
hemisphere.
to the
the few
few
It is one of the
-- 44 --
boreal species
spec i es of fir
f i r found
found wild
wild within
with i n the
the subtropics.
subtropics.
Its distribution
distribution is
Its
is rather limited,
limited, spanning sporadically
a latitudinal
latitudinal range
r 5°
nort herl y
a
range of
of just
just unde
under
50. The most northerly
recorded site
site at
at 19°
19° 35'
35' is
is in
in the State of
of Jalisco,
Jalisco ,
Here the
the species
lowest
Mexico.
Here
species also reaches its lowest
elevation of
of about
about 11 800m.
800m.
There
is then
then a
a large
large gap of
There is
some
to the
south - east where
next found
found in
some 500
500 km to
the south-east
where it is next
of Guerrero
Guerrero and
and Oaxaca.
Oaxaca.
is in
in the
the mountains
lTOlll1tains
the States of
It is
of central Oaxaca,
Oaxaca, S
. Mexico that
that some
some of
of the
the most
most
S.Mexico
extensive stands of the species
species still
still occur,
occur, mainly
mainly
800 and
and 33 200
200 m.
m.
In the
the state of Chiapas it
it
between 22 800
In
is
is recorded
recorded over
over aa wide
wide altitudinal range of between
22 000
m, the
the latter
latter on
on Volcán
Volean Tacaná.
Tacana .
(This
000 to 4 083 m,
is
tree lines
lines anywhere
anywhere in
in the
the world.)
world.)
is one
one of the highest tree
In
found only in the
the West of
In Guatemala
Guatemala,, the
the species
species is found
the
country,
in
the
Departments
of
Huehuetenango,
the country , in
of Huehuetenango,
Tontonicapan,
Quetzaltenango and
and San
San Marcos.
Marcos.
Tontonicapgn, Quetzaltenango
It is also
It
of Solala
Solal~ and
and
reported to occur in the Departments of
Jalapa,
is available
available to
to
Jalapa, but no herbarium material is
the identity
identity of
of these
these citations.
citations.
confirm the
The common
altitude range
range here is between 22 500
500 and
and 33 000
000 m,
m,
although once again it is
is found
found almost
almost at
at the
the tree
tree line
line
of Volc;n
about 44 000 m.
m.
Volcán Tajumulco at about
In Honduras the
the
In
at or
or near
near the
the summits
summits of
of the
the
species has been recorded at
countries two highest mountains,
mountains, Montaña
Montana Celaque
Celaque in
in the
the
700 and
and 22 850
850 mrn and
and
Department of Lempira between 22 700
Montana
Montaña Santa Bárbara
Barbara (2
(2 500
- 2 750
750 m)
m) in
500-2
in the
the Department
of the same
same name.
name .
Finally,
Finally , the
the southernmost recorded
recorded occurence
occurence of
of the
the
latitude 14° 24'N
24'N is
is in
in El
El Salvador,
Salvador, where
where
species at latitude
- 55 --
it is
is found
found at
Montana Bajo
Baja
it
at between 1 900 and 2 400 m
m on Montaña
to La Palma in
in the
the Department
Department of
of Santa
Santa Ana.
Ana.
close to
CLIMATE
The climate is
is distinctly temperate
temperate -- rainy
rainy with
with dry
dry
winters.
Mean
rainfall is in the range 11 200200Mean annual rainfall
1 800
, and
the order of
1
800 mm
mm,
and mean annual temperature is of the
12°
C.
120 C.
Maximum temperatures range
range from
from 200-350
20°_35° C
C and
and
temperatures from
from -50
_5° to
to -100
_ 100 C.
C.
minimum temperatures
In
its
In part of its
range
experiences upwards of 200
range the
the species
species probably experiences
of frost.
frost.
days per year of
SOILS
In general
general the
the soils
soils are sandy loams,
In
loams, up to 2
2 m
m deep and
acidic (pH
(pH 5-6).
5-6). All
All are
are in
in the
the process
of
podsolisaUon.
processof podsolisatiom
drained , they
they are
are moist all
all the
the year
year
Although well drained,
round.
matter content
content is
is high.
high.
Organic matter
HABITAT
The
natural range extends from
from moist,
moist , subtropical,
subtropical, lowlowThe natural
montane
forest
moist, subtropical,
subtropical , mountainous
forest through moist,
to very moist
moist,, subtropical mountainous forest.
forest .
Throughout
range , A.
~. guatemalensis
guatemalensis is
is commonly
commonly
Throughout this range,
associated with Pinus ayacahuite
~acahuite and Cupressus lusitalusitaAt the
At
the lower
lower altitudes
altitudes it
it has
has been
been recordered
recordered in
in
nica.
association with f.
and Taxus globosa,
globosa ,
association
P. pseudosfrobus and
various Quercus
Quercus spp.
spp.
and Arbutus
Arbutus spp.
spp.
along with various
At
the upper end of the
the range,
range, P.
P. hartwegii is
is found
found in
in
the
mixture with it.
it.
SEED HANDLING
Throughout its
Throughout
its natural range
range the
the cones of
of A.
!2.. guatemaguatema"
lensis
ripe between
between October
October and
and December.
December.
are ripe
The
-
66 -
--
for collection is
is short
short -- less
less than
than
period available for
month between fruit
aa month
fruit ripening
ripening and the
the beginning of
seed dispersal.
Since
the cones disintegrate at
at
Since the
maturity,
collection is
is not possible after
after dispersal
dispersal
maturity, collection
begins .
begins.
The
capa c ity of Abies seed increases
The germinative capacity
almost
almost up
up to
to the
the time
time of
of dissemination,
dissemination, and significant
improvement of
of the
germinability of
of seed can be obtained
improvement
the germinability
by storing the cones for
for several weeks or months postpost-
harvest.
of cones
cones should
should not
not be
be stacked,
stacked, however:
however:
Sacks of
good air circulation is needed to
to prevent heating
heating and
Processing of the
the seed is
is similar to
to that
The
seed
is
extracted
from
dried
The
is
from dried
cones by tumbling and shaking
shaking with screening
screening to
to remove
remove
cones
moulding.
moulding.
of other conifers.
conifers.
the impurities.
is fragile and
and easily damaged
The seed is
and care should be
be taken
taken with
with dewinging.
dewinging.
Viability
losses
with storage are frequently
losses with
frequently the result
result of
The
seed
can
remain
processing
processing damage.
damage.
seed
remain viable
viable for
for 55
years or
or more
more if
if stored
stored at
at aa low
low moisture
moisture content
content
0
(9-12
%) in
-15 C.
(9-12%)
in sealed
sealed containers
containers at or near -15°C.
Under
Under
ordinary storage conditions (room
(room temperature,
temperature, open
open
containers)
no viability
viability
containers) Abies seed retains little or no
year.
after I1 year.
Germination is
is improved by cold moist
Germination
stratification for
for about
about 11 month.
month.
Without this
this treattreat-
germination is
is of
of the
the order
order of
of 10-25%.
10-25 %. The
ment germination
germinative capacity is
is however,
however, typically low
low (<
« 50%).
50%)
reflecting the
the presence of many unfilled or
or partially
partially
reflecting
filled seeds.
seeds.
SILVICULTURE
In
In the
the nursery seedlings
seedlings have
have aa slow
slow initial
initial growth.
growth.
is usually
usually outplanted
outplanted as
as 2-3
2-3 year
year old
old seedlings
seedlings
Stock is
3-4 year
year old
old transplants.
transplants.
or 3-4
seedlings are
are being
being
When seedlings
-
7 --
transplanted in
in their
their definitive
location they
they should
definitive location
20 -- 25
25 cm
em tall
tall and
and spaced
spaced 22 xx 2m
2m apart.
apart.
be 20
This
arrangement
density of
arrangement will
will provide an initial density
of 2 500
per ha.
ha.
plants per
for woodworkin
for
woodworking0
The
in Guatemala both
The tree is cultivated in
purposes and
and to
to produce
produce Christmas
Christmas trees.
trees.
Growth is
the tree grows
Growth
is relatively
relatively fast;
fast; even though
though the
rather
rather slowly
slowly during
during the
the first
firsteight
eight years,
years, it
it develops
develops
quite rapidly
rapidly therafter.
therafter.
STATUS
In large parts of its
its range,
range, particularly
particularly in
in Guatemala
Mexico, the species
species is
is extremely rare
rare and
and
and southern Mexico,
in imminent danger of extinction. Where it
in
it does
does remain,
remain,
dysgenic fellings
fellings have areatly
greatly impoverished
impoverished the
the gene
gene
pool.
FOR DECLINE
DECLINE
REASONS FOR
Human pressure on land for
for agricultural cultivation is
is
the main cause of the
the destruction
destruction of
of these
these forests.
forests .
the
demand for
for lumber
lumber and
and firewood,
firewood, too,
too, take
take their
their
Local demand
toll.
The cone
cone crop is
The
is frequently
frequently poor,
poor, and what
regeneration does
does emerge is
is grazed
grazed by sheep
sheep and other
regeneration
livestock.
popularity of
of saplings
saplingsofofA.guatemalensis
!2. guatemalensis
The popularity
for Christmas
trees and the frequent
frequent lopping
lopping of branches
branches
for
Christmas trees
trees for
for decoration of
of houses
houses and
and churches
churches
of mature trees
during religious
religious festivals
festivals has
has undoubtedly
undoubtedly also
also
to its
its general
general decline.
decline.
contributed to
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN
With the
the backing of 86
86 member
member countries
countries concerned
concerned about
about
the imminent
imminent danger of extinction of
of A.
A. guatemalensis,
guatemalensis,
included in
in Appendix
Appendix 1I of
of the
the Convention
Convention
this species was included
International Trade in
in Endangered
Endangered Species
Species of
of
on International
-
8 --
Woodland Fauna and Flora (CITES)
(CITES) signed in Washington,
Washington,
3, 1983.
March 3,
The above
stipulation had
had then already
The
above stipulation
No. 63 - 79
79 of the
the Republic
Republic of
been approved by Decree No.
Furthermore, based
Guatemala,
issued October
October 2,
2, 1979.
Furthermore,
Guatemala, issued
on the
the National
Nationa 1 Palace Accord of June 7,
7 1983
1983 (Art.
(Art . lo),
1°)
T
the
the harvesting of small christmas trees
trees was forbidden,
forbidden,
and the cutting or marketing of trees from
from natural
natural
The
were however
The practices were
forest
forest stands was outlawed.
outlawed.
allowed
to continue
continue in
in man-made
man-madeplantations.
plantations.Guabartala's
Guat~a's
allowed to
(INAFOR) currently forbids
forbids
Instituto Nacional Forestal (INAFOR)
the marketing of small Christmas trees
trees of this
this species,
species,
the
originate from
from natural
natural stands.
stands.
which originate
Clandestine
depredation never-the-less still occurs,
occurs, due
due to
to the
the
religious value placed on the youngtrees
young trees for
for use
use at
at
religious
Christmas.
from A.
~. guatemalansis
guatemalans is
The marketing of wood from
restricted in
in Guatemala,
Guatemala, from
from June
June 1981
1981 to
to
was restricted
Februa'ry 1984
1984 by an internal
internal provision of Guatemala's
Guatemala' s
February
authorities . This
later
This stipulation was later
forestry authorities.
abolished because it
it did not meet all the
the legal
legal
requirements for
for full
full observance.
observance.
Some seed is
Some
is
the National Seed
Seed Centres in
in
collected annually by the
CAMCORE (Central
(Central America and
Guatemala and
and Mexico.
Mexico.
Cooperative) I based
based at
at the
the
Mexico Coniferous Resources Cooperative),
North Carolina State University,
University, USA,
USA, collect
collect seed
seed of
of
A.
A. guatemalensis
for
in most
most of
of the
the
for their
their members in
the species
species in
in Mexico
Mexico and
and Guatemala
Guatema l a for
for
known stands of the
~ - situ conservation
conservation and
and breedina
breeding
the establishment of ex-situ
stands.
Much
the forest
forest already occurs on
on protected
protected
Much of
of the
land, but this
this has
has done
done little
little for
for in-situ
in-situ
Government land,
conse
r vation.
conservation.
-
99 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Dallimore,
and
Dallimore, W.
W.and
Jackson,, A.B.
JacKson
A.B.
1966
1966
A handbook
handbook of Coniferae
Coni ferae and
and
A
Ginkoaceae
ed. Revised by
Ginkoaceae 4th ed.
Harrison,
S.G. Edward
Edward Arnold
Arnold Ltd.,
Ltd.,
Harrison, S.G.
London.
729 p.
p.
London. 729
Tecnico de
de Manual de
de Viveros
Viveros Forestales.
Forestales. 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.
Instituto Técnico
Capacitacion y
y ProPro Guatemala City. 244
244 p.
p.
Capacitación
ductividad, (INTECAP),
(INTECAP),
Guatemala 1979.
Liu , Tang-Shui,
Tang-Shui,
Liu,
1971.
A monograph of
of the
the genus
genus Abies.
Abies .
A
Dept.
Dept. of Forestry,
Forestry, National
University Taipai,
Taipai, Taiwan.
Taiwan.
Taiwan University
608 p.
p.
,
f.1artinez , M.
M.
Martinez,
1963
1963..
Mexcanas. 3rd
3rd ed.
ed.
Las pinaceas Mexcanas.
Autonoma de
Universidad Nacionnal Autónoma
Mexico, Mexico
Mexico D.F.
D. F. 400
400 p.
p.
Mexico,
A.
Rehder, A.
1939
The Firs of Mexico
Mexico and
and Guatemala.
Guatemala.
Journal of the Arnold Arboretum
(3) , 281-287.
281-287.
20 (3):
H.
Schmutzenhofer, H.
Mapa de los
los pinares
pinares de
de El
El Salvador.
Salvador.
Proyecto PNUD/FAO/ELS/74/004.
PNUD/FAO/ELS/74/004.
Unpublished.
1975
P.C.
Standley, P.C.
1941
The forests
forests of
of Guatemala.
Guatemala.
Tropical Woods 67:
67: 1-18.
1-18.
Standley, P.C.
P . C.
1945
1945
Notes on some
some Guatemalan
Guatemalan trees.
trees.
Tropical Woods 84:
84: 1-18
1-18..
Standley, P.C.
Standley,
P.C . and
Steyermark.,
J. A .
Steyermark, J.A.
1958
1958
Podocarpaceae, Pinaceae
Pinaceae and
and Taxaceae
Taxaceae
Podocarpaceae,
Guatemala, Fieldina
Pi~ldina Bot.
Bot .
in Flora of Guatemala,
24 (1):
(1), 20-63.
20- 63 .
24
Styles, B.T.
Styles,
B . T. and
Notes on the
the taxonomy
taxonomy and
and nomenclanomenclature of the
the pines and
and related
related
ture
gymnosperms in
in Honduras and
and adjacent
adjacent
Latin America republics.
republics.
Brenesia
21, 269-291.
269 - 291.
21:
Hughes,
C.E
Hughes, C.E
1983
1983
-
10 -
T.T.
Veblen, T.T.
1978
Guatemalan conifers Unasvlva
29:
25-30.
USDA
1974
in the
Seeds of
of Woody
Woody Plants
Plants in
the United
Seeds
Handbook
States. Agriculture Handbook
No. 450.
No.
450.
883 p.
p.
Washington. 883
- · ll -
Abies
(Lojac.-poj.) Mattei
Mattei
Abies nebrodensis (Lojac.-Poji
!/
1/
SYNONYMS
pectinata Gauss.
Gauss . (1844)
(1844)
Abies pectinata
A.
var . nebrodensia
nebrodensia Lojac.-Poj.
Lojac. - Poj.
A. pectinata var.
A. alba
alba nebrodensis
nebrodensis (Lojac.-Poj.)
(Lojac.-Poj.) Svob.
Svob.
A.
(1904)
(1904)
(1964)
A. alba
alba ssp.
ssp. nebrodensis
nebrodensis (Lojac.-Poj.)
(Lojac.-Poj.) Nitz.
Nitz .
A.
(1969)
(1969)
FAMILY
Pinaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
NAMES
Abete dei
(Italian);
dei Nebrodi
Nebrodi (Italian);
Abete
Sicilian fir
fir (English).
(English).
Sicilian
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
medium-sized
A medium
- sized tree
tree reaching
reaching 8-15
8-15 mmin
in hight
~ight and
and 35
35 cm
em or
or
more in
in diameter.
diameter.
Trunk straight, with
with an
an expanded,
expanded ,
almost semi-orbicular
semi-orbicular crown.
crown.
Branchlets of the
the current
current
year
green, turning to
to yellowish
yellowish brown;
brown; furrowed
furrowed
year greyish green,
and alternately ridged,
ridged, smooth,
smooth, glabrous, rarely
rarely with
with
hairs.
short-brown hairs.
Leaf-scars
Leaf - scars rhomboid-orbicular,
rhomboid - orbicular,
light-red,
centre.
light-red, tinged with aa white centre.
buds resinous,
resinous, ovate,
ovate , acute
ac ut e at
at apex,
apex, with
with 3-4
3-4
Winter buds
series of scales;
scales; the scales triangular-ovate,
trian gula r-ovate, somewhat
somewhat
mebranous and slightly laciniate
mebranous
laciniate on
on margins.
margins.
1/
17
FAO
FAD acknowledges
acknowledges the
the assistance
assistance of
of R.
R. Mcrandini
Marandin i
Istituto Sperimentale
Sperimentale pe
per
Istituto
r la Selvicoltura,
Selvico ltura,
80-821,
Viale S.Margherita 80821, II - 52100 Arezzo,Italy
Arezzo , Italy
- 12
12 --
Fruit
cylindrical, acute
acute or
or conical
conical
Cones shortly pedunculate, cylindrical,
at
7-8 em
long, 3-3.2 cm
em wide,
slightly
at apex,
apex, 7-8
cm long,
wide, with
with sliahtly
exserted, reflexed
reflexed bract-scales;
bract-scales; pale
pale greenish brown
brown or
or
exserted,
obovate-rhomboid or
or
Cone-scales obovate-rhomboid
in colour.
colour.
yellow in
2.8 cm
em long
long and
and 3.3
3.3 cm
em wide,
wide, with
with
cyathiform-flabellate, 2.8
pubescencei upper
upper margin
margin convex,
convex, undulate
undulate or
or
reddish pubescence;
entire,
lateral
margins
denticulate,
with
two
short
wings
entire, lateral
denticulate,
two short wings
above
the
the base,
base, curving and obscurely auriculate on
of the
the cuneate
cuneate claw.
claw.
each side of
linearBract-scales linear-
spathulate, with
- denticulate on margins,
spathulate,
withlamina
lamina erose
erose-denticulate
at apex,
apex, with
with a
a slender
slender tip
tip
slightly obcordate at
extended from
from the
the midrib.
midrib.
Foliage
Leaves irregularly
irregularly arranged
arranged in
in two
two lateral
lateral sets,
sets,
spreading horizontally;
horizontally; those
spreading
those on cone-bearing branchlets
curved upwards
upwards forming
curved
forming many series in a
a single plane;
plane;
linear or ligulate-linear, 13-20
13-20 mm
mm long,
long, 2-3
2-3 mm
mm wide;
wide;
stiff
flat, truncate, obtuse
obtuse or
or slightly
slightly emarginate,
emarginate,
stiff flat,
those on
lets rounded with a
a minute rigid
rigid
those
on old
old branch
branchlets
a short acumen;
acumen; sometimes
sometimes cuspidate
cuspidate at
at apex;
apex;
point or a
upper
a central furrow,
furrow , with broken lines
lines
upper surface
surface with
with a
of
the apex;
apex; lower
lower surface with white
of stomata
stomata near
near the
stomatal
6-11 lines
lines and with the
the
stomata' bands
bands,, each of 6-11
its two
two lateral
lateral revolute
revolute margins.
margins .
midrib broader than its
Resin-canals
marginal; hypodermal cells in
Resin
- canals marginal;
in a continous
continous
band
band only
only interrupted
in terrupted by rows
rows of stomata on lower
lower
surface.
Bark
Bark
Ba r k fissured
fissured into
into small
small irregular
irregular flakes
flakes on
on the
the old
old
trees .
trees.
-- 13 --
WOOD PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
for
As for
Abies alba
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
Sicilian fir is
is found
found growing on Monte
Monte scalane,
Scalane, Polizzi
Polizzi
(Palermo), Sicily,
Sicily, at
at elevations between
Generosa (Palermo),
1 400 and 11 600
600 mm altitude.
altitude.
1
It is
is said that Sicilian Fir was once widely distributed
It
the higher
higher mountains
mountains of
of the
the northern
northern part
part of
of Sicily;
Sicily;
on the
in ancient
some time before 1750,
1750, but
but it
it is
is
in
ancient times or some
now very
very scarce.
scarce.
in the
the Arboretum
It is cultivated in
Italy, Arboretum
Arboretum des
des Barres
Barres in
in Paris
Paris and
and
vallombrosa, Italy,
in the Rock Garden
Garden at
at Bayfordbury.
Bayfordbury.
in
Also specimens of
of
this fir are
are found
found at
at Kew
Kew and
and Bedgebury
Bedgebury in
in England.
England.
this
CLIMATE
climate
Montane mediterranean climate
HABITAT
fir has
has probably
probably formed
formed extensive
extensive forests
forests in
in the
the
This fir
on all
all the
the higher
higher mountains
mountains in
in Sicily,
Sicily, Italy.
Italy.
past on
SILVICULTURE
for Abies
Abies alba.
alba.
As for
STATUS
Abies nebrodensis,
nebrodensis, aa fir
fir endemic
endemic to
to Sicily,
Sicily, has
has been
been
almost completely destroyed.
destroyed. At the
the beginning
beginning of
of this
this
century it was considered as an
an extinct species.
species.
Later
led to
to the
the discovery
discovery of
of aa few
few trees.
trees.
investigations led
In order to
to start the
the protection conservation
conservation and
and
In
reconstitution of this
this fir
fir on a
a sound
sound basis,
basis, an
an
-- 14 --
inventory
living trees
trees has
has been
been carried
carried
inventory of
of the
the remaining living
out:
following firs
firs are
are the
the actual
actual remnants:
remnants:
out: the following
- 21
(wild) trees,
trees, at
at Monte
Monte Scalone
Scalone (Sicily);
(Sicily);
21 "native
native (wild)
- 11 tree,
but artificially
artificially planted,
planted,
tree, grown from seed, but
in
Generosa (Sicily);
(Sicily);
in Polizzi,
Polizzi, Generosa
-
33 trees,
from seed,
in
trees, grown
grown from
seed, artificially
artificially planted,
planted, in
the
at Vallombrosa
Vallombrosa (Florence);
(Florence);
the Arboretum at
-
33 grafted
di Gibilmanna
Gihilmanna (Sicily);
(Sicily):
grafted trees
trees at Villa Lanza di
33 grafted trees
trees in
in the
the Arboretum
ArboretumatatLes
LesBarres(FrarK:e);
Barres(Franoe);
2 grafted trees in the Arboretum at Amance-Nancy
(France)
(France);;
-
11 grafted
(Great Britain)
grafted tree
tree at
ab Borde
Borde Hill,
Hill, Sussex
Sussex (Great
Britain).
Some of the
the native
native firs
firs are
are fertile.
fertile.
REASONS FOR
FOR DECLINE
DECLINE
and increasing
increasing human
human pressure.
pressure .
Exploitation and
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
MEASURES TAKEN
TAKEN
area where the
the 21
21 wild
wild firs
firs grow
grow has
has been
been declared
declared
The area
aa natural park.
park.
from seed
seed and
and
Young plants are grown from
planted in
in the
the same
same region
region to
to establish
establish new
new groups.
groups.
planted
-- 15 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Castri,
Castri , F.
F . di,
di, et
et al.
~l.
11981
981
Morandini, R.
R.
11969
969
Med i terranean - Type Shrublands,
Shrublands ,
Mediterranean-Type
the World
World II,
I I,
Ecosystems of the
Elsevier Scientific Publishing
Publish~ng
Company Oxford.
Oxford.
nebrodensis (Lojac.)
(Lojac.)
Abies nebrodensis
Inventario 1968.
Mattei
1968 .
Mattei..
PllblicC'lzioni dell'Istituto
dell ' Istituto
Pub)icazioni
Sperimentale per
per la
1a Selvicoltura,
Selvicoltura ,
Arezzo
No . 18.
18.
Arezzo,, No.
Liu , Tang-Shui,
Tang - Shui,
Liu,
1 971
1971
of the
the Genus
Genus Abies,
Abies,
A Monograph of
Dept. of Forestry,
Forestry , National
Nationar--Dept.
Taiwan University, Taipei,
Taipei, Taiwan,
Taiwan ,
China
China..
608 p.
p.
- 16
16 --
Abies numidica
nurnidica de
de Lann.1/
Lann. 11
SYNONYMS
var. baborensis
baborensis Coss
Coss (1861)
(1861)
Abies pinsapo var.
var. baborensis
baborensis Christ
Christ (1865)
(1865)
Pinus pinsapo var.
Abies baborensis
baborensis Coss
Coss (1866)
(1866)
numidica R.
R. Smith
Smith (1875)
(1875)
Pinus numidica
Abies pinsapo var.
var. numidica
numidica Salomon
Salomon (1884)
(1884)
Abies numidica var.
var. aurea
aurea Blaringhen
Blaringhen (1929)
(1929)
A
Alphand (1929)
(1929)
A.. numidiensis Alphand
A.
var. numidica
numidica Svob.
svob.
A. pinsapo var.
(1953).
(1953).
FAMILY
Pinaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
(Berber)
Taument (Berber)
Algerian fir
fir /Algerian
J Algerian silver
silver fir
fir (English)
(English)
Sap
in de
Sapin
de Numidie,
Numidie, Sapin
Sapin d'Algerie
d'Alaerie ,Sapin de Babors
(French)
Numidische Tanne,
Tanne, Numidsche Weisstanne,
Weisstanne, Algierische
Algierische
Numidische
(German).
Tanne (German).
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
BOTANICAL
General
attaining 15-20
15-20 mminin height
height and
and 50-80
50-00 ern
Tree attaining
cm in
in diameter
diameter
near
with aa dense
dense pyramidal
pyramidal crown.
crown.
near the
the base,
base, usually with
Trunk short,
short, stout,
stout, often free
free of branches
branches to
to aa height
height
three to four
four metres;
metres ; occasionally more
more or
or less
less
of three
!/
1/
Based
P.J.Stewart, Oxford Forestry
Based on
on the
the work
work of
of P.J.Stewart,
Institute, Dept.
Institute,
Dept. Plant
Plant Sciences,
Sciences, University
University of
of Oxford,
Oxford,
OXI
OXI 3RB,
3RB, UK.
UK .
- 17
17 --
twisted
divided into
into several
several stems.
stems.
twisted and often divided
Branches
slightly pendulous;
pendulous; 1st
1st and
and 2nd
2nd order
order branchlets
branchlets smooth,
smooth,
often becoming grey-brown.
grey - brown.
Fruit
Cones
sho rtly pedunculate, surrounded
surrounded by
by three
three series
series of
of
Cones shortly
scales
base; cylindrical,
cylindrical, 12-18
12 - 18 cm
em long,
long, 4-6
4- 6 cm
em
scales at
at the base;
in diameter;
at apex,
apex, rounded
rounded at
at base
base or
or
in
diameter; mucronate at
slightly
completely hidden
hidden
slightly tapering at both ends, with completely
brown in
in color
color tinged
tinged with
with purple.
purple.
bract-scales; brown
Seeds
(with wings)
wings) a
a little shorter
shorter than
than the
the coneconeSeeds (with
scales;
oblong , truncate at
at apex,
apex, about
about
scales; wings
wings oblong,
as
as the body
body of
of seed.
seed.
as long as
l~
11/2
times
five to
to seven
seven
Cotyledons five
in number,
number, about 22 cm
in
em long.
long.
Foliage
Needles
thick, 15 to
t o 25
25 rom
long by
2.5 mm
Needles broad and thick,
mm long
by 2 to
to 2.5
broad, apex rounded;
rounded: longer
longer and
and upward
upward curving
curving on
on
broad,
shoot, parted
parted along
along upper
upper side.
side.
underside of shoot,
Upper
surface
fUrrowed dark
dark green;lower
green; lower
surface of
of needle finely furrowed
surface
two bands
bands of
of stomata.
stomata.
surface with two
thickly
Needles more thickly
set
painted on fertile
fertile shoots.
shoots .
set and
and sharply pointed
Buds ovoid,
ovoid,
brown, only slightly
slightly resinous.
resinous.
brown,
Bark
Bark
Bark
smooth when
fissured scale
Bark grey
grey and smooth
when young,
young, becoming
becoming fissured
scale
on
the surface of
of old
old trees.
trees.
on the
AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
WOOD PROPERTIES AND
No serious
study of
of the
the timber appears
appears to have
serious study
have been
been
made,
its rarity
rarity at
at present
made, presumably because
because its
present
precludes commercial
commercial use.
use .
there should
should be
be no
no
But there
- 18
18 --
reason
reason to suppose that its
its wood is
is very
very different from
from
other firs.
firs.
that of other
Other Uses
Uses
It is greatly appreciated
appreciated as
as an
an ornamental
ornamental tree.
tree.
It
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
Mounts Babor
Babor and
and Tababor
Tababor in
in Algeria
Algeria
Endemic on Mounts
(5°30 East
, 36°)0
in g about
200 ha
(5°30
East,
36°30 North)
North) cover
covering
about 200
ha on
on the
the
former, in
mixture with
with oak and cedar,
former,
in mixture
cedar, and being
by aa few
few old
old trees
trees on
on the
the latter.
latter.
represented by
At
altitudes between
between 11 800
800 mm and
and 22 000
000 m.
m.
CLIMATE
Mediterranean climate
climate with
with summer
summer dry
dry season
season of
of several
several
weeks;
500 mm,
mm, temperatures
temperatures probably
probably with
with
weeks; rainfall c.2 500
average summer maximum of 18°C
lace and
and winter
winter minimum
minimum of
of
-loC,
frosts of
of -8oC
- SoC or
or -10o
-loCe.
-1 oC, with extreme frosts
C.
SOILS
The
forest soils
soils with
with aa limestone
limestone
The trees occur on brown forest
base
base..
HABITAT
It forms
It
forms dense forests
forests almost always
always in
in association
association with
with
conifers and
and broadleaved
broad leaved trees
trees at
at higher
higher
other conifers
elevations
towards the
the mountain
mountain summit.
summit.
elevations and even grows towards
SEED HANDLING
As for
for other
other firs.
firs.
-- 19 --
SILVICULTURE
No
called for:
for : the
the usual
usual procedures
procedures
No special
special measures are called
for firs
firs are successful.
for
successful.
STATUS
In
In danger
danger of
of slow
slow decline
decline
REASONS FOR DECLINE
DECLINE
Grazing; clandestine removal
Grazing;
removal of wood for
for local
local use.
use .
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN AND
AND RECOMMENDED
RECOMMENDED
firs are
are within
within the
the limits
limits of
of
The naturally occurring firs
the
the Babors.
Babors. This,
however,
the National Park of the
This, however,
is
list of National
is not
not included
included in
in the
the United
United Nations
Nations list
The species is
The
is well represented
represented in
in arboreta
arboreta
and botanic gardens,
gardens, but
but most
most of
of these
these specimens
specimens
Parks.
probably derive
derive from
from the
the seed
seed of
of only
only aa few
few trees.
trees.
Systematic seed collection should
should be
be undertaken
undertaken and
and
protective measures
measures should
should be
be reinforced.
reinforced.
-- 20
20 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Oebazac,
E.F.
Debazac, E.F.
1964
Manual
des Conife\res.
Conife~es .
Nationa!e
Manual des
Ecole Nationale
des
Eaux et Foréts,
Forets, Nancy
Nancy (m.
(m. 34
34 and
des Eaux
plates viii and
and ix).
ix).
FAO,
FAD,
1981
Data
Book on Endangered Forest
Forest Tree
Tree
Data Book
Species and Provenances,
Provenances ,
FO:
2-3, FAO,
FAO, Rome.
Rome.
FO: Mise/Sl/ll,
Misc/81/11, pp 2-3,
Gaussen, H.
H.
1964
Actuelles et
et Fossiles.
Fossiles.
Les Gymnospermes Actuelles
Travaux du Laboratoire Forestier
Forestier de
Toulouse. Tome
Vol . I,
I, Fasc.
Pasco VII pp.
pp.
Tome II Vol.
349
- 50, 402-4.
402-4.
349-50,
H.
Mayer, H.
1983
1983
Waldanliche
in Gebirgeswaldern
Gebirgeswaldern
Waldanliche Probleme in
des Magreb (Nordafrika).
(Nordafrika).
Zentralblatt
fur
Forstwesen, 100
100 (1):
(l) : 1-15
1-15
fur das
das Gesamte Forstwesen,
(,
Lui, Tang Shui
Lui,
1971
1971
A monograph of
of the
the genus
genus Abies
Abies, Dept.
Dept .
of Forestry,
Forestry, National Taiwan University,
University ,
Taiwan, China
China 608
608 p.
p.
Taipei, Taiwan,
P.,
Quezel, P.,
1956
Contribution
Cont ribut ion aa l'etude
l'etude des
des Forets
Forets de
de
Chénes
Chehes à
a Feuilles
Feuilles Caduques
Caduques d'Alaerie.
d'A!gerie.
Publications de
de Service
Service des
des Forêts
Forets
dd'Algerie
' Algerie No.
No.1,
(esp . pp.18-24).
pp.lB -24) .
1, ,'.lgeria
Tageria (esp.
/
~
-- 21 --
Acacia albida
albida Del.
Del.
SYNONYMS
A . albida
albida Del.
Del. var.
var. senegalensis
senegalensis Benth.
Benth.
A.
A. saccharata
saccharata Benth.
Benth. (1842)
A.
A. gyroca
r pa Hochst.
Hochst. ex
ex A.
A. Rich.
Rich.
A.
gyrocarpa
(1842)
(1847)
A. mossambicensis
mossambicensis Bolle
Bolle (1861)
(1861)
A.
kirkii Oliv.
Oliv o (1871)
Prosopis ?? kirkii
~ . albida
albida Del.
Del . ver.
var . microfoliolata
microfoliolata,De
Wild .
A.
De Wild.
A. albida
albida Del.
Del . var.
var. variofoliolata
variofoliolata De
De Wild.
Wild .
A.
alb ida (Del.)
(Del . ) A.
A. Chev.
Chev. (1934)
Faidherbia albida
(1925)
(1925)
~ . albida is
is aa very
very distinct
distinct and
and systematically
systematically
A.
isolated species,
species, without
without any
any close
close relatives.
relatives.
(1959) mentioned
mentioned the
the presence
pr esence of
of two
two wellwe11 Brenan (1959)
races within
within A.
~. albida
albida
defined geographical races
on leaflet
leaflet size
size and
and the
the presence
presence or
or absence
absence of
of
based on
pubescence. In
In his
his study
study of
of West
West African
African Acacias,
Acacias,
pubescence.
Nongonierrna (1978)
(1978) also
also indentified
indentified several
several
Nongonierma
the species.
species .
intraspecific categories within the
is no concensus
con census on the
the taxonomic
taxonomic status
Although there is
status
reported intraspecific categories,
categories , an
an
reported
of the
important
may be
be drawn
drawn from
from such
such
important conclusion which may
reports is
is that A.
A. albida shows
shows important
important intrasoeciintraspecireports
fic variation.
variation . This suggests a
a wide genetic base
base and
fic
therefore a
a high
high potential
potential for
for genetic
genetic improvement.
improvement.
therefore
FAMILY
Subf. Mimosoideae
Mimosoideae
Leguminosae -- Subf.
VERNACULAR NAME
Haraz (Arabic)
(Arabic)
-- 22
22 --
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
Tree
4-30 m
m high,
high, sometimes
sometimes shrub-like.
shrub- like.
Tree 4-30
Trunk
(rarely 6)
m in diameter.
usually single
single up
up to
to 22 (rarely
6) m
Young shoots ashen
ashen grey
grey to
to whitish.
whitish.
Crown rounded
Crown
in outline,
spreading, with branches often drooping
drooping
in
outline, spreading,
paired , 0.2-3.2
0.2 - 3 . 2 cm
em lona,
long ,
in mature trees.
trees . Spines paired,
in
stipular in
in origin,
origin, straight,
straight , never
never enlarged or
or
inflated
or brown,
brown,
inflated,, often tipped with orange or
especially when young.
young.
Inflorescence
Flowers in
in a spicate
spicate inflorescence,
inflorescence, 3.5
3.5 -_ 15.7 cm
em
long,
em long;
long; flowers
flowers
long, borne on peduncles 0.8-6.3 cm
yellow, sweetly
sweetly scented.
scented.
creamy yellow,
shortly tubular at
at base.
base.
filaments
Stamen filaments
Anthers 0.2-0.4
0.2 - 0.4 mm
mm wide,
wide,
eglandular in
in bud.
bud .
eglandular
Fruit
Pods
reddish brown,
brown, falcate,
falcate,
Pods bright orange to reddish
into aa circular
circular coil
coil or
or twisted;
twisted; when
when
curved into
straightened out 6-35
6 - 35 cm
em long
long and
and 1.4-6
1.4 - 6 cm
cm wide,
wide,
indehiseent.
indehiscent.
Seeds 11-29 per pod,
Seeds
pod, lying
lying transversely
transversely
to the long
to
long axis of
of pod.
pod .
Foliage
bipinnate; petiole
petiole eglandular.
eglandular. Pinnae
Pinnae 2-12
2 -12
Leaves bipinnate;
pairs, with
with aa single
single conspicuous
conspicuous gland
gland on
on the
the
pairs,
rhachis
at the
the junction
junction of each pair.
pair.
rhachis at
Leaflets
6-23
pinna, glabrous to
to pubescent,
pubescent,
6-23 pairs per pinna,
22.5-12
. 5-12 mm long,
long, 0.7-5
0 . 7- 5 mm
mm wide.
wide .
Leaves
at start
Leaves shed at
season, new leaves produced at the beginning
of dry season,
-- 23 --
occur twice
twice per
per year
year
This may occur
the rainy
rainy season.
season .
of the
(as in
there are two
two rainy
rainy seasons.
seasons .
(as
in East
East Africa),
Africa), there
where,
(1981) state
state that
that trees
trees may
may bear
bear leaves
leaves
Davidson && Jeppe (1981)
all the
the year round
round where
where there
there is
is no
no waterlogging.
waterlogging.
all
Bark
Bark brown to dull grey
grey or
or whitish,
whitish, rouah
rough and
and somewhat
somewhat
corky,
corky , scaly
scaly and
and fissured.
fissured .
WOOD PROPERTILsAND
pqOPERTIESAND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
The
is dirty
dirty white.
white.
The sapwood is
soft, yellowish-white
yellowish - white
The soft,
is subject to
to attack
attack by borers
borers and
and termites.
termites.
heartwood is
Although
is easy to work,
work, it
it springs
springs and twists
twists
Although it is
sawing , even when
when the
the wood
wood is
is seasoned.
seasoned.
after sawing,
It is
is
for furniture,
furniture, joinery,
joinery , interior
interior fittings,
fittings, boxes,
boxes,
used for
and for
for structural
structural purposes.
purposes.
shutters and
In Nigeria the
the
In
stems of mature trees are fastened
fastened together
together to
to make
make
stems
dugout
canoes; stems are also
also used
used for
for constructing
constructing
dugout canoes;
ferry boats.
boats.
Nile ferry
The
locally for
for
The wood is used locally
mortars , pestles,
pestles, oil
oil presses,
presses , drums
drums and
a nd light
light
mortars,
carpentry .
carpentry.
In some
areas it is also used
used for
for charcoal
charcoal
In
some areas
burning .
burning.
Other Uses
The foliage
foliage is
is aa valuable
valuable fodder
fodder for
for all
all types
typesofofstock.
s~.
Young leaves
leaves and shoots are
are usually
usually avidly
avidly browsed.
browsed.
Young
Livestock that eat Acacia albida
alb ida remain
remain in
in good
good
Livestock
condition
condition during the dry season
season when it
it is
is often
often the
the
only green growth
growth available.
available.
The tree is
is often lopped
lopped
The
to camels,
camels , cattle,
cattle, sheep,
sheep, and
and
and branches
branches carried to
goats.
The
too , are eaten by
by livestock,
livestock,
The pods,
pods, too,
especially
cattle , and also
also by
by elephants,
elephants , antelope,
antelope,
especially cattle,
- 24
24 --
baboons .
and baboons.
The
nutritional value does not deteriodeterio The nutritional
rate on
(which is
is the
the case with many other
rate
on drying,
drying, (which
acacias).
Africa.
A. albida
alb ida is
is fed
fed dry
dry in
in many
many parts
parts of
of
Thus A.
In
the Sudan,
trees produce an average of
In the
Sudan, trees
135
tree and
and the
the yield from
from aa stand
stand
135 kg
kg of pods per tree
of 12
12 trees
trees in
in the
the Sudan
Sudan has
has been
been calculated
calculated to
to be
be
200 kg of crude protein
from
the
pods
alone.
protein from the pods alone.
seeds contain
contain up
up to
to 27
27 percent
percent crude
crude protein
protein and
and
The seeds
are eaten by people
are
people in
in Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe during
during times
times of
of famine.
famine.
The seeds are
are boiled
boiled to
to loosen
loosen the
the skin
skin and
and then
then
A
reboiled to separate
separate the
the kernels.
kernels.
A mature tree
tree can
can
produce more than
than aa million
million seeds
seeds aa year.
year. Acacia
albida
pods may be mixed with maize and
alb
ida pods
and ground
ground nut
nut
for food,
food, or
or combined
combined with
with hay
hay and
and succulents
succulents
meal for
for
fodder.
for fodder.
rich in
in tannin
tannin (28
(28 perperThe old bark is rich
(5 percent).
cent) I the
the roots
roots and
and pods
pods are
are not
not (5
cent),
In
Nigeria, the
the pounded
pounded bark
bark makes
makes aa packing
packing
northern Nigeria,
In
for pack
pack saddles
saddles for
for oxen
oxen and
and donkeys.
donkeys.
material for
West Africa and
and Tanzania
Tanzania the
the tree
tree yields
yields aa gum
gum of
of
good quality.
quality.
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
distribution range
range of
of A.
~. albida
albida extends
extends
The natural distribution
from Senegal
Ethiopia, and southwards
southwards throuah
through
from
Senegal to Ethiopia,
East
Lesotho .
East Africa
Africa to the Transvaal and Lesotho.
The
largest
largest concentration of the
the species
species occurs
occurs on
on the
the
sandy alluvial
the Jebel
Jebel Mara
Mara drainage
drainage
alluvial soils of the
system in
in the Sudan,
Sudan , where pure stands
stands are
are found
found in
in
often aa mile
mile wide.
wide .
belts often
Outside Africa,
Africa, A.
~. albida
albida
in Israel,
Israel , Lebanon
Lebanon and
and Jordan
Jordan and
and reportedly
reportedly
occurs in
in Yemen.
It has
to Cyprus
Cyprus and
and
It
has been introduced to
and is
is presently
presently being
being tested
tested in
in India
India and
and
Pakistan and
-- 25 --
Peru
the FAO
FAD project on Genetic Resources of
Peru under
under the
Arid and Semi-Arid
Semi - Arid Zone
Zone Arboreal
Arboreal Species
Species for
for the
the
Improvement of Rural
Rural Living.
Living.
CLI MATE
CLIMATE
In Africa
Africa A
A.. albida
In
albida is
is found wherever there is
is a
prolonged
dry season.
season.
prolonged dry
SOILS
The
The tree occurs on aa wide range
range of
of different
different types
types of
of
soil
(alluvial, sandy alluvial,
alluvial, reddish
reddish brown
brown clays,
clays,
soil (alluvial,
dunes and basalts),
basalts), but
but often
often with
with aa preference
preference to
to
good moisture conditions.
conditions.
Leaf - litter decay and
Leaf-litter
excreta from
from grazing
grazing animals
animals during
during the
the dry
dry season
season
enrich the
the soil,
soil, which has
has resulted
resulted in
in greatly
greatly
increased yields.
yields.
HABITAT
In southern
southern and eastern Africa,
Africa, A.albida
In
~ . ?lbida is
is
in riparian
riparian communities,
communities, but
but in
in West
\vest
always found in
Africa it
it also
also grows
grows away
away from
from river
river banks
banks and
and
watercoursesioften in
in cultivated
cultivated lands,
lands, however,
however,
watercourses;often
to ground water seems
seems to
to be
be important.
important . Its
Its
access to
distribution patterns vary
vary widely;
widely; sometimes
sometimes the
the trees
trees
grow singly,
sin g ly, sometimes
sometimes in
in groups,
groups, whose
~/hose upper
upper
branches grow together
to gethe r forming
forming aa canopy.
canopy.
Although it
it
found at
at altitudes
altitudes up
up to
to 11 800
800 mm in
in Uganda,
Uganda,
can be found
and
and as high as 2
2 300-2
300 - 2 500
500 m
m in
in the
the Sudan,
Sudan, it
it more
more
occurs below
below 11 200
200 m.
m.
usually occurs
SEED HANDLING
soft seed
seed coats
coats require
require no
n o prepre Fresh seeds with soft
treatment or can
can be
be soaked
soaked in
in cold
cold water
water for
for 24
24 hours
hours
before sowing.
sowing.
More mature
mature seed
seed can
can be
be soaked
soaked in
in
More
- 26
26 --
sulphuric acid
acid for
for 20-60
20-60 minutes.
minutes.
concentrated sulphuric
No.
seeds/kg , 10
10 000-40
000-40 000.
000.
No. of seeds/kg:
SILVICULTURE
SILVICULTuBE
generally there
there seems
seems to
to be
be adequate
adequate seed
seed
Although generally
production,
production , natural regeneration
regeneration by
by seed
seed may
may be
be limited
because of
of heavy
heavy seed
seed predation
predation and
and high
high seedling
seedling
Regeneration by
by vegetative
mortality.
mortality.
Regeneration
veqetative means
means is
is often
successful under
under natural
natural conditions,
conditions , and
and
more successful
suckers
radius as wide as 20-25
20-2 5 m
m
suckers may
may develop in a radius
mother tree.
tree. Veaetative
Vegetative reproduction
reproduction is
is the
the
from the mother
of natural
natural reaeneration
regeneration where
where the
the natural
natural
main means of
produce little
little viable
viable seed.
seed.
stands produce
of A.
A.
Growth of
seedlings may
may be
be relatively
relatively slow
slow during
during the
the
albida seedlings
first
few years
years after plantina,
planting, while the
the plant
first few
develops aa deep
deep tap
tap root.
root.
Saplings
trees
Saplings and young trees
relatively fast
fast growing.
growing . In
In Chad it has been
been
are relatively
to plant
plant 100
100 seedlings
seedlings per
per hectare
hectare which
which
recommended to
five times
times the
the optimum
optimum number
number of
of mature
mature
should be five
trees
trees..
area consists
consists of
of marginal
marginal
This planting area
farmlands
just north
north and south of the
the 400
400 mm
farmlands just
belt, with annual
annual rainfall
rainfall rangina
ranging from
from less
less
rainfall belt,
200 mm
mm up
up to
to 700
700 mm.
mm.
than 200
STATUS
A.
A. albida as
as a
a species
species in
in not
not in
in danger
danger of
of extinction.
extinction.
However, some stands
stands in
in Israel
Israel may
may be
be threatened,
threatened,
However,
the species
species is
is regarded
regarded as
as being
being of
of little
little
because the
the country
country and
and no
no priority
priority is
is given
given to
to
value to the
the stands
stands for
for national.purposes.
national·purposes .
conserving the
its reportedly
reportedly disjunct
disjunct distribution
distribution in
in
Because of its
Israel, A.
A . albida
albida is
is considered
considered to
to be
bea aSudano-Deccanian
Sudano-Deccanian
-- 2277 --
relic , its habitats beina
being fragments
fragments of
of aa formerly
formerly
relic,
in Palestine
Palestine during
during
continous area of distribution in
the Oligocene and
and Miocene.
Miocene. This disjunct distribution
the
should be explained by historical reasons
reasons rather
rather than
than
by particular
particular site
site factors
factors limiting
limiting its
its occurrence
occurrence
under present climatic
climatic conditions.
conditions.
REASON FOR DECLINE
REASON
human pressure
pressure including
including use
use as
as fuelwood,fodfuelwood ,fodIncreasing human
der
and browse
browse and
and changing
changing land-use patterns.
der and
patterns.
TAKEN
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN
Is
the species included
included in
in the
the FAO/IBPGR
FAO/IBPGR
Is one
one of the
Project on Genetic Resources
Resources of Arid/Semi-arid
Arid/Semi - arid Zone
Zone
Arboreal Species
Species for
for the
the improvement
improvement of
of Rural
Rural Living.
Living .
collections for
for species
species provenance-trials
provenance-trials and
and
Seed collections
conservation
implemented in
in Israel
Israel and
and
conservation have been implemented
and are
are planned
planned in
in the
the Sudan.
Sudan.
Senegal and
In Israel the
the collection
collection sites
sites are:
are:
In
(Nahalal) on
on the
the road
road from
from Nazareth
Nazareth to
to Haifa;
Haifa ;
Shimron (Nahalal)
Menahamiai Emeh
Emeh Haela
Haela (valley
(valley of
of the
the Pistacea),
Pistacea) , Ashod.
Ashod.
Menahamia;
-- 28 --
SELECTED BIBLI
OGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bonkoungo, E.G.
E . G.
Acacia albida
albida Del.
Del. -- AA multipurpose
multipurpose Tree
Tree
1985
for
- arid zones;
zones ; in
in
for Arid
Arid and
and Semi
Semi-arid
Forest
Information
Forest Genetic
Genetic Resources Information
No
No.. 13.
13.
Brenan,
J . P.M.
Drenan, J.P.M.
1983
1983
Manual
of Acacia
Acacia species.
species.
Manual on Taxonononny of
FAD
Rome .
FAO,, Rome.
Doran.. J.C.
Doran
J.e.
et.al.
1983
Handbook on Seeds of Dry-Zone
Dry- Zone Acacias.
Acacias .
FAO,
Rome.
FAO, Rome.
FAO
1980
Genetic
Resources of Tree
Tree Species
Species in
Genetic Resources
Arid
- based on
on
Arid and
and Semi-arid Areas
Areas the
F . B . Armitage.
Armitage . P.A.
P . A.
the work of F.B.
JOllstra
and B.Ben
B.Ben Salem,
Salem,
Joustra and
FAO/IBPGR, Rome.
Rome .
Karschon, R.
R.
Acacia albida
alb ida Del.
Del. in
in Israel
Israel and
and the
the
Near East.
Near
East.
La - Yaaran 11(2):
11(2) : IV-VIII
IV - VIII
La-Yaaran
1961
Kirmse R.D.
R . D. &&
B . E. Norton
Norton
B.E.
1984
NAS
1975
Palmberg, C.
C.
1981
G.E.
Wickens, G.E.
1969
The Potential of Acacia albida
albida for
for
The
and Increased
Increased
Desertification Control and
Productivity in
in Chad.
Chad.
Productivity
Biological
29: 121-141
121 - 141
Conservation 29:
Plants with
with
Underexploited Tropical Plants
Economic Value.
Value . National
National
Promising Economic
of Sciences,
Sciences, Washington
Washington D.C.
D.C.
Academy of
A Vital Fuelwood
Fuelwood Gene
Gene Pool
Pool is
is in
in Danger,
Danger ,
Unasy1va 33
33 (133):
(133) , 22-30.
22 - 30 .
Unasylva
A study of
of Acacia
Acacia albida
alb ida Del.
Del.
(Mimosoideae). Kew Bull.23
Bull.23 (2):
(2)
(Mimosoideae).
181
- 202 .
181-202.
-- 29 --
1/
(MoL) Mo1.1/
Mol.Acacia caven (Moli)
SYNONYMS
Mimosa caven
caven Mol.
Mol.
(782)
Acacia cavenia (Mol.)
(Mol .) Hook
Hook
&
&
Am.
Arn. (1830)
(1830)
Am.)
Acacia farnesiana
farnesiana (L.)
(L.) Wild. var
var cavenia
cavenia (Hook.
(Hook. &
& Arn.)
O.Kuntze
!l898)
0.Kuntze (1898)
farnesiana (L.)
(L . ) Wight
Wi ght && Arnott
Arnott fma
frna cavenia
cavenia
Vachellia farnesiana
(Mol.)
(Mol.) Spreng.
(1923)
FAMILY
Lequminosae Subf.
Subf. Mimosoideae
Mimosoideae
Leguminosae
VERNACULAR NAMES
Espinillo,
Espinill0,
espinillo,
chusqui,,
chusqui
espino,
aromita
caven
(Argentina) i
(Argentina);
(Chile);
churgui
churq
ui
(Bolivia)
(Bolivia)..
Th ornbush
Thornbush
Quirinca
(english) .
(english).
(fruits)
(fruits)..
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTION
General
A small tree,
tree, averaging
averaging 66 m
m high.
high.
Crown almost
Crown
perfectly hemispherical;
hemispherical ; trunk
t r unk gnarled,
gnarled , up
up to
to 50
50 cm
em in
in
diameter
diameter..
Branches thick,
thick , crooked,
crooked, scored,
scored, mottled.
mottled .
Br
anchlets flexible,
flexible , knotty,
knotty , pubescent.
pubescent.
Branchlets
Spines
Spines
stipular, paired,
stipular,
paired , horizontal,
horizontal, delicate;
delicate; varying
varying
25 mm long;
aa great deal
deal in
in size:
size : 55 -- 25
long; very
very sharp,
sharp,
light
in colour and pubescent at
at the
the base;
base; dark
dark
light grey in
and glabrous toward
and
toward the
the apex.
apex .
1/
11
Based on
on the
work of Corporacion Nacional
Based
the work
Nacional Forestal,
Forestal ,
Bulnes
CONAF
, (Avda. Bu
ln es 285,
285 , Santiagp,
Santiago, Chile).
Chile ).
CONAF,(Avda.
-- 30
30 -
Inflorescence
Inflorescences of
of dense
dense rounded
rounded heads,
heads, 1 em
diameter;
cm in diameter;
yellow
- gold to orange-yellowish;
orange - yellowish; slightly
slightly aromatic;
aromatic;
yellow-gold
5-10 mm lona,flowers
long, flowers growing
growing together
together with
with the
the
peduncle 5-10
leaves;
sessile, 5-7
5 - 7 mm
mm long.
long.
leaves; flowers
flowers hermaphrodite,
hermaphrodite, sessile,
Calyx reddish,
reddish, 4-6
4-6 toothed,
toothed, corolla
corolla yellowish,
yellowish , fivefive -
toothed:
stamens bolvdelphous,numerous
polydelphous,numerous
toothed; stamens
(i.e. 40-60);
40-60)
(i.e.
ovary , oblong,
oblong , pubescent,
pubescent , unilocular,
unilocular, multiovulate;
multiovulate;
ovary,
style
long, stigma hardly noticeable.
noticeable.
style glabrous,S
glabrous, 5 mm long,
Fruit
recurved.
Fruit
Fruit ovoid-cylindrical,
ovoid-cylindrical, either straight or recurved.
is generally shorter,
shorter, thicker
thicker or
or even
even much
much
Although it is
sma
ller, it
a length of 10.5 cm
em and a
a
smaller,
it may
may attain
attain a
diameter of 2.5
2 . 5 cm;
emj torulose;
torulose; the
the surface
surface smooth,
smooth, or
or
with faint
faint lengthwise
lengthwise striations;sutures
striations; sutures barely
barely visible;
visible;
s o mewhat fibrous,
fibrous, though
though sometimes
sometimes harder;
harder;
pericardium somewhat
little or no resin.
little
resin.
Foliage
deciduous, bipinnate, fascicled;
fascicled ; axillary
axillary
Leaves deciduous,
primary rhachis
rhachis pubescent,
pubescent ,
1- 4cm
4cm long,
long, with
with 7-12
7-12 pairs;
pairs;
1-
of opposed,
opposed, secondary
secondary axes,
axes, 5-10
5-10 mm
mm long.
long .
Leaflets ,
Leaflets,
12-20
pairs;
entire,
opposite,
sessile,
oblong,
12-20 pairs; entire,
sessile, oblong,
glabrous; 1-2
glabrous;
1-2 mm
mm long
long and
and about
about 0.5
0.5 mm
mm wide.
wide.
WOOD PROPERTIES
1,000
PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
Bark blackish thick,
thick, fissured
fissured lengthwise.
lengthwise.
fuelwood and charcoal.
fuelwood
charcoal.
Used for
for
Wood hard,
hard, heavy
heavy and very
compact,
in handicrafts and
and for
for tool
tool handles.
handles.
compact, used in
- 31
31 --
Other Uses
Uses
During
forage , the
the foliage
foliage is
is browsed
browsed
During periods
periods of
of scarce forage,
by animals.
animals_
Fl
owers may
manufacture perfume
perfu~e or left
left on
Flowers
may be
be removed to manufacture
the
honey production.
production.
the tree
tree to promote honey
its
With its
vigorous
vigorous root system, the
the species
species is
is aa soil
soil stabilizer,
stabi l izer,
which is
is optimal for
for harnessing
harnessing rainfall,
rainfall, and
and
consequently
co ns eque ntly regulating
regulating the
the water
water supply
supply on
on watersheds.
watersheds .
This
helps to
to increase
increase agricultural
agricultural
This unquestionably helps
production .
production.
The fruit
fruit characteristics
characteristics are
a r e such
such that
that it
it
can be predicted that
that in
in the
the future
future it
it might
might be
be used
used
as concentrated
concentrated cattle
cattle fodder.
fodder .
The
protein composition of
of the
the seed
seed has
has been
been examined
examined and
and
protein .
compared to egg protein.
results show
show aa
The main results
relatively
and an
an
relatively high
high sulphur amino acid content and
low content
content of
of valine.
valine.
adversely low
Because
many
othe r plant proteins have
have aa deficit
deficit in
in sulphur
sulphur
many other
amino
, ~
be useful
useful as
as
amino acids
acids,
A.. ~
caven seed protein could be
a diet supplement.
supplement.
a
DISTRIBUTION
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
It
It occurs
occurs in
in semi-arid and semi-humid
semi - humid areas
areas of
of steppe,
steppe ,
savannah
savannah or
or dry
dry forest;
forest; from
from the
the inter-Andean
inter - Andean region
region
of Bolivia,in
Bolivia/in the
the civil
civil jurisdictions
jurisdictions of
of Chuquisaca
Chuquisaca
and
up to
to elevations
elevations of
of 22 000
000 -- 33 500 m,to
m/to Chaco
and Tarija
Tarja up
and
in Arge
n ti na; western Uruguay;
Uruguay ; the
the
and Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia in
Argentina;
central
as far
far as
as the
the
central region
region of
of Coquirnbo
Coquimbo and Aconcagua as
37th
37th parallel south of
of Nuble,
Nuble , Chile.
Chile.
CLIMATE
Rainfall 100 -- 1
1 000 mm;
dry winters,
winters, with an
an average
average
mm; dry
temperatu
r e of approximately
approximate l y 17°
17° C,
C , and a
a minimum
minimum of
of
temperature
_ 8 0 C.
-- 32
32 --
SOILS
to a large
large variety
variety of
of soils,
soils, preferably
preferably with
with
Itadapts to
a clayey or sandy
sandy texture,
texture, with
with pH
pH close
close to
to neutral.
neutral .
a
Can tolerate saline and slightly
Can
slightly acid
acid soils.
soils.
HABITAT
Often found as the
the main woody species
species in
in savannah(Chile)
savannah(Chile)
areas
areas together with Prosopis
Prosopis chilensis
chilensis and
and Prosopis
Prosopis
tamarugo.
Vegetation in the
the area ungrazed by domestic
domestic
strata, one
one shrubshrublivestock has two characteristic strata,
stratum normally
than 2.5
2.5 m,
m, and
and aa second
second
normally not higher than
stratum of annual
annual ano
ana herbaceous
herbaceous plants.
plants .
SEED HANDLING
seeds have
have an
an impermeable
impermeable layer
layer of
of surface
surface
Thornbush seeds
cells
a barrier preventing absorption
absorption of the
the
cells which form a
for germination,
germination, and
and therefore
therefore the
the
water essential for
of natural
natural germination
germination is
is normally
normally low,
low, around
around
percentage of
15 percent.
15
planting , therefore,
therefore , the
the seed
seed
Prior to planting,
ensure a
a high final
final germination
germination
must be pretreated to ensure
rate as
as rapid,
rapid , uniform germination after
after
rate
as well
well as
sowing.
sowina.
in the
the central
central region
region have
have
Experiments in
produced the
the following
following recommendation:
recommendation : soak
soak seeds
seeds in
in
concentrated sulpheric acid (H2SO4)
(H S0 ) for
for 90-120
90- 120 minutes.
minutes.
2 4
Approxi mately 10
10 000
000 seeds
seeds per
per kg.
kg.
Approximately
SILVICULTURE
In
following practical guidelines
guidelines are
are
In Chile
Chile the
the following
rrecommended:
ecommende d :
a) nursery:
nursery : the
the best
best time
time for
for sowing
sowing is
is SeptemberSeptember a)
October to November (springtime
(springtime in
in the
the southern
southern
hemisphere) at
at the
the latest.
latest.
hemisphere)
Recommended sowing
sowing depth
depth
is
twice the size of
of the
the seed.
seed.
is twice
Once the
the seeds
seeds have
have
- 33
33 --
germinated
should be
the first
first true leaves
appear, they
they
and the
leaves appear,
10 cm
em x
x 20
20 cm
em plastic tubes,
tubes, with
with
replanted in 10
aa preprepared substrate,
substrate, a
a blend
blend of
of leaf
leaf litter,
litter, sand
sand
and
soil in
in equal proportions, i.e.
i . e . one-third
one-third each.
each.
and soil
The
should be
be presterilized
presterilized with
with methyl
methyl bromide
bromide or
or
mixture should
its equivalent.
equivalent .
its
planted under
under
The seedlings
seedlings must be planted
shade,
until the
the
shade, which
which should be gradually withdrawn until
are in
in full
full sunlight.
sunlight .
plants are
This
to
This will
will allow them to
lignify
for transplanting;
transplanting;
lignify slightly
sliahtly in preparation for
b) transplanting:
transplanting : the
the best time to plant is
is usually
b)
during
the rainy months
beginning soon
soon after
after the
the first
first
durina the
months,, beainning
rains,
roughly by the end of May
May in
in the
the central region.
region .
rains, roughly
The
planting process
process may
on all
all winter
, with
The planting
may go on
winter,
with the
the
in June and
and July.
July.
peak period in
common soil
soil
The most common
techniques are
are ploughing
ploughing or
or digging
digging planting
planting
preparation techniques
holes .
holes.
~
A
caven also resprouts
resprouts readily
readily and
caven
and adventitious
adventitious buds
buds
in secondary
secondary roots
roots which
which give
give rise
rise
are easily observed in
shoots .
to true shoots.
STATUS
STATUS
The
is endangered in
in parts
parts of
of its
its geographical
geographical
The species is
range.
REASONS
REASONS FOR DECLINE
including use
use of
of fuelwood
fuelwood and
and
Increasing human pressure including
changing land-use
land- use patterns with
with intensive
intensive livestock
livestock
grazing (Espinal,
(Espinal, Chile).
Chile) .
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN
TAKEN
Is
one of the species included
Is one
included in
in the
the FAO/IBPGR
FAO / IBPGR Project
Project
on Genetic Resources of Arid and
on
and Semi-Arid
Semi - Arid Zone
Zone Arboreal
Arboreal
- 34
34 --
for the
the Improvement
Improvement of
of Rural
Rural Living.
Living.
Species for
Seed
for species
species provenance
provenance trials
trials and
and
collections for
have been
been implemented
implemented in
in Chile.
Chile.
conservation have
-- 35
35 -
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Burkart, A.
A.
1952
Argentinas, Silvestres
Silvestres yy
Las Leguminosas Argentinas,
Cultivades, ACME-Agency, Buenos
Buenos Aires.
Aires .
Castri,F.et al.
al.
1981
-
Mediterranean -- type
type shrublands.
shrublands.
Mediterranean
of the
the World
IV-arId II.
II.
Ecosystems of
Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company Oxford , New
New York.
York .
Oxford,
CONAF
1984
Descripcion de
de las
las especies
espec~es Acacia
AcaCla caven
y
y Atriplex
Atriplex repanda.
repanda.
Corpora
Corporacion
cion Nacional
Forestal
Santiago , Chile
, unpublished.
Forestal,, Santiago,
Chile,unpublished.
Doran
,J. C.et al.
al. Handbook on
on Seeds
Seeds of
of Dry-Zone
Dry - Zone Acacias,
Acacias,
Doran,J.C.et
1983
-FAO , Rome.
Rome .
FAO,
FAO
1980
1980
Resources of
of Tree Species
Species in
in Arid
Arid
Genetic Resources
Semi - Arid Areas.
Areas . FAO,
FAO , Rome.
Rome.
and Semi-Arid
Flinta
C.M.
Flinta,, C.M.
1960
1960
Practicas de
de Plantacion
Plantacion forestal
forestal en
en
America Latina.
Latina.
Coleccion FAO:
FAO: Montes
No . 3,
3 , FAO.
FAO . Cuadernos de
de fomento
fomento
No.
forestal
No. 15.
15.
FAO
Rome .
FAO,, Rome.
forestal,, No.
Gutierrez,
J.E .
Gutierrez, J.E.
& Fuentes,
Fuentes , E.R.
E.R .
&
1979
for Intraspecies
Intraspecies Competition
Competition in
in
Evidence for
the
(Leguminosae) savanna
savanna
the Acacia
Acacia caven (Leguminosae)
of Chile.
Chile .
Palmberg
c.
Palmberg,, C.
1981
1981
A Vital Fuelwood
Fuelwood Gene
Gene Pool
Pool is
is in
in danger.
danger .
Unasylva , 33:
33 , (133)
(133) 22-30.
22-30.
Unasylva,
Rodriguez
R.O ' f
Rodriguez,, R.O.,
de Chile,
Chile , Editorial
Editorial de
de la
la
Flora Arborea de
de Concepcion,
Concepcion , Chile.
Chile .
Universidad de
Matthei,
Matthei, L.M.,&
Quezada,
Quezada , M.
M.
1983
1983
Stoehr, F.
F.
1969
reforestacion con espino
Metodos de reforestacion
(Acacia caven
. Hook.
en la
la
(Acacia
caven Mol
Mol.
Hook. et
et Arn.)
Am.) en
zona
de Chile.
Chile .
Tesis Facultad
zona semiarida de
Unive rs idad de
de Chile,
Chile ,
de Agronomia.
Universidad
Santiago.
- 36
36 --
1/
subsp. tortilis (Forssk.)
(Forssk.) Hayne!/
Acacia tortilis subsp.
HayneSYNONYMS
Mimosa tortilis
torti 1 is Forssk.
Forssk .
(1775)
~ . spirocarpa
spirocarpa var.
var. minor
minor Schweinf.
Schweinf. (1867-8)
(1867 - 8)
A.
L-Brenan
(1983) recognises
recognises four
four subspecies of Acacia
/-Brenan (1983)
tortilis
tort i lis
subsp . tortilis
tortilis
subsp.
subsp
raddiana
subsp.. raddiana
subsp. spirocarpa
subsp.
subsp
subsp.. heteracantha
subsp. raddiana is
is sometimes
sometimes treated
treated as
as aa distinct
distinct
subsp.
(Karschon, 1961):7
1961)~7
species (Karschon,
FAMILY
Le9uminosae
subf . Mimosoideae
Leguminosae subf.
VERNACULAR
VERNP.CULAR NAMES
NAMES
Umbrella thorn
thorn (Africa)
(Africa)
babool (India)
(India)
Israeli babool
Sayal,
Samar (Egypt,
(Egypt, Sudan)
Sudan)
Sayal, Samor
Seing,
(Senegal) , Mgunga (Tanzania)
(Tanzania)
Seina, Tortilis (Senegal),Maunga
Kandili,
Kandili, Bisaw
Bisaw (Niger),
(Niger~ , Seyal,
Seyal, Seyyal
Seyyal (Arabic)
(Arabic)
DESCRIPTION
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
or small
small tree
tree 2-6
2 - 6 mm high,
high, with
with flattened
flattened crown.
crown .
Shrub or
Young
lets densely to
to sparsely
sparsely pubescent
pubescent or
or
Young branch
branchlets
glabrous to
to subglabrous.
subglabrous.
Spines paired,
paired, some
some short
1/FAO
l/FAO acknowledge the assistance
assistance of
of Ahmed
Ahmed El
El Houri
Houri
- Ahmed (Forest
(Forest Research
Research Institute,
Institute, Soba,
Soba, Khartoum,Sudan)
Khartoum,Sudan>
-
37 --
hooked; up
up to
to 55 mm lona,
long, others
others long
long and
and
and hooked;
strai ght , slender,
slender , whitish,
'~hitish, 1.2-8
(- 10) cm
err long,
long, never
never
straiaht,
1.2-8(-10)
enlarged
or
inflated
.
Petiole
usually
usually
with
with
a
a
gland.
gland
.
enlarged or inflated.
Inflorescence
cluster (heads)
(heads) 1-4,
1-4, on
on slender
slender stalks
stalks at
at leaf
leaf
Flower cluster
base.
base.
Flowers wh
i te or yellowish-white,
yelloWish-white, scented,
scented , in
in
Flowers
white
round
fluffy heads
. 5 - 1 . 1 cm
em in
in diameter;
diameter; on axillary
round fluffy
heads 00.5-1.1
0 .4 - 2.5 cm
em lona;
long; flowers
flowers composed
composed of
of aa
peduncles 0.4-2.5
5-toothed calyx
calyx 1 rom
lonq, 5 petals,
petals, 22 mm long
long and
and
mm long,
threadlike stamens;
stamens; pistil
pistil with
with aa thread-like
thread-like
many threadlike
style.
Fruit
Fruit
Pods
-pu berulolls , shortly pubescent,
pubescent , slightly
slightly
Pods appressed
appressed-puberulous,
narrowed between seeds,
seeds, not
not opening.
opening .
Seeds
elliptical, 6-7
h - 7 mm
mm long,
long,
Seeds several,
several, beanlike,
beanlike, elliptical,
brown .
light brown.
Foliage
Pinnae 2-10,
Pinnae
2 - 10, occasionally up
up to
to 14
14 pairs
pairs (Ross,1979),
(Ros5,1979)
on
rhachis up to 2(-4)
2(-4) cm
em lona;
long; usually
usually
on aa short
short rhachis
glandular between the
the upper 1-3
1-3 and
and lowest
lowest 1-2
1 - 2 pairs
pairs
of
pinnae .
of pinnae.
Leaflets 66-20
Leaflets
- 20 pairs per pinna,
pinna, glabrous
to
pubescent, 0.5-2.5(-6)
0 . 5 - 2 . 5(-6) mm
mm long,
long,
to densely
densely pubescent,
O.2-1(1. 5)mm wide.
wide.
0.2-1(1-.5)mm
Bark
Grey
Grey or dark
dark brown
brown to blackish,
blackish, rough
rough deeply
deeply furrowed,
furrowed,
scaly
scaly..
-- 38
38 --
WOOD PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
Wood
reddish VIi
th whitish
whi tish sapwood,
sa~wood, heavy;
heavy; it
it warps
'.... arps
Wood reddish
with
upon
riddled by borers;
borers; used
used
upon drying
dryina and is often riddled
mainly
for superior firewood
firewood and charcoal production;
production;
mainly for
also
for fenceposts
fenceposts and
and small
swall implements.
implements.
also used for
Uses
Other Uses
Protein-rich,
from the
the
Protein-rich, nutritious pods are eaten from
ground
livestock and
and wildlife.
wildlife.
around by livestock
Foliage, including
Foliage,
new
seedlings, also
also browsed.
browsed.
new shoots and seedlings,
Plants
survive heavy grazing.
grazing.
Trees
form attractive ornamentals,
ornamentals, and provide good
good
Trees form
shade
shade..
The gum from
from the
the trunk
trunk is
is said
said to
to be
be edible.
edible.
Pods
strung into
into necklaces.
necklaces.
Pods can be strung
DISTRIBUTION
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
Subsp.. tortilis
Subsp
torti!is occurs in Somalia,
Somalia, Ethiopia,
Ethiopia, and
and the
the
Sudan, northwards
northwards to Egypt and Israel
Sudan,
Israel and
and extending
extending
to
to the
the Yemen Arab
Arab Republic,
Republic, P.D.R.Yemen,
P . D.R.Yemen, Ornan,
Oman, Saudi
Saudi
Arabia, Abu Dhabi
Dhabi and
and Qatar.
Qatar .
Arabia,
CLI MATE
CLIMATE
An
drought resistant
resistant species
species which
which can
can
An extremely drought
survive in
survive
in climates with less
less than
than 100
100 mm
mIn
rainfall
long, erratic
erratic dry
dry seasons.
seasons.
rainfall and long,
annual
It does
does well
It
in
temperatures as
as hiah
high as
as
in hot
hot climates
climates with
with maximum temperatures
50°C,
temperatures are
are close
close
50oC, and
and grows
grows where minimum temaeratures
to 0oC.
OoC .
SOILS
SOILS
Occurs on
on a
Occurs
a wide range
range of soils
soils provided
provided they
they are
are
well drained and
and non-saline.
non-saline.
-
39 --
HABITAT
HABITAT
in dry savannas,
savannas, forming
forming groves,
groves, and
and in
in other
other
Common
Common in
bushlands, thornbush,
thornbush, bushveld,
bushveld, lowveld.
lowveld .
types such as bushlands,
last woody species
species bordering
bordering the
the desert.
desert.
The last
SEED HANDLING
freely and
and produces
produces seed
seed copiously
copiously which
which
Trees flower freely
is
ready for
for collection in
in June-July.
June-July . Seeds are
are
is ready
3-5
3-5 mm
mm lona
long by
by 2-3
2-3 mm wide,
wide, 50 000 per
per kg,but
kg , but with as
as
many as 40%
40% affected by
by Bruchid
Bruchid larvae
larvae by
by the
the time
time
they
collected ..
Pre
- treatment:
treatment: a)
a) Soak
Soak in
in
Prethey are collected..
concentrated sulphuric acid
acid for
for 20-120
20-120 minutes,
minutes ,
will vary
vary with
with
optimum soaking period will
lots;
b)
Immerse
in
boiling
water
for
lots; b) Immerse
for
or
the seeds
seeds
or pour
pour boiling water on to the
different seedseeddifferent
530
seconds
5-30 seconds
and afterwards
afterwards
and
allow
to remain in water until
until it
it cools
cools to
to room
room
allow them to
temperature
c) Make holes or cracks
cracks mechanically
temperature.. c)
in
the seed to
to allow
allow water
water to
to enter.
enter.
in the
SILVICULTURE
vigorously and
and tolerates
tolerates lopping
lopping of
of large
large
Coppices vigorously
limbs
limbs..
STATUS
This subspecies is endangered in
This
in parts
parts of
of its
its
geographical range.
range.
REASON
FOR DECLINE
FOR
The
for its
its decline
The reason
reason for
is
pressure
fror
fro~
humans
their animals which is
is beyond
beyond the
the recuperecupe humans and
and their
rative
the species.
species.
rative resilience of the
Some trees,
Some
trees, if
if
allowed
allowed to
to survive
survive,, are
a r e dwarfed by
by continous
continous
-- 40 --
grazing
the new growth (before
(before the
the thorns
thorns
grazing where
where the
rigid and
and protective)
protective) are
are eaten.
eaten.
become rigid
However, if
if
However,
it
is allowed to grow it can produce a
a huge crop
crop of
of
it is
are highly
highly nutritious
nutritious to
to animals.
animals.
pods which are
PROTECTIVE
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
MEASURES TAKEN
Is
the species
species included in
in the
the FAO/IBPGR
FAO/IBPGR
Is ODe
one of
of the
Resources of
of Arid/Semi-arid
Arid/Semi-arid Zone
Zone
Project on Genetic Resources
Arboreal
SF€cies for
for the
of Rural
Rural Living.
Living .
Arboreal SIsecies
the Improvement of
Seed
Seed collections for
for species/provenance-trials
species/provenance - trials and
and
conservation have been
been made
made in
in India,
India, Israel,
Israel, Yemen
Yemen
and Senegal.
- 41 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ahmed,
Ahmed , A.
A. El
E1 Houri
Houri
1982
tortilis
The Autoecology of Acacia tortilis
(Forsk.)
Hayne.. Ph.D.
(Fo r sk.)
Hayne
Ph . D . Thesis
Th esis -University of
of Khartoum.
Khartoum .
University
J .P.M.
Brenan, J.P.M.
Notes on Mimosoideae III.
III. Kew
Kew Bull.,
Bull . I
1957
11957:
957:
Bre n an , J.P.M.
J . P .M.
Brenan,
on taxonomy
taxonomy of
of Acacia
Acacia species.
species.
Manual on
- FAO,
FAO, Rome,
Rome, 1983.
1983.
-
1983
Doran , J.L.
J .L. et.al.
et . al .
Doran,
86 - 89.
86-89.
1983
Handbook on seeds of dry-zone
Acacias.
FAO
Rome.
FAO,, Rome.
FAO
FAO
1980
Genetic Resources of Tree Species
Species
in Arid and Semi-arid
Semi - arid Areas in
FAO , Rome.
Rome.
FAO,
Karschon,, R.
Karschon
R.
1961
1961
Conditions
Condition s to
to the
the Arboreal
Arboreal Flora
Flora of
of
Israel:
Israel: Acacia raddiana
raddiana Savi and
and
A . tortilis
tort i l i s Bayne.
Hayne .
A.
11 (3-4):
(3 -4 ): VI-XVI.
VI - XVI.
La-Yaaran 11
E.L .
Little, E.L.
Fuelwood Crops.
Crops .
Communi Common Fuelwood
CommuniAssociates , Morgantown.
Morgantown.
tech Associates,
1983
1983
NA S
NAS
1 979
1979
Legumes : Resources
Resource s of
of the
the
Tropical Legumes:
Fu
tu re National Academy
Academy of
of Sciences,
SCie n ces ,
Future
Washington D.C.
D. C .
Washington
Pa!mberg, C.
Palmberg,C.
A vital
v ital fuelwood
fuelwood gene
ge ne pool
pool is
is in
in
A
dange r.
Unasy1va 33(133):
33 (133) : 22-30.
22 - 30 .
danger.
Unasylva
1981
1981
- 42
42 --
y1/
tortilis subsp.
subsp . raddiana
raddiana (Savi)
(Savi) Brenan
Brenan
Acacia tortilis
SYNONYMS
A . raddiana
raddiana Savi
Savi (1830)
(1830)
A.
A. fasciculata
fasciculata Guill.
Guill. && Perr.
Perr o (1832),
(1832) , non
non H.B.K.
H.B . K.
A.
A. tortilis
torti!is var.
var. lenticellosa
lenticellosa Chiov.
Chiov.
A.
(1932)
(1932)
A . tortilis
tortilis forma
forma raddiana
raddiana (Savi)
(Savi) Roberty
Roherty (1984)
(1984)
A.
A . tortilis
tortilis subsp.
subsp . raddiana
raddiana var.
var. pubescens
puhescens A.Chev.(1927)
A.Chev. (1927)
A.
A. fasciculata
fasciculata var.
var. pubescens
pubescens (A.
(A. Chev.)
Chev . ) A.Chev.
A.Chev . (1928)
A.
A.
A . tortilis
torti!is var.
var. pubescens
pubescens Aylmer
Aylmer ex
ex Burtt
Burtt Davy
Davy (1930),
(1930),
(illegitimate name)
na~e)
(illegitimate
A. raddiana
raddiana var.
var. pubescens
pubescens (A.Chev.)
(A.Chev.) A.F.
A.F. Hill
Hill (1940)
(1940)
A.
i.-Brenan
(1983) recognizes four
four subspecies of Acacia
/ Brenan (1983)
tortilis~
tortilis!
subsp. tortilis
subsp.
torti!is
raddiana
spirocarpa
heterocantha
subsp. raddiana
subsp.
raddiana is
is sometimes treated
treated as
a5 a
a distinct
distinct
species
A . raddiana
raddiana Savi,
Savi,
species,, A.
(Karshon, 1961).
(Karshon,
1961) .
Brenan
torti!is subsp.
subsp. raddiana
raddiana into
into two
two
Brenan divides
divides A.
A. tortilis
variants
var. raddiana
raddiana and
and var.
var. Eubescens.
pubescens. Var.
Var .
variants:: var.
hybrid between
between subspecies
subspecies tortilis
tortilis
pubescens maybe aa hybrid
and
and subspecies raddiana7.
raddiana7 .
FAMILY
Leguminosae
subf. Mimosoideae
Leguminosae subf.
!/
1/
FAO
Ahmed El
E1 Houri
Houri
FAO acknowledge
acknowledge the
the assistance
assistance of
of Ahmed
Ahmed
Ahmed (Forest
(Forest Research Institute,
Institute, Soba,
Saba , Khartoum,Sudan)
Khartoum , Sudan)
-- 43 -
NAMES
VERNACULAR NAMES
Umbrella thorn
thorn (Africa)
(Africa)
Israeli
Israeli babool (India)
(India)
Sayal
Samar (Egypt,
(Egypt, Sudan)
Sudan)
Sayal,, Samor
Seing
(Senegal), Mgunga
Mgunga (Tanzania)
(Tanzania)
Seing,I Tortilis (Senegal),
Kandili,
8isaw (Niger),
(Niger), Seyal,
Seyal, Sayyal
Sayyal (Arabic)
(Arabic)
Kandili, Bisaw
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
Tree
1.2 - 10 m
high , with more or less
less rounded
rounded crown.
crown .
Tree 1.2-10
m high,
a)
var. raddiana:
raddiana: young branchlets
branchlets and
and leaves
leaves glabrous
glabrous
var.
or subglabrous.
b) var
pubescens: young branchlets
branchlets shortly
shortly more
more or
or
var.. pubescens:
less
less pubescent.
Inflorescence
(heads), 1-4,
1-4, on
on slender
slender stalks
stalks at
at leaf
leaf
Flower cluster (heads),
base.
Flowers
white , scented,
scented , in
in
Flowers white or yellowish -- white,
round
fluffy heads 0.5-1.1
0 . 5 -1 . 1 cm
em in
in diameter;
diameter; flowers
flowers
round fluffy
many,
of
many , crowded,
crowded , stalkless,
stalkless , about 4mm lona,
lon g , composed of
a
a 5-toothed
5 - toothed calyx
calyx 11 mm
mm long,
long , 55 petals
petals 22 mm
mm lona,
long , and
and
threadlike stamens;pistil
stamens; pistil with
with thread-like
thread-l ike style.
style .
many threadlike
Fruit
Fruit
a)
var.
var. raddiana:
r addiana:
pods glabrous or
or nearly
nearly so,
so, eglandular
eg l andular
b) var.
var. pubescens:
puberulous , eglandular,
eglandular, 6-9
6 - 9 mm
mm wide.
wide .
pods appressed puberulous,
Foliage
2 - 10, occasionally
occasionally up
up to
to 14
14 pairs,
pairs , on
on aa short
short
Pinnae 2-10,
rhachis up
up to
to 2(-4)
2( - 4) cm
cm long,
long, usually
usually glandular
glandular between
between
the
the upper 1-3
1-3 and
and lowest
lowest 1-2
1-2 pairs
pairs of
of pinnae.
pinnae.
- 44
44 --
6 -2 0 pairs
pa irs per
per pinna,
pi nna, alabrous
01ab rous to
to densely
densely
Leaflets 6-20
pubescent, 0.5-2.5
0 . 5 - 2.5 (-6)
( - 6) mm
mm lona,
lon g , 0.20 .2- l(-1.5)
1( - 1 . 5) mm
mm wide.
wide .
pubescent,
Bark
Gr e y or dark brown to
to blackish,
blackish, rough,
rough, deeply
deeply
Grey
furrowed,
scaly.
furrowed, scaly.
WOOD PROPERTIES
P,<:)PERTIES
WOOD
AND PRODUCTS
toJood
reddish with
Wood reddish
a
sapwood , heavy.
heavy .
It
whitish sapwood,
warps upon
upon drying
drying and
and is
is often
often riddled
riddled by
by borers.
borers .
It
It
is used
used mainly
ma in ly for
for superior
superior firewood
firewood and
and charcoal,
charco al,
is
used for
for fenceposts
fenceposts and
and small
smal l implements.
implements.
also used
Other Uses
Uses
Protein-rich,
are eaten from
from the
the
Protein-rich, nutritious
nutritious pods are
by livestock
livestock and
and wildlife.
wildlif e .
ground by
Foliage,
Foliage, including
and seedlings
seedlings also
also browsed.
bro wsed.
new shoots and
Plants
heavy grazing.
grazing.
survive heavy
form attractive
rnamentals and provide good
attractive oornamentals
Trees form
shade
shade..
The gum from
fr om the
the trunk
trunk is
is said
said to
to be
be edible.
edible .
Pods can
ca n be strung
strung into
into necklaces.
necklaces.
Pods
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
a)
var.
raddiana: occurs in
in northern Africa
Africa from
from
var. raddiana:
Senegal eastwards to
t o the
the Sudan,
Sudan , Somalia
Somalia and
and Kenya.
Kenya.
Its
Its status
stat us (native
(native or introduced)
introduced) in
in Kenya
Kenya is
is
uncertain.
It also eextends
xtends through
through Egypt
Egyp t to
to
It
Israel, Jordan
Jo rdan and
and Saudi
Saudi Arabia.
Arabia'.
Israel,
It
is cultivated
It is
in India (Pakistan).
(Pakistan).
in
b) var.
var . pubescens:
pubescens :
the Sudan.
Sudan .
and the
has
f ou nd in
in Mali,
Mali, Algeria
has been
been found
-- 45 --
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
The species
species has
has aa relatively
relatively wide
wide temperature
temperature tolerance,
tolerance,
being controlled in
in its
its distribution
distribution by
by temperature
than precipitation.
precipitation.
In Israel,
Israel, its
its northern
In
rather than
limit
l ess to the
the 300 mm isohyet
isohyet
limit corresponds
corresponds more
more or less
o
a mean annual
annual isotherm
isotherm of
of 20°C.
20 C.
and a
SOILS
on various
various soils,
soils, including
including sand
sand dunes,
dunes, sandy
sandy
Occurs on
loams
alkaline substrates.
substrates.
loams and
and rocky and alkaline
HABITAT
HABITAT
Because
its relatively
relatively high
high demand
demand for
for water, it
it is
is
Because of its
often
in hilly regions
regions where
where the
the sharp
sharp relief
relief
often found in
has deeper wadis.
wadis.
SEED HANDLING
Trees flower
flower freely
freely and produce
produce copious
copious seed.
seed.
Seeds
are 3-7
3- 7 (6)
3.5-4 . 5 (4)
(4) mm
mm wide.
wide.
(6) mm
mm long
long by
by 3.5-4.5
Seeds are
There are
a r e about 19 000 per
per kg
kg but
but as
as much
much as
as 40%
40% of
of
crop
larvae
crop is
is normally
normally completely destroyed by Bruchid larvae
when collected.
collected .
Pre-treatment:
a) Soak
in concentrated
for 20-120
20-120
Soak in
concentrated sulphuric acid for
minutes;
soaking period
period will
will
minutes; optimum soaking
vary
with different seedlots.
Immerse in
b) Immerse
in boiling water for
for 5-30
5-30 seconds
seconds
or pour
pour boiling water on the
or
the seeds
seeds and
and
afterwards
afterwards allow
allow them to
to remain
remain in
in water
until
to room
room temperature.
temperature.
until it cools to
-
46 --
c)
holes or
or cracks
cracks meck.anically
rnec~~nicall~' in
in the
the
C) Make holes
seed to allow water
'.... ater to
t o enter.
enter.
SILVICULTURE
tree coppices vigorously and
and tolerates
tolerates lopping
lopping of
of
The tree
branches.
It
It has
has an extensive
extensive and deep root
root
large branches.
system , which enables the
the tree
tree to
to thrive
thrive in
in dry
dry desert
desert
system,
soil moisture
moisture at
wadis where sufficient accessible soil
levels is
is available throughout
throughout the
the year.
year.
deepest levels
Tolerates low
low temperatures and
and occasional
occasional frosts.
frosts.
STATUS
subspecies is
is endangered
endangered in
in parts
parts of
of its
its
This subspecies
range .
geographical range.
REASON
REASON FOR DECLINE
The
for its decline
The reason for
is pressure from
from
is
humans
is beyond
beyond the
the
humans and their animals which is
resilience of
of the
the species.
species .
recuperative resilience
Some trees,
trees,
if
are dwarfed by continous
if allowed
allowed to
to survive
survive,, are
grazing
the new growth (before
(before the
the thorns
thorns become
become
grazing where the
rigid
eaten .
rigid and
and protective)
protective) are eaten.
However,
However, if
if it
it is
is
allowed to grow
it can produce a
a huge
huge crop
crop of
of pods
pods
grow it
which
nutritious to
to animals.
animals .
which are highly nutritious
URES TAKEN
PROTECTIVE
PROTECTIVE MEAS
MEASURES
TAKEN
Is
in the FAO/IBPGR Project
Project
Is one
one of
of the
the species
species included in
on
Resources of Arid/Semi-Arid
Arid/Semi-Ar i d Zone
Zone Arboreal
Arboreal
on Genetic Resources
Species
for the
the improvement of
of Rural
Rural Liviha.
Living .
Species for
Seed
collections for
for species/provenance
speci es /p rovenance trials
trials and
and
conservation have
have been made in
in India
India (maybe
(maybe A.tortilis),
A. tortilis)
Israel
and Yemen.
Yemen .
Israel,, Senegal,
Senegal, Sudan and
- 47
47 --
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ahmed,
A.El Houri
hhmed, A.E1
1982
Autoeco!ogy of
of Acacia
Acacia tortilis
tortilis
The Autoecology
(Forsk . ) Hayne
(Forsk.)
Hayne Ph.D.Thesis
Ph.D.Thesis -- University
University
of Khartoum.
Khartoum.
8renan,
J . P . M.
Brenan, J.P.M.
1957
in Kew
on Mimosoideae
Mimosoideae III.
III . in
Notes on
Bull. 1,
1, 1957:
1957: 86-89.
86-89.
Bull.
Brenan,
J.P.M .
Drenan, J.P.M.
1983
on Taxonomy
Tax~norny of
of Acacia
Acacia species.
species.
Manual on
FAD, Rome,
Rome 1983.
1983 .
FAO,
I
. L. et
al . Handbook on seeds of
of dry-zone
dry - zone Acacias.
Acacias.
Doran, JJ.L.
et.. al.
Doran,
FAD , Rome
Rome
FAO,
1983
Resources of
of Tree
Tree Species
Species in
in
Genetic Resources
and Semi-Arid
Semi - Arid Areas,
Areas, FAO,
FAD, Rome.
Rome .
Arid and
FAO
1980
Halevy, G.
G.
G.
G. Orshan
1972
&
8.
Ecological Studies on
on Acacia
Acacia species
species
in the Negev
Negev and
and Sinai.
Sinai.
in
Karschon, R.
R.
1961
1961
Contribution to
to the
the Arboreal Flora
Flora
Acacia raddiana Savi
of Israel:
Acacia
Savi
and A.
A. tortilis
tortilis Hayne.
Hayne.
La-yiaran
11 (3-4):
(3-4) : VI-XVI.
VI - XVI .
La-Yaaran 11
Karshon, R.
R.
1975
Seed Germination of Acacia raddiana
raddiana
Savi
A. tortilis
tortilis Hayne
Hayne as
as
Savi and A.
Infestation by
by Bruchids
Bruchids -related to Infestation
Division of Forestry,
Division
Forestry, Agricultural
Research Organization,
Research
Organization, Leaflet
No.
52 , Ilanot,
Ilanot, 1975.
1975.
No. 52,
Little, L.jr.
L.jr.
1983
Communi-Tech.
Common Fuelwood
Fuelwood Crops.
Crops.
Associates, Morgantown,
Morgantown, West
West Virginia.
Virginia.
Palmberg , C.
C.
Palmberg,
vital fuelwood gene pool
A vital
pool is
is in
in
Unasylva 33
Unasy1va
33 (133):
(133) : 22-30.
22-30.
danger.
1981
-
48 --
1/
Alnus
O.KtzeAlnus acuminata 0.Ktze
SYNONYMS
ferruginea H.B.K.
H.B.K.
Alnus ferruginea
A. jorullensis
jorullensis N.B.K.
H . B . K.
A.
FAMILY
Betulaceae
Betulaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
Jaul (Costa
(Costa Rica)
Rica)
(Argentina , Peru)
Peru)
Aliso (Argentina,
Lambran (Peru)
(Peru)
(English)
Alder (English)
DESCRIPTION
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
Tree up to 30
Tree
30 m
m in
in height,
height, which dependina
depending upon
upon the
the
habitat, is
is either straight
straight or irregularly
irregularly shaped.
shaped.
habitat,
Stem 20-50 cm
em or more in
in diameter;
diameter; stem
stem form
form semisemi circular,
elliptical or
or triangular.
triangular .
circular, elliptical
Inflorescence
The
a monoecious plant,
plant , the
the inflorescences
inflorescences
The alder is a
appear in
in catkins
catkins with
with 44 to
female
to 99 very short female
aments
aments on
on each
each branchlet
branchlet which
which gradually
gradually transform
transform into
into
ovoid,
"cones" with permanent
permanent scales.
scales. Female
Female
ovoid, lignified "cones"
bracteate ,
flower bracteate,
with
2 styles.
styles .
!/
1/
each
bracht bearing 22 flowers,
When
cones
become
Based on
the work
(Satan 405,
405, Quito,
Quito,
on the
work of P.Rosero (Batan
Ecuador)
Ecuador)..
- 49
49 --
mature, they are 16 to
mature,
to 22
22 mm
mm in
in length
length and
and 10
10 to
to 12
12 mm
mm
in
long after the
the
in diameter
diameter and
and adhere
adhere to the plant long
seeds have
have been
been shed.
shed.
c.
to 55 male
male catkins
catkins occur,
occur,
From 33 to
cm from
the end
end of each inflorescence-bearino
55 em
from the
inflorescence- bearino
branchlet.
Each
Each bract bears
bears 33 flowers
flowers and
and 44 bractlets.
bractlets.
Fruit
The furit
furit is
is a
a monospermous indehiscent,
indehiscent, nut,
nut, dark
dark
yellow to light bronze in
in colour,
colour , with expanded
expanded tissue
tissue
the form
form of wings,
persistent styles
styles that
that
in the
wings, and 22 persistent
turn
turn black when mature.
mature .
The seeds
along
seeds are
are located along
the
axis of the scales of the
the cone,
cone, one or
or two
two per
per
the axis
scale.
Foliage
Leaves
simple, alternate,
alternate , ovate,
ovate, with somewhat
somewhat wavy
wavy
Leaves simple,
serrate edges,
edges, asymmetric,
serrate
asymmetric, tips
tips slightly
slightly acuminate
acuminate or
or
pointed,
obt use .
pointed, base obtuse.
surface of
of the
the leaf
leaf
The surface
darkish
glabrous; the
the underside,
underside, light
light green
green
darkish green
green and
and glabrous;
pinkish.
or pale pinkish.
underside of
of very
very young
young leaves
leaves
The underside
is
a mucilage
nervation prominent
prominent and
and
is covered with
with a
mucilage;; nervation
somewhat pubescent.
pubescent .
Size of leaves
leaves varies
varies from
from 66 to
to
15
in length
length and
and 3 to 7.5
7.5 cm in
in width,
width, with
with 10
10 to
to
15 cm in
14
on adult
adult leaves.
leaves.
14 pairs
pairs of nerves on
Stipules caducous
Stipules
caducous
Petioles
from 1.5
1 . 5 to 3 cm in
in length,
length, colour
colour from
from
Petioles from
light green to
light
to pinkish.
pi nki sh .
Ba r k
Bark
Outer bark
bark normally
normally smooth,
in places
p l aces wrinkled or
smooth, in
with certain
certain parts
parts splitting
splitting and fissured;
fissured; lenticels
lenticels
arranged
arranged in
in horizontal
horizontal rings which enclose the
the
greyish - coloured heart
heart wood.
wood.
brownish or greyish-coloured
- 50
50 --
WOOD PROPEFalES
PRlPERI'IES
WOOD
AND PRODUCTS
Used
for fuel
fuel and small
small construction
constructi o n work.
work .
Used for
wo od
The wood
is pale
pale br
brown
is
o wn or superficially
superficially bronze
bronze coloured,
coloured , with
Odourless
llow
o w luster.
luster.
Od
o urless and
a nd tasteless
t a stele ss when
when dry.
dry.
in weight, but
but firm.
firm .
Light in
Uses
Other Uses
Of potential value as aa soil
Of
soil improver
improver especially
especially on
on
eroded soils;
soils; the
the bark and
and leaves
leaves are
are used
used for
for tanning
tanning
their astringent properties
properties are
are also
also
and dyeing and their
local medicine.
medicine.
useful in local
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTION
In
In Mexico and the
the Cordillera of Central
Centra l America,
America , from
from
Guatemala
Guatemala to Costa Rica and
and in
in the
the Andes
Andes of
of South
South
(Argentina, Bolivia,
Bolivia, Equador
Equador and
and Peru).
Peru).
America (Argentina,
range from
from 1,500
1,500 mm (Costa
(Costa Rica)
Rica) up
up to
to
Altitudinal range
3,800 m
m (Peru).
(Peru).
CLI MATE
CLIMATE
In Costa
this alder is
is found
found in
in the
the. area
area where
where
In
Costa Rica this
dairy
raised: the
the area
area has
has an
an average
average
dairy cattle are raised;
annual
100 mm and
and temperatures
temperatures ranging
ranging
annual rainfall of 33 100
0
0
4 to
to 27°C;
27 e; it
it is
is aa zone
zone of
of constant
constant fog.
fog.
from 4°
The
foggy weather starts in
in May and
and persists
persists until
until the
the
foggy
November , although foggy
foggy days
month of November,
days also occur
In Peru it
other months
months of
of the
the year.
year.
In
it prefers
during other
a rainfall in
in the range from
from 1 500 to 2 000 mm
rom and
and
a
a mean annual
annual temperature
temperature of
of 18°C.
laoe.
a
- 51
51 --
SOILS
It
It oc
occurs
curs oon
n both
b o th fertile
fertile (Costa
(Co s ta Rica)
Ri c a ) and
and less
less fertile
fertile
(Andes).
soils (Andes).
In
Peru it
it is found
found in
in humid
humid situations.
situations.
In Peru
HABITAT
In its area of
o f distribution,
distributi o n, up
up to
to altitudes
altitudes around
around
In
m, A.
~. acuminata
acuminata is
is found
found along
along small
small. streams.
streams.
2 000 m,
higher altitudes
altitudes it
it grows
grows in
in small
small valleys
valleys protected
At higher
from
dry winds
from the
the highest
highest
from the
the cold
cold and dry
winds coming from
mountains
mountains..
On the best sites
sites the
the development
development of
of the
the
the same
same whether
whether it
it has
has been
been planted
planted
species has been the
at the
the river-banks
river - banks or in
in drier localities.
l o c a liti e s.
at
SEED HANDLING
Around 2 000 000 seeds/kg.,
seeds / kg., germination
germination normally
normally above
above
30
%I
30%,
no
is needed before
before sowing.
5 0 '.'" 1n0 .
no pre-treatment is
SILVI
CULTURE
SILVICULTURE
Artificial
regeneration of Alnus
is carried out
Artificial regeneration
Alnus is
out using
using
silvicultura l practices,
practices , and
and bare-rooted
bare - rooted plants
plants
normal silvicultural
of 30-90
30- 90 cm
cm in
in height.
height.
The tree
tree can
can also
also readily
readily be
be
reproduced from
from cuttings
cuttings of
of 11 to
to
l~
11/2
cm in diameter,
diameter ,
from adult
adult trees.
trees.
The rate of
of growth
g r owth depends
depends on
on
The
taken from
practices , which are
are adapted
adapted to
to the
the endendmanagement practices,
the tree.
tree.
use of the
according to
to soil
soil
Yield also varies according
and altitude.
altitude .
type and
With a
a rotation
rotation of
of 18
1 8 to
to 22
22 years,
years ,
the yield in a
a stand,
stand, grown
grown for timber,
timber , is around
the
3
10-1
5 m
/ ha / an .
10-15
m3/ha/an.
In
Rica alder is,
is, as a
a rule,
rule, grown
grown at
at aa wide
wide
In Costa
Costa Rica
(15 xx 15
15 m)
m) to
to improve
impro ve pastures
pasturesfor
fordairy
dairycattle.
cattle- .
spacing (15
Under this management
management regime,
regime, trees will average 37
37 cm
em
in
in diameter
diameter and
and 15
15 m in
in height
height at
at age
age 11,
11, and
and over
over
-- 52 --
40
cm in diameter and
40 em
and 29
29 mm in
in height
height at
at age
age 32.
32 .
As with
with all species of the
As
the genus Alnus,
Alnus, Alnus
acuminata is able to
acuminata
to fix
fix atmospheric
atmospheric nitrogen
nitrogen throuah
throug h
its
its root nodules.
nodules .
The
formation of
of nodules
nodules (symbiosis
(symbiosis
The formation
between
the tree)
tree) depends on soil texture
texture
between bacteria and the
and aeration.
aeration .
Along slopes and riverbanks there is
is
aa better formation of nodules than
than when
wh en the
the trees
trees are
are
grown
in combination with grazing or agriculture
ag ri cu l ture on
on
grown in
relatively rich
rich soils.
soils .
STATUS
Further study is
is needed.
needed.
The
species is
is likely to be
The species
endangered in
in parts
pa rts of
of its
its aeographic
geographic range.
range.
IIt
t is
is
in
danger of genetic impoverishment.
impoverishment .
DECLINE
REASONS FOR DECLINE
A . acuminata
acuminata regenerates
regenerates very
very easily
easily naturally,
natur~ly,
Although A.
the
introduced, fastfast the trend
trend to substitute native by introduced,
species has
has led
led to
to aa gradual
gradual decrease
decrease in
in its
its
growing species
natural area.
area.
Since
Since the species
species requires
requires deep,
deep,
well
well-drained
- drained soils for
for optimum development,
development , it
it also
also
agricultural crops.
crops .
often competes with agricultural
-- 53 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alvarez,
H.
Alvarez,H.
1956
1956
Estudio forestal
forestal del "Jaul"
"Jaul" (Alnus
(Alnus
HBK) en Costa Rica.
Rica. Tesis
jorullensis HBK)
Mag. Agr.
Agr. Instituto
Instituto Interamericano
Interamericano
Mag.
de Ciencias Agricolsa,Turrialba,
de
Agricolsa,Turrialba,
Costa Rica.
Rica. 87 p.
p.
Costa
Cardenas ,M.
Cardenas,M.
general de
de la
1a vegetacion
vegetacion en
en
Aspectro general
Bolivia. In:
In: Verdoom
Verdoom Frans
Frans (Ed.)
(Ed.)
Bolivia.
and plant
plant science
science in
in Latin
Latin
Plants and
Waltham,
Mass. Chronica
America.
Waltham, Mass.
Botanica Co.
Co. pp.
pp. 312-313.
312-313.
1945
Castallanos,A.
1944
radiculares del
del aliso
aliso
Los tuberculos radiculares
(Alnus
(Alnus Jorullensis
jorullensis HBK
HBK var.
var. pachii
Regel) .
10 (2):
(2): 413-416.
413-,fl6:-Regel).
Lilloa 10
Conzalez, R.
Conzalez,R.
1970
Re!acion entre el peso especifico YY
Relacion
propiedades mecanicas
mecanicas del
del
algunas propiedades
Alnus jorullensis
jorullensis HBK.
HBK. Tesis
Tesis Mag.
Mag. Sc.
5c .
Instituto Interamericano
Interamericano de Ciencias
Agricolas,
Agricolas, Turrialha,
Turrialha, Costa
Costa Rica.91p.
Rica.91p.
FAO
1981
on endangered
endangered forest
forest tree
tree
Data book on
species and provenances.
provenances. FAO,
FAO ,
F0:MISC/81/11,
FO:MISC/81/11, Rome
Rome 1981.
1981. p.4-6.
p.4 - 6.
Holdridge,L.et.al.
forests of
of western
western and
and central
central
The forests
Ecuador. U.S.Forest
U.S.Forest Service,
Service,
Ecuador.
D.C . 134
134 p.
p.
Washington D.C.
1947
Arbelaez,E .
Perez Arbelaez,E.
1947
utiles de
de Colombia.
Colombia.
Plantas utiles
Imprenta Nacional. 531
531 P.
p.
S.J. &&
Record, S.J.
1943
R.W.Hess
of the
the New
New World,
World, Yale
Yale
Timbers of
University Press,
Press , New
New Haven.
Haven.
Sieco
, G.
Sicco,G.
1971
silviculturales sobre
sobre el
el
Notas silviculturales
jorullensis de
de Caldas,
Caldas, Colombia,
Colombia,
Alnus jorullensis
in
rial ba, Vol.
Vol. 21
21 (1):
(1): 83-88.
83-88.
in Tur
Turrialba,
Universidad
Agraria
Nacional Agraria
in situ
situ de
de recursos
recursos
Conservacion in
forestales Estudio
Estudio de
de Caso:
Caso:
geneticos forestales
for FAO
FAO (unpbl.)
(unpbl.)
Peru.
Paper prepared for
1984
Weberauer
I A.
Weberauer,A.
1945
Bogota,
El
El mundo
rm..mdo vegetal
vegetal de
de los
los Andes
Andes peruanos;
peruanas; estudio fitogeografico.
fitogeografico. Ed.rev.Y
Ed. rev . Y ampl.Estacion
~l.Estacion
Experi.rrental
Ac:ricola,La r-Dlina
,Liffi:1: ,Pen1.776p
Experimental A(7.iricola,La
Mo1ina,Lina,Peru.776p
- 54
54 --
y1/
Anadenanthera macrocaroa
macrocarpa (Benth.)
(Benth.) BrenanBrenan
SYNONY~tS
SYNONYMS
grata Wild.
Wild.
Acacia grata
(1809)
Adenanthera colubrina (Vell.)
(VeIl.) Brenan
Brenan var.
var. cebil
cebil (Gris.)
( Gris.)
Alts.
macrocarpa Benth.
Benth. (1842)
(1842)
Piptadenia macrocarpa
Piptadenia microphylla
Benth . (1842)
(1842)
microphylla Benth.
FAMILY
subfam. Mimosoideae
Mimosoideae
Leguminosae subfam.
VERNACULAR NAME
Angico - vermelho, angico,
angieD , angico-bravo,
angieo - bravo , angico-preto,
angieo - preto,
Angico-vermelho,
/
angieD rajado,
rajado , cambui-ferro,
carnbui - ferro , guarapiraca,
guarapiraca , angico
angieD do
do
angico
campo , arapiraca, curupahi,
curupahi , angico
angieD castanho.
castanho.
campo,
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
Tree with
o r straight trunk
trunk someti
mes
with a crooked or
sometimes
reaching heights
heights above 15 m,
m, a
a 30 to 50 cm
em diameter.
diameter .
Angular branching at the
the top of the crown;
crown; lacking
lacking
in the
the adult
adult phase.
phase.
thorns in
Inflorescence
Flowers
capitulum , clustered and
and axillary
axilla ry
Flowers in
in aa globose
globose capitulum,
flowers
colour, with a
a 1-2
1-2 mm
flowers small,
small, whitish
whitish in colour,
serrate marain;
margin; corolla
corolla flatitwo
flat 1two
tubiform calyx with aa serrate
larger than
than calyx.
calyx.
Flowering
takes place from
Flowering takes
times larger
August
December, in
in trees
trees of
of 44 to
to 55 years
years of
of age.
age .
August to December,
l/Based on
the work
I . E . Pires and
and C.E.S.Nascimento,
C.E . S.Nascimento ,
1/Based
on the
work of I.E.Pires
- EMBRAPA/CPATSA,
EMBRAPA/CPATSA , P.O.Box
P . O . Box 23,
23, Petrolina,
Petrolina , PE,
PE , Brazil.
Brazil.
-- 55
55 --
Fruit
Fruit
A flat
flat pod
pod 32
32 cm
em long;
long; brownish-yellow
brownish - yellow in
in colour,
colour,
A
with a
a rouah,
rough, wrinkled surface
surface with
with small
small out-growths
out - growths
few veins;
veins; 15
15 to
to 30
30 cm
em long
long by
by 22 to
to 33 cm
em wide.
wide .
and few
Foliage
\~ith
With
to 30
30 pairs
pairs of
of pinnae
pinnae measuring
measuring from
from 44 to
to 88 cm,
em,
up to
foliales
50 to
to 60
60 pairs;
pairs; opposite,
opposite , sessile;
sessile;
folioles in 50
membranaceous,
lance - shaped , rounded
rounded and
and asymmetrical
asyn~etrical at
at
membranaceous, lance-shaped,
base, with
with aa well
well pronounced
pronounced midrib.
midrib. Leaflets
base,
measure
to 66 mm
mm in
in length
length and
and 11 to
to 22 mm
mm
measure approximately 33 to
th e
the
in width.
Bark
Greyish
colour, smooth,
smooth , sometimes
sometimes presenting
presenting small
small
Greyish in colour,
or lengthwise
lengthwise fissures,
fissures, with
with few
few thorns.
thorns.
wrinkles or
young,, it has aa thickness
young
thickness of
of about
about 22 to
to 55 mm.
mm.
When
WOOD PROPERTIES AND
AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
A chestnut-yellow
chestnut- yellow colour,
colour, becoming
becoming aa dark-red
dark - red with
with
distinouishable
distingui~hable
growth
growth rings;
rings ; yellow
yellow or
or rose
rose sapwood,
sapwood ,
that is easily distinguished from
from the
the heartwood.
heartwood.
It
is a
a heavy hardwoodIspecific
hardwood (specific gravity
gravity 1.07),
1 . 07 ), which
whi c h is
is
is
The wood is used for
resi
stant to
to deterioration.
deterioration.
The
resistant
construction,
pillars , posts,
posts, fence
fence posts,
posts , carpentry,
carpentry,
construction, pillars,
beams
rafte rs ,tile
tile
blocks
, fuel,charcoal
charcoal and
and other
other purposes.
beams,, rafters,
blocks
, fuel,
purposes.
Other Uses
Other
Bark
in the
the leather industry due
due to
to its
its high
high
Bark is
is used
used in
up to 32%.
tannin
tannin content,
content, up
32% .
-- 56 --
DISTRIBUTI ON
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
This
f r om the state
state of Marnhâo
Marnhao to the
the
This species
species occurs
occurs from
state
Paulo , including
including the
the "caatinga"
" caat i nga " in
in the
the
state of
of Sio
So Paulo,
Northeastern region,
region,
and the
the "cerrados"
" cerrados " and the
the dry
dry
fforest
o rest of Central Brazil. It
It is
is also
also found
found in Northern
No rthern
Argentina,
Peru, Bolivia
Bol i via and Paraguay.
Pa r aguay .
Argentina, Peru,
CLIMATE
dist r ibuted and
and found
found in
in the
the most
~ost
Although widely distributed
diverse
conditions , from dry sub
sub humid
diverse climatic conditions,
tropical
tropical to arid
l imates.
dry cclimates.
tropical,
tropical,
this tree
this
prefers
SOILS
SOILS
In
tl caatinga "
thrives best
best in
in deep
deep soils.
soils.
In the "caatinga"
it is
is normally
found on deep tableland
tableland soils
soils and
and
it
normally found
It
alluvials, and
excessively humid
humid
alluvials,
and does
does not
not withstand excessively
conditions
conditions..
HABITAT
Can be
be found
Can
found isolated as well as
as along
along with other
other
species
uniform formations.
formations.
species,, sometimes in dense and uniform
tropical
tro pical forest
forest oof
f the AtlaAtla ntic Coast
it prefers
prefers the
the
Coast,, while in the Northeast it
Generally in low mountain
borde
r s of streams
streams and
and creeks.
creeks.
borders
SEED
SEED HANDLING
To
good germination,
germ i nation,
To obtain healthy seeds with good
the
the fruits
fruits must
must be
be collected
collected when physiologically
mature and before falling.
falling.
phys
i ological
physiological
In
In the Northeastern Brazil,
Brazil,
reached approximately
approximately 220
220
ripening is reached
-- 57 --
after fruit
fruit setting
setting begins.
begins.
Storage in
in open
ope n
days after
conditions
conditions as
as well
well as in cold
cold chambers provides an
an
average germination above
above 80%
80% after
after
5
5
months,
independent of the
the type
type of
of packagina
packaging used.
used.
seeds of
of this
this species do
do not
dormancy
The seeds
not present dormancy
problems, and will germinate
germinate without
without treatment
treatment within
within
problems,
a period of
of 10
10 days.
days.
a
17000 seeds.
seeds.
froM 11000
11000 to
to
One kg may
may contain from
SILVICULTURE
The cultivation of this
this species
species for
for commercial
commercial purposes
purposes
common.
is not common.
However , based on the existing
However,
experiments,
it is
is possible
possible to
to establish
establish pure
pure stands.
stands.
experiments, it
At
age, the
the stand
stand renders
renders wood
wood for
for fence
fence
At 6 years of age,
posts,
fuel and
and charcoal.
charcoal.
posts, fuel
Studies in the Northeastern
region, showed high survival
survival and
and height
height for
for the
the
region,
species , under the
the semi-arid
semi - arid conditions
conditions of
of this
this area.
area.
species,
STATUS
The
slow decline.
decline.
The species is suffering aa slow
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
MEASURES TAKEN AND RECOMMENDED
RECOMMENDED
No measures
measures have yet been taken,
No
taken, neither
neither for
for ex
ex situ
situ
in situ
situ conservation
conservation to
to preserve
preserve the
the original
original
nor in
genetic pool.
pool.
underway on
on this
this species
species
The studies underway
limited to
to pure
pure stands.
stands.
are limited
Studies
reproductive
Studies of the reproductive
syste
m and
is
system
and establishment
establishment of base populations is
recommended,
to preserve
genetic variation and to
to
recommended, to
preserve the genetic
repr oductive material.
material.
provide reproductive
- 58
58 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Braga
R.
Braaa,I R.
1976
nordeste, especialmente do
do
Plantas do nordeste,
Ceara.
3 . ed.
Escola
3.
ed. Mossuro
Mossor6,, Escola
Ceará.
de Agricultura.
Agricultura. 540
540 p.
p.
Superior de
~
Brune, A.
A.
1975
/
Preservasao
reservas geneticas
qeneticas
Preservagao das reservas
de
arvores nativas brasileiras.
brasileiras .
de ärvores
Brasil florestal,
Brasil
florestal , Rio
Rio de
de Janeiro,
Janeiro ,
(24),
19-21.
(24): 19-21.
Brune, A.
A.
1981
1981
Implantag-a-o
de populacoes
populac-óes base de
Implanta~ao de
de
especies florestais.
florestais.
Documentos .
Documentos.
espécies
EMBRAPA/URPFCS,
EMBRAPA/URPPCS , Curitiba:
Curitiba' 1-9.
1 - 9.
corr~a, M.P.
M.P.
Corra,
1926
1926
FAO
FAG
1986
,
SOme
Some medicinal forest plants of Africa
Africa
and
America. FAO Forestry
and Latin America.
Paper 67.
67.
Golfari,
L.;
Golfari, L.;
Caser,
R.L. &
&
Caser, R.L.
Moura,
V.P.G .
Moura, V.P.G.
1978
1978
/
Dicionário
Dicion~ri0 das
das plantas úteis
uteis do
do Brasil
Brasil
ee das
das exóticascultivas.
ex6ticas cultivas . Rio
Rio de
de
Janeiro,
Servio de
Janeiro
, Servi~o
de Informagao
Informa~ao
Agricola, v.l.
v.I. p.
p. 127, 326.
32~
Rome..
Rome
Zoneamento ecolO'gico
ecológico esquem.3:tico
esquemático
Zoneamento
para reflorestamento
reflorestamento no
no Brasil.
Brasil .
Série
Serie técnica.
tecnica . PRODEPEP,
PRODEPEF, Brasilia,
Brasilia,
(11)
(11) , 1-66.
:
Lima,
Lima, D.
D. de A.
A.
s.d
s.d..
Contribution to
to the
the study
study of
of the
the
New
flora of
of Pernambuco,
flora
Pernambuco, Brazil.
Brazil.
(Tese -- Mestrado -York. 154p.
l54p .
(Tese
York.
University of
of New
New York).
York) .
Lima,
P. C. F. ;
Lima, P.C.F.;
Souza,
. M . de &
&
Souza, S
S.M.
Drumond,
M.A .
Drumond, M.A.
Competi3-go
florestais
Competi~ao de espj'cies
esp~cies florestais
nativas em Petrolina
Petrolina -- PE.
PE.
Silvicultura em Sao Paulo,
Paulo, Sao
Sao Paulo,
Paulo,
1982
16A (parte
16A
(parte)):, 1139-48.
1139-48.
Rizzini,
Rizzini, C.T.
1971
Árvores e
Arvores
e madeiras uf
6teis do Brasil:
manunl
de dendrologia brasileira.
brasileira.
manual de
Sao Paulo,
Paulo, Edgard
Edgard Blücher.
Blucher. 294
294 p.
p.
-
Silva
H.O. da
da
Silva,, H.O.
et alii
1980
1980
59 -
essencias florestais
florestais
Comportamento de essencias
regioes árida
arida e
e semi-árida
semi - arida do
do
nas regióes
nordeste
(resultados preliminares).
prelimi nares) .
nordeste (resultados
Documentos
EMBRAPA/DID , Brasilia:
Bras (l ia :
Documentos.. EMBRAPA/DID,
11-25.
- 25 .
Souza,
. M. de
Souza, S
S.M.
1983
CUrso
produ~ao de
nt es e
Curso sobre produg-go
de seme
sementes
Petrolina , EMBRAPA/CAPTSA,
EMBRAPA/CAPTSA ,
mudas.
Petrolina,
27 p.
p.
33 -- 14 outubro. 27
Souza,
S . M. de;
Souza, S.M.
Pires,
I . E . &&
Pires, I.E.
Lima, P.C.F.
P.C.F .
Lima,
1980
Influencia
condigoes
Influencia da embalagem ee condisoes
a r mazenamento na
na longevidade
longevidade
de armazenamento
florestais.
Bo
let im de
dp.
de sementes florestais.
Boletim
pesquisa . EMBRAPA.
E!'JI.BRAPA . Petrol
i na ,
pesquisa.
Petrolina,
(~) : 15-24.
15 - 24.
(2):
Tigre , C.B.
C.B.
Tigre,
1976
silvicu lt ura especializada
espec i alizada
Estudos de silvicultura
do nordeste. Mossoró.
Mossor6 . Escola
Escola
de Agricultura.
Agricultura . 176
1 76 p.
p.
Superior de
Vasconcelos
Sobrinho, J.
J.
1970
As regilies
naturais
do nordeste,
nordeste, o0
As
regiues natura
is do
meio e aa civilizagáo.
ci vil.i za o;:ao .
Reci fe,
Recife,
Conselho do Desenvolvimento
Desen v olvimento de
de
Pernambuco.
Pernambuco. 441
441 p.
p.
- 60 --
duckei Kostermansl/
Kostermans 11
Aniba duckei
SYNONYMS
guianensis Aublet
Aublet (1775)
(1775)
Licaria guianensis
rasaeodora Ducke
Ducke (1926)
(1926)
Aniba rosaeodora
rosaeodora var.
var. amazónica
amazonica Kostermans
Kostermans (1938)
(1938)
Aniba rosaeodora
FAMILY
Lawaceae
VERNACULAR
NAMES
VERNACULAR NAMES
pau-rosa-mulatinho, pau-rosa-itaUba
pau-rosa - ita~ba and
and
Pau-rosa, pau-rosa-mulatinho,
pau-rosa-imbuba.
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
Inflorescence
flowers with
with aa small
small pedicel,
pedicel,
A multi-flowered panicle, flowers
flowering
occurs between
between April and May;
May; ferrugineours.
ferrugineours.
flowering occurs
Fruit
With a
a very
very thick
thick cupule.
cupule .
Foliage
Narrow leaves,
leaves , 4 to
5 em
in width,
to 5
cm in
width, slightly
slightly curved
curved or
or
flat
the base and
and with aa pointed
pOinted apex,
apex,
flat,, acute at the
semicoriaceolls,
the secondary ribs
ribs diverging
diverging from
from
semicoriaceous, the
0
rib at
at 45°
45° to
to 60o
60 angle.
angle .
the primary rib
11
1/
Based on
on the work of L.G.S.
L.G.S. Costa,
Costa , S.T.Ohashi
S.T.Ohashi and
and
O.Daniel . Department
Department of
of Forestry,
Forestry, Faculdade
Faculdade de
de
0.Daniel.
Ciencias Agrarias
Agrarias do
do Para,
Para, P.O.Box
P.D.Box 917,
917, Belém,
Belem , Para,
Para,
Ciéncias
Brazil.
-- 61 --
a primary tropical forest,
forest, near
near Manaus
Manaus this
this species
species
In a
leaf changes,
changes, always
always during
during the
the dry
dry
presents yearly leaf
period, which does not happen
happen for
for the
the flowering
flowering and
and
period,
fruiL
setting
phases.
t
o
irregular
flowering
and
Due
to
irregular
flowering
and
fruit
phases.
fruit
the fruits
fruits by birds,
birds , the
the
fruit setting
setting and
and attacks on the
seed supply is
is jeopardized.
jeopardized.
Bark
The
is a
a brownish yellow,
yellow, and
and falls
falls off
off in
in large
large
The bark is
plates or
or sheets.
sheets.
WOOD PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
3
Wood heavy (0.80
(C.BO to 0.90 g/cm3);
g/cm ); aa brownish-yellow
brownish-yellow
heartwood with pink highlights; yellow
yellow sapwood;
sapwood; aa
regular to irregular grain; medium
medium texture,
texture, aa shiny,
shiny,
smooth
surface; an attractive aroma,
aroma, which becomes
smooth surface;
stronger when the wood is cut;
cut; astringent
a s tringent and pungent to
to
taste.
Indians use
use this
this wood for
Indians
f o r making canoes and
and
In carpentry,
other similar purposes.
purpos e s.
In
c arpentry, the
the wood
wood is
is
to work with,
and wi
with
an elegant
describ e d as easy
to
with, and
th an
described
finish.
However, the use of this
However,
this wood for
for carpentry
carpentry
purposes is rare,
rare, due to
to its
its economical
economical importance
importance to
to
the perfume industry.
industry .
Other Uses
Uses
An
(linaloil), which is
i s widely
widely used
used in the
An essence (linaloil),
industry, is extracted from
from distilled
distilled
perfume industry,
leaves/and
roots.
leaves,and roots.
wood,
-- 62 -
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
In
in the
the Tapanahoni
In Surinam,
Surinam, this
this tree
tree grows
grows in
Tapanahoni and
Gonini
basins, and,
and, in
in French Guiana,
Guiana, it
it grows
grows in
Gonini River basins,
Oiapoque.
to Peru (Iquitos,
( Iguitos, Rio
Ri o Napo
Nape and
and
It extends to
Pucalpa),
Pucalpa), Colombia and
and Ecuador.
Ecuador.
In Brazil,
Brazil, besides
besides the
the
In
State
State of Amapa,
Amap;, and on the
the border of French
French Guiana,
Gu iana, it
it
prefers the high
high and
and mid
mid Amazon
Amazon region.
region .
SOILS,, CLIMATE
SOILS
this species
species occurs
occurs naturally
naturally are
are
The climate where this
of
the Am and
and Aw type in the
the Koepen
K~epen classification.
classification. 1/
of the
It
is found
found in
in clayey as well as
as sandy phase yellow
yellow
It is
red latosols,
latosols, and
and also
also on
o n gley
gley podzols.
podzols.
and red
largest
Its largest
is in
in soils
soils originating from the
th e upper
upper
productivity is
ca rbonifero us formations.
formations .
carboniferous
HABITAT
Aniba duckei occurs
occ urs
mainly
in
high
land
rain
forests.
SILVICULTURE
This is an
an intolerant
intolerant species,
species, natural
natural regeneration
regeneration
place only
o nly when
wh en there
ther e are clearings
c learings in
in the
the forest.
forest .
taking place
The
first planting of Aniba
Aniba duckei
duckei took
took place
place in
in 1933
1933
The first
when
with 18
18 000
000 trees,
trees,
when plantings were established with
total of
of 88 000
000 remain.
re~ain.
of which aa total
plantations
development.
germination
this
of this
species
general,
In general,
sshows
hows
very
l imiting factors
factors fer
for
The main limiting
little
seed
are related
are
related to
t o the
the harvest
harvest of
of the
1/
See page
!!
page 219.
219 .
seeds
seeds..
- 63
63 --
REASONS FOR
FOR DECLINE
DECL INE
STATUS AND REASONS
In the
the Amazon
Amazon Aniba
Aniba duckei
duckei has
has long
long been
be en aa victim
victim of
of
exc essiv e exploitation.
ex ploitati o n.
Very
th e root
ro ot systems
systems of
of
excessive
Very often the
trees are torn
to rn out,
Qut,
elimi
nating the
t he
the cut trees
eliminating
possibilities of asexual reaeneration,
regeneration, thus
thus contributing
contributing
o f the
the species.
species .
to the extinction of
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
RECO~l
MENDE D
RECOMMENDED
Fo
r conservation of
of the
t he species
species some
some basic,
basic, biological
biological
For
information
rt is therefore
info
rmation will
will be
be needed.
nee ded.
It
therefore strongly
st r o ngly
recommend e d to
to step
step up
up research
research on
on floral
floral biology,
bi o logy,
recommended
seed technology
technology "(germination
(germlnation and
and storage),
storage) , and
seed
and
propagat
ion methods
metho d s (including
(includ ing vegetative
vegetative propagation);
pro paga tion );
propagation
aand
nd to initiate
initiat e studies
studies on
on the
th e specific
s peci fic light,
light,
temperature and nutrient
nutrient requirements
requirements during
during the
the initial
in it i al
growth
phase,
phase, with the
the aim
ai m of developing
d e veloping appropriate
silvicultural
sil
vicultural methods.
meth o ds.
Drawing
Drawin
g on
o n knowledge
kn o wledge of
o f the
the
above establishmerlt
establishment oof
pilot plantations and
above
f pilot
and of
o f base
bas e
populati
o ns for
for genetic
genetic conservation,
corlservatioli, in
in and
and ex
ex situ,
si tu,
populations
is
rec ommended .
is recommended.
-- 64
64 --
SELECTED
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Araujo,
V.C. de
Araujo, V.C.
Sabre
a germinagao
germinagao de
de Aniba(Lauraceae):
Aniba (Lau r aceae):
Sobre a
1967
1967
11 -- Aniba
(pau-rosa
Aniba duckei
duckei Kostermans (pau-rosa
itau~
Manaus, INPA.
INPA. 14
14 p.
p.
Manaus,
itauba).
Bastos, A.
A. de
de M.
M.
Bastos,
Os paus-rosas
palls-rosas da
da indústria
indust ri a de
deessé\ncia.
essencia
Rodriguesja,
de Janeiro,
Janeiro ,
Rodriqugsia, Rio de
7(16):
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7(16): 45-54.
1943
Bastos, A.
A. de
de M.
M.
Bastos,
1946
1946
As
Para -- caracteres
caracteres
As madeiras do Para
gerais e
e caracteres
caracteres anatómicos.
anatomicos .
Arquivos
Arquivos do
do Servigo
Servigo Florestal,
Florestal, Sao
So
Paulo , 2(2).
2 (2, .
Paulo,
~
Borge, R.
R.
Borge,
1944
1944
~
Oleoginosas alimenticias
alimenticias da
da Amazonia.
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Boletim Ministgrio
Ministerio da
da Agricultura,
Aqricultura ,
Rio
]3(1.): 89-94.
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o0 extrativismo do pau-rosa
pau - rosa (Aniba
(Aniba
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Kost.ermans) -- A.
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rosaec;crc;ra,
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3(1/4):
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Brasil
Sudam .
DPN/CTM
DPN / CTM
especies florestais
florestais da Amaz8nia
Amazonia
1979
1979
Belem.
111 p.
p.
Belem. 111
Carvalho
, J.O.P.dc
Carvalho,J.O.P.de
1983
1983
Abundancia
e grau de
Abundância,, frequencia e
agreqa9ao
do pau-rosa
pau-rosa lAniba
(Aniba duckei
duc~ei
agrega0b do
e informacóes
informacoes sobre
sabre
Pesquisas e
Kostermans)
Kostermans) na Floresta
Floresta Nacional
Naci0nt"l1 do
rk'l
Tapa jos.
'l'apd
jos. BeléM,
Belem , EMBRAPA/CPATU.
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11::1 p.
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G.C . P . &&
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5.S .
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Corr~a, D.de
D . de B.&
B. &
Gottlieb,
Gottlieb , O.R.
O. R.
alkaloid from
from Aniba
Aniba
Duckein,
Duckein, an alkaloid
Phytochemist r y , 14(1):
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271
2.
271-2.
,
Corra,
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978
Dicionario das plantas
plant~s úteis
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Brasil
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65 -
A.
Ducke, A.
1938
1938
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aromaticas da
da Amazónia
Amaz6nia
brasileira.
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l
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SuI-Americana
Botanic a . v.
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A.
1939
Notes
some highly
Notes on
on some
highly aromatic
of Brazilian
Brazilian Amazonia.
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Lauraceae of
woods, New
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(60): 1-10.
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(60):
J.W.
Gonggryp, J.W.
Quelques remarques sur
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l'emploi
d'essences
d'essences exotiques
exotiques et
et indig~nes
indignes
la sylviculture
sylviculture tropicale.
tropicale.
dans la
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/
/
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1946
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grains in
in septate
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Note on starch grains
fibertracheids
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2
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/
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Etudes
sur les
CXXXIX: (1).
volatiles CXXX1X:
(1). Contribution
Contribution
a letude des sesfuiterpenes
sesfuiterpenes de
de
l ' huile essentielle de bois de rose
l'huile
Brasil (Aniba
(Aniba rosaeodora
rosaeodora var.
var.
du Brásil
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A Ducke).
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.&
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Souza,A.H.
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Pau-rosa
Pau - rosa brasileiro e o
0 seu
seu ótimo
otimo
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Bess,R.W.
1942
American timbers
family
timbers of
of the family
Lauraceae. Tropical woods,
Lauraceae.
woods , New
New Haven,
Haven,
(69):
(69), 7-33.
7-33.
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Teixeira,B.C..
1963
As Lauraceae
Lauraceae do
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Estado de
de Sao
So Paulo
As
Paulo
(Brasil) : 1.
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Aniba . Boletim do
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Vattimo,I
Vattimo,I.. de
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--
Contribuicao
Contribuiggo
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Vieira,A.N.
1969
Vieira,A.N.
1969
Vieira,A.N.
1970
Estudos
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mento
volumetrico
de
mento vo1um4trico
de Aniba duckei
Kostermans
"pau-rosa". Ciencia
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cultura,
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cultura, sil'o
Sn Paulo,
Propagasao
vegetativa de
de Aniba
Aniba
Fronagaao vegetativa
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e Cedrelinaa
duckei Kostermans
Kostermans e
Cedrelinga
catenaeformis
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tura
, Sao
Paulo,
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44b.
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So Paulo,
21 (12):
Aspectos silviculturais
silviculturais do
do "pau"paurosa"
(Aniba duckei Kostermans):
Kostermans) :
rosa" (Aniba
11 - estudos preliminares
prel~Minares sobre
sabre o0
incremento
volumetrico . Manaus.
~1a nau s. 15p.
lSp.
incremento volume-trico.
Vieira,A.N.
1970
Aspectos silviculturais
silviculturais do
do "pau"paurosa"
(An iba duckei Kostermans):
Kostermans):
rosa" (Aniba
22 -- estudos
sabre metodos de pronapr ana estudos sobre
ga~ao. Acta
Acta amazonica,
amazonica, Manaus,
Manaus ', 22gaao.
(1)
- 8.
(1) : 51
51-8.
:
Vieira,A.N.
Vieira/A
. N.
1972
The silviculture of
The
of pau-rosa
pall- rosa
(Aniba
(Aniba duckei): 22 -- studies on
methods of propagation.
propagation. Acta amaz6amazonica, Manaus,
Manaus, 22 (1):
(1) : 51-8.
51 - 8 .
nica,
- 69
69 --
Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.)
(Bert.) 0.Ktzel/
O.Ktze 11
FAMILY
Araucariaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
,
Pinho
pinheiro brasileiro,
brasileiro ,
Pinho brasileiro,
brasileiro, pinho
pinho do
do parana,
paran, pinheiro
pinheiro das
curi~va , curi,
curi , araucaria-pinho
araucaria- pinho
pinheiro
das missoes
misses,, curiúVa,
(Brasil) . Parana pine,
pine
(Brasil).Parana
pine, parana wood,
wood, brazilian pine
(England).
fila Brasil
, pine
, pino
(England). PPi7i-o
Brasil,
piTiodedemissiones
missiones,
piñó parana
parana'
(Spain) .
(Spain).
DESCRIPTION
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
Tree, flat
flat topped
topped at maturity;
maturity; when growing in open
Tree,
situations
is said to
to resemble
resemble the
the Chile
Chile Pine
Pine (A.
(A.
situations it is
araucana)
" Monkey Puzzle".
Puzzle".
As
the tree matures in
in
As the
araucana) "Monkey
forest conditions,
conditions , the
the habit
habit changes,
changes , the
the side
side branches
branches
forest
suppressed and lost,
lost , and those
those of upper whorls
being suppressed
turning upwards
manner often
often
turning
upwards to
to the
the light
l ight in
in the
the manner
Branches: to as
as 'candelabra'
' candelabra ' shaped.
shaped . Branches:referred to
verticillate, 4-8
4-8 in number,
number , drooping with age;
age; at
verticillate,
first arranged so
so as
as to
to give
give the
the young
young tree
tree aa conical
first
shape,
later becomes
becomes campanulate
campanulate or,
or, in
in old
old trees,
tree~
shape, which later
phorb of branches
branches
horizontal, the
the tips
tips curved
upwards or
less
horizontal,
curved slightly upwards
or,, less
aa corymb or umbrella
umbrella shape;
shape;
often
- blue, becoming
often,, downwardsi
downwards; initially greenish
greenish-blue,
dark green and
and shiny.
shiny .
Trunk : - straight,
straight, occasionally
Trunk:
forked, cylindrical and
and straiuht
straight base.
base .
forked,
.!/
Mario Tomazello
Tomazello (Forest
(Forest Dept.,
Dept.,
1/ Based
Based on
on the
the Work
Work of
of Mario
University de
Paulo,Piracicaba,Sab
de 5a-o
Sao Paulo
, Pi r acicaba , Sao Paulo,
Paulo, Brazil).
-- 70 --
Inflorescence
A dioecious
dioecious tree,
tree, bearing
bearing male
male and
and female
female flowers
flowers on
on
A
different individuals.
individuals.
- Male flowers:
flowers: grouped in
in catkins
catkins or cylindrical
cylindrical cones,
cones,
full
f scales,
sh o rt , lateral young
yo un g
full oof
scales, crowning the short,
shoots;
shoots; they
they may be
be solitary
solitary or
or more
more often
often in
in pairs,
pairs,
thin , downward-curving,
downward - curving , somewhat
somewhat flexible
flexible
attached to thin,
branches
s l ightly pointed,
pointed , 8-17
8 -1 7 cm
em long
long and
and 1.5
1 . 5 -branches,, slightly
3.0
ripe ; they bear scales tightly
tight l y
3.0 em
cm in
in diameter
diameter when
when ripe;
attached to each
each other,
other , which
whi ch only become detached
detached at
at
maturity; scales
scales narrow,
narrow, thickened
thickened on
the outside
maturity;
on the
outside and
and
enclose
the inside 15-26
15 - 26 anthers,
anthers , about
about 5-6
5-6 mm
~m lona;
long;
enclose on the
the wind is
is responsible
responsible for
for pollination.
pollination .
the
flowers :
-- Female flowers:
-- arranged in a
a multiseriate
mu l tiseriate helix
helix
on
thick , fusiform axis,
axis , forming
forming an
an exillary
on aa thick,
strobilus or cone,
cone , solitary,
solitary , in
in the
the centre
centre of
of aa
strobilus
bracteate capsule,
capsule, ellipsoidal or
or ovoid,
ovoid , green
green in
in
colour , 7-8 x
x 5-6
5- 6 cm;
cm; the surface
surface is
is erinous
e r inous because
because
colour,
of the
the tips
tips of the
the hard,
hard , prickly
prickly scales;
scales; scales
scales
triangular
triangular,
, flat
flat with
with aa rigid
rigid outer
outer appendix
appendix,
, 15
15-20
- 20 I!'Jn
mm
long;
longi each scale
sca l e bearing a single
single ovule,
ovule , by
by virtue
virtue of
of
the
the complete
complete and invisible fusion
fusion of
of the
the ovuliferous
ovuliferous
scale with the bract
bract scale.
scale .
Flowering:
-- April to
to June.
June .
Fruit
Cones :
Cones:
fertilization, whictl
occurs during
during
After fertilization,
which occurs
and October, the
the cone
cone grows
grov;s and
and the
the ovules
ovules
September and
develop into seeds;
seeds; these
these are
are called
called "pinhóes"
"pinhoes" and
and
the
"pinhos ".
the cones "pinhos".
cones are
are globose-ovoid
globose- ovoid in
in
The cones
shape
20- 25 cm in diameter;
diameter ; aa cone
cone is
is ripe
ripe and
and
shape and 20-25
-
71
71 --
opens 20-22 months after
after fertilization,
fertilization , when
when it
it
opens
drops the seeds;
seeds; among
among these
these there
there are
are many
many empty,
empty,
drops
narrow , delicate,
delicate, angular
angular and
and elongated
elongated sterile
sterile
narrow,
scales; each cone may contain
contain between
between 40
40 and
and 100
100 seeds,
seeds,
scales;
4-7
- 2.0
2 . 0 cm
em in
in diameter,
diameter, which look
look
4-7 em
cm long
long and
and 1.5 exactly
the scales;
scales; due
due to
to the
the long
long period
period of
of
exactly like the
ripening, large
large ripe
ripe cones
cones as
as well
well as
as small
small ones
ones may
may
ripening,
be found
found on the
the same
same tree;
tree; one
one tree
tree may
may bear
bear between
between
be
80 cones.
cones .
50 and 80
Seed:
- consists of
of a
a nut,
nut, protected
protected by
by aa coriaceouscoriaceous Seed: shell; this
this shell
shell is
is rusty-brown
rusty - brown in
in colour,
colour , with
with
woody shell;
a smooth,
smooth , shiny surface;
surface; underneath
underneath this
this is
is aa thinner
thinner
a
layer
fibre, and
and lastly
lastly aa membranous skin,
skin,
layer of
of wood fibre,
attached directly
directly to
to the
the seed
seed itself.
itself. This is
is ovateovate -
oblong,
white, starchy,
oblong, white,
starchy, 2.5
2.5 -- 3.0
3.0 cm
em long.
long.
Foliage
Leaves:
simple
several
simple,, persistent,
persistent, supporting several
vegetative
vegetative cycles,
cycles, alternate,
a lterna te, net-veined, oblongoblong lanceolate,
lanceolate, acuminate
acuminate,, with
with a
a sharp point,
point, dilated
at
sessile , pronouncedly glaucous
glaucous green,
green,
at the
the base
base,, sessile,
coriaceous,
a longitudinal
longitudinal concavity of
of the
the
coriaceous, with
with a
ventral
face , turned towards
towards the
the end
end of
of the
the branches,
branches ,
ventral face,
22-6
- 6 em
cm long
long by
by 5-25 mm broad.
broad .
Bark
Dark
Dark,, thick
thick (2-15
(2 -1 5 cm),
cm), spongy
spongy
and resinous;
resinous; bearing
thick, sunken plagues
thick,
plaques and
and rings
rings at
at more
more or
or less
less
regular
regular intervals
intervals (former
(former knots);
knots); exuding
large
amounts
hardens in
in contact with the
the
amounts of
of resin,
resin, which
which hardens
air.
air.
-- 72
72 -
WOOD PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
\'lhen first
first cut,
cut, there
there is
is only little difference between the
When
sapwood, because
because both
both are
are whitish-yellow
whitish-yellow
heartwood and sapwood,
in
time passes,
passes, the
the heartwood
heartwood turns
tUrns more
more
in colour:
colour; as
as time
ochreous;
the design
design is
is softly
softly outlined
outlined by
by the
the different
different
ochreous; the
the spring
spring and
and summer
summer layers;
layers; the
the veins
veins
density of the
are
sorretirresgrey,
but
to
sonetirres grey,
butmore
moreoften
often pink;
pink; of
of aa medium
medium to
thin
oblique; light
li g ht in
in
thin texture,
texture, grain straight to oblique;
weight,
to work;
work; the
the growth rings
rings distinctly
distinctly
weight, easy to
visible.
In
is the
In Brazil
Brazil it is
the most
most important wood on
the market.
Much
in civil
const ructi on work and
Much used
used in
civil construction
for
require soft
soft resistant
resistant wood,
wood,
for all
all uses
uses which require
easy to work.
easy
Used
for the
the manufacmanufac Used on
on aa large scale for
ture
or good
good quality
quality plywood.
plywood.
ture of medium or
However. aa
However,
more rational
rational use
use is
is for
for the
the manufacture
manufacture of
of chemical
chemical
pulp for
for paper
paper in
in general
general and
and
pulp or mechanical pulp
more particularly
for
newspaper.
particularly for newspaper.
(For
Macroscopic and
and General
General Descriptions
Descriptions see
(For Macroscopic
see
Mainieri && Pereira,
Pereira, 1965).
1965).
Other Uses
The seeds are much in
in demand
demand as
as food,
food, preferably
preferably
eaten cooked.
cooked.
thick , spongy,
spongy, resinous
resinous bark
bark is
is
The thick,
a
a good fuel
fuel and can
can be
be fermented
fermented to
to make
make aa pleasant
pleasant
drink.
It
properties , and its
its ashes are
It has
has medicinal
medicinal properties,
rich in potassium.
rich
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTION
Araucaria angustifolia
occurs
throughout
occurs naturally throughout
southern and south-eastern
south-eastern Brazil,
Brazil, between
between latitudes
latitudes
0
0
0
19o30'
19 30' and 31030'
31 30 ' S and
and longitudes
longitudes 41030
41 30' and 54o30'
54°30 ' W,
W,
including part
part of
of the
the province
provinceofofMisiones
MisionesininArgentina.
Argentina.
including
- 73
73 --
The region can be delimited as
as follows
follows (Fig.
(Fig. 1):
1):
limit: in
in Rio
Rio Grande
Grande do
do Sul
SuI it
it is
is aa very
very
Southern limit:
forest species, but
but restricted
restricted to
to the
the mountaimountaicommon forest
in the
the north
n orth of
of the
the State;
State; to
to the
the south
south
nous regions in
,-
of Jacui there
there are
are a few
few isolated
isolated araucarias,
araucarias, but
but
forests.
no continous forests.
Eastern
limit: -- nowhere does araucaria grow near the
the
Eastern limit:
sea,
in isolation or in
in forests;
forests; generally
sea, either
either in
the
limits of
the araucaria forests
forests coincide with
the limits
of the
the
the watershed
watershed of the
the Serra do Mar;
Mar; this leaves
leaves aa
strip
it and the
the
strip of
of land,
land, 20-40 km wide,
wide, between it
coast
coast -- aa strip which
which is even wider in
in the
the State of
5;0 Paulo.
Paulo.
Sao
limit: in
in recent
recent literature
literature on
on the
the subject
subject
Northern limit:
the northernmost
northernmost recorded finding
the
finding is
is near
near the
the Rio
Rio
Doce, at
at about
about 180
Doce,
ISo.
.
Western limit:
limit: -- Araucaria forests
forests extend
extend into
into
Argentina, into
Argentina,
into the
the Province
Province of
of Misiones
Misiones and
and apparently
apparently
there are
are even some
some isolated specimens
there
specimens west of
of the
the
paran;
Paran a River.
River.
Recordings of the species in
Recordings
in Goias and
and
Cuiabá
cuiaba are incorrect,
incorrect, according
according to
to Schenck.
Schenck .
(Hueck,
1972; Shimizu && Oliveira, 1983).
(Hueck , 1972;
1983) .
CLIMATE
The species
species thrives
The
thrives within the
the climatic types
types classiclassi 1/
fied,
according to the Kgppen's
fied, according
Koppen's system,
system, as
as "Cfa"
" Cfa" and
and
"Cfb" (humid
subtropical without dry season and mild
"Cfb"
(humid subtropical
Such climatic types
types are
are predominant
predominant
to hot summer).
summer).
through the
through
the southern highlands where
where araucaria
araucaria forests
forests
are concentrated.
concentrated.
Within the
the given
given range
range of
of latitudes,
latitudes,
these types
of climate are found
these
types of
found from
from lower
lower altitudes
altitudes
in
in the
the north.
Exceptions to
to these altitudinal
Exceptions
--
74 --
limits are
are also found,
found , especially in the
the south,
south, where
limits
the
species occurs at altitudes
altitudes of about 300
300 m
m in
in Sao
Sao
the species
Martinho
(Mattos, 1972)
1972) and as
Martinho and Tenente Protela (Mattos,
(Pitcher , 1975)
1975) and 198 m
m (Gurgel
(Gurgel Filho
Filho
low as
as 250 m
m (Pitcher,
II
r,
&
& Pisani,
Pisani, 1975)
1975) in Lauro Muller,
Muller, near the
the coast of
As
mentioned by
by Maack
Maack (1968),
(1968),
As mentioned
Santa Catarina.
angustifolia extends
extends to
to altitudes
altitudes lower
lower
Araucaria angustifolia
than
m only where
flows from
from the
the
than 500 m
where cool air flows
highlands towards the
the valleys.
valleys .
Normal mean tempera-
tures in the
tUres
the araucaria region
region are 20 to
to 21°
21° C in
in the
the
summer
11° C in the winter (Oliveira,
(Oliveira, 1948).
1948)
summer and 10 to 110
Not only cool
Not
cool to mild temperatures but also plenty
plenty
of
throughout the
of rainfall
rainfall throughout
the year
year is
is required
required for
for this
this
species.
Annual rainfall
rainfall figures
figures ranging
ranging from
from 1270
1270
to
2494 mm (Golfari,
(Golfari, 1971)
1971) are usual but not
not less
less than
than
to 2494
1 000 mm
mm (Hueck,
(Hueck, 1972).
1972).!:::.
intolerant
1
A. angustifolia
angustifolia is
is intolerant
of water
water deficit and this is
of
is the main reason
reason for
for its
its
restriction
to altitudes above 800
BOO m
m in
in the
the northern
northern
restriction to
its distribution
distribution area.
area .
part of its
SOILS
A. angustifolia grows
grows on
on a
a variety
soils derived
A.
variety of
of soils
derived
from granites,
basalts, diorites,
diorites, phyllites, sandsandfrom
granites, basalts,
stones, schists
It can
can survive on poor
stones,
schists and
and slates.
slates.
poor
and
soils.
and shallow soils.
food
The amount of plant food
available
in the
the soil plus the
the ability
ability of
of the
the soil
soil
available in
to
greater
to retain moisture,
moisture, appear to be of greater
importance than soil
soil texture.
texture .
Because of
of its
its long
long
taproot,
fertile soil is
is absolutely essential
essential
taproot, deep fertile
for optimum growth;
growth; otherwise the
the plants very
very often
often
for
die
- 8 years
die after
after 66-8
years when
when the
the roots
roots reach
reach stony
stony layers
layers
or hardpan.
Pine requires
requires good
good drainage.
drainage.
Parana Pine
_- 75 _
7~
HABITAT
----As regards
regards
As
the growth patterns
patterns of
of araucaria
araucaria forests
forests in
in
the
the
states, it
it can
can be
be stated
stated as
as follows:
follows :
the southern states,
Rio Grande do
Rio
do Sul:
SuI : -- In
In the
the southernmost state
state of
of
Brazil, parana pinc
pine forests
forests are
are the
the dominant
dominant plant
plant
Brazil,
formation
the Vacacai
formation of
of the
the plateau;
plateau; south
south of
of the
Vacacai and
and
the Jacui
Jacui there are some
the
some isolated
isolated specimens.
specimens .
In
In
the
the northeast,
northeast, between the
the Guarita
Guarita and
and Turvo
Turvo rivers,
rivers,
there
as far as the
the River
River
there are
are isolated
isolated specimens as
Uruguai, even extending
extending into
into Argentina.
Argentina.
In
Uruguai,
In the
northwestern part of the
the state
state the
the forests
forests join
join with
with
the
of the
the state
state of
of Santa
Santa Catarina.
Catarina.
the parana pines of
Santa Catarina:
Catarina :
-- In
In this state the
the parana
parana pine
pine is
is
the
the main feature
feature of the
the landscape
landscape on
on the
the high
high ground
ground
of the
the Serra
Serra da
da Fortuna,
Fortuna , that
that is,
is, on
on the
the watershed
watershed
between the River Chapecó
Chapeco and
and the
the Rio
Rio Chopim,
Chopim, in
in the
the
river basin of the
middle
and
upper
reaches
of
the
the
and u~per reaches of the
Uruguai , Peixe,
Peixe, Pelotas,
Pelotas, Cavairas
Cavairas and
and Marombas
Marombas rivers.
rivers.
Uruguai,
Parana pine forests
forests are
are also
also the
the dominant
dominant elements
elements
along the border
border with
with the
the State
State of
of Paraná.
Parana. There are
are
even virgin forests
the municipal
municipal districts
districts of
of Sao
So
forests in
in the
Joaquim, Curitibanos
Curitibanos and
and Chapecó.
Chapeco.
In
the
region
of
In the region of
the coastal
rivers , particularly
in the
the River
River Itajar
Itajai
the
coastal rivers,
particularly in
valley,
valley, which penetrates deep
deep into
into the
the State,
State, parana
parana
pine forests
forests lose
lose their
their predominance
predominance and
and even
even disdisappear in
in places.
places.
Paraná:
Parana: --
area of parana pine
pine in
in Paraná
Parana
The protected area
the regions
regions north
north and
and south
south of
of the
the
includes mainly the
middle reaches
reaches of
of the
the Iguasu,
Iguasu, the
the region
region around
around the
the
source of the
the Piquiri
Piquiri and
and part
part of
of the
the region
region around
around
_ 76
76
_
the
Ivai, i.e.
i.e. mainly the western
the upper
upper reaches
reaches of the Ivai,
half
half of the State.
State.
As in
in the
the southern
southern States,
States,
As
parana pine grows
grows mainly
mainly on
on the
the plateau.
plateau .
Lower land
land
the
Today the
parana
forests join
join up
up to
to the
the east
east with the
the area
area
parana pine forests
is
rain forest.
forest.
is covered by subtropical rain
which
is now the
the most highly populated region
region of
of the
the
which is
State, where formerly
formerly it
it never
never formed
formed extensive
extensive
State,
forests.
forests.
region extends as
as far
far as
as the
the western
western
This region
side
the Serra da
da Virgem
Virgem Maria,
Maria ,
side of
of the Serra do Mar and the
interrupted
trees .
interrupted by
by expanses
expanses of steppe
steppe with
with few or no trees.
Sao
Paulo: So Paulo:
to the south.
south.
In
In Sao
Sa-C Paulo,
Paulo, parana
parana pine
pine is
is restricted
restricted
On
both sides of the road from
from Curitiba
On both
to Capao
Capto Bonito its
to
its area of distribution extends
extends
beyond the limits
limits of
of the
the two
two States.
States.
East
East of
of Capao
Capo
parana pine
pine forests
forests break
break up
up into
into isolated
iso lated
Bonito the parana
clusters. Around the
the city
city of
of sab
Sao Paulo some parana
parana
pine forests
still
remain,
for
example
in
the
forests still remain, f or example in the Serra
Serra
da Cantareira.
da
The
The lower
lower limit
limit of
of parana
parana pine
pine forests
forests in
in the
the southsouth-
west of
of Sao
So Paulo
west
Paulo is
is 200
200 -- 300
300 mm higher
higher than
than in
in the
the
southernmost states,
states, i.e.
i . e. it occurs at
at aa minimum
minimum
altitude of
There follows
of 700-750
700-750 m.
m.
follows a
a vast
vast blank
blank area
area
in terms
terms of
of parana pine distribution until,
in
until , only
only 100
100 km
krn
northwest
of Sao
So Paulo,
northwest of
Paulo , aa new,
new, more
more extensive
extensive area
area of
of
appears, in
in the
the Serra
Serra da
da Mantiqueira.
Mantiqueira.
distribution appears,
The
The best-known
best - known parana
parana pine
pine forests
forests are
are the
the ones
ones of
Jordao , at
Campos do Jord:ä6,
at altitudes
altitudes of
of between
between 11 400
400 and
11 800
deep into
into the
the State
State of
of Minas
Minas Cerais.
Cera~.
800 m,
m, penetrating deep
South of the
the Vale do
do Paraiba
Paraiba there
there are
are some
some highly
highly
exploited forests
forests in
in the
the region
region of
of Paraibuna,
Paraibuna , in
in the
the
Serra do Quebra Cangalha
Cangalha and
and the
the Campos
Campos da
da Bocaina.
Bocaina.
_77
Rio
de Janeiro:
Janeiro : - The best-known
best - known parana
parana pine
pine forests
forests
Rio de
in
Itatiaia in
in the
the Serra
Serra da
da
in this region are those of Itatiaia
Mantiqueira . They grow at
at an
an altitude
altitude of
of 11 400 to
to
Mantiqueira.
11 600 m,
usually form
form the
the upper
upper forest
forest limit.
limit . More
m, and usually
specimens are
are to
to be
be found
found in
in the
the Serra
Serra dos
dos Org-gos.
Orgaos.
Isolated trees
trees can be found
found near Rio
Rio de Janeiro,
Janeiro ,
on Corcovado
Corcovado and
and in
in the
the Tijuca
Tijuca forest.
forest.
especially on
These
at least
least in
in part,
part, native
native trees.
trees.
are probably, at
Minas Gerais:
Gerais: -- Various
Various specimens
specimens exist
exist in
in the
the southern
southern
this state. The area of distribution extends
part of this
from
Paulo and
and Rio
Rio de
de Janeiro,
Janeiro,
from the
the states
states of
of Sao
So Paulo
large portion
portion of
of the
the northern
northern slopes
slopes of
of
encompassing aa large
the
da Mantiqueirs.
Mantiqueirs. The
The centres of distribution
the Serra da
all the
the countryside
countryside around
around Campos
Campos do
do Jorda-o
Jordao
are above all
(for the
Paulo) and
and the
the
(for
the most
most part
part in
in the
the State
State of
of Sao
So Paulo)
The altitude
altitude is normally
region of Passa
Passa Quatro.
Quatro.
The
On the
between 11 300
300 and
and 11 600
600 m.
m.
On
the pateau north of
Itatiaia, open parana pine forests
Itatiaia,
forests extend
extend as
as far
far as
as
Livramento, although they are
Livramento,
are now
now nothing
nothing but
but remnants.
remnants.
To the
the east
east of
of this
this there
there are
are specimens
specimens in
in the
the Serra
Serra
To
da Mantiqueira,
Mantiqueira, as far
da
far as Juiz de
de Fora.
Fora.
Further west
parana
parana pine
pine occurs
occurs even
even in
in Minas
Minas Gerais,
Gerais, in
in the
the higher
higher
parts
parts (about
(about 1 000 m
m in
in the
the Serra
Serra Mata
Mata da
da Corda,
Corda,
particularly
particularly in
in Santo
Santo Gotardo,
Gotardo, where
where,
, however,
however, it
it is
is
not
, but
not the
the dominant
dominant species
species,
but grows
grows in
in the
the midst
midst of
of
primary forest
forest vegetation,
vegetation, occasionally forming
forming large
large
clusters.
Espirito Santo:
Santo:
- There
reports of
of
There are
are no definite reports
the
parana pine
pine in
in this
this state,
state,
the occurrence of native parana
but
aturalized specimens
from plantations
but nnaturalized
specimens originating
originating from
plantations
are
mentioned.
are often mentioned.
-- 78
78 --
Goias
Grosso:
Golas and Mato Grosso:
-
References in
in literature
literature
References
to
the
tree in
in the
the region
region Cuiaba
the occurrence
occurrence of
of this
this tree
Cuiaba and
Goias
certainly mistaken.
mistaken.
Golas are almost certainly
Argentina:
-
In
In Argentina,
Argentina, Araucaria angustifolia
is restricted to
is
to the
the Territory
Territory of
of Misiones.
Misiones.
There are
forests
forests on
on the
the western
western slopes
slopes of
of the
the Sierra
Sierra Central
Central de
Misiones,
i . e. in
in the lateral
lateral valleys of the
the PeperiPeperi Misiones, i.e.
Guazu
River , a
a right-bank
right-bank tributary
tributary of
of the
the Uruguai,
Uruguai,
Guazu River,
at
to 800
800 m.
m.
at altitudes
altitudes up to
a native
native tree Araucaria
As a
does
to the
the province
province of
of Corrientes.
Corrientes.
does not
not extend to
SEED HANDLING
Seeds
regularly produced annually,
annually, and in
in Brazil
Brazil
Seeds are
are regularly
they mature from
from late
late April
April to
to late
late May.
May.
cones
The cones
are said to
to take
take three
three years
years to
to ripen.
ripen.
Seeds:
Seeds:
100 - 180/kg.
lBO/kg . The seed does not retain
retain its
its viability
viability
for
than six weeks when stored
stored at
at
for long
long and
and not
not longer than
atmospheric temperatures.
temperatures.
Because of its
its short
viability
be sown
sown within one
one month
month of
of
viability,, seed should be
collection.
Seeds larger
larger than
than 66 cm
cm in
in length
length produce
produce
significantly better
better seedlings.
seedlings. Treatment against
against pests
with methyl bromide
bromide gas
gas at
at the
the rate
rate of
of 20
20 cc
cc per
per cubic
cubic
metre of seed
seed for
for 24
24 hours
hours in
in heat-sealed
heat-sealed plastic
plastic bags
bags
is recommended. After 24
is
24 hours
hours the
the treated
treated bags
bags
should be opened and the
the gas
gas allowed
allowed to
to disperse.
disperse .
SILVICULTURE
Germination is hvpogeous,
Germination
hypogeous, the
the cotyledons
cotyledons remaining
remainin g
within the
the seed,
seed, but
but they
they may
may emerge
emerge aa little
little above
above
the
ground, forming a
the ground,
a strong
strong hypocotyl
hypocotyl that
that continues
continues
below in the
the primary root,
root, which will give
give rise
rise to
to
_ 70
_7a
aa strong axial root.
root .
_
The
is a strong light
light
The seedling is
demander
does not
not develop
develop under
under forest
forest shade.
shade.
demander,, which does
The
establishment was by
by direct
direct seedina
seeding
The early method of establishment
in previously prepared
prepared areas.
areas.
in
nursery it
it is
is
In the nursery
best
shade, giving
giving about
about 50%
50% light.
light.
best grown with high shade,
After root-pruning the
the seedlings
seedlings remain
remain in
in the
the seed
seed
beds
five months.
months .
beds for about five
For
spacing
For transplanting aa spacing
of
m x 2 mrecommended,
is recommended,
correctspacing
spacing and
and
of 22mx2mis
butbut
correct
area will
will vary
vary from
from place
place to
to place.
place.
ideal basal area
tending in
in the
the first
first two
two years
years is
is particularly
particularly
Correct tending
thinning would depend
depend on
on the
the
Pruning and thinning
important
important..
object of management.
Parana pine's major demands
demands are
are undoubtedly
undoubtedly on
on the
the soil,
soil,
Parana
so
that, paradoxically,
paradoxically , only
only 20
20 percent
percent or
or
so much
much so that,
less
the area
its natural range
range offers the
the right
right
less of
of the
area of its
conditions for
for commercial
commercial cultivation.
cultivation.
Its initial
initial
growth
rate, is
is lower than
than that
that of
taeda and
growth rate,
of both
both P.
P. taeda
and
P.. elliottii
elliottii,, and
P
and its
its demands
demands for
for better
better quality
quality soil
soil
are
reasons why
why cultivation
cultivation of
of parana
parana pine
pine is
is
are the main reasons
limited.
With the
the practice
practice of
of direct
direct sowing
sowing its
its
growth during the
growth
the first
first year
year is
is very
very slow,
slow , and
and this
this
obliges
to emaloy
employ aa number
number of
of cultural
cultural
obliges the planters to
raise the
the costs
costs of
of planting.
planting .
treatments which raise
However,
this is
is not sufficient reason
reason for
for abandoning
abandoning cultivacultivathis
It is
tion
tion of
of this
this conifer,
conifer, which has
has many merits.
merits.
It
is an
indigenous
indigenous species
species,, almost immune to
to diseases and
and
epidemics of economic
economic importance.
importance .
Under particular
particular
environmental conditions
environmental
conditions it
it reproduces
reproduces at a
a very
very
satisfactory rate and supplies a
satisfactory
a wood which constitutes
constitutes
an
an excellent material for
for sawing,
sawing, plywood
plywood and
and mechanical
mechanical
In the
the Serra da Mantiqueira
and semi-chemical
semi - chemical pulp.
pulp .
In
Mantiqueira
its
is economically viable
viable in
in areas
areas of
of
its cultivation
cultivation is
- 80
-80
-
former forest,
forest, on
slopes or in
in humid valleys with
former
on slopes
fertile
good drainage.
drainage.
It
is not suitable
fertile soils and good
It is
for
in open
space , where the
the limitations
for cultivation
cultivation in
open space,
are nutrient deficiency,
deficiency , aluminium
aluminium toxicity
toxicity and
and the
the
are
the soil,
soil , which causes
causes the
the tree
tree to
to
shallowness of the
become very sensitive to
to the
the effects
effects of
of drought
drought during
during
the winter season.
season. (Golfari,
(Golfari, 1971;
1971; Golfari
Golfari et.al.,1978).
et.al. , 1978)
the
STATUS
Endangered in
in parts
parts of
of its
its natural
natural range.
range.
FOR DECLINE
DECLINE
REASON FOR
forests have
have been
been the
the main
main source
source of
of hiah
high
Araucaria forests
timber for
for construction,
construction, frame
frame work,
work, furniture,
furniture,
quality timber
veneer,
veneer, pulp and
and other
other uses.
uses .
Saw timber and veneer
veneer
exported to
to several
several countries
countries for
for aa long
long
have been exported
period; at times
times they
they were
were rated
rated second
second only
only to
to coffee
coffee
period;
in export value.
value.
in
araucaria reserves
reserves in
in the
the State
State
The araucaria
Sao Paulo
Paulo were
were exhausted
exhausted in
in the
the period
period between
between
of So
1930 and 1940 (Krug,
(Krug, 1964).
1964).
As
Maack
As estimated by Maack
(1968),
(1968), 7.4
7.4 million
million hectares of natural araucaria
araucaria
forest which
in the State were further
further reduced
reduced
forest
which existed in
to
433 -- 580
(Machado , 1975)
1975) in
in 1967
1967 and 316-620
316-620 ha
ha
to 433
580 ha
ha (Machado,
(FUPEF/BDF, 1978)
the latter
latter being
being only
only
(FUPEF/BDF,
1978) in 1977, the
4.3%
area.
4.3% of
of the original area.
Araucaria timber
timber production in
in all
all States
States increased
increased
from
in 1945
1 945 to
to 3.3
3.3 million
from 1.5
1.5 million
million cubic metres in
in 1950.
in
that year to
to 1966,
1966, the
the output was
From that
steady around 2,8
2,8 million cubic
cubic metres
metres aa year.
year.
Then
until 1972,
1972, it
it decreased
decreased to
to an
an annual
annual output
output of
of 1.8
1.8
million cubic
cubic metres
metres (Parana',
(Parana, 1976).
1976).
Oliveira,
Oliveira , 1983).
1983).
(Shimizu &&
-- 81
--
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN
TAKEN AND
AND RECOMMENDED
RECOMMENDED
Reforestation
Reforestation with
with araucaria was
was done
do ne at first
first by a
a few
few
companies as well as by
by the
the Federal
Federal Government.
Government.
Close
to 90,000 ha had
had been planted
planted by
by 1979,
1979, according
according to
to
to
the
the estimates from
from several
several sources.
sources.
Araucaria
aangustifolia
n gustifolia is
is not considered
considered aa fast
fast growing
growing species
species
in Brazil.
Due to this,
this, plantation rates
rates have declined
Due
the last
last years (not
(not more than
than 300
300 ha
ha aa
sharply during the
year),
place to
to the
the introduced
introduced Pinus
Pinus elliottii,P.
elliottii, P.
year), giving place
taeda
are less
less site
site demanding
demanding and
and
taeda and Eucalyptus which are
have higher growth
growth rates.
rates.
stands have
have been
A few planted or natural stands
been maintained
maintained
for
by the
the Brazilian
Brazilian Institute
Institu te
for seed
seed production areas by
for
(IBDF) and
and some
some companies
companies as
as
for Forestry Development (IBDF)
well
well..
Further experiments for
for the
the study
study of
of provenance
provenance
and progeny variation
variation are
are under
under way,
way , in
in connection
connection
with the formation
formation of
o f aenetic
genetic base
base populations
populations for
for
the coordination
coordination of
of the
the
improvement work,
work, under the
Brazilian Working
Group
on
Forest
Tree
Improvement.
\-lorking Group on Forest Tree Improvement.
Preliminary
seed zones
zones have been
bee n determined
based on
Preliminary seed
determined based
on
these experiments.
will be
be followed
followed
The material will
to rotation
rotation age,
age, to
to ascertain the
the accuracy
closely up to
of these
these zones.
zones.
82 --_ 82
.--....,,, -
! '\
,
1
\1
\.,
LO
P'\
on cc rpt
1
.
--,/,
,
Pfii, u-,:c,'t
.9' K., A., ; 'A
1
1,:...---
0/
,,
o ...
1
<V
,
-"N
\
.41DeiCC
.
\
C51"'''"
:87"pv
121
j4K(I0
,S4C %ALA° 0:
',r, _
mata
c::t:::] .m
~!~
d.
Ar."c:"j~
Arattcarra
Ar ucaria forest
forest
.'"
w
• ""'""
K
" can-1N,,
"m~'
ct
"Pr" dd. m~L>
I'p'"
.
0r types
o-ther
types of
of
forest
forest
plains
plains open'
open spaces
FIGURA I -- Area de
de distribuiçk
distribui~aodadaAAaaccuLia
A~eaAia cui9u6ti6oZia
rulgU6ti6o~a no
no sul
sui do
do Brasil
Brasi I
1
ee Argentina (segundo
(segvndo HUECK,
HUECK , 1972).
1972).
Figure
anoustifo l ia in
in southern
Figure 11 -- Distribution
Distribution of Araucaria angustifolia
Brazil and Argentina (according
Brazil
(according to
to HUECK,
HUECK, 1972)
1972)
-- 83 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
FUPEF!IBDF
FUPEF/IBDF
1978
(Funda9ao
(Fundaçáo de
de Pesquisas
Pesquisas Florestais
Florestais do
Parana &
& Instituto
Instituto Brasileiro
Brasileiro de DesenDesenParaná
vovirnento Florestal)
Florestal) - Inventario
Inventario
vovimento
do pinheiro
pinheiro no
no sul
suI do
do Brasil:
Brasil:
Florestal do
Curitiba. 199
199 p.
p.
Golfari, L.
L.
1971
Coniferas aptas para reflorestamento
reflorestamento nos
noS
do Paraná',
Parana , Santa
Estados do
Santa Catarina
Catarina ee Rio
Grande do
do Sul.
SuI. Boletim
Boletim técnico.
tecnico . IBDF,
1BDF ,
(1):
1- 71.
(1): 1-71.
Golfari, L.;
L.;
Caser,R.L.
Caser,R.L. &&
Moura,V.P.G.
1978
ecologico esquemático
esquematico para
para
Zoneamenio ecológico
reflorestamento
reflorestamento no
n o Brasil:
Brasil: 22~ aproxima9ao. Serie técnica.
tecnica . PRODEPEF,
PRODEPEF, Brasilia,
Brasilia,
gao.
Gurgel Filho,Q.A.
Filho,Q . A.
&Pisani,J.F.
1975
Analise bioestatrstica
bioestat{stica de
de pinhóes
p~nhoes de
de
Análise
cinco
c inco diferentes
diferentes proveni'éncias.Silviculproveniencias.Silvicul tura em Sao
Paulo , Sao Paulo,9:
Paulo , 9: 73-85.
73-85.
So Paulo,S-go
Hoag
,R.J.;
Hoog,R.J.;
Dietrich,A.B.&
Dietrich,A.B .&
Ahrens,S.
1978
C1assifica9ao
Cl assificayao de
de sitio,
s{t i o, tabelas
tabelas de
de voluvolu me ee de
para
povoamentos
de produq-do
produ~ao pa
r a povoamentos
artificiais de
de Araucaria
Araucaria anausfoiia.
angusfoiia.
flo restal, Brasilia,
Brasilia , (9):
(9): 58-82.
58-82.
Brasil florestal,
Hueck, K.
K.
1972
florestas da
da America
Am:rica do
do Sul.
Sul . Sao
S~o
As florestas
Paulo , Editora
Editora Poligno,
Po ligno, 466
466 p.
p.
Paulo,
Krug,
H.P.
Krug, H.P.
1964
1964
atuais ee
Fontes de abastecimento atuais
previsao. Silvicultura
Si lvi cu ltura em
em sao Paulo,
previsao.
3:
333-69.
3:
Maack,R.
11968
968
Geografia fisica
f{sica do Estado
Estado do
do Parana.
Parana.
Curitiba, M.
M. Roesner,
Roes ner, 350
350 p.
p.
Machado,S.A.
1975
naturais do
do Estado
Estado do
do Paraná"
Parana
Florestas naturais
f lo restal , Rio
Rio de
de Janeiro,
Janeiro, 66
Brasil florestal,
(22):
16 - 23.
(22): 16-23.
Mainieri,
C &&
Mainieri, C
Pereira,
Pe reira , J.A.
J.A.
1965
Madeiras do Brasil:
Brasil: sua
sua caracteriza9ao
caracteriza9ao
macroscopica,
macroscopica, usos
usos comerciais
comerc i ais e e i'ndices
{ndices
(11): 1-66.
1-66.
(11):
So
-
qualitativos
f£sico-mecanicos.11'nuario
itnuario
qualitativos fir-sico-mec-Aicos.
florestal, Rio
Rio
Brasileiro de economia florestal,
Janeiro , (separata
(sepa r ata 17);
17 ); 1-282.
1- 282.
de Janeiro,
__ 84
84 __
Nattos,
Mattos, J.R.
1972
Muniz,P.J.C.
1966
Ntima, 0.0.
Ntima,
1968
1968
Oliveira,B.
1948
o pinheiro
pinheiro brasileiro.
brasileiro. Sao Paulo,
O
Gremio Politécnico,
Politecnico, 638
638 p.
p.
Inventario
pinhei r o no
no Paraná:
Parana:
Inventário do pinheiro
Relatorio
Coordenar,ao do
Relatório da Coordenariáo
do Projeto
Projeto de
Recursos Florestais.
Florestais. Curitiba.
40 p.
p.
The araucarias fast
fast growing timber
timber
trees of lowland
lowland tropics.
tropics. Oxford,
trees
Commonwealth Forestry
Forestry Institute.
Institute.
As regioes de °correncia
ocorrencia normal de
de
As
Araucaria . Anuário
Anuario brasileiro
brasileiro de
de
Araucaria.
economia
florestal, Rio
Rio de
de Janeiro,
Janeiro,
economia florestal,
11
(1)
: 185-99.
185 - 99.
(1):
Parana
Paraná Universidade Federal
1976
1976
Estudos
t~nicas,
Estudos das
das alternativas tecnicas,
economicas e
económicas
e sociais para
para o
0 setor
setor
florestal do
do Paraná.:
Parana: subprograma
subprograma
mercadeo,
anexo 44 - Comd.rcio
Comercio externo
mercadeo, anexo
externo
de madeiras segundo
segundo o0 porto
porto de
de
de
embarque , a espácie
especie e o
0 grau de induinduembarque,
strializa9ao
Iv .
strializa9ao.. Curitiba, lv.
Pitcher
,J..
Pitcher,J
1973
Araucaria angustifolia
angustifolia (Bert.)
(Bert . )
The Araucaria
O.Ktze. gene
gene resource
resource in
1n Brazil.
Brazil. In:
In:
0.Ktze.
- Forest genetic resources
resources inforinforFAO No. 22 Roma,
Roma ,
p. 43-7
43 - 7
mation, No.
p.
Pitcher, J.
J.
Report on
on a FAO
FAD project to
to establish
Report
provenance trials
trials of
of
international provenance
angustifolia (Bert.)
(Bert.) 0.Ktze.
O.Ktze.
Araucaria angustifolia
In: FAO
FAD - Forest genetic resources
resources
In:
information,
information, No.4 Roma,
Roma,
p.59-64
1975
1975
Ramalho,R.S.
1973
1973
Rizzini, C.T.
Rizzini,
C.T.
1971
1971
Shimizu,J.Y
Shimizu
,J .Y &
Oliveira,
Olivei r a, Y.M.M.
Y. M. M.
1983
1983
Dendrologia 11:
: notas
Dendrologia
notas de
de aula.
aula. Vi~osa
Viosa,,
UFV, Escola
Escola Superior
Superior de
de Florestas,92p.
Florestas,92p.
UFV,
,
madeiras úteis
uteis do
do Brasil:
Brasil:
Arvores e madeiras
manual de
de dendrologia
dendrologia brasileira.
brasileira .
Sao Paulo,
Paulo , Edgard Blücher/EDUSP,
Blu'cher/EDUSP, 294p.
294p.
Distribuiqab,
Distribui9ao , variaqao
varia9ao ee usos
usos dos
dos
recursos
r ecursos geneticos de araucáricas
araucaricas no
no
sul do
suI
do Brasil.
Brasil . Silvicultura,
Silvicultura, Sao
Paulo, 28
28 (30):
(30):
Paulo,
287-90.
-- 85 -
1/
Araucaria
nohamii Aiton ex Lambert
LambertAraucaria cunni
cunninghamii
SYNONYMS
Altingia cunninghamii D.
D. Don
Don t.79 (1830)
(1830)
Araucaria cunninghamii
cunninghamii Sweet
Sweet (1830)
(1830)
cunninghamii D.
Araucaria cunninghamii
D. Don
Don (1839)
(1839)
Araucaria beccari
beccari Warb.
Warb.
(1900)
Araucaria cunninghamii
var. papuana
papuana Laut.
Laut.
cunninghamii Ait.
Ait. var.
(1913)
FAMILY
Araucariaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
Papua New
New Guinea:
Guinea:
Wasik (Bulolo),
(8ul010) I Gobe
Gobe (Waria),
(Waria), Gobe (Mai.ama),
(Mai.ama) , Kuru
(Mt.
Kumme),, Mau (Agaun),
(Mt. Kurnme)
(Agaun), Nimola
Nimola (Fergusson
(Fergusson Is.),
Is.),
(Suwaira), Beneba
8eneba (Lufa),
(Lufa), Gapma'aa
Gapma 'aa (Warabung),
(Warabung),
Toe'okera (Suwaira),
Gama (Sina
(Sina Sina),
Sinal, Kumane
Kumane (Poinduma),
(Poinduma), Manemoi
Manemoi (Manegoima),
(Manegoima),
Gilman (Kurumul),
(Kurumul), Taya (Pogera-Paiela),
(Pogera - Paiela), Wiru
Wiru (Erave),
(Erave),
Escera (Pimaga),
(Pimaga), Escila
Escila (Kutubu),
(Kutubu), Bantu'ump
Bantu'ump (Bumbu),
(Bumbu),
Bontuan (Kaigorin),
(Kaigorin), Alloa
Alba (Arfaks),
{Arfaksl, Ningwik
Ningwik (Fak
(Fak FakMts.)
Fak Mts.)
Sari (Bembi),
(Sembi), Warir
Warir (Gurumbu),
(Gurumbu), D'Li
DILi (Oksapmin-Telefomin),
(Oksapmin -Telefomin),
Wutung, Pien
Pien (Kebar
(Kebar Valley).
Valley) .
Musalo Wutung,
Australia
Australia::
Richmond River Pine
Pine (New
(New South
South Wales),
Wales), Hoop
Hoop pine.
pine.
BOIANICAL
DESCRIPTION
EOl'ANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
Genera l
large, unbuttressed,symmetrical
unbuttressed,symmetrical tree,
tree, 50-70
50-70 mm high.
high.
A large,
A
Bole straight,
straight , cylindrical, self-pruning,
self- pruning, clean
clean to
to 30 mm
1/Based on
on the
work of N.H.S.Howcroft (Office
l/Based
the work
(Office of
of Forests,
Forests,
- Forest Research
Research Station,
Station, P.O.
P.O. Box
Box 134,
134, Bulolo
Bulolo rorobe
~~orobe
Province, Papua
Province,
Papua New
New Guinea).
Guinea) .
- 86
86 --
or more on mature trees,
trees , 1.2-1.7
1.2 - 1.7 m
rn diameter.
diameter.
Crown
to flat.
flat.
pyramidal to
in whorls of
of up
up to
to six,
six, more
more or
or less
less
Branches in
horizontal , with second
second to
to fifth
fifth order
order branchlets.
branchlets.
horizontal,
Trunk internodes
internodes variable,
variable, 1-4
1-4 m.
m.
Seedling: Cotyledons four,
four , small,
small, narrow
narrow linear,
linear,
Seedling:
10-30 x 1-4
1 -4 mrn,
glabrous , flat.
flat.
mm, glabrous,
Inflorescence
Inflorescence
Monoecious.
usually borne on lower
lower and
Male strobili usually
branches, terminal,
terminal, green,
green, yellow at anthesis.
anthesis.
mid-crown branches,
Red- brown later,
later, elongated, about
about 90x
90x 10
10 mm.
mm.
Red-brown
Po llen
Pollen
spheroidal, without air
air sacs,
sacs, wind dispersed.
dispersed.
spheroidal,
Female
in upper
upper crown,
crown , terminal,
te rmin al , green
green
strobili borne mostly in
consisting of clustered,
clustered, spirally
spirally arranged
arranged ovuliferous
ovu liferous
scales fused
fused with ligulate
ligulate scales.
scales .
Fruit
Fruit
Cone: green,
green , ovoid
ovoid 70-100
70- 100 xx 60-80
60-80 mm;
mm; the
the cone
cone is
is
Cone:
covered
spines , 99-10
-10 mm
ong , porrect
covered with
with short
short spines,
mm llong,
porrect or
or
deflex·ed
deflexed..
Seed
in the form of ovulate cone
cone scales,
sca l es , more
more or
or less
less
Seed:: in
flat , woody,
two thin
thin wings,
wings,
flat,
woody, triangular with two
indehiscent.
Scale terminating in
in a
a sharp
sharp spine;
spine;
reddish
reddish brown in
in colour;
colour; seed
seed (excluding
(excluding wing),
wing),
20-30
20- 30 x
x 9-10
9 - 10 mm.
mm.
Foliage
Juvenile foliage:
foliage: Leaves
Leaves longer
longer and
and flatter
flatter than
than adult,
adult ,
20-25 mm.
mm.
Persist
10
23-27 xx 20-25
Persist until
until trees are bout 10
years old.
old .
- 87
87 --
foliage:
Leaves
Leaves crowded in
in overlapping
overlapping whorls
whorls
Adult foliage:
on
persistent, without petioles,
petioles ,
on ends
ends of
of branches,
branches, persistent,
narr
ow to
to broadly triangular,
triangular, slightly curved,
curved, 8-10
8-10 mm
mm
narrow
long,
green colour.
colour.
long, glabrous,
glabrous, dull green
Bark
dark plum,
plum, red-brown
red - brown or
or grey
grey coloured,
coloured, rough,
rough,
Outer bark dark
peeling
peeling off around circumference in
in stringy
stringy papery
papery
layers; middle bark reddish
reddish brown;
brown; inner
inner bark
bark mottled
mottled
layers;
white.
WOOD PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
cream to
to almost
almost white
white in
in colour.
colour.
Wood cream
viscous,
and resinous.
resinous.
viscous, white and
Exudate thick,
thick,
It
tree
It is
is an
an important tree
for
milling and
Pa pua New
for the
the sawsaw-milling
and plywood industry in Papua
Guinea
has potential for
for wood pulp
pulp and
and chips.
chips.
Guinea and has
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
In
In the
the island
island of
of New
New Guinea,
Guinea, this conifer has a
discontinolls
ranging from
from the
the headwaters
headwaters
discontinous distribution ranging
of the
Aho River in
of
the Saga Aha
in the
the Milne Bay
Bay area
area of
of Papua
Papua
0
at
10004 'S, longitude
l o ngitude 150c15'E,
150 15 'E, altitude
altitude
at latitude 10°041S,
550-900
to the
no rth-western end of
o f the
the
550-900 m
m a.s.l.
a.s.1.,, up
up to
the north-western
Vogelkop of West Irian
Irian near Sausapor
Sausapor at
at latitude
latitude
0
0003'S,
132 05
'E, altitude approximately
approximately
051E,
0 o03'S, longitude 132o
800 m
m a.s.l.
a.s.l. (Aubreille,
800
(Aubreville, 1965;
1965; Gray
Gray 1971;
1971; Havel,
Havel, 1971;
1971;
Zieck, 1975
1975 pers.
oers comm.).
Zieck,
comm.) .
This species is
This
is also
indigenous to Australia and
indigenous
and West
West Irian.
Irian.
It has aa
discontinuous and narrow distribution along
discontinuous
along the
the east
east
coast
there, ranging from
from Kempsey
Kempsey in
in New
New South
South Wales
Wales
coast there,
at
31 0 S to Cape Grenville on
on Cape
Cape York
York
at latitude 31°S
It
Peninsula in North Queensland at
at latitude
latitude 12°S.
12 0 S.
- 88
88 --
naturally from
from sea
sea level
level to
to over
over 11 000
000 m
rn a.s.l.
a.s.1 .
occurs naturally
throughout its
its range
range in
in Australia
Australia (Reilly
(Reilly 1974).
1974).
throughout
CLIMATE
r a n ge of
o f the
t he species
s pe cies in
in New
New Guinea
Guine a is
is
The altitudinal range
to 22 745
745 mm a.s.l.
a.s . l.
from 60 to
Due to
to the
the remoteness
remoteness of
of
many of the
the known
known stands,
stands, there
there are
are no
no accurate
accurate metemete-
data from
from them.
them. Mean monthly maximum
orological data
temperatures range from
f r om 25°C
25°C on the
the coast to
to less
less than
than
15°C in the
the highlands.
highlands.
The mean monthly minimum
minimum
for stands
stands at
at extreme
extreme elevations
elevations (e.g.
(e . g.
temperature for
745 m
m a.s.1.)
a.s.1.) is not known
Mt. Suckling, altitude
altitude 22 745
Mt.
is probably
probably quite
quite low.
low. The species is
is likely
l ikely
but it is
to
to frost.
frost. Mean monthly relative
relative
to be
be sensitive to
humidity ranges
ranges between
between 78
78 and
and 90
90 percent
percent on
on the
the
Mean
coast,
80 percent
percent in
in the
the highlands.
highlands.
coast, 60 and 80
annual rainfall
annual
r ainfall at localities
localities near natural
natural stands in
in
Papua New Guinea ranges
Papua
ranges from 1I 929
929 to
to 44 787
787 mm
The climate of south-eastern
(McAlpine
al. 1975)
1975)
south - eastern
(McAlpine et al.
Queensland is sub-tropical with warm humid summers
summers and
and
Near
the
sea
there
are
no
frosts,
but
mi
mild
l d winters.
the
frosts,
inland at altitudes
inland
a l t i tudes up to
to 700
700 m
m there
there are
are up
up to
to 20
20
frosts
a year.
frosts a
The annual
annual rainfall is
The
is mainly in
in the
the
range
1 500 mm with more than
than half
ha l f falling
falling
range of 1 000000-1
from
from December to
to March.
March.
Even during
during the
the dr
driest
Even
i est period
ffrom
r om Ju
July
l y to September,
September, however,
however , there
there is
is seldom
seldom less
less
than
than 35 mm aa month.
month.
SOILS
SOILS
Stands of ~
A.. cunninghamii occur on
Stands
on loam,
loam, clay,
clay, sand
sand or
or
peat
soils derived from
from breccias, agglomerates,
agglomerates,
peat soils
coralline
limestone formations,
formations, lacustrine
lacustrine deposits
deposits
coralline or limestone
or old volcanic
volcanic deposits.
deposits .
-- 89 --
HABITAT
----New Guinea:
Guinea: A.
A. cunninghamii occurs in
in isolated
isolated
Papua New
remnant
stands on ridges.
ridges.
remnant pockets or in fairly dense stands
instances it
it is
is found
found on
o n swampy
swampy terrain.
terrain.
In some instances
It
It
is
hunsteinii,
is often
often associated with Araucaria hunsteinii,
Castanopsis,
Flindersia,
Castanopsis, Lithocarpus, Flindersia,
Elaeocarpus,
and Toona
Tacna (Havel,
(Have l , 1971;
1971; Gray,
Gray, 1975)
1975) and
and
Podocarpus and
may be found
found less
less frequently
frequently associated
associated with
with Nothofagus.
Nothofagus.
Australia:
as scattered,
scattered,
Hoop pine mainly occurs as
predominant trees
trees over an
an understorey
understorey of
of rain-forest.
rain - forest.
Only rarely does
does it
it form
form pure
pure forests.
forests .
the
Amongst the
important associated
associated rain-forest
rain-forest species
species in
in
more important
Australia are
are yellow-wood
yellow-wood (Flindersia
(Flindersia xanthoxyla),
xanthoxyla) ,
crow's ash (F.
(F. australis),
australis), southern
southern silver
silver ash
ash
(F
. pubescens)
mahoganies (Dysoxylum
(Dysoxylum~)
various mahoganies
spp.)
(F.
pubescens),,various
of the
the laurel
laurel family
family (Lauraceae),
(Lauraceae) , and the
the
members of
family
boxwood (Celastrus
(Celastrus
family Celastraceae,
Celastraceae, to which orange boxwood
dispermus)
ivorywood (Siphonodon
(Siphonodon australe)
australe) belong.
belong.
dispermus) and ivorywood
In
a principal associate
associate of
of hoop
hoop pine
pine
In New
New South
South Wales
Wales a
is
(Ceratopetalum apetalum).
aretalum) .
is coachwood (Ceratopetalum
SEED HANDLING
There are approximately 44 000
000 dry
dry seeds
seeds per
per kg.
kg.
No
pre-treatment is
is needed.
needed.
No special pre-treatment
SILVICULTURE
can be
be raised
raised by
by the
the pregermination
pregermination
Seedlings can
technique as
klinkii pine
as used for
for klinkii
pine or by sowing into
into
beds.
techniques are adequately covered by
These techniques
publications as
as "Technique for
for establishment
such publications
and maintenance of
of hoop
hoop pine"
pine" (Q1d.
(Qld. For.Dept.
For.Dept. 1963);
1963);
the
the handbook
handbook "Silvicultural
"Silvicultural Techniques
Techniques in
in Papua
Papua New
New
- 90 --
Guinea
(Dept. Primary Industry
Guinea Forest
Forest Plantations"
Plantations" (Dept.
Forests, Papua
Papua New
New Guinea);
Guinea)i Ntima (1968);
(1968);
Office of Forests,
and Howcroft (1974).
(1974).
Araucaria cunninghamii can
can be
be successfully
successfully grafted
grafted by
by
(patch grafting)
grafting) with material
material
using scion budding (patch
taken
the main stem,
stem, or by
taken from
from the
the apical
apical leader of the
side
side approach
approach grafting and bottle grafting using the
apical
the main
main stem.
stem .
apical shoot
shoot of the
Grafted branch
material produces
produces plagiotropic
plagiotropic grafts
grafts and
andhas
has little
little
use
for pollen
pollen production.
production.
use other than for
STATUS
species but
but endangered
endangered in
in parts
parts
Not endangered as aa species
of its
its geographic range,
range, especially
especially in
in New
New Guinea
Guinea
where the
the species
species has
has been
been reduced
reduced to
to relic
relic pockets
pockets
in
in the wild.
large stands
stands are
are left
left -- MacAdam
MacAdam
Two large
Park and
and the
the Susu
Susu Mt.Nature
Mt. Nature Reserve.
Reserve.
National Park
REASONS FOR DECLINE
There appear to
to be five
five main
main reasons
reasons for
for the
the decline
decline
in some
some areas
areas of
of New
New Guinea.
Guinea .
of the species in
Several
these are related:
related:
of these
(i)
(i)
for arable
arable land.
land.
Demand for
(i)
(i)
A
A number of stands
stands are
are known
known to
to have
have been
been
seriously reduced by the
the fires
fires started
started by
by natural
natural
causes
causes or by man for
for agricultural or
or hunting
hunting
purposes,
purposes, or through
throu gh indiscriminate
indiscriminate burning of
Vigour and
adjacent grasslands
grasslands or old
old gardens.
gardens.
and
regenerative capacity of
of survivors
survivors in
in burnt
burnt
-- 91 --
are reduced
reduced and
and soil
soil erosion
erosion can
can become
become
stands are
a significant
significant problem.
problem.
a
(iii)In small
stands domesticated and feral
feral
(iii)In
small remnant
remnant stands
completely destroy
destroy regeneration
regeneration of
of
pigs can completely
Araucaria seedlings
seed lings and
and adversely
adversely affect
affect the
the
stand trees
trees (western
(western highlands
highlands
health of maiden stand
New Guinea).
Guinea) .
of Papua New
(iv) Industry in
in some
some areas
areas has
has reduced
reduced large
large stands
stands
of this conifer to
to small
small pockets of
of remnant
remnant
regeneration.
regeneration.
Sometimes
logged areas
areas are
are
Sometimes these logged
occupied by gardens
gardens and
and the
the small
small population
population of
of
is reduced
reduced further
further in
in size.
size.
survivors is
This
deteriorate further
fUrther with
with
This situation can deteriorate
to which hoop
hoop pine
pine is
is
termite infestation to
and, as viability
viability declines
declines rapidly
rapidly
susceptible and,
storage at
at 12°C,
12 °C, there
there is
is no
no reserve
reserve
without storage
of dormant seeds in
in the
the soil
soil under
under natural
natural stands;
stands ;
replacement of destroyed or logged,
logged, mature
mature
stems
stems must wait for
for any
any existing seedlings
seedlings to
to
reach
age which commences
commences around
around
reach reproductive age
age 15.
15 .
(v)
There
There are signs that
that some
some stands
stands are
are over-mature
over-mature
and in
in some of these
these there
there is
is little
little or
or no
no
regeneration due to
to low
l ow seed
seed vigour
vigour and
and viability
viability
or destruction of cones
cones by
by cockatoos,
cockatoos , animals
animals
and insects.
insects.
-- 92 --
RECOMMENDED
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN AND RECOMMENDED
A number of reconnaissance
reconnaissance and
and seed
seed collecting
collecting trips
trips
A
were made from
from 1972
1972 to
to 1975,
19 75, to
to assess
assess tree
tree
characteristics, accessibility of stands,
characteristics,
stands, size of
o f cone
crops, best
best time
crops,
time for
for cone collection,
collection , and to
to collect
The reconnaissance of Araucaria
Arauca ria
seed if available.
stands
sections of
of the
the south-east
south- east of
of Papua,
Papua,
stands covered sections
the
Eastern, Western and Southern
the Morobe
Morobe Province,
Province, Eastern,
Highlands
Highlands Provinces
Provinces and the West Sepik Province of
Papua New Guinea and the
the Arfak
Arfak Mountains
Mountains of
of West
\oJest
Irian.
Successful seed collections were made in
in the
the
three highland
highland provinces
provinces of
of Papua
Papua New
New
Morobe and the three
Guinea and an unsuccessful
unsuccessful but
but informative
informative attempt
attempt was
was
made
Irian (see
(see Forest
Forest Genetic
Genetic Resources
Resources
made in West Irian
Information No.6,
No.6, FAO
FAD 1977).
1977).
Seedlings of
of six
six Papua
Papua
New Guinea provenances have been
been raised
raised to
to establish
establish
small conservation stands
stands and
and aa provenance
provenance trial
trial has
has
been recently planted at
at Bulolo
Bulo!o to
to test
test four
four
provenances.
provenances. These
These are
are as
as follows:
follows:
0
1.
7 13'S, long.
long. 146°451E,
146 0 45'E, alt.
alt.
lat. 7°13'S,
1. Bulolo -- lat.
m a.s.l.
a.s.l.
1 158 m
2. Elaro -2.
3.
3. Bumbu --
Rainfall (p.a.)
(p.a.) 1
1 615 mm
0
lat.
m a.s.l.
lat. 7027'E,
7 27 ' E, 146°47'E,
146 47'E, alt.
alt. 11 500 m
a.s . l.
Rainfall
~ 1 880 mm
Rainfall 0
0
lat. 6°42'S,
6°42'5, long.
long. 147°001E,
147 00'E, alt.
alt.
lat.
m a.s.l.
a.s.l.
916 mm
1 219 m
Rainfall+ 1 916
0
0
4.
30 'S, long.
long. 143°30E,
143 30'E, alt.
alt. 750
750 m
m
4. Pumaga -- lat.
lat. 66°30S,
a.
s.l.
a.s.l.
Rainfall 33 405 mm.
mm .
-- 93 --
Further
required from
from the Milne Bay
Further collections
collections are reouired
the northern
northern slopes
slopes of
of Mt.Nelson
Mt.Nelson and
and
Province covering the
Fergusson Island;
Island; in
in the
the Papuan
Papuan province
province near
near Mt.Oberee,
Mt.Oberee ,
and Mt.
Mt. Suckling;
Suckling ; in
in the
the Morobe
Morobe Province
Province from
Woitape and
Paiaway;
in
the
Chimbu Province from
from the Tua
River
in the
the Western Sepik
Sepik Province
Province from
from
River and Chuave;
Chuave; in
Oksapmin;
Wutung; in West
I rian from
from
Oksapmin; Telefomin and Wutung;
West Irian
lakes ; Arfak Mts.,
Mts. , Babor,
Baber, Japen
Japen Island,
Island , Sausapor
Sausapo r
Anggi lakes;
and
areas.
and other accessible areas.
-- 94
94 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aubreville,
AUbreville, A.
A.
1965
Les
1a flores
flares des coniféres
conif~res
Les reliques de la
tropicauxen
Australia et Nouvelle
tropicauxen Australia
Caledonie.
Adansonia 5:
5: 481-492.
481 -4 92.
Cameron, M.A.
M.A.
1958
19
58
The
flowering and fruiting
fruiting of hoop pine
The flowering
(Araucaria
(Araucaria cunninghamii).
cunninghamii). Queensland
Naturalist, 16:
16: 23-26.
23 26.
Dallimore, W.
W. &&
Jackson, A.B.
A.B.
11966
966
A handbook on
on coniferae.
coniferae.
pp. 111-114.
pp.
FAO
1981
Data
Data book
book on
on Endangered Forest Tree
Species and Provenenances,
Provenenances,
Fourth ed.
ed.
Fourth
FO:MISC/81/11, p.
p. 7-10.
7-10.
Francis, W.D.
\'J. D.
1970
Australian Rain-Forest
Rain-Forest Trees.
Trees.
ed.
Third ed.
Australian Government Publishing
Publishing
Service, Canberra,
Service,
Canberra, pp.
pp. 60-65.
60-65.
Gaussen, H.
H.
1970
Les
Gymnospermes actuelles et
et fossiles,
fossiles,
Les Gvmnospermes
Gibbs, L.S.
Gibbs,
L.S.
1916
1916
A contribution to
to the
the Phytogeography
Phytogeography
and Flora of the
the Arfak Mts.,
Mts., pp.
pp. 83-84.
83-84.
Gray, B.
B.
1974
1974
Distribution of Araucaria in
in Papua
Papua New
New
Guinea.
P.N.G. Dept.
Dept. Forest
Forest Research
Research
Guinea. P.N.G.
Bulletin,
No.1,
pp. 1-56.
1-56.
Bulletin, No.
1, pp.
Gray, G.
G.
1975
Size
reg e neration of
of
Size composition and regeneration
stands in
in New
New Guinea.
Guinea.
Araucaria stands
J.Eco1.,
63: 27i-269.
27j-289.
J.Ecol., 63:
Havel, J.J.
Havel,
J.J.
The
forests of New
New Guinea
Guinea
The Araucaria forests
and their regenerative
regenerative capacity.
capacity.
1971
20: 36-34.
20:
30-34.
J.Ecol., 59:
J.Ecol.,
59: 203-214.
203-214.
Higg~ns,
M.D.
Higgins, M.D.
1969
Howcroft, N.H.S.
N.H.S.
1974
1974
Grafting of Hoop Pine
Pine in
in Queensland.
Queensland.
Queensland Forest Dept.
Dept. (Limited
(Limited publ.),
publ.)
pp. 1-76.
pp.
1-76.
Pregermination Technique for
for Araucaria
Araucaria
P.N.G.
P.N.G. For
For Dept.
Dept. Trop.
Trap. Res.
Res.
hunsteini~
hunsteinii
Note SR27 pp.
pp. 1-10.
1-10.
- 95 --
Howcroft, N.H.S.
N.H.S.
11978
978
Exploration and provenance seed
collections in
i n Papua New Guinea
1976/77: Araucaria
Araucaria cunninghamii
cunn1nghamii
1976/77:
and A.
A . hunsteinii.
hunsteinii.
Forest Genetic
Infor~ation No.
No.8
Forestry
Resources Information
8,, Forestry
OccusiL.nal
0 cc ...1s i '_,na1 Paper 1978/2.
1978/2 . FAO,
FAU , Rome.
Rome.
T.
Just, T.
1964
Araucariaceae. In:
In:
" Encyclopedi a
"Encyclopedia
134- 137.
americana", 2:
2 : 1341 37 .
McAlpine, J.R.,
J. R. ,
G. &
Keig, G.
Short,
Short , K.
K.
1975
for Papua
Papua New
New Guinea.
Guinea .
Climatic Tables for
C.S.I.R.O.
C.S .I.R. O . Aust.
Aust. Land
Land Use
Use Research
Research
Paper No.
No. 37
37 : 11-177.
-177 .
Technical Paper
Ntima, 0.0.
0 . 0.
Ntima,
11968
968
The Araucarias.
Araucar i as.
Fast-growing timber
trees of the
the lowland
lowland tropics,
t r opics,
trees
1-14,
24-59
1-14, 24-59
Reilly, J.J.
J. J.
1974
Geographic
Geograp
hi c variation
variat ion of
of Hoop
Hoop Pine.
Pine.
Dept. For.
Dept.
For. Old.
Q1d . Res.
Res . Paper,
Paper , No.4.
No .4.
:
- 96
96 --
y1/
Araucaria hunsteinii
hunsteinii K.
K. Schumann
Schumann
SYNONYMS
Arallcaria schummaniana
schummaniana Warb.
\-larb. (1900)
(1 900 )
Araucaria
Araucaria klinkii
klinkii Laut.
Laut. (1913)
(1913)
LThere
two distinct
distinct varieties
varieties of
of this
this Araucaria
Araucaria
/There are two
species
species..
One variety
variety has
has green
green leaves,
leaves, flowers
flowers and
and
cones, and the
the other,
other, which is
is the
the original
original Araucaria
Araucaria
cones,
Laut., has
has dusky
dusky glaucous
glaucous grey
grey blue
blue leaves
leaves
klinkii Laut.,
that become
that
become dark
dark green
green with
with age~7
age7
FAMILY
Araucariaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
(trade name),
name), Pa's
Pa's (Watut.Bulolo),
(Watut.Bu~olo),
Klinkii pine (trade
(Waria-Kaisinik),
Gerau· (Waria),
(Waria) I Bimu
Bimu (Toma),
(Toma),
(Waria-Kaisinik), Gerau*
Yanguman* (Agaun),
(Agaun), Yomojo (Kotte-Pindui),
(Kotte-Pindui), Karina
Karina
Yanguman*
(Bembi,
Rassu (Onctoruna),
(Ongoruna), Nd'uk
Nd ' uk (Wareng),
(\;1areng),
(Bembi, Madang), Rassu
Kembaga,
Kembaga, Saa'vara
Saa ' vara (Taiora),
(Taiora), Sowes
Sowes (Erave,
(Erave, Mt.Matmuri),
Mt.Matmuri) I
(*Blue
- grey or glaucous variety).
variety).
(*Blue-grey
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
A large,unbuttressed, symmetrical
symmetrical tree,
tree, 50-80
50-80 mm
high, bole straight,
straight, cylindrical,
cylindrical , self
self pruning,
pruning,
high,
Crown
clear to
to 35 m
m or more, up
up to
to 22 mm diameter.
diameter.
pyramidal to
to rounded.
rounded.
Branches in
in whorls
whorls of
of 55 or
or 6,
6,
l/BaseJ
(Office of Forests,
1/Base3 on
on the
the work
work of
of N.H.S.ilowcroft
N.H.S.Howcroft (Office
Forest
Forest Research Station,P.O. Box
Box 134,
134, Bulolo
Bulolo Morobe
Morobe
Papua !\lew
Guinea) .
Province, PauLla
New Guinea).
- 97 --
mostly horizontal,
horizontal, partly
partly denuded,
denuded, with second
second order
order
branches clustered at the
the end
end of
of the
the first
first order
order
branches.
erect.
Second
pendant or partly
Second order
order branches
branches pendant
Trunk internodes regular
regular per
per tree
tree but
v ariable within stands,
stands, 0.5-2
0 . 5 - 2 mm long.
l o ng .
variable
Inflorescence
Monoecious.
MonoeciOlls.
Male
Male strobili borne at the apex of second
order branches in
in the mid and
and lower
lower crown,
crown, sessile,
sessile,
cylindrical; immature strobili green
green or
or blue
blue green,
green,
cylindrical;
with or without white exudate depending
with
depending on
on the
the variety,
variety,
yellow brown at anthesis,
anthesis, brown
brown later,
later, elongated,
elongated, up
up
to 21.0 xx ·1.1
l.l cm.
em.
Fema]8
in mid and
Female strobili borne in
upper
upper crown,
crown, terminal,
terminal, green or
or grey-blue,
grey-blue, consisting
consisting
of clustered,
of
clustered, spirally arranged ovuliferous
ovuliferous scales
fused with
with ligulate
scales, developing
fused
ligulate scales,
developing into large
large
cones that fragment
fragment at
at maturity.
maturity.
Fruit
Cone: Obovoid,
Obovoid, cylindrical,
cylindrical, apex
apex conical
conical to
to slightly
sliqhtly
Cone:
depressed, basal
basal portion
portion flattened,
flattened, up
up to
to 25
25 xx 14-16
14-16 cm,
cm,
depressed,
consisting of overlapping seed scales
scales spirally
spirally around
around aa
central axis,
central
axis, c.
c. 10-14
10-14 xx 1.5
1.5 cm
em in
in size.
size.
with sharp
sharp spines.
spines.
Cone covered
covered
Seed:
Seed:
Seed scales
scales broadly triangular,
triangular, to
to 66 cm
em lono
lonq
x 88 cm
em wide,
wide, consisting
conSisting of
of aa firm
firm but
but not
not woody,
woody,
central portion,
portion, 4.5-6
4.5-6 xx 11 cm,
em, grading
grading into
into two
two
persistent membraneous
membraneous lateral
lateral wings.
wings.
Apex of each
scale with aa rhomboidal
rhomboidal marginal
marginal swelling
swelling or
or apophysis,
apophYSiS,
bearing a sharp
sharp brittle spine
spine 9-15
9-15 mm
mm long,
long, giving
giving the
the
cone its
its spiny
spiny appearance.
appearance.
in shape,
shape,
Seed ovate in
-- 98
98 --
lenticular in
in section,
section, borne centrally on the
the seed
scale,
3 - 4 xx 11 cm.
em.
scale, 3-4
Foliage
foliage: Leaves
Leaves in
in whorls, glabrous,
glabrous, light
light
Juvenile foliage:
green to green,
green, lanceolate
lanceolate to
to narrowly
narrowly lanceolate,
lanceolate,
mostly shorter,
shorter, narrower
narrower and
and flatter
flatter than
than the
the adult,
adult,
sessile,
3.5-9.0 xx 0.5-1.5
0.5 - 1.5 cm.
em.
sessile, 3.5-9.0
Trees retain
retain juvenile
juvenile
foliage in
mid and lower crown at least until 19
foliage
in mid
19 years
age or
or until
until they
they become
become emergent.
emergent.
of age
foliage:
Adult foliage:
in overlappina
overlappinq whorls,
whorls, persistent,
persistent,
Leaves in
sessile, lanceolate
lanceolate or
or narrowly
narrowly lanceolate,
lanceolate, broadly
broadly
sessile,
channelled with
rounded or inflexed,
inflexed,
with apex slightly rounded
abaxially slightly keeled near apex,
apex, up to
to 11.5 lona
lon~ x
x
1.5 ern
cm wide,
wide, green
1.5
green dusky grey
grey or
or very
very dark
dark areen.
green.
Bark
Outer
red to grey-brown,
grey-brown, rough,
rough, peeling in
in small
small
Outer bark
bark red
or large broad coarse pieces around circumference
of
of bole;
bole; middle bark reddish,
reddish, inner bark yellow-white.
yellow-white.
WOOD PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
Wood creamy pink
pink to
to yellowish
yellowish white.
white.
Exudate thick,
thick ,
viscous,
and resinous.
resinous.
viscous, white and
A.
~.
hunsteinii often
often develops into a
hunsteinii
a larger
larger tree
tree than
than
the other indigenous
the
indigenous species
species A.
A . cunninghamii
cunninqhamii (Gray
(Gray1975).
1975).
It is regEu:ded
regarded as
as having
havincja abole
bole form
form s~rior
superior to
to that
that of
of
A.
in plantations,
plantations, and
and due
due
A. cunninghamii, particularly in
to
this it
it is highly valued in the
the sawmilling and
and
to this
plywood industry
industry in
in Papua
Papua New
New Guinea.
Guinea.
The timber
timber
of
this species,
species , as
as for
for other species,
species, is
is excellent
of this
-- 99 --
for
for interior
interi o r work such
such as moulding,
moulding, joinery,
joinery, cabinet
cabinet
and for
for flooring,
flooring, match
match and
and match
match boxes
boxes as
as high
high
work and
plywood, including
including marineply.
marineply.
quality plywood,
It is
is
rec
omme nded for
for aircraft frame
frame construction.
construct ion.
recommended
DISTRIBUTION
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
conifer is
is restricted
restricted to
to Papua
Papua New
New Guinea
Guinea
This conifer
(Fig.
11 and
1) and occurs
and Table
Table 1)
occurs as
as scattered stands
0
0
within the
the area
area 142°74'E
142 74 'E to
to 150°01'E,
150 01 ' E, 5°11'S
SOlI'S to
to
0
1001113
10 11'S (Gray
(Gray 1973).
1973).
at altitudes
altitudes ranging
ranging from
from 520
520 to
to
The species occurs at
2
100
m
a.s.l.
The
size
and
location
of
nearly
all
2
m a.s.1.
location of nearly all
known stands
stands has
has been
been discussed
discussed at
at length
lengthbybyGray
Gray(1973).
(1973).
CLIMATE
Due to
Due
to the
the remoteness of most stands
stands of
of A.hunsteinii
A.hunsteinii
there
is no
data for
for them.
them.
there is
no accurate meteorological data
climatic details
details for
for sites
sites near
near mature
mature klinkii
klinkii
Known climatic
follows : rainfall 1
615-4 586
stands are
are as
stands
as follows:
1 615-4
586 mm
mm p.a.,
p.a. ,
3l.loC,
temperatures 22.80
22.8° to
mean monthly maximum temperatures
to 31.1°C,
0
minimum temperatures
temperatures 12.30
12.3° to
20.8 C, and
mean monthly minimum
to 20.8°C,
and
monthly relative
relative humidity
89 percent
mean monthly
humidity 50 to
percent
to 89
al. 1975).
1 975).
(McAlpine et al.
Klinkii pine is
is likely
likely to
to be
be
Klinkii
frost sensitive.
sensitive.
SOILS
The species occurs
occurs on
on acid
acid clay
clay loams
loams derived from
breccias, agglomerates,
breccias,
agglomerates, lacustrian
lacustrian laterites
latentes or old
old
deposits.
volcanic deposits.
-- 100
1CXl -
HABITAT
A.Hunsteinii occurs as
A.Hunsteinii
as isolated
isolated remnant
remnant pockets
rockets of
forest
forest or as
as fairly dense
oense stands
stands on mountain sides
sides and
and
ridges.
It is
most frequently
It
is most
frequently associated with CastanoCastano -
psis,
Garcinia, Eleaocarpus,
Eleaocarpus, Podocarpus,
PodocarDu~,
psis, Calophyllum,
Calophyllum, Garcinia,
Tocna, Flindersia, Gnetum,
Gnetu~, Litsea,
Litsea, Cryptocaria,
Cryptocaria, Pometia
Pometia
Toona,
and
in aa number of instances,
instances, with Araucaria cunninghacunningha and in
mii.
SEED HANDLING
2000-2500 dry
dry dewinged
dewinged seeds
seeds per
per kg.Seedlings
kg.Seedlin0s
There are 2000-2500
can
technique or by
can be
be raised
raised by
by the pregermination technique
sot-ling
vlith overhead
overhead shade
shade (White
(Nhite and
and Cameron,
Cameron,
sowing into beds with
1965
1968; Howcroft,
Howcroft, 1974).
1974) .
1965,, Ntima,
Ntima, 1968;
SILVICULTURE
A. hunsteinii can
can be
be grafted
grafted using
u~ing budwood
budwood patches
pntches
A.
take~
from the
the apical leader
leader of the
the main stem,
stern , or
or by
by
taken from
approach or
or bottle
bottle grafting
grafting techniques.
techniques.
The
using side approach
techniques
are the same as those
those used to
to graft hoop
hoo~
techniques are
by Higgins
Higgins (1969).
(1969).
Grafted branch
pine as outlined by
material produces plagiotropic
plagiotropic grafts
grafts that
that are
are only
only
for pollen
pollen production.
production.
useful for
STATUS
as aa species,
species, but
but endangered
endangered in
in narts
~arts of
of
Not endangered as
its
range.
its geographic range.
REASONS
REASONS FOR DECLINE
Shifting
fire and
and local
local and
and commercial
co~mercial
Shifting agriculture,
agriculture, fire
demands for timber
timber are
are the
the main
main causes
causes for
for the
the decline
decline
in various
various areas.
areas. The
of stands in
The Agaun stand has been
reduced
from more than
than 200
200 trees
trees to
to about
about
reduced since
since 1949 from
50 trees
trees by
and fire.
fire.
50
by intensive gardening and
Feral pigs
and destroyed
destroyed much
much of
of the
the natural
natural
have disturbed and
- 101
101--
regeneration in
in this
this area (Howcroft,
(Howcroft, Dept.
Dept. Report
Report 1975).
1975).
Similar examples may be
be found
found at
at Bulolo,
Buioio. Wau.
Ivau.
Garaina
a n d the
the Finisterre
Finisterre Range
Range (locality
(locality No.
No.5),
the Gimi
Gimi
and
5), the
Val l ey and
and Tagari
Tagari (Gray
(Gray 1973).
1973). Saw
Sa1.>' milling
milling operations
ope r ations
Valley
stands in
in the
the Settleberg
Settleherg Range.
Range . Kudjip,
Kudjip,
have depleted stands
Suiolo and
and Wau
Wau areas.
areas.
Bulolo
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN AND RECOMMENDED
RECOM~ENDED
A number
numher of
of field
field trips
trirs were
were made
T!lade between
between 1972
1972 and
and 1977
1977
to numerous
nwnerous natural
natural stands
stands totoassess
assesstree
treecharacteristics,
characterif>tics ,
accessibi lit y of
of stands,
stands, size
size of
of cone
cone crops,best
crops , best time
time
accessibility
for
seed , where available.
available.
for cone
cone collection and to collect seed,where
Stands investigated
investigated so
so far
far are
are those
those in
in the
the GarainaGaraina-
Waria region in
in the
the Morobe
Morobe Province,
Prov in ce, Toma
Toma in
in the
the
Province, Agaun
Agaun in
in the
the Milne
Milne Bay
Bay Province
Province and
and
Northern Province,
the
the Western
\'/estern Highlands Province.
Province.
the Jimi
Jimi Valley in the
A
A
previously unknown
unknown stand
stand was
south west
was located south
west or
or
Erave near
near Mt.Matmuri
Mt .Matmuri in
in 1976.
1976.
Successfu
Successfull seed colleccollec made at
at Garaina
Garaina and
and in
in the
the Jimi
J imi Valley.
Valley.
tions were made
Seedlings from
have bee
been
to
from three
three provinces
prov ince s have
n raised
raised to
establish
es tablish conservation
co ns ervation stands
stands and
and provenance
provenance trials.
trials.
These provinces are
are as
as follows:
follows:
0
1.
l o -- Lat.
Lat. 7°13'S,
7°13'5, Long.
Long . 146°451E.
146 4S'E. Alt.
Alt. 11 158 m
m
1. Bulo
Bulolo
a.s
.l.,
r ainfal l 1
I 615
6 1 5 mm per
per annum.
annum.
a.s.1.,
rainfall
0
2.
r aina -- Lat
Lat. 7°54'S,
7 S4 'S, Long.
Long. 147°10'E.Alt.
147 0 10 'E .Alt. 600-950
600- 950 m
m
2. Ga
Garaina
rainfall
2
806
mm
p.a.
r ainfall 2 806 mrn p .a.
aa.s.1.,
. s.l. ,
o
3.
. 5°
33'5, Lon
g . 144
S0'E. Alt.1
Alt.l 500m
SCOrn
3. Jimi
Jimi Valley
Valley -- Lat
Lat.
5°33'S,
Long.
144°50E.
a.s.l.,
a.s.1.,
rainfall
rainfall 3
3000
000 mm
mrn p.a.
p.a .
Othe
r stands
sta nds which
wh i ch need
need to
t o be
are those
those at
Other
be investigated are
at
Sattleberg Range
Ra n ge and
and Paiawa
Paiawa in
in the
the Morobe
Mo r obe Province,
Province,
the Sattleberq
the Ch
imbu Province,
Province, and the
the Tagari
Bomai-Karimui in the
Chimbu
Tagari
stands as
as these
these are the
the most west
e rn known
known
and Adzugari stands
western
-- 1 02
02 -
occurrences of the
the species.
species. Collections from
from the
the
Toma
Toma stand would also be desirable but access may be
difficult
reach
difficult without the use of a helicopter to reach
the major portions of
of the
the stand.
stand.
the
Further studies are
are required
required to
to evaluate
evaluate the
the potential
potential
of
variety and
and to
to determine
determine its
its range.
range .
of the glaucous variety
-- 103 --
TABLE 1
KEY TO LOCALITIES ON
ON MAP
MAP (FIG.
(FIG. 1)
KEY
1)
LocaLocality
No.
No.
11
Name of Stand Localities Latitooe
Latitude
Longitlrle
Longitude
Altitude
(netres)
(metres)
Darnura
Damura River
0
10
10'00"
10-10'00"
150°02'30"
150°02'30"
149°23'00
149o23'00
+ 650
-_
11 200
22
Agaun
Agaum
09°55
'45
09o55'45
33
Mt.Suckling-Didana Range
09°45'00
09°45'00
148°58'00
148°58'00
so:r-l 100
100
800-1
44
Baryi and Musa Valley
09°15
' 30
09°15'30
148°16'30
148°16'30
550-1 100
09°12'
30
09°12'3D
148°23
' 45
148o23'45
Not known
55
Mt.Oberee
Mt.Oberee
09°28'00
09°28'00
148°02
'45
148°02'45
900-1 200
200
900-1
66
Q8oS3'OO
Kokoda gap
gap&& Kailili Creek 08°53'00
147°47'00
147°47'00
750-1 500
77
08°38 ' 15
Mambare and Chirima
Chirirna River
River 08°38'15
Mambare
147°36'
30
147°36'30
_-+ 1 000
88
Garaina
07°54'00
07o54'00
147°10'30
147o10'30
800
99
Bulolcr\'lau-Natut
Bulolo-Wau-Watut
07°11
' 30
07o11'30
146°39
'00
146o39'00
760
760
10
Pindiu Sattleberg
06°29
' 00
06°29'00
147°32
' 00
147°32'00
884-950
11
11
Finisterre Range
05°35 ' 30
05o35'30
145°33'30
600
_-++600
12
Bisrrark
Bismark Range
05°56 '00
05056'00
145°36'
30
145°36'30
950-1 000
13
13
Jimi
06°33
'00
06o33'00
145°24
'00
145o24'00
_-+ 2 100
14
14
River
Tua River
06°22 '00
06°22'00
144°38
'00
144°38'00
750-1 500
Erave
06°40
'10
06o40'10
144°00
'00
144o00'00
CXlO
_-+ 1 000
Kudjip Mission
05°50
'10
05o5010
144°30'
10
144o30'10
_-+
525
915-1 525
15
16
I 17
16
1 550
Jimi Valley
Jim'.
Valley
05°32
'00
05o32'00
144°38
' 00
144o38'00
18
18
Tagari River
05°45'30
05o45'30
143°00'00
143000'00
1 0cx>-1
000-1 550
19
19
Adzugari
05°33 ' 30
05°33'30
142°44 ' 00
142°44'00
Not
Not known
knCMn
- 104 -
notJRt
TIOURE 1.
1.
Lc
147°
141u
150°
DISTRIBUTION
HUNSTE I NII
DISTRIBUTION OF
OF ARAUCARIA
ARAUCARIA HUNSTEINII
.9
IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA
"0
'C21
vANIMO
VvEVvAK
NEvV IRELAND
mADA
HOSE INS
'---~ NEW
NEW BRITAIN
BRI T AIN
10
3
"
î.
ISLAND
DARU
2 1::),,t-tERGUSSON
PORT MORESBY
etta
.0
2515&=!TnasI
100
100
200
300
400 Km
Krn
400
.xKNOWN LOCALITIES
LOCALITIES OF
OF THE
THE GLAuCOuS
GLAUCOUS VARIETY
VARIETY
X- KNOVVN
ALOT Au
ALOTAU
los
SAMAR""I
SAMARAI
••
,-
- 105 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
FAO
1981
1981
Data Book
Book on
on Endangered Forest
Tree Species
Data
Forest Tree
11-16.
and
Provenances , FO:MISC/81/11,
FO:MISC/81 / 11 , P.
p.
11
- 16 .
and Provenances,
Gray
,B.
Gray,B.
1973
Distribution of Araucaria in
in Papua
Papua New
New Guinea.
Guinea
Papu
a New Guinea
Guinea Forest
Fo rest Research
Resear c h Bulletin
Bulletin No.1,
No .1,
Papua
pp. 31-56.
31-56 .
PP.
Gray,B.
Gray,S.
1975
Size
Size composition and
and regeneration
regeneration of
of Araucaria
Araucarm
stands
J. Ecol.
Ecol. 63:
63: 273-289.
273-289.
stands in New Guinea. J.
Hall,N.et.al.
Hall,N.et.al. Forest
Forest Trees
Trees of
of Australia. Australian
Australian GovernGover~
11970
970
ment Publishing
Publishing Service,
Service, Canberra.
Canberra.
Higgins,t.
1. D.
Higgins,M.D.
1969
Grafting hoop pine in
in Queensland Forest
Forest Dent.
De~t .
(Limited Publ.)
Pub1.) pp.
pp. 1-76.
1-76.
(Limited
HONCroft,N.H.S. Pregermination
Araucaria hunsteinii.
Haqcroft,N.H.S.
Pregerminationtechnique
techniquefor
forAraucaria
hunsteinii.
1974
1974
P.N.G. Forest Department Res.
Res. Note
Note SR
SR 27
27
P.N.G.
pp.
['p. 1-10.
1 - 10.
HONCroft,N.H.S.
Hadcroft,N.H.S.Exploration
Explorationand
andprovenance
provenance seed
seed collections
collections
in Pa
Papua
New Guinea 1976/77:
1978
in
p ua New
1976 / 77 : Araucaria
cunninghamii
cunni nghamii and A.hunsteinii.
~ .hu nsteinii. Forest
Forest Genetic
Genetic
Resources
Information No.8
No.8 Forestry OccaResources Tnformation
sional Paper 1978/2.
sional
1978/2. FAO,
FAD, Rome.
Rome.
McAlpine , J .R.;
McAlpine,J.R.;
Keig,G.&
Keig ,G.&
Short,K.
Short, K.
Climatic tables
tables for
for Papua
Papua New
New Guinea,
Guinea, CSIRO
CSIRO
Aust.
Technical Paper
Paper N~37
Na37
Aust. Land Use
Use Research
Research Technical
pp.
pp . 1-77.
1-77.
1975
Ntirna ,O.O .
Ntima,0.0.
1968
The Araucarias.
Araucarias. Fast
Fast Growing Timber Trees
Trees of
of
the
the Lowland Tropics
Tropics No.
No . 3.
3. Commonwealth
Commonwealth
Institute, Oxford.
Oxford .
Forestry Institute,
~\hite,K . J . &
White,K.J.&
Cameron,A.L.
Cameron ,A.L.
Silvicultural techniaues
techniques in
in Papua
Papua New
New Guinea
Guinea
Plantations . Division
Division of
of Silviculture.
Si l viculture.
Forest Plantations.
Dept. of Forests.
Forests. Bull.
Bull. No.
No.11 pp.
pp. 8-30.
8 - 30.
Dept.
1965
- 106
106 --
1/
1/
Muell. Ara.
Arg.Aspidosperma polyneuron
pdyneuron Muell.
SYNONYMS
peroba Fr.
Fr. All.
All . (1865)
(1865)
Aspidosperma peroba
ASpidosperma
dugandii Standl.
StandI . (1933)
(1933)
Aspidosperma dugandii
FAMILY
Apocynaceae
NAMES
VERNACULAR NAMES
Peroba rosa,
Peroba
rosa , amargoroso,
amargoroso, peroba mirim,
mirim, peroba
peroba amarela,
amarela,
rajada, peroba
peroba acií,
a9u, sabre,
amarqosa,
peroba rajada,
sobro, peroba
peroba amaraosa,
peroba
Paulo, peroba
peroba paulista.
paulista.
peroba de
de Sao
So Paulo,
DESCRIPTION
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
A large tree,
tree, with a
a height varying
varying from
from 25
25 to
to 30
30 m,
m,
cylinder shaped stem of 12
12 to
to 15
15 m
m in
in length
length and
and
0.7
to O.B
m in diameter,
diameter, sometimes
sometimes reaching
reaching 1.0
1.0 m;
mi
0.7 to
0.8 m
crown
and typical
typical
crown thin with ascendant branches, and
corymb-type ramification.
ramification.
In
florescence
Inflorescence
An axillary inflorescence
inflorescence on
on the
the ends
ends of
of the
the branches,
branches,
forming
a
small
dichotomous
cyme
1
to
4
cm
in
forming a
cyme 1 to 4 em in lenath.
length.
Small green-yellow
green - yellow flowers,
flowers , hermaphrodite,
hermaphrodite , 44 mm
mm in
in
length; calyx
calyx consists
consists of
of aa tube
tube with five
length;
five laciniate
lobes;corolla consists
consists of
of aa tube
lobes;corolla
tube which is
is longer than
the
the calyx
calyx.
. Flowering
Flowering occurs
occurs in
in November
November-December;
- December; for
for
l/B;=j,sed
Tomazello,t-l.L.r1arques, and
1/Based on
on the
the work
work of
of M.
M.Tomazello,M.L.Marques,
Forestry Department,
R
. Chiaranda.
Forestry
Department , ESALO/USP,
ESALQ/USP,
R.Chiaranda.
P.O.Box 9,
9 , Piracicaba,
Piracicaba, S.P.,
S.P., Brazil.
Brazil.
-- 107 --
the
the months of
the Southern
Southern region during the
April- May;
May;
authors report flowering
other authors
flowering in
in June
June -- July.
Ju ly.
Fruit
almost always
always paired,brown,
paired/brown, striped
striped
A dehiscent capsule almost
lengthwise
lengthwise with yellow
ye ll ow spots.
spots.
Fruits approximately
Fruits
55.5
.5 to
em in length
length and
and 1.0
1.0 to
to 1.5
1.5 cm
em in
in width.
width.
The
to 6.0 cm
shape of the
fruits
is
similar
to
a
short
pod,
wider
the fruits is similar to a short pod, wider
towards
sessile, with a somewhat
somewhat
towards the
the apex,
apex, pointed,
pointed, sessile,
cyst; outside heavily
heavily covered
covered with
with easily
~asily
prominent cyst;
visible lenticels.
lenticels.
Fructification occurs in
in October
and during the months of
o f June
June -- August
August in
in the
the
regioni other authors
authors have
have reported
reported fruit
fruit
Southern region;
setting
setting in
in October
October-November.
-November.
Foliage
varies inshape, oblong
oblona to
to eliptic -- obovate
Leaves variesinshape,
obova te
an obtuse
obtuse apex,
apex,
with an
and
the base;
base;
and narrower at the
membranaceousi dark green on the
the upper side and lighter
membranaceous;
colored underneath;
underneath; 66 to
to 88 cm
cm lona
long and
and 22 to
to 44 cm
em wide;
wide;
alternate
alternate arrangement
arrangement,, short
short petiole
petiole (1
(1 cm
em in
in length),
length),
leaf
veins.
leaf blade
blade glabrous,
glabrous, with
with numerous secondary veins.
Branches
round, trichotomous,
trichotomous, with leaves
leaves on
on the
the
Branches are
are round,
ends.
Bark
The
trunk is
is slender,
slender, with aa slightly
slightly cracked
cracked grey
grey
The trunk
bark
rigid, brownish color,lactiferous,
color , lactife r ous, bitter,
bitte r,
bark,, rigid,
rhytidome with
a pinkish tinge
tinge internally
internally and
and the
the
rhytidome
with a
portio n of yellow
yellow color.
color.
alive portion
-- 108 --
PROPERTIES AND
AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
WOOD PROPERTIES
Wood
heartwood varying
varying from
from aa pink-yellow
pink-yellow
Wood heavy,
heavy, heartwood
to
rose colored burnt-yellow,
to aa lightly
lightly rose
burnt-yellow, uniform or
with vein or dark
dark patches;
patches; the
the surface
surface is
is
smo
o th
smooth
but
indistinct smell,
smell, aa slightly
slightly bitter
bitter
but not
not shiny;
shiny; indistinct
taste:
fine texture.
texture.
taste; straight;
straight; fine
In laboratory trials,
trials,
In
peroba-rosa wood revealed
revealed low
low resistance
resistance to
to rot
rot
and
termite attacks.
attacks.
and to
to dry
dry wood termite
As
As the peroba-rosa
has
partially obstructed
obstructed
has many minute pores which are partially
by
-resin and
and tyloses,
tyloses, it
it has a
a low
low permeability
permeability
by oil
oil-resin
to
in treatments under pressure.
to preservative
preservative solutions
solutions in
The
wood is
is primarily
primarily used
used in
in civil
c ivil
The peroba-rosa wood
construction,
Paulo, for
for
construction, mainly
mainly in
in the
the state
state of
of Sao
So Paulo,
beams, rafters,
rafters, laths,
laths, door-jambs,
door-jambs, shutters,
shutters, gates,
gates,
beams,
fnuxts,boards
frames, boards and
and tiles
tiles for
for floors,
floors, stairs,etc..
stairs, etc.. As
As it
it has
aa medium mechanical resistance
resistance and
and medium retractabiretractability,
is recommended for
for heavy furniture,
furniture, school
school
it is
desks,
desks, for
fer the
the production
production of
of veneers,
veneers , construction
construction
of waaons,
wagons, truck-bodies,
truck-bodies, etc..
etc ..
It is
It
is also used for
for
not so
so much because of
o f its
its durability,
durability, which
sleepers, not
to -da te is
is around
around 66 years,
years, but
but due
due to
to the
the relative
relative
to-date
facility in
facility
in acquiring this wood,
wood, its
its workabilitv,and
workabilitY,and
mainly due
due to
to the
the good
good fixation
fixati o n of
of nails.
nails. Presently
Pr e sently the
the
railways are using aa good
good part of
the
sleepers that have
sleepers
have undergone treatment with preserpreser-
vatives under
under pressure.
pressure.
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
The original area
area of
of natural
natural distribution
distribution of
of this
this
species is
vast, covering Southern and
species
is vast,
and South
South Eastern
Eastern
Brazil, although in
in some
some States
States of
of this
this region
region the
the
Brazil,
-
109 -- 109
-
occurrence of this
this species is
is minute.
minute.
It is
is found
found in
in
It
the
the state of Bahia (extreme
(ext reme South),
South), Minas
Minas Gerais,
Gerais,
Mato
Mato Grosso,
Grosso, Sao
So Paulo,
Paulo, Parang,
Parana, Santa
Santa Catarina
Catarina and
and
This species is
Rio Grande do
do Sul.
SuI. This
is also found
found in
Paraguay and
and Peru
Peru (Hueck,
(Hueck, 1972;
1972; Rizzini and
and
Argentina, Paraguay
Presently, due to
Mors,
Mars, 1976).
1976).
Presently,
to the
the intense
intense exploitation
the species,
species, its
occurrence has
has been
been signifiof the
siunificantly reduced
reduced (IPEF/EMBRAPA,
(IPEF/EMBRAPA, 1981).
1981).
CLI MATE
CLIMATE
The climate in
in the
the areas
areas of
of occurrence
occurrence varies
varies and
and
includes the
the following
following types:
types:
a)
a) subtropical moderate
moderate humid:
humid: annual
annual average
average tempetempe -
rature
precipirature between
between 18
18 and
and 22°C
22°C;i average annual
annual precipibeteeen 1250
1250 and
and 2000
2000 mm,
mm, with
with aa
tation varying beteeen
uniform distribution
distribution in
in the
the Parana'
Parana river
river basin,
basin, and
and
uniform
a
a seasonal distribution
distribution in
in the
the Central
Central Eastern
Eastern part
part
the State
State of
Paulo , Southern
Southern Minas
Minas Ferais,
Ferais,
of the
of S~o
So Paulo,
South- eastern Espirito Santo);
Santo);
South-eastern
b)
subtropical or
b) subtropical
average annual temperature
temperature between
bet.../ee n
tropical subhumid:
0 and 24oC,
0
210
and
annual
average
precipitation
varying
21
24 C, and annual average precipitation varying
1200 and
and 1500
1500 mm,
mm, with
with aa seasonal
seasonal distribution
distribution
between 1200
deficit in
in the
the winter.
winter.
and a water deficit
SOILS
Depending on the
the region
region in
in which
which it
it is
is located,
located,
~.polyneuron may occur from
from 150
150 to
to 1100
1100 m
m in
in altitude,
altitude ,
A.polyneuron
in several
severa·l soil
soil types;
types; developing
developing well
well in
in
thriving in
and diabasic
diabasic rocks
r ocks
soils of decomposed basaltic and
(Klein, 1963),
soils ((lein,
(!(lein, 1972).
1972).
(Klein,
1963), and humid deep soils
-- 110 -
HABITAT
is found
found in
in several
several types
types of
of forest
forest
This species is
formations,
forests in
in the
formations, such
such as
as low altitude forests
Paraná
Parana river
river basin;
basin; however
however it
it is
is not found
found in
in the
the
river basin (Klein,
(Klein, 1972);
1972); seasonal
seasonal evergreen
everg reen
Uruguai river
mountainous forests,
forests, and
and seasonal
seasonal evergreen
evergreen forests.
forests .
In
In the
the state
state of
of Parana,
parane;', the
the species
species penetrates
penetrates
sometimes
forest (Araucaria
(Araucaria angustifosometimes into Araucaria forest
lia)
,were it
it becomes
the understory
lia),were
becomes dominant in the
(~lein, 1963).
1963).
(Klein,
SEED HANDLING
takes place
place 16
16 days
days after
after sowing,
sowing,
Germination which takes
does not require pre-germination treatments.
treatments.
does
One
kg
contains approximately
approximately 11500
11500 seeds.
seeds.
In terms
terms of
of
kg
substrate
temperature for seed germination,
germination, the
the
substrate and
and temperature
temperature
temperature has
has aa more
more significant influence on
than the
the substrate
substrate utilized.
utilized. A
A germination
germination
germination than
76 and 90%
90% was
percentage of
of between
between 76
was obtained
obtained at
temperatures
of 20
20 and
and 25°C usinq
temperaturesof
using several
several substrates
substrates
(vermiculite , green blotter paper
paper etc.).
etc.).
(vermiculite,
SILVICULTURE
In aa trial
trial ca
carried
In
rried out in the
the Vale
Va le do Rio
Rio Doce.
Doce. MG,
MG , an
an
average height
of 9.7
height of
of 7.8
7.8 m;
m; aa DBH of
9.7 cm;
cm; and a
a 76.4%
survival
12 years of
of age
age were
were observed.
observed. On the
the
survival at 12
hand, in
in Santa Rita
Rita doPassa Quatro-SP
Quatro- SP an
an
other hand,
average height of 6.5m;
and
a
DBH
of
6 . 5m; and a DBH of 6.1 cm
e m at 13 years
years
of age
age were obtained.
In Bauru - SP,
in a
a provenance
In
SP, in
tria1,an
4.7 m
m and a
a DBH of 5.6
5.6 cm
cm
trial,an average
average height
height of 4.7
12 years of
of age
age was
was noted.
noted.
at 12
- ill -
REASONS FOR
FOR DECLINE
DECLINE
STATUS AND REASONS
its wood resistance
resist ance and
and durability,
durability, this
this species
species
Due to its
has been
exploited
intensively during
during the last
been exploi
ted intensively
last decades
decades
lands have been
been taken
taken over
over by pastures
pastures and
and
and the lands
agriculuture.
the surviving trees
trees of
of this
this species
species
Today the
are found
found in
in small
small remaining
remaining clusters
clusters of
of forests.
forests.
TAKEN
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN
In 1964,
1964, the
Paulo outout In
the Instituto
Instituto Florestal
Florestal de
de Sao
So Paulo
a provenance trial
trial in
in Bauru
Bauru - SP,
SP , using
using two
two
planted a
provenances.
Results
trial have
have shown
shown
Results from this trial
genetic variation between the
the provenances.
provenances. This
has another mixed stand where
Institute has
A.
A. polyneuron
poly neuron with
with 35
35 other
other species
species are
are maintained.
maintained.
Three base populations propagated from 76
trees, resulting from
from a
a contract
contract between
between the
the
selected trees,
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico
Cientifico ee
Tecnologico (CNPq)
(CNPq) and
and the
the Programa
Programa Nacional
Nacional de
de
Pesquisas Florestais (PNPF)
(PNPF) with the
the Instituto
Instituto
Florestal do Estado
Estado de
de Sao
Sao Paulo
Paulo has
has been
been implemented.
implemented.
- 112 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Associa~ao Paulista de
de
Associa9ao
Tecnicas.
Normas Tecnicas.
Seminário de madeiras.
Seminario
madeiras. Rio
Rio de
de
Janeiro.
Janeiro, 258p.
258p.
1964
British Standards
1955
Nomenclatu,=,e of
of commercial
commerciC'll
Nomenclature
sources
timbers -- including sources
supply.
London
144 p.
p.
London.. 144
of supply.
Brown, H.L.
H.L .
1978
~imbers of the
the world: 22 South
South
Timbers
London, Timber Research
America.
London,
Deve l opment Association
and Development
12 1 p.
p.
TRADA. 121
Boutelje, J.B.
J.B.
1980
1980
Enr.yclope(1i n of
of world timbers
tiwers -Encyclopedia
technical literature.
literature.
names and technical
Stockholm, Swedish
Swedish Forest
Forest
Stockholm,
Products Research
Research Laboratory,
Laboratory,
398 p.
p.
Corr~a, M.P.
M.P.
Correa,
1926
Dicionario das
das plantas úteis
uteis do
Diciongrio
Bras{lia, IBDF,
IBDP,
Brasilia,
Brasil.
5v.
5v . 687
687 p.
p.
M.
Chudnoff, M.
1980
Tropical timbers of
of the
the world.
wor l d.
USDA.
Forest Products
Madison, USDA.
826 p.
p.
Laboratory, 826
Farmer, R.H.
R. H.
1975
Handbook
Bandbook of the
the worlds Timbers
2 ed.
ed. London,
London , Princes
Princes Risborough
243 p.
p.
Laboratory. 243
Fraga, M.V.G.
M.V.G.
Fraaa,
1946
de indice
indice da
da flora
flora
Ensaio de
dendrológica do Brasil.
dendrologica
Brasil.
Arquivos
Arguivos do
do Servico
Servi90 Florestal,
Florestal,
Sau
Paulo , 22 (2):
(2): 69-156.
69 - 156.
Sao Paulo,
Galvao, A.P
. M.
A.P.M.
1982
Contribuicao da
da EMBRAPA/IBDFEMBRAPA/IBDFContribuicWo
PNPF para
para 'a
'a pesquisa
pesquisa com
especies nativas
nativas ee florestas
florestas
espécies
natura is do
do Brasil.
Brasil. Silvicultura
Silvicultura
naturais
Paulo , 16A
l6A (parte
(parte 1):
1):
em Sao Paulo,
150- 159 .
150-159.
-- 113 --
Go1fari , L.;
L.;
Golfari,
Caser,, R.L.
easer
R.L. &&
1'1oura,
U. P.
Moura, U.P.
1978
1978
Gurge1 Filho,
Fi1ho, 0.A.
O. A.
Gurael
& Pasztor,
C.
Pasztor, Y.P.de C.
1963
1963
Gurge1
Fi1ho, 0.A.
O.A.
Gurgel Filho,
Zoneamento
esquematico
Zoneamento eco1ogico
ecológico esauemático
para reflorestamento no
no Brasil.
Brasil.
Serie
, PRODEPEF,
Brasil~,
S6-rie Tp.cnica
T4'enica,
PRODEPEF, Brasilia,
11:
1-66.
11: 1-66.
Fenologia ee comportamento em
Fenologia
alfobre de espécies
especies florestais
florestais ee
ornamentais.
em
Silvicultura em
Sao
Sa-C Paulo,
Paulo, Sao
Sae, Paulo, 11 (2):
291 - 304. dezembro.
dezembro.
291-304.
Essencias ind{genas
Essé'ncias
indígenas -- Silviem
Paulo, SX6
S~o Paulo,
Paulo,
em Sao
So Paulo,
9:
47-52 .
9: 47-52.
1975
1975
cu
1 t~ra
cultura
Hueck, K.
K.
As florestas
florestas da
da América
America do
do Sul,
SuI,
Sao
Pol{gono/Ed.
sab Paulo,
Paulo, Polfgono/Ed.
Universirlade
Bras1lia. 466
466 p.
p.
Universidade de Brasrlia.
1972
1972
IPEF /EMBRAPA
IPEF/EMBRAPA
1981
1981
conservaGao
de recursos
recursos
Conserva0o de
gen~ticos
essencias
gen6ticos de ess6ncias
florestais : relatorio
relatorio final.
final.
florestais:
Piracicaba -- SP.
SP. 117
117 p.
p.
Piracicaba
R.M .
Klein, R.M.
1963
Sugestoe~ ecol6gicas
eco16gicas de
de algumas
algumas
Sugestaes
arvores nativas
n at:i.vag pröprias
proprias para
para
árvores
serem emprega_(as
ernprega~LjS no
serem
no reflorestae oeste paranaense
paranaense
mento norte e
In:
In: II sirnposio
reflorestasimpósio de reflorestamento
mento da
da regiao
regio da
da araucaria
araucaria
(anais). Curitiba,
Curitiba, p.
p. 157.174.
157 . 174.
(anais).
Klein,
Klein, R.M
Arvores
rvores nativas
nativas da
da floresta
subtropical do
alto Uruguai.
do~alto
Uruguai.
Se1 10wia. Itajai . 24
24 (24):
(24):
Sellowia.Itajai.
9 - 62.
9-62.
1972
Kribs,
Kribs , D.A.
D.A.
1970
Commercial foreign
foreign woods on
on the
the
University
American Market.
Market.
Park, Penssylvania State
State
University . 203
203 p.
p.
University.
Kukachka, B.F.
B . F.
of imported
imported tropical
tropical
Properties of
woods. USDA.
USDA.
Forest Service
resear~h paper,
paper, Madison.
Madison.
FPL research
(125): 1-67.
1 - 67.
(125):
1970
1970
-- 114 --
Mainieri, C.
C.
1958
1dentifica9ao
Identifica-a-o das
das principais
principais
madeiras de
de com-ércio
comercio no Brasil.
Bolp.t:iIT'~
1PT, S'Ab
Sao Paulo,
(46):
Boletim, IPT,
Paulo, (46):
1-189.
C. &
Mainieri, C.
Pereira,
J.A.
Pereira, J.A.
1965
do Drasil
do
Brasil:: caracterizayao
. usos
za;-êo ~acroscopica
macroscópica,
usos comuns
comuns
e indices qualitativos
qualitativos fi-sicos
fisicos
e mecánicos.
mecanicos . Anuário
Anuario brasileiro
brasileiro
de
economi~ florestal,
florestal, Rio
Rio de
de
de economia
Janeiro,
17 (17):
(17) : 1-282.
1-282.
Janeiro, 17
~adeiras
Madeiras
Mainieri,
Mainieri , C.
C.
1970
Madeiras brasileira,s;
brasileir~s : caractericaracterrsticas qerais,
gerais, zonas de maior
ocorrencia,
ocorrê-ncia, dados
dados botanicos
botánicos
e usos. sao
Sao Paulo,
Paulo, Secretaria
Secreta ria
do Estado
Estado de
de
da Agricultura do
Sao Paulo.
109 P.
p.
Sa-O
Paulo. 109
Mainieri, C.
C.
de caracterf-sticas
caracteristicas das
dRS
Ficha de
madeiras brasileiras.
Sao
Paulo , Instituto de
Pesauisas
Paulo,
de Pesouisas
Tecnologicas
Estado de
de S'gó
Sao
Tecnolò-gicas do Estado
2v.
Paulo, 2v.
1978
Mainieri,C.;
Mainieri,C . ;
Chimello, J.P.
&
J.P. &
Alfonso, V.A.
V.A.
1983
Mariand, E.
E. et.al.
et . al.
1982
Manual de
de identificac-jo
identificacao das
comerctais
principais madeiras
madeiras comerciais
bbrasileiras.
rasileiras. Sao
Paulo,
Saó Paulo,
Secretaria da
da Indilstria,Comércio,
Industria ,CoP1ercio,
Secretaria
Ciencia e
e Tecnoloaia.
Tecnologia. 241
241 P.
~.
Reconstituiqao de
Reconstituis75:o
de florestas
florestas de
esséncias indigenas.
essencias
indiqenas . SilviSilvi cul tura em
Paulo, Sao
Sao Paulo.
Paulo.
cultura
em S'ao
So -Paulo,
Vol.
16A ,
(parte 2):
2) : 1086-91.
1086 - 91.
Vol. 16A,
(parte
Mendes, C.J.
C. J. et
et al.
al.
1983
Plantios homogeneos
com 88
Plantios
homogneos com
especies nativas no vale
vale do
do Rio
Rio
Doce.
Silvicultura,
So Paulo,
Silvicultura, Sao
Paulo,
88 (28)
: 350-352.
350-352.
(28):
Nogueira, J.C.B
J.C.B &&
Siqueira, A.C.M.F.
Siqueira,
A.C.M.F.
Plantio de peroba-rosa
peroba - rosa
(Aspidosperma
(Asp idosperma polyneuron
e~l~ne~ron Muell.
Muell.
Arg . ) de
de 2 proced6ncias
procedencLas para
para
Arg.)
Comparativo. Si
lviculEstudo Comparativo.
Silvicultura em
So Paulo,
em Sao Paulo,
Pau l o , Sao
Paulo,
1976
10:
61 - 63.
10: 61-63.
- 115
ll5 --
Pasztor Y.P.
Y.P . de
de C.
C.
1963
~etodos
de
Me'todos usados
usados na
na calheita
calheita de
sementes
Silvicultura ern
sementes.. Silvicultura
em Sao
So
Pilulo,
Sao Paulo.
Paulo . 11 (2)
:303 -323.
Paulo, So
(2):303-323.
Pereira, J.A.
J.A.
1933
rdentifica~aomicroaréfica
micro0rafica das
das
Identifica*
nossas madeiras.
madeiras.
Boletim.
Boletim. Esco
la
Paulo (9):
(9):
la Politecnica.
Politécnica. Sao
So Paulo
11-165.
- 165.
pickel , J.B.
J.B.
Pickel,
1950
As
As principais
principals arvores
arvores queo
queo dao
do
madeira:
metoda prético
pratico para
para
madeira: método
seu reconhecimento. Anuario
Anuário
brasileiro de economia
econo~ia florestal,
f10rest~l,
- 87 .
Rio de Janeiro, 33 (]):
(3): 158
158-87.
R.S.
Ramalho, R.S.
1973
Dendrologia:
not as de
de aula.
aula.
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UFV , 95
95 p.
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Ramos, A.
A . &&
Bianchetti, A.
A.
1984
Influencia da temperatura
temperatura ee do
do
Influéncia
substrata
de
substrato na
na germina9ao
germimnäo de
sementes florestais.
florestais .
In:
In:,
Simposio
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Simpósio Internacional:
dA
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Controle de
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252-275 p.
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Record, S.J. &&
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Hess
R.N .
1949
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new world.
world. 4.
4. ed.
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Yale University
University Press.
Press.
New Haven,
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640 p.
Rizzini, C.T.
C . T.
1971
1971
Arvores
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uteis do
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Arvores e
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manual de dendrologia
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Sao Paulo,
Paulo, Editora
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So
Edgard Blücher/EDUSP.
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C.T .
Mors W.B.
1976
.
&
&
Botancia
Economica Brasileira.
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Bothcia Económica
Sao
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Sé-b Paulo
Paulo,
EPU/Ed. Universidade
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207 p.
p.
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So Paulo.
- 116 --
1/
Astronium
urundeuva (Fr.
(Fr. All.
All.)
Astronium urundeuva
) Engl.Enal.SYNONYM
Myracroduon urundeuva
urundeuva Fr.
Fr. All.
All.
(1862)
Astronium juglandifolium
juglandifoliurn Griseb.
Griseb . (1879)
(1879)
FAMILY
FAMILY
Anacardiaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
Aroeira, aroeira
aroeira do
do sertTio,
sertao, aroeira
aroeira legitima
legitima,, aroeira
da serra,
serra, aroeira
aroei radodocampo,
campo,urundel-iva,
urundeuva, arindeCiva,
arindeuva,
arendeuva,
aroeira preta,
preta, orindeuva.
orinde~va.
arendedva, aroeira
DESCRIPTION
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
Small
in the
"cerrado", approximately
Small tree
tree in
the "cerrado",
approximately 55 m
m in
in height
height
and 0.15
m in diameter,
diameter, and
and large
large in
in the
the tropical
tropical
0.15 m
forest, where
it may reach
reach up
up to
to 30
30 mm in
in height
height and
and
forest,
where it
1 m
in diameter.
diameter.
1
m in
Inflorescence
Flowers
cream in
in colour,
colour , small,
small, in
in very
very
Flowers purple or cream
congested panicless on the
the ends
ends of
of leafless
leafless branches,
branches,
little pubescence;
pubescence; the
the inflorescence
inflorescence is
is
with little
approximately 10 to
to 15
15 cm
em in
in length;
length; flowering
flowering occurs
occurs
to August.
August .
from July to
Fruit
drupes , with aa short
short apiculus,
apiculus ,
Small ovoid globose drupes,
4.5 mm in
in diameter,
diameter , maturing
maturing in
in the
the
approximately 4.5
months
September
months of Se
ptember --October.
October . In the
fructification
the Amazon,
Amazon,fructification
o
.
1/ Base
, RR.Chiaranda
. Ch1aranda and
1/
Baseononthe
thework
workofofM.Tomazello
M.Tomazello FFo,
and
- M.L
. Mar~ues . Forestry
Forestry Department,
DepartMent, ESAL0/USP,
ESALQ/U5 P ,
M.L.Marques.
P.O.
P.O . Box 9,
9, Piracicaba,
Piracicaba , S.P.,
S . P ., Brazil.
Brazil .
-- 117 --
occurs
occurs during
Fruiting
in a
the
o f January
January
period of
pure 3
3 year
old
o ld
to
stand
February.
February.
has
been
noted.
Foliage
Leaves
composite, imparipinnate,
imparipinnate , alternate,
alternate, with
with 7-15
7- 15
Leaves composite,
folieles
a rounded
rounded or aa
folioles oblong
oblong or oval;
oval; wide,
wide, with a
shortly
apex; the orbicular
orbicular base
base is
is somewhat
somewhat
shortly acuminate apex;the
oblique;
delicate veins;
veins; margins
margins
obligue; sub coriaceous with deLicate
ciliated on both the
the sides;
sides; somewhat
somewhat hairy,
hairy, slightly
slightly
crenate,
serrated or crenate,
3- 6
3-6
em
in length
cm in
2-3.5 cm
em
by 2-3.5
in
long, strong odor.
odor.
in width:
width; petiole
petiole pubescent:
pubescent; 2-4 mm long,
Branches:
young, flaccid
flaccid and
a nd pubescent,lenticelate,
pubescent,lenticelate,
Branches: When young,
liaht
light grey.
grey.
Bark
Trunk:
Straight, its
its base
base exibiting few
few distinct
distinct
Trunk: Straight,
characteristics,
straight; in
in young
young trees
trees the
the
characteristics, normally straight;
is smooth,
smooth, grey and lenticeled;
lenticeled; in
in adults,
adults, the
bark is
bark
is dark brown,
brown, and
and sub-divided
sub-divided into
into scaly
scaly sheets.
sheets .
bark is
WOOD
AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
WOODPROPERTIES
PROPERTIES AND
Very heavy
heavy with
with aa high
high mechanical
mechanical resistance;
heartwood
Very
resistance; heartwood
cut,
ppinkish
i nk i sh beige
beige ororlight
lightbrown
brownwhen
wh enrecently
recently
cut ,later
later turrdng
turrung
wn-red in
lour; sapwood Slightly
distinguishdark bro
brown-red
in co
colour;
slightly distinguishable,
to slightly
in colour;
colour; aa somewhat
able, white
white to
slightly pink
pink in
somewhat
shiny
medium texture,
texture , uniform;
uniform ;
surface and smooth, medium
grain; no
no distinct
distinct odor
odor or
or
irregular to interlocked grain;
taste.
It
the wood with the
the highest
highest resistence
resistence
It is
is considered as the
to
its vessels
vessels are excessively obstructed
obstruc ted by
by
to decay;
decay; its
-- 118
118 -
tyloses
fibers;
tyloses of
of oil
oil resin;
resin; extremely reduced lumen fibers;
its
is extremely
extremely
its permeability
permeability to
to preservative solutions is
llow
ow in
in treatments under
under pressure.
pressure.
re comme nded
It is recommended
for
such as
as framework
framework of
of bridges,
bridges,
for external structures such
stakes
, posts,
fence posts,
posts, sleepers,
sleepers, etc.
etc.
stakes,
posts, fence
In civil
In
construction it
it may be
be used
used for
for beams,
beams, floor
floor tiles,
tiles,
etc.
May also
for the manufacturing:
May
also be
be used
used for
manufacturing of
of carved
pieces.
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
The
occurrence are
are in
in
The areas
areas of most frequent occurrence
Northeastern
Brazil, the
the western
we stern part
part of
of the
the States
States
Northeastern Brazil,
of
Sao Paulo,
Paulo, the
the southern
southern part
part of
of
of Minas
Minas Gerais
Gerais and Sgo
the States
States of Goias
Gotas and Mato
the
Mato Grosso.
Grosso.
It also occurs
in Argentina
Argentina and
and Paraguay.
Paraguay.
SOILS/CLIMATE
This species
species occurs
occurs in
in aa wide
wide range
range of
of climates,
climates,
from semi-arid
semi-arid tropical
tropical with
with periodical
periodical rains
rains
varying from
to
rains, with
with an
an
to subtropical
subtropical humid with periodical rains,
average
between 19
19 and
and
average annual
annual temperature varying between
o
28oC,
average annual precipitation varying
2S
C, and
and an
an average
varying
between 700
700 and
and 2000
2000 mm.
mm. In
In Northeastern
Northeastern Brazil
Brazil this
this
in several
several soils
soils that
that are
are of
of preDrespecies occurs in
cambrian as
as well as
as tertiary/quartenary
tertiary/quartenary origin,
origin, which
which
are generally poor
poor and
and shallow.
shallow.
It is
is also common
common in
in
It
undergoing transition
transition from
from "cerrado"
"cerr ado " soil
soil to
to
terrain undergoing
"terra roxa"
roxa" soil.
soil.
- 119 --
HABITAT
Is
found in
in the
the most varied types
types of vegetation,
vegetation , from
from
Is found
the "caatinga"
" caatinga " to the tropical
tropical rain
rain forest,
forest, passina
passing
the
" ce r rado" formations.
formations.
In the
the forest
forest formations
formations
through "cerrado"
In
the
species appears to be associated with Piotddenia
the species
Piptadenla
spp.,
speciosa, Tabebuia impetiginosa
impetiqinosa and
spp., Chorlza
Choriza speciosa,
Hymenea stilbocarpa.
In
forests it
it may
In the
the secondary
secondary forests
be
found in
in almost
stands , with plants of varying
varying
be found
almost pure stands,
ages.
SEED HANDLING
released from
from the
the fruit
fruit and
and
Seeds are not naturally released
co l lected when physiologically
physiologically ripe,
ripe , but
but
should be collected
before
dry , as
as they
they are
are easily
easily
before they are extremely dry,
dispersed by the
the wind.
wind .
One kg
kg consists
consists usually
usually of
of about
about
One
47 000 seeds.
14 (OJ
000per
perkgkghas
hasalso
also been
been reported
reported..
seeds. Only
Only 14
Seeds stored in
Seeds
in the
the open,
open , as
as well as
as in
in
aa
cold
cold
chamber, maintain a
a germination percentage
percentage above
above 70%
70 %
chamber,
up to 13
13 months in
in storage.
storage.
In the
the nursery,
nursery, germination
In
takes
takes place within two
two weeks.
weeks .
SILVICULTURE
In
trials carried out
In trials
out in
in Petrolina
Petrol ina -- PE,
PE, an
an average
average
height of
of 1.70
1 . 70 mm and a survival
survival above
abov e 75%, at 33 years
of
o f age was
was obtained.
o btain e d.
SP , an
an average
average
In Assis -- SP,
height of
9.60 mm and a DEE
of 9.60
DBH of
of 9.70 cm,
em , at
at 99 years
years of
of
age was
was noted.
noted.
In
In Sao
So José
Jose do
do Rio
Rio Preto
Preto -- SP,
SP, as
as average
average height
height of
of
5.11 m
m was obtained
5.11
obtained at
at 44 years
years of
of age.
age.
spacing
Any spacing
influence
on the
influence on
the tree
tree growth at
at this
this age
age was
was not
not
ffound.
o und.
-- 120 --
the "aroeira"
"aroeira " in
in homogeneous
homogeneous as
as well
well as
as
Behavior of the
In
stands has
has been
been studied.
studied.
In Petrolina
Petrol ina -- PE,
PE,
mixed stands
research workers from
from EMBRAPA are studyina
studying its
its
research
in the
the enrichment
enrichment of
of the
the natural
natural vegetation
vegetation
behavior in
("caatinga") .
("caatinga").
STATUS
FOR DECLINE
DECLINE
STATUS AND REASONS FOR
Due
the durability of the wood when in
in contact
contact with
'i.oJi th
Due to the
soil
this species
species has
has been
been intensively
intensivelyexploited
exploited for
for
soil,, this
and fence
fence posts.
posts .
For
reason, it
it is
is now
now
For this
this reason,
posts and
to find
find it
it in
in natural
natural stands
stands that
that can
can satisfy
satisfy
difficult to
h~wever , the
the few
few existing
existing adult
adult trees
trees
present demands; however,
gradually cut
cut down
down for
for obtaining
obtaining fence
fence posts
posts
are being gradually
for construction,
construction, consequently
consequently endancering
endangering
and wood for
the
the species.
Other factors
Other
factors that contribute to the
the extinction of
this species
speciesare
arethe
the
exploitationfor
formedicinal
medicinal
exploitation
purposes and
purposes
and for
for obtaining
obtainingtannin
tannintotothe
theleather
leather
industry.
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN
In
the Instituto
Instituto Florestal
Florestal do
do Estado
Estado de
de Sao
So Paulo
I n 11981
981 the
Paulo
implemented a
a test using 5 provenances,
provenances , with aa total
total
of
the objective of
of determining
determining
of 91
91 progenies,
progenies, with the
this species
variab i lity and
and at
at the
the same
this
species'' genetic variability
time guarantee the
the preservation
preservation of
of the
the material.
material .
time
An
mounths of
of age
age with
evaluation of this trial at
at 36 rrounths
respect to
for some
some
respect
to height
height did
did show
show genetic
genetic variability for
of
the provenances.
provenances .
of the
-- 121 --
A planting of 66 base
base populations, from
from 109
109 selected
selected
trees, as a result
result of aa contract
contract between
between the
the Conselho
Conselho
trees,
~
Desenvolvimento Cientifico
Cientifico e
e Tecnologico
Tecno!ogico
Nacional de Desenvolvimento
(CNPq), and
(CNPq),
and the
the Programa
Programa Nacional
Nacional de
de Pesquisa
Pesquisa Florestal
Florestal
(PNPF)
J is
(PNPF),
is reported.
reported.
-- 122 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Associa~ao
Paulista de
de
Associaqao Paulista
Tecnicas.
Normas Tecnicas.
1964
1964
Boutelje, J.B.
J.B .
1980
1980
.,
Sem1nario
~adeiras.
Semingrio de madeiras.
Janeiro.
Janeiro . 258
:lSH p.
p.
Rio de
Encyclopedia of World Timbers
Encyclopedia
Timbers -names
U .terature .
names and technical ljterature.
Stockholm, Swedish Forest
Stockhol~,
Forest ProProResearch Laboratory,
Laboratory, 398
398 p.
p .
ducts Research
Correa,
Correa, M.P.
M.P.
1926
Dicionario
das plantas úteis
uteis
Dicionário das
do Brasil. Brasilia, IBDF,
180F, 6v.
6v.
Fraga, M.V.G.
M.V.G.
1946
Ensaio
Ensaio de
de indice
indice da
da dendrologica
dendrológica
do Brasil. Arquivos
Arquivos do Servi90
Florestal,
Paulo, 22 li)
Florestal, Sao Paulo,
k2)::
69-156.
Galvao,
A.P.M .
Galvao, A.P.M.
1982
Contribuiç-go
da E~BRAPA
EMBRAPA/IBDF-PNPF
Contribuiqao da
/ IBDF - PNPF
para a pesquisa com especies
florestais nativas do
do Brasil.
Brasil.
florestais
Sao Paulo,
Paulo, Sao
Sao
Silvicultura em Sáo
Paulo
(parte 1):
1): 150-9.
15 0 - 9.
Paulo,. 16A (parte
Garrido, M.A.O.
M.A.O .
1975
1975
Caracteri'sticas 5silviculturais
i 1 vicul turais
Caracterj:sticas
de
especies ~ndigenas
de algumas espdeies
iridigenas
sob
mistos.
sob povoamentos puros ee mistos.
Silvicultura e~
Silvicultura
em Sao
Sao Paulo,
Paulo, Sao
So
63-71.
Paulo, 99 : 63
Paulo,
- 71 .
:
Garrido,
M.A . O.
Garrido, M.A.O.
1981
Caracteres silviculturais ee
no
conteudo de nutrientes no
folhedo de
de alguns povoamentos
folhedo
puros e
e mistos
mistos de especies
nativas. Piracicaba,
Piracicaba, 118
118 p.
p.
nativas.
(Tese
Mestrado (Tese -- fl1estrado
- ESALQ).
ESALQ).
Garrido,
M. A.O.&
Garrido, M.A.0.&
Souza,
A.C .
Souza, A.C.
1983
1983
Manejo cientT.fico
cientifico de
de povoamentos
povoamentos
florestais de
de espécies
especies indicrenas.
indigenas.
Silvicultura, Sao Paulo,
8(28):
Paulo, 8(28):
603.
60-3.
/
-- 123 --
/
./
Golfari,L;
Caser,R.L.&
Moura,V.P.
1978
Zoneamento ecologico esquematico
esquematico
para
pa ra reflorestamento
reflorestamento no
no Brasil.
Brasil.
Serie técnica.
tecnica. PRODEPEF,
PRODEPEF,
Série
(11): 1-66.
1-66.
Brasilia, (11):
Kribs,D.A.
1970
Comercial
Commercial foreign
foreign woods
woods on
on the
the
Market. University
American Market.
Park,
Park, Pennsylvania State
State
University. 203
203 p.
p.
Lima, P.C.F.;
P.C.F.;
Souza, S.M.
S.M. de
de &&
Souza,
M.A.
Drumond, M.A.
1982
Competiyao
Competi<;ao de especies florestais
florestais
Petrol ina -- PE.
PE.
nativas em Petrolina
em Sao
16A
Silvicultura em
sab Paulo, 16A
(parte 2):
2): 1139-48.
1139 - 48.
(parte
Mainieri,C.
1958
Identifica9~o
Identifica9a o das
das principais
principais
madeiras de
de comércio
comercio no
no Brasil.
Brasil.
Boletim. IPT,
IPT, So
SaoPaulo,
Paulo,(46):
(46): 1-189.
1-189.
Boletim.
Mainieri,C. &&
Mainieri,C.
Pereira , J.A.
J.A.
Pereira,
Madeiras do Brasil:
Brasil: caracterizagáó
caracteriza~ao
macroscopica, usos comuns
macroscopica,
comuns e
e indices
indices
qualitativos fisicos
flsicos ee mecáneiro,
mecaneiro,
Anuario brasileiro de economia
economia
florestal,
Rio de
de Janeiro,
Janeiro,
florestal, Rio
17 (17):
17
(17) :
1-282.
1-282.
1965
C.
Mainieri, C.
1970
brasileiras : caracteristicas
caracteristicas
Madeiras brasileiras:
gerais,
gerais, zonas
zonas de
de maior
maior ocorrência,
ocorrencia ,
botanices ee usos.
uses.
Paulo,
dados botânicos
Sao Paulo,
Secretaria
Secreta ria da Agricultura do
do Estado
Estade
de Sao Paulo.
Paulo. 109
109 p.
p.
Mainieri, C.
C.
1978
Ficha de
de caracteristicas
caracter1sticas das
das
madeiras brasileiras.
brasileiras. S"do
Sao Paulo,
Paulo,
madeiras
Institute
Tecnologicas
Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnoldgicas
do Estado
Paulo. v.l.
Estado de
de S2-6
Sao Paulo.
v.I.
C. ;
Mainieri, C.;
Chimelo, J.P.
Chimelo,
J . P. &&
V. A.
Alfonso, V.A.
Manual de
das
Manual
de identificaqao
identifica'o das
principais madeiras comerciais
cemerciais
S'21e
Paulo,
brasileiras.
So Paulo,
Secretaria da
da Indtistria,
Industria, Comércio,
Cemercio,
Secretaria
Ciência
Ci~nc ia e Tecnologia.
Tecnologia.
241 p.
p.
-- 124
124 --
Mattos,F.J.A.
1982
Aproveitament
de plantas
plantas
Aproveitamentoo de
medicianais na
nordeste.
medicianais
na regiao
regio nordeste.
Silvicultura
Silvicultura em
emSao
So Paulo,
Paulo, Sao
So
Pau
lo, 16A (parte
(parte 1):
1):
219-25 .
219-25.
Paulo,
Nogueira,J.e.B.
Nogueira,J.C.B.
1977
Reflorestamento heterogeneo
heterogéneo com
essencias indigenas.
indlgenas.
essgncias
Boletim
tecnico.
Instituto Florestal,
Florestal,
técnico.
Sao
Paulo,
So Paulo,
(2
4): 37-7.
37-7.
(24):
Nogueira,
J.e.B.
Nogueira, J.C.B.
et al.
al.
1982
Conserva9ao
Conserva0b genética
genetica de
de
essencias nativas atravjs
atraves de ensaios
esséncias
procedencia. Silvicultura
de progenie procedgncia.
em Sao Paulo,
Paulo, Sao Paulo,
Paulo, 16A
16A
(parte 2):
2):
957-69.
Nogueira, J.C.B.
J.e.B.
Nogueira,
et.al.
1983
Conservacao genetica de essencias
nativas atraves de ensaios de
de
procedencias.
progenie ee procedencias.
Silvicultura,
Paulo, 88 (28)
Silvicultura, Sao Paulo,
(28).
Pasztor,Y.P. de
de C.
C.
1963
1963
Metodos usados na colheita de
Silvicultura
em Sao
So Paulo,
sementes.
Silvicultura em
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sementes.
Sao Paulo,
Paulo, (1):
303-23.
Pereira, A.P.
A.P.
Caracteristicas
tecno16gicas e
Características tecnológicas
silviculturais de
de 18
18 especies
especies
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Sao Paulo,
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16A (parte
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1982
,e
Pereira, J.A.
J.A.
1933
Identifica9áb micrográfica
Identifica9ao
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Paulo
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1-165.
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R.S.
1973
1973
notas de
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95 p.
Vi'7osa.
p.
Record,
Record, S.J.
S. J. &&
Hess, R.W.
R.W .
Timbers of new
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640 p.
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11949
949
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B1ucher/EDUSP.
204 p.
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Blucher/EDUSP. 204
Rizzini,
C .T.
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1971
~
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1976
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Siqueira, A.C.M.
Siqueira,
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1980
Conservacao
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especies nativas
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Sao Paulo,
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Insti tuto
So
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10 p.
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Silva, L.B.X.
Silva,
L.B.X. da
da
1978
Avaliaqao
do comportamento
comportamento
Avaliago do
inicial de
de diversas essências
essencias
inicial
nativas e
e exóticas.
exoticas . In:
In:
Simposio
de ecologia,
ecologia,
Simpósio nacional de
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1,
Curitiba, 26-29 setembro
1978.
Curitiba,
da
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Parana.
Souza, S.M.;Pires,K.E.&
Souza,
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P.C.F.
Lima, P.C.F.
Efeito do tipo de embalagem
embalagem
ee cond4-bes
condi9b~s de armazenamento na
na
preserva9Zo de sementes de
preserva~ao
de
Astronium urundeuva
urundeuva Engl.
Engl.
Boletim de
dp. pesguisa
EMBRAPA/
pesquisa EMBRAPA/
Petroiina , (2):
(2): 25-30.
2S-30.
CPATSA Petrofina,
-- 126 --
1/
Atr i plex repanda
Atriplex
repanda Phil.Phil.
FAMILY
Chenopodiaceae
VENARCULAR NAMES
Paste
(Chile).
Pasto salado,
salado, Sereno (Chile).
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
~.
A.
a perennial shrub;
shrub; its
its longevity
longevity is
is
repanda is a
estimated to
more than 40
40 years;
years; it
it is
is of
of medium
medium size,
size,
to more
greyish in
in colour and
and has
has evergreen
evergreen leaves.
leaves .
plants reach
rea ch 11 -- 2m high and
a nd 11 - 2 m
m wide.
wide .
Mature
Branc hing
Branching
is
is abundant from
from the base;
base; branches
b ranches are
are rigid;
ri gid; woody
woody
The corky crown
The
is
crown of
of older branches is
scored by longitudinal
longitudinal fissures.
fissures. The plant
plant has
has aa
and brittle.
highly developed taproot with numerous
highly
numerous secondary
secondary
rootlets.
Inflorescence
Flowers are
are not
Flowers
not very colourful;
colourful; stamens
stamens and pistils
pistils
occur on the
the same plant
plant (monoecious).
(monoecious).
flowers
Male flowers
small and
and yellowish
yellowish in colour;
small
colour; appearing in
in racemes
racemes
at the
apex of
of the
at
the apex
the young shoots
shoots during spring
spring and
and
summer.
Female flowers
flowers green,
green, sessile,
sessi l e , grouped
grouped along
along
Female
the shoot in
the
in the
the leaf
leaf axila.
axils.
1/
II
Based on
on the
work of CONAF (Corporacion
Based
the work
(Corporacion Nacional
Nacional
Forestal) Avda.
Avda. Bulnes
Bulnes 285,
285 , of.
of . 703,
703 , Santiago,
3antiago, Chile).
Chi le).
-- 127 -
Fruit
Fruit
develops gradually durina
Fr
uit develops
during the
the summer,
summer, ripens
ripens and
and
falls during autumn.
autumn.
falls
Even
though the
the plant bears
Even though
fruit in
its very first
first year,
year, production
production does
does not
not
fruit
in its
really begin until
until the
the second
second year.
year.
Foliage
dark green,small,
green, small, oblong.
oblong.
Leaves dark
They have aa wedge-
shaped
apex , toothed
toothed edges, ashen-green
ashen - green
shaped base,
base, obtuse apex,
colour
on the
the
colour on
on the underside and brighter green on
upper
than 33 cm
em long
long and
and 33 -- 88 mm
mm
upper surface,
surface, not more than
wide.
Foliage
throughout the
the winter, although
although
Foliage remains throughout
small
off during
aa sma
ll proportion does fall
falloff
during the
the coldest
coldest
months.
USES
This
ve
ry
very
is extremely
ext remely valuable
valuable
productive species is
It is
is highly
hiahly palatable to
It
to sheep
sheep and
and
as a
as
a fodder
fodder shrub.
shrub .
goats,
after browsina,
browsing , and
and grows
grows the
the
goats, recovers well after
whole year round,
round, especially during the
the spring
spr i ng and
and
summer months.
During the dry summer the
the plant
plant
continue
s to
r ow despite
ly low
low water
continues
to ggrow
despite the
the extreme
extremely
water
content of the
the soil.
soil.
The
is
The plant is
low
l ow enough to
to be
be
livestock and
and has
has aa high
high fruit
fruit and
and foliage
foliage
accessible to livestock
ratio
with
respect
to
trunk
area
and
primary
ratio with respect
primary
bbranchina.
r anching.
highly resistant
resistant to
to pests
pests anddiseases.
and diseases.
It is hiahly
Gast6 and Caviedes (1976)/
(1976)/ estimated
estimated that optimum
Gastó
productivity was achieved
achieved with plants
plants 18-30
18 -30 months
months
oold
ld at densities of
of c.
c. 1
I 300 and 11 060
060 plants/ha,
plants/ha,
a total
total individual output
o utpu t of roughly
roughly 1.6-1.8
1.6-1.8 kg
with a
of
total aerial dry
dry matter
matter per
per plant.
plant .
of total
- 128 --
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
~ . repanda
repanda is
is indigenous
indigenous to
to Chile's
Chile's North
North Chico,
Chico,
A.
the region
regi on between Quilimari
Quilimarf and
and the
the valley
vall ey of
of the
the
the
River, between
between latitudes
latitudes south
south 280
28° 3)4
34 ' and
Huasco River,
07' .
the past,
past, this
t his area
a r ea hosted an
In the
32° 07'.
extens
iv e natural
natural distribution
distribution of
of the
the plant.
plant.
extensive
Badilla (1975)
(1975) concludes that the original habitat
of this species
species must
must have
have been
been lowland
lowland areas
areas with
with
groundwater close
close to
to the
the surface
surface and
and high
high salinity,
salinity ,
is typical
typical of
of river
river mouths.
mouths.
as is
The
The main species
repanda was
was associated
associated were
were
with which Atriplex repanda
Frankenia erecta,
sp.
erecta, Distichlis
Distichlis~.
and Lycium
Lycium sp.;
~. i
at that time
time A.
~. repanda
repanda also
also covered
covered areas
areas with
with no
no
other vegetation.
vegetation.
CLIMATE
CLI MATE
Mean annual rainfall is 126.5
126 .5 mm and the
the median
median is
is
variation is
is due
due to
to the
the extreme
extreme conditions
conditions
101.2
rnm. The variation
107.2 mm.
is exceptionally
exceptionally
of some years when precipitation is
abundant. This occurs only once every
eve ry several
several years.
Consequently,
the vegetation cannot utilize
utili ze most
most of
of this
this
Consequently, the
moisture efficiently. Neither can the moisture be
stored in the soil
soil for use during
durin g subsequent
subsequent years. It
therefore, more realistic
r ealistic to
to use
use the
the median
median figure,
figure,
is therefore,
e years
which eliminates
eliminates the
the rainfall
rainfall of
of the
the extrem
extreme
years from
from
the
the calculation of average precipitation.
preCipitation. Precipitation
occurs
rain during
during the
the colder
colder months
months
occurs in the form of rain
of
of the
the year,
y ear, usually
usually three
three or
or four
four months.
months . However,
However ,
to year,
y ear, that
that it
it is
is
the seasons vary so much from year to
not
unusual for a
a year to
to have dry
dry periods
periods of
of ten,
ten,
not unusual
eleven and even twelve months.
months. The effects
effects of
of
the
vege tation are
the climatic
climatic conditions
conditions on
on the vegetation
- 129
129 --
characteristic of
of dry
dry and
and semi-arid
semi - arid mediterranean
mediterranean
those characteristic
regions, and give rise
rise to
to vegetative
vegetative formations
forMations
regions,
physiologically resemble
resemble shrub
shrub underbrush
underbrush and
and
which physiologically
thicket.
SOILS
soils are
are varied.
varied.
The soils
There are soils with a
a grey-
cinnamon
em thick
thick and
and soils
soils with aa
cinnamon humus horizon 55 cm
more reddish
reddish metamorphic
metamorphic horizon
horizon of
of 50
50 cm,
em, forming
forming
fragmentary soils under alluvial
alluvial conditions
conditions in
in acid
acid
fragmentary
rocks, and similar
similar soils
soils formed
formed in
in sasalto
sasalto rocks.
rocks.
rocks,
(1976) concludes
co n c ludes that
that Atriplex
Atripl ex repanda
repanda
Lailhacar (1976)
is
salt - loving plant
plant in
in saline
saline or
or
is able to behave as a salt-loving
areas
may
alkaline areas.
areas.
Its
presence
in
such
area
s
may
Its
in such
move away
we ll be
b e determined
determined by
by aa move
away from
from less
less saline
sali ne
well
envi
ronm ents as aa resul
t of
o f grazing.
grazing. Badilla (1975)
environments
result
links
o f the
the species
s pecies directly
directly to
to wet
wet
links the distribution of
lands
(with groundwater)
areas, as well as
lands (with
groundwater) and saline areas,
highly altered habitats.
habitats.
Badilla points
pOints out that the
the soil
soil pH
pH of
of the
the sites
sites
sampled in
in his study,
study, varied
varied from
from 5.5
5.5 to
to 10.1
10.1 with
with
good species behaviour in
in both
both areas.
areas.
How the species
responds to
responds
to other different soil
soil variables
variables was
was studied
studied
in California,
California, where he worked
by
by Lailhacar (1976) in
with
A. polycarpa
polycarpa on
on 44 sample soil
soil
with ~.
A. repanda and A.
sites
southern California.
California.
sites in central and southern
Lailhacar investigated the
the dependency
dependency of
of aerial
aerial and
and
root
under wintertime
wintertime
root growth on soil variables, under
condItIons.
conditions.
He found
found that
that the
the soil
soil variables
variables which
gave
the highest
gave the
highest aerial
aerial biomass
biomass yield
yield in
in ~.
A. repanda
repanda
were,in
were,
in order of importance: phosphorus,
phosphorus, ammonium,
ammonium,
-- 130 --
and nitric
nitric nitrogen.
nitrogen.
nitrogen and
the
He attributed the
nitrogen, as compared
lesser dependence.
dependence of yields on nitrogen,
to
demand, to the low content and
to the
the phosphorus
phosphorus demand,
nitrogen in
in the
the soils
soils sampled.
sampled.
poor distribution of nitrogen
Gargano (1978)
(1978) undertook aa similar
similar study
study samplina
sampling 20
20
soil sites on the
the coastal
coastal sector
sector of
of IV
IV reaion
region (Chile).
(Chile) .
(1975) and
and Gargano (1978) points out that
Both Badilla
Badi11a (1975)
that
the aerial biomasa
biomass of A.
~. repanda
repanda responds
responds positively
positively to
to
the
sodium . Arentsen (1972)
(19 72 ) and
and Badilla
Badilla established
established the
the
sodium.
fact that A.
A. repanda,
repanda, like
like A.
~ . semibaccata,can
semibaccata,can
fact
absorb water in the
the atmosphere and
and transfer
transfer it
it to
to the
the
soil.
soil.
SEED HANDLING
SEED
Seed collection
collection from
from February
February onwards.
onwards.
250 000 -- 11 120 000 seeds/kg.
seeds/kg .
Estimated
Estimated
Natural germination
normally very low (less
(less than
than 3%).
3%) .
Sulphuric acid
acid
treatment is
recommended.
The
best
period
of
treatment
is reco~roended.
The
treatment
depends on the
the age
age of
of the
the fruit.
fruit.
One
- year - old fruits
fruits
One-year-old
need 7 hours
hours in sulphuric acid
acid to
to show
show high
high percentage
percentage
of germination
old fruits
fruits must
must be
be
germination,, whilst 55 year old
exposed only for
for 22 hours.
hours.
Dry and 24
24 hours waterwater-
fruits have
have showed
showed different
different response
response
pretreated fruits
to various
various sulphuric
sulphuric acid
acid exposures.
exposures.
when exposed to
Seed - age is
is fundamental
fundamental both
both for the
the germination
germination
Seed-age
percentage
percentage obtained
obtained and
and the
the time required for
for
germination.
6 - year old fruits
fruits have
have shown
shown better
better
6-year
germination
fruits between 99 months
months and
and 44 years
years
germination than fruits
old
after harvest
harvest have
have shown
shown
Fruits immediately after
old..
total
during 77 months.
months .
total dormancy during
-- 131
131 -
SILVICULTURE
been achieved
achieved with
with aa sowing
sowing depth
depth
Best results have been
-1. 0 cm
em in
in sandy
sandy soils
soils when
when maximum
maximum gas
gas exchange
exchange
of 0.5
0.5-1.0
between seed and atmosphere
between
atmosphere is
is possible.
possible.
Partly removal
removal
Partly
of the
the soil also tends
tends to
to promote
promote gas
gas exchange;
exchange; soil
soil
removal 15
15 days
days after sowing is therefore
removal
therefore recommended
recommended
(Olivares
(Olivares and Johnston, 1978).
1978).
The
seeding has
has not
not been
been completely
completely
The method of direct seeding
mastered
elements of
of the
the seed
seed handling
handling tecniques
tecniques
mastered as some elements
related Lo
to germination
germination are,
are, as
as yet,
yet, unknown.
unknown.
Gaste
Gastó and
Contreras (197
2 ) rrecommend
ecomm e nd sowing
so wing in the
the winter and
(1972)
indicate
that 40-100 nuts were required
required for
for each
each plant
plant
indicate that
established.
Sowing should be in
in rows
rows 33 to
to 44 mm apart
apart at
at rates
rates of
of
300-600 seeds per metre.
metre . At these
these rates,
rates, 3-6 kg
kg of
of
seeds
would
be
needed
per
hectare.
seeds
b e needed per hectare. Pefia
Pena (1978) did
research on
on vegetative
vegetative propagation by
research
by cuttings.
c uttings. His
His
that the
the best
best time
time of
of the
the year
year to
to
conclusions are that
c uttings and propagate
propagate them
them is
is in
in the
the spring
spring
collect cuttings
(September to
to December);
December); light and temperature
(September
temperature
cond itions being optimal
opti mal at
at that
that time
time of
of the
the year.
year.
conditions
In
In addition,
addition, root development capability
capability apparently
apparently
undergoes seasonal cycles,
cycles , springtime
springtime being
being the
the peak
peak
undergoes
The best results
results with rooting
rooting and sprouting
season.
of ~.
A. repanda are achieved in
of
in the
the spring,
spring, using
using apical
apical
The shoots
shoots should
should be
be planted
planted in
in
tubes with a good
good substratum,
substratum, exposed
exposed to
to the
the
plastic tubes
shoots with
with leaves.
leaves.
open air,
air, with
(except wind
open
with no environmental
environmental control (except
About 90 percent
percent of
of the
the plants
plants rooted,
control).
good quality,
quality , highly
highly vigorous
vigorousplants
p l ants(Peña,1978).
(Pena,1978).
produce good
-- 132 --
The
results of hormone
hormone applications
The results
applications were
were not
not conclusive
conclusive
(Pen~, 1978).
1978).
(Pená,
Propagation by shoots is
is now extensively
extensively
practised in
in forest
forest nurseries
nurseries with
with excellent
excellent results.
results.
STATUS
in parts
parts of
of its
its natural
natural range.
range.
Endangered in
REASON
REASON FOR DECLINE
The
in which A.
~ . repanda
repanda was
was formerly
formerly exploited,
exploited ,
The manner in
especially its
its over-utilization
over - utilization for
for livestock,reduced
livestock, reduced
c e so drastically
drastically that
that only isolated
natural occurren
occurrence
in very
very limited
limited areas
areas may
may be
be found
found nowadays.
nowadays.
populations in
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN
analysing the
the results
results of specific investigations
invest igations
After analysing
of A.
~. repanda,
repanda , Chile's
Chile's national
national
into the status of
forestry
(CONAF) started
started aa massive
massive
forestry corporation (CONAF)
plantation programme in
in 1976.
1976.
Plantation efforts
rapidly extended
extended as
as aa result
result of
of the
the governmental
governmental
were rapidly
Dec
reto 701,
701, which
whi c h was promulgated expressly
expressly to
to
Decreto
stimulate
planting of
of forests.
forests.
the planting
In 1975,
1975 , only four
four hectares
hectares of ~.
shrubs were
In
A. repanda shrubs
were
planted; the following
following year,
year, the area was
404 ha;
ha: in
planted;
was 404
1977,
115 ha was planted and
and in
in 1978,
1978,
1977, aa total
total of 1 115
the figure
figure reached
reached 22 800
800 ha.
ha .
The 1979 season
season was so
so
severely drought-stricken and moisture conditions were
severely
so unsuitable that
that planting
planting took
took place
place in
in only
only aa
few very
very small
small sectors in
few
in the
the extreme south
south of
of
Thus,
Thus , the surface area planted
planted that year
was a
Plantations have
was
a meagre 200
200 ha.
ha.
have also
also been
been
IV .
Region IV.
-- 133 --
attempted
in other areas of the
the country with only
o nly
attempted in
limited success.
limited
The
future of Atriplex repanda
repanda
The future
depends,
to a
a significant extent,
extent, on the
the success of
of
depends, to
plantations.
such plantations.
-- 134 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Arentsen,
O.J.
Arentsen, O.J.
1972
Anon.
1977
1977
Badilla,
S. I.
Badilla, S.I.
1975
1975
CONAF
1984
Absorcion
foliar de
Absorción foliar
de humedad
humedad atmosferica
atmosférica
yy relaciones
hidricas en Atriplex
relaciones hídricas
semibaccata y Atriplex repanda
repanda Phil.
Phil.
T~sis
Ing . Agrónomo,
Agr6nomo, Santiago,
Santiago,
Tésis Inc.
Facultad Agronomla,
de
Agronomia, Universidad de
49 p.
p.
Chile. 49
Implantacion
de Especies Forrajeras
Implantación de
Chile Forestal No.
en la
1a IV
IV Región.
Regi6n . Chile
No. 18.
18.
Caracterlsticas
fitosocioCaracterfsticas ecologicas
ecologicas yy fitosociologica
Phil . Tesis
lógica de
de Atriplex
Atriplex repanda Phil.
Ing.
de
Ing, Agr.,
Agr., Santiago,
Santiago, Facultad de
Agronomia.
Universidad
347 p.
p.
Universidad de
de Chile.
Chile. 347
Descripcion
las especies Acacia
Descripción de
de las
repanda, Corporacion
Corporacion
repanda,
Forestal, Santiago, Chile,UNPL.
Chile , UNPL.
Nacional Forestal,
~
y Atriplex
caven v
FAO
1980
Genetic Resources
Resources of Tree Species
Species in
in
Arid and Semi-Arid Areas -- Based
Based on
on the
the
by F.B.Armitge,
F.B.Armitge , P.A.Joustra
P . A. Joustra and
and
work by
B.
B. Ben Salem
Salem -- FAO,
FAC, Rome.
Rome .
Fernandez,
Fernandez , H.
H.
1978, aa
1978,
Influencia de la
la edad en
en la
la germinación
germinaci6n
Atrip l ex repanda.
repanda .
Phyton 36
36 (2):
(2):
de Atriplex
111-115.
111
- 115.
Fernandez, H.
H.
1978, bb
1978,
Aumento de la germinación
germinacion en Atriplex
repanda.
con ácido
acido
Tratamento con
sOlfurico . Phyton
Phyton 36 (2).
súlfurico.
Gargano, L.A.
L . A.
1978
Influencia
de
Influencia de
de algunas variables de
suelos del Norte
Norte Chico en
en el
el crecimiento
inicial
de Atriplex repanda Phil.
Phil. Tésis
Tesis
inicial de
Mg.
Sc . , Santiago,
Santiago , Universidad
Universidad de
de
Mg. Sc.,
Chile. Programa
Programa permanente
permanente para
para
graduados en Ciencias
Ciencias Agropecuarias
Agropecuarias
yy Forestales de
de la
la República
Republica de
de Chile.
Chile .
75 p.
75
p.
Gastó,
Gast6 , C.J.
C.J . y
Y
Contreras,
Contreras , T.D.
T.D .
1972
Sioma
de la
la Región
Regi6n mediterranea
Bioma pratense de
de pluviometrfa
pluviometrla limitada.
limitada .
Universidad
Ch i le . Fac.
Fac . Agron.
Agron . Est.
Est . Exp.
Exp .
de Chile.
Ag
r on6mica . Bol.
Bol . Tác.
Tec . 35:
35 : 3-29.
3-29 .
Agronómica.
-- 135 -
Gastó,, C.J.
C.J. y
Gasto
Y
Caviedes
de la
l a R.
R.
Caviedes de
1976
1976
Lailhacar, K.S.
Lailhacar,
K.S.
Effect of soil pararreters
on
parEmeters
on the components
of
in Atriplex
of biomass
biomass production
production in
polycarpa
(Torr.), Wats.,
Wats., and
2olycarpa (Torr.),
Atriplex repanda
rep anda Phil.
Phil. Tesis
Tesis Ph.D.
Ph.D.
University
rn ia , Davis,
Davis, 57
57 p.
p.
University of
of Califo
California,
1976
Olivares,, A.
Olivares
A.
Johnston, M.
M.
1978
Interferencia intraespecifica de
de
Atriplex repanda
repand a en el secano
secane
mediterraneo
de Chile.
Chile.
Unive rsidad de
de
mediterráneo de
Universidad
Chile,
Est. Exp.
Exp.
Chile, Fac.
Fac. Agron.
Agron. Est.
Agr
o nomica Bol.
Ba l . Tic.
Tee. 41:
41: 3-18.
3-18.
Agronómica
&
&
Alternatives
de mejaramiento en
en la
la
Alternatives de
emergencia de
de Atriplex
Atrip lex repanda,
r epanda ,
Phil.
36(2) : 129-137.
12 9 -137.
Phil. Phyton 36(2):
Oliva
res, E.A.
E.A. &&
Olivares,
Juan Gastó,
Gasto, C.
C.
1981
Atriplex repanda
rep anda - Organización
Or ganizacion y
y
Manejo de Ecosistemas con Arbustos
Forrajeros
- Universidad de
de Chile,
Chile ,
Forrajeros Producci 6n Animal
Animal -Departemento de Producción
Ciencas Agricolas
7. 300 p.
Agrieolas No.
No.7.
p.
Peña,, C.A.
Pena
C.A.
Estudio de
Estudio
de la
la propagación
propagacion vegetativa
vegetativa
en
las especies de Acacia cyanophilla
cyanephilla
en las
Lindl. J Atriplex
Atriplex nummularia
nwmmularia Lind.
Lind.
Lindl.,
Universidad de
de Chile,
Chile, Facultad
Faeultad
Forestales (Memoria
(Memoria
Ciencias Forestales
Forestal) Santiago,
Santiago, 120
120 p.
p.
Ingeniero Forestal)
1978
-- 136 --
1/
Balfourodendron riedelianum
riedelianum Engl.
Engl . SYNONYMS
Balfourodendron eburneum
eburneum Mello
~ello (1877)
(1877)
Esenbeckia riedeliana
riedeliana Engl.
Engl.
Helietta multiflora Engl.
Engl.
(1863)
(1863)
118631
(1863)
FAMILY
Rutaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
Marfim, pau marfim,
Marfim,
marfim, farinha
farinha seca,
seca, guatambu, pau
pau liso,
liso,
guataia, guamixinga,
guamixinga, pau
guataia,
pau cetim,
cetirn, auarataia,
guarataia,
pequia, pequia mamona,
mamona, peguiá
peguia,
pequia mamao,
mamao, muxinga.
muxinga.
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
Tree with moderate growth rate,
rate , reachina
reaching 25
25 m
35 m
m to 35
m
in height and 40
in
40 to
to 90
90 cm
em in
in diameter.
diameter.
Inflorescence
A terminal panicle,
panicle, pilose,
pilose, white
small, clustered
A
white and small,
clustered
ends, each
each one with
with aa short
short pedicel
pedicel and
and
on the ends,
aa bract;
flowering occurs from
from September
September to
to November.
November.
bract; flowering
Frui t
Fruit
An achene
achene with
four large
large wings,
broad, green,
with four
wings, broad,
green, yellow
yellow
when ripe,
ripe, veined;
veined; auriculated at the
the base:
2.5- 4 en in
in
base;2.5-4cm
l~n<]th by 2-3cw
2-3 err. in width;4
width; 4 seeds
seeds per
per loculus
Incu!us that
t h at may
may
length
l/Based
the work of R.Chiaranda,I.E.Pires and
and
1/Based on the
- M.Tornazello
FO .
Forestry Department,
Department, ESALQ/USP,
ESALQ/USP,
M.Tomazello Fo.
P.O.
9, Piracicaba,
Piracicaba , S.P.Brazil.
P.O. Box
Box 9,
- 137 --
reduce by aborting;Fructification
reduce
aborting;fructiflcation occurs from
from August
August
to
fru it is
is samara
samara type
type and
and thus
thus dispersed
disper~ed
to September;
September; fruit
the wind.
wind. Seeds ellipsoid, black,
black , approximately
approxi~ately 44
by the
less per
per fruit,
fruit, 8-9
8 - 9 mm
mm in
in length.
length.
or less
Fe
l ia ge
Foliage
oPPosite , digitate,
digitate, long-petiolate
long-petiolate with
with three
three
Leaves opposite,
oblong- obovate folioles;
folieles; pointed
pOinted or
o r with
with
oblong-obovate
sshort
hort
glabrous or
or with
with hairs
hairs on
on the
the veins
veinsofo f either
either side,
side,
ends, glabrous
entire,
membranaceous, pale
th nUr.1erous
entire,membranaceous,
pale,I the
the underside
underside wi
with
numerous
black
domacias, 55 - 13
13 cm
em in
in length
l ength by
- 5cm
Scm
black dots and domacias,
by 2 in
the medial
medial foliole
folicle is
is larger
larger and
and petioled:
petioled;
in width;
width; the
petioles 33 -- 88 cm
em in
in length.
length.
Bark
Straight trunk,
trunk, with a
a smooth grey
grey bark
bark that is
is very
lenticellate.
1.000 PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
WOOD
Noed
-white to yellow,
heavy; heartwood
heartwood is
is straw
straw-white
Wood heavy;
darkening to a
a pale
pale yellow;
yellow ; uniform;
uniform: sapwood indefiniindefinite, white
a yellow tinge;
tinge; surface
surface smooth
smooth with
te,
white with
with a
with
aa medium shine;
shine: grain
grain is
is irregular
irregular to
to interlocked;
interlocked:
fine: taste
taste somewhat
somewhat bitter;
bitter; odor
odor indistinct.
indistinct.
texture fine;
Pratical
observations of the "pau-marfim"
" pau - marfim" wood have
Pratical observations
have
shown aa low natural resistance
resistance to
to rot.
rot.
In an
experiment, treatment
treatment under pressure,
pressure, revealed
revealed a
a
experiment,
good permeability to
to preservative
preservative solutions.
solutions.
"pau-marfim" wood which may have
have a light
light colour,
colour,
The "pau-marfim"
a handsome aspect and a medium mechanical resistance,
resistance,
a
is
ommended for
for furniture,
furniture , decorative
decorative veneer,
veneer,
is rec
recommended
- 138
138 --
frames,
for sports
frames, carved
carved pieces,
pieces, pieces
pieces for
sports and
and other
other
artefacts.
It
used for
for civil
civil construction as
It may
may be
be used
beams,
rafters, laths,
laths, skirting boards and floor
floor tiles,
tiles,
beams, rafters,
as
for tool
tool handles
handles etc..
etc ..
as well
well as for
It is
is frequently
frequently used
used
It
for
instruments, propellers
for furniture,
furniture, agricultural
agricultural instruments,
propellers for
small
airplanes, shoe
shoe patterns,
patterns, Pool
9001 balls,
balls, rulers,
rulers,
small airplanes,
linings,
internal objects.
objects.
linings, doors,
doors, and other internal
widely us
used
widely
ed in carpentry.
It
It is
is also
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
This species
species occurs in
in Southern
Southern Brazil
Brazil (States
(States of
of Sao
Sao
This
Paulo,
SuI),
Paulo, Parana,
Paraná, Santa Catarina,
Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul),
Paraguay and
and Argentina.
Argentina.
SOIL/CLIMATE
tree is frequent
frequent on
on fertile
fertile land,
land, occurring
occurring in
in
The tree
stony as
as well
well as
as in
stony
in deep soils,
soils, in
in altitudes up
up to
to
700 meters.
The climate in
The
in the
the areas
areas where the
the species
species
is subtropical moderate
moderate humid
humid (average
(average annual
annual
occurs is
o e, and
temperatures
precipitation
temperatures between
between 18
18 and
and 21
21°C,
and precipitation
1250 and 2000
2000 mm,
rom, evenly
evenly distributed
distributed
between 1250
throughout
year)and
throughout the
the year)
and subtropical
subtropical sub-humid
sub-humid (average
(average
annual temperature varying
varying between
between 21
21 and
and 24°C,
24°C, and
and
varying between
between 1200
1200 and
and
annual average precipitation varying
mm, evenly
1500 mm,
evenly distributed).
d1stributed).
HABITAT
~. riedelianum
riedelianum is
is common
common in
in the
the forests
forests along
along the
the
B.
Parana and Uruguay
Urugu ay rivers
rivers (wet
(wet forests)
forests) where
where it
it is
is
Paraná
normally
normally abundant;
abundant; is also found
found in
in regions
regions where
where the
the
forest
forest becomes "cerrado".
"cerrado ll •
i n the
the secondary
secondary
It grows in
forests
forests also,
also, beco
becoming
ming dominant
dominant in
in some
some locations
locations along
along
-- 139 --
wi
th Aspidosperma
Aspidospe rma polyneuron.
polyneu,ron.
with
I t is
is aa pioneer species
species
It
and
mmon in high land
land forest,
forest, thriving
thriving better
be tte r on
on
and not
not co
common
gentle
ge
ntl e slopes.
slopes .
SEED HANDLING
SEED
Germi nat ion occurs
occurs 40
40 days
days after
after sowing,
sowing , without
without breabrea Germination
of dormancy;a
dormancYj a 30%
30% germination
germination in
in the
the laboratory
laboratory
king
obse rved.
has been observed.
2 300 seeds.
seeds .
2
One kg includes
includes approximately
appr oxi mately
SILvICULTURE
SILVICULTURE
Average heights
heightsofof0.9
0 . 9 mmat
age 1
lyear
i 4.56
Average
at age
year;
4.56 mm at
at 44 years;
years;
55.89
. 89 m at
7.56 m
m at
at 12
12 years
years have
have been
been measumeasuat 88 years;
years; 7.56
red.
In Sao
- SP,
SP , in
in an
an experiment
experime nt implemented
implemented
red. In
Sao Sirnao
Simáo in 1958
vera ge height
h eight of 10.96
10 .96 m
a survival
survival
in
1958,, an
an aaverage
m and a
of 97.4%.
97 .4%. is
is reported at
at 14
14 years
year s of
of age.
age .
age , there
there were
were no
no significant
significa n t
years of age,
spacings.
among spacings.
At 6
differences
di ffe renc es
A relative superiority
A
superiority for
for the
the height
height
of
in a
a mixed stand at
at
of Baufourodendron riedelianum in
Cascavel, in
in Campo Mourao,
Mour~o, during
during the
the first
first year
year is
is
Cascavel,
repo rt ed whilst testing
tes ti ng the
the competition
competition among
among species
specie~
reported
in
in mixed
mixed stands
stands set up
up in
in 44 localities.
localities.
It was obserobser -
ved that
that at 7 years Baufourodendron riedelianum
riedeli a nurn
average height
height and
and diameter,
diameter , as
as well
well
presented higher average
a larger
larger survival
survival percentage.
percentage.
In
Ri ta do
as a
In Santa Rita
Quatro , in
in aa homogeneous
homogeneous stand
sta nd set
set up
up in
in 1956,
1 956 ,
Passa Quatro,
a n average height
heigh t of
21 .2 m and
. 5 em
an
of 21.2
and aa DBH
DBH of
of 20
20.5
cm were
obse rv ed at
at 26 years
year s of
of age.
age.
species has
has a
a great
observed
This species
aff init y for
for mixed
mi xed planting.
plant ing.
affinity
- 140 --
FOR DECLINE
DECLINE
STATUS AND REASONS FOR
species occurs
occurs naturally
naturally in
in regions
r e gions with
with large
large
As this species
urban and agricultural
agricultural development,
development, and as
as its
its wood has
urban
favorable
useful characteristics,
characteristics, it is becoming
favorable and useful
searse, due to
to exploitation,
exploitation, in
in these
these areas.
areas.
scarse,
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN
This
is found
found in
in some
some conservation
conservation units.
units.
This species is
However,
these areas
areas are
are not
not sufficient
sufficient to
to guarantee
guarantee
However, these
its
situ, nor
nor ex
ex situ.
situ.
its conservation neither in situ,
-
141 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGR .~P~Y
Associay:ao
Paulista
Assoclayao Paulista
de
Tecnicas
de Normas Técnicas
1964
Semindrio
~eminario de
rle madeiras.
madeiras . Rio
Rio de
de
Janeiro .
258 P.
p.
Janeiro.
Biella,L. C .&
Biella,L.C.&
Capelanes,T.M.C.
1984
Pr o dUydO ee Tecno!ogia
Produy'éo
Tecnologia de
de sementes
Florestais Nativas
Nativas na
na
de Especies Florestais
Companhia
Paulo .
Companhia Energetica
Energética de
de Sao
So Paulo.
In:: 19
1? Simposio Brasileiro Sobre
In
Sabre
Tecno!ogia
Sementes Florestais,
Florestais,
Tecnologia de Sementes
Bela Horizonte.
Horizonte.
Belo
Brown,
W.lf.
Brown, W.11.
Timbers of the
t.he world:
worln: 22 - South
South
America.
London, Timber Research
Research
America. London,
and Development Association -TRADA.. 121
TRADA
121 p.
p.
.
1978
Boutelje,J.B.
1980
Encyclopedia
world timbers
Encyc!npedia of
of.wo~ld
timbers -and technical
technical literature.
literature .
names and
S tockholm, Swedish
Swedish Forest
Forest Products
Products
Stockholm,
Rresearch Laboratory.
Laboratory. 398
398 p.
p.
Carvalho,, P.G.R.
Carvalho
P . G.R.
1982
Comportamento de Esséncias
Essencias FloresFlorestais Nativas ee Exóticas
Exoticas em 22
locais do
do Estado
Estado do
do Paraná'.
Parana~.
Silvicultura , Sao
Paulo , 8(28):
8(28):
Silvicultura,
So Paulo,
262- 66.
262-66.
Carvalho,P.G.R.
Carvalho/P
. G.R.
1982
de EspéEspeResultados experimentais de
Nativas no
no Estado
Estado
cies Madureiras Nativas
Parana.......... Silvicul tura em Sao
Sao
do Parand...,Silvicultura
Paulo, Vol.
Vol. 16A
16A
Paulo.
Sao Paulo,
(parte
2): 747-65.
747-65.
(parte 2):
A
M.P.
Correa, M.P.
1926
Diciona~io das plantas
plantas uteis
~teis do
do
Dicionario
Brasil. Brasilia,
Brasilia , IBDF,
1BDF, 5.v.
S.v. 687
687 p.
p.
Brasil.
Chudnoff ,M .
Chudnoff,M.
1980
Tropical timbers
timbers of
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the world.
world .
Madison,, USDA.
Madison
USDA. Forest
Forest Products
Products
Laboratory. 826
826 p.
p.
Garrido M.A.0.;
M. A.O . ;
Noaueira,J
. C.D &&
Noaueira,J.C.B
Garrido,C.M.de
Garrido,C.M
. de A.G.
A. G.
1982
Caracteristicas Silviculturais
Silviculturais do
do
pau-marfim.
pau - marfim . Silvicultura
Silvicultura em
em Sao
SAo
P~ulo, Sao Paulo,
Paulo, Vol.
Vol. 16A
16A
Paulo,
(parte
2): 1081-5.
1081-5 .
(parte 2):
~
-- 142 --
Golfari,L.
1978
Zoneamento
Zoneamento ecologico
ecoldgico esquematico para
Brasil . Série
Serie
reflorestamento no Brasil.
Tecnica.
PRODEPEF, Brasilia,
Brasilia, (11):1-66.
(ll) : 1- 66.
Tdenica. PRODEPEF,
Gurgel
Gurgel Filho,O.A&
Pasztor,Y.P.de
Pasztor
, Y. P . de C.
C.
1963
Fenoloqia ee comnortamento em Alfobre
Fenologia
de Espé"cies
ESr~cies Florestais
Florestais ee Ornamentais
Ornamentais..
S
ilvicultura em
Pa ul o . Sao
Sao Paulo.
Paulo.
Silvicultura
em Sao
So Paulo,
l,
1; 291-304.
Filho , O. A.
Gurgel Filho,O.A.
1975
Essencias indígenas.
indigenas. Silvicultura
Silvicultllra em
Essncias
Sao
Paulo, So
SaoPaulo.
Paulo. 9:
9: 47-52.
47 - S2.
So Paulo,
Filho , O.A;
Gurgel Filho,O.A;
Moraes,J.L.E
Garrido
, L.M .
Garrido,L.M.
de A.G.
A.G.
Silvicultura
Indiaenas
Silvicultura de
de Essencias
Esências Indigenas
sobre
Homoticos Coet2neos
Co~taneos
sobre Povoamentos Homóticos
Experimentais de
de Balfourodendron
Experimentais
(oau marfin) . Silvicultura
Silvicultura
riedelianun (pau-marfin).
em Sáo
s';fo Paulo,
paulo , ·S'ab
~;ao Paulo.
(Parte 2,
Paulo. 16A
16A (Parte
2)::
867
- 71.
867-71.
Huek,K.
1972
Plorp.stas da
da America
Am~rica do
do Sul
SuI -- Sao
Sao
As Florestas
Paulo
POl1qono/£d. Universidade
Universictade de
de
Paulo,, Poligono/Ed.
Brasflia.
466 p.
p.
Brasilia. 466
Klein,R.M.
Klein,R.M .
1963
1963
SugestOes ee dados
de algumas
algumas
Sugest76es
dados ecologicos
ecológicos de
arvores nativas práprias
pr6prias para
para serem
serern
drvores
no reflorestamento
reflorestamento norte
norte ee
empregadas no
oeste paranaense.
In: I
paranaense.
I Simpósio
Simposio
Reflorestamento da
da Regiáo
Regiao da
da
de Reflorestamento
Araucaria . (Anais).
(Anais) . Curitiba.
Curitiba . p.157-74.
p.157-74.
Araucdria.
Klein,R.M.
1972
1972
nativas da
da floresta
floresta subtropical
subtropicill
Arvores nativas
do alto
alto Uruguai.
Uruguai. Sellowia,Itajai,
Sellowia,Itajai:
24
(24):
9 - 62 .
(24): 9-62.
Kribs,D.A.
Kribs
, D.A.
1970
1970
foreiqn woods on
on the
the AmeriAmeriCommercial foreign
Market . Un~velsity
Park , Pennsy?ennsycan riarket.
Univeisity Park,
lvania State
State University.
University. 203
203 P.
p.
lvania
Mainieri,C.
Mainieri
,C.
1958
1958
Identi~ica9ao das
das principais madeiras
Identifica9áo
de comercio no
no Brasil.
Brasil . Boletim
Boletim IPT,
1PT ,
Paulo , (46):
(46) : 1-189.
1 - 189.
Sao Paulo,
Mainieri,C &&
Pereira,J.A.
Pereira
, J . A.
1965
do Brasil:
Brasil : caracterizaqao
caracterizay~o
Madeiras do
macroscopica, usos
usos comuns
comuns ee indices
lndices
macroscópica,
qualitativos ffsicos
f[sicos ee mecánicos.
mecanicos.
brasileiro de
de economica
economica
Anuario brasileiro
floresta~, Rio
Rio de
de Janeiro,
Jane1ro , 17(17):
17(17)
florestai,
11-282.
- ;'8<.
-- 143 --
t-lainieri,C.
Mainieri,C.
1970
Madeiras brasileir~~
Madeiras
brasileirs ' earaeteristicas
caracteris- ticas
gerais,, zonas
gerais
Ganas de
de maior
maiorocorr-ésncia,
ocorrencia,
dados botanicos ee usos.
usos.
Sao Paulo,
Paulo,
So
Secretaria da Agricultura do Estado
Seeretaria
Estado de
de
Sao Paulo.
Paulo. 109
109 P.
p.
Mainieri, C.
C.
Ficha
Pieha de caracteristicas
caracteristleas das madeiras
~adeiras
briisileira:::.
Sao Paulo,
v.2.
brasileinas. Sa-o
Paulo, 1PT.
IPT. v.2.
1978.
Ma
inier i , C. ;
Mainieri,C.;
Chimelo , J . P . &
Chimelo,J.P.&
Afonso,V.A.
1983
Manllal rie
ne tdentifica<;:;;-o
da::: principais
prinr.ipais
manual
identificacao das
comercia~s bra..si lelr~5. So
Sao
madeiras comerciais
Paulo, Secretaria aa
da Inaustria,
1naustria ,
Paulo,
Ciencia ee Tecnologia.
Tecnolog ia . 241
241 P.
p.
Comercio, Ciência
Maingeieri,C.
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do Paraue
Paroue Estadual
Estadual Morro
Morro do
do
Madeiras do
Diabo. Silvicultura em Sán
San Paulo,
Diabo.
Sao Paulo.
Paulo . vol.
vol. 7;
7;
p . 147-150.
147-150 .
p.
Nogueira,J.C
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Nogueira,J.C.B.
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Reflorestamento heterogeneo,com
heterogeneo".com esse7
ess~~
indigenas. Boletin Tecnico.
~ecnico. Sao
ncias indigenas.
Paulo, Instituto
Instituto Federal
Federal -- (24):
(24):
Paulo,
.",
"..
54
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54-55.
Nogueira,J.C.B.
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1982
de Competiy-aó
Competiyao de
Ensaio de
de algumas
essencias
ess€hclas nativas
nativas em
em diferentes
diferentes
regióes
do Estado
Estado de
de Sao
So Paulo,
regi'oes do
Paulo,
Silvicultura em
Paulo,
Silvicultura
em Sat0
Sgb Paulo,
Paulo, Sao
So Paulo,
1~~ (Parte
(Parte 2):
2), 1051-63
1051 - 63
16A
Nogueira,J.C.B
Nogueira,J.C.B..
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1983
Conservayao genética
genetica de
de essencias
essencia s
Conservaáó
Pazstor Castro
de Y.P.
M;todos
usados na
na colheita
colheita de
de sementes.
sementes.
Metodos usados
Silviculturq em
em Sáb
SalO Paulo,
Paulo , Sao
Sao Paulo.
Paulo .
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303 -23 .
1. p 303-23.
1963
Pereira,J . A.
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Pickel , J .B.
Pickel,J.B.
1950
natives atrave's
atraves de
de progé~roge­
nativas
de ensaios de
nies e
e procedência.
procedeneia. Silvicultura,
Si.lvicultura ,
Sao Paulo,
Paulo, 8 (28):
(28), 391-7.
391-7.
IdentifiFaco
mierog raf ica das
das nossas
nossas
Identifico micrográfica
madeiras.
Escola Politécnica,
Politecnic~.
madeiras. Boletim Escola
Paulo , (9)
, 1-165.
(9):
Sao Paulo,
As
principais arvores
madeira :
As principais
árvores que
que dao
do madeira:
metoda
pratica nara
nara seu
seu reconhecimento.
recanhecimenm.
método prático
Anuário brasileiro de
Anuario
de economia
economia floresflores(3):: 158-87.
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Rio de Janeiro,
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-- 144 --
Pickel,J.B.
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As principa~s
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As
principais arvores
arvores que
que d~o
do madeira:
metodo prálico
prat~co para seu
seu reconhecimento.
reconhecimento.
Anuario brasileiro de economia floresfloresAnuário
tal,
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Ramalho,
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Vi9osa,
Vi5osa,
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Yale
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640 p.
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1978
-145-
- 14 5 -
Bertholletia
Berth olletia excelsa
ex ce lsa H.B.K.
H.D.K 1 '
FAMILY
Lecythidaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
NA~ES
Castanha-do-Par,
Castanha-do
- Par;, Castanha-do-Brasil
Castanha - do-Brasil as
as well
well as
as CastanCastan ha-do
- Maranhao .
ha-do-Maranhao.
The
local tribes have
have their own
The local
denominations
ar~i , for
for the
the Chahuas; inia,
inia , nha,
nha, nia
nia
denominations:: arái,
for the Chinayas,
Chipayas , tcai
teai for
for the
the Parecis;
Parecis ; tuca
t u ca tucari,
tu ca ri ,
for
ya
a n d invia
i n v ia in
i n the
the region
regi on of
o f the
th e Vale
Va l e do
d o Orenoco;
DrenoeD ;
ya,, and
aand
n d touca for the
the old
o l d Portuguese.
Portu guese.
IIn
n Englis
h para
English
nu t or
o r brazil
brazi l nut
nu t and
a nd in
i n French
French noix
noix du
du Brésil.
Bres i l .
nut
nESCRIPTION
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
Large
and frondose
frondose tree,
tree , reachino
reachin ~ up
to 50
50 m
Large majestic and
un to
in height,
height, and diameter 22 to
to 44 mr1 at
at the
the base.
base .
in
The
stem is
is cylinder shaped
shaped without branches
branches to
to the
the crown.
crown.
is formed
formed of long
long and numerous branches that
that
The crown is
It reaches
are
towards the
the end.
end .
It
reac h es up
u p to
to 4 m
in
are curved towards
m in
diameter
diameter..
Inflorescence
Inflorescence is
is of an
an axillary
axillary type
type or
or aa terminal
terminal
pnnicle, with
with little
little ramification,
ramification, rachis
rachis erect,
erect ,
panicle,
reachin
g un
up to
to 40
40 cm
c~ in
in length;
length ; pubescent,
pubescent, with
with
reaching
pedunculate
sub-sessile or
sessile flowers,
flowers , with
pedunculate,, sub-sessile
or sessile
with
22 or 33 ovate bracts
bracts at
at the
the base.
base .
~reen
oreen,,
is light
light
The calyx is
is bilobate.
bilobate.
and at anthesis is
The corolla has
has
l / Based on the
the work of
of S.T.Ohashi,
S.T.Ohashi, 0.Daniel
O. Daniel and
and L.C.da
L.C- . da
1/Based
- S
. Costa. Forestry
Forestr? Department
S.Costa.
Department.. Faculdade
Faculdade de
de Ci~ncias
Ciencias
Agrarias
Agra'rias do
do Para,
Para, P.O.Box
P . O.Bo x 917,
917 , Belém,
Bel em , Para,Brazil.
Para,Brazil.
- 146
146 --
six unequal
unequal petals,
petals, thick
thick and
and fleshy
fl e s hy at the
the base;
base;
six
l'l~itish-"ellow in
- o\'ate and
and
wi-!itish-vellow
in colour,
colour, perfume-c.;
perfun'ed; oblonr.
oblong-ovate
crossed two-by-two.
two - by - two .
Fruit
The
fruit is
is a
a pyxidium with a
a thick
thick tegumen,
tegumen , ligneous
ligneous
The fruit
and
hard, commonly known
known as "ourico";
"aurica " ; sphere or
or subsub and hard,
globose
in shape with a
a variable weight and size,
size, with
with
globose in
aa small
on the
the top
top side.
side.
small operculum on
Each fruit
fruit contains
Each
18 to 22
22 seeds,
seeds, which are in
in a
a series
series on
on the
the placentarv
placentary
18
column; the
the seeds
seeds are called "castanhas";
"castanhas" i these
these are
are
column;
angular,
a hard tegument,
tegument, wrinkled,
wrinkled, with somewhat
somewhat
angular, with
with a
faces.
triangular faces.
the seeds
seeds are
are yellow,
yellO\v,
When young the
and with age
age they
they turn
turn aa dark
dark grey
grey almost
almost brown
brownin
in colour.
colou r.
Foliage
The
leaves are
are oblong or ovate-oblong,
ovate-oblong, with aa sharp
sharp
The leaves
base,
a rounded-obtuse
rounded-obtus e apex
apex and
and slightly
slightly pointed;
painted;
base, a
coriaceous,, bright green on the
coriaceous
the superior
superior face
face and
and
on the inferior
aa light
light green
green on
inferior face,
face, margin wavy;
wavy; up
up
to 36
36 em
cm in
in length
length by
by 12
width; the main rib
to
12 cm in
in width;
rib is
is
prominent
the underside,
underside, numerous
numerous secondary
secondary ribs
ribs
prominent on
on the
0
which are
are parallel
parallel at
at aa 600
angle; the
the petiole
petiole is
is semisemiwhich
60 angle;
cylindrical,
cylindrical , canaliculate
canaliculate 55 to
to 66 cm
cm in
in length,tomentose.
lenqth,tomentose.
Bark
The
is dark and
and cracked.
cracked.
The bark is
WOOD
WOOD PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
g/cm3) with
The
(0 . 70 to 0.75
0 . 75 0/cm3)
The wood
wood is
is moderately
moderately heavy (0.70
brownish-pink heartwood,
heartwood, somewhat different from
aa brownish-pink
from the
the
brownish yellow
yellow sapwood;
sapwood; irregular
brownish
irregular to
to regular
regular grain;
grain;
-- 147
147 --
~edium texture,
texture , indistinct
indistinct smell
s~ell and
and taste.
taste .
medium
Easily
with an
an elegant
elegant finish
finish with
'~ith aa medium
medium shine.
shine .
worked, with
Uses
U ses
The "castanheira"
one of
of the
most noble
noble and
and
The
" castanheira " is
is known
known as
as one
the r:'.ost
of the
the amazon
amazon forest,
forest, as
as both
both the
the wood
wood
valuable plants of
and the fruit
fruit may be
be used,
used , although
although the
the greater
greate r
comme
r cial value is
is that
that of
of the
the fruit
frui t through
through the
the
commercial
industrialization
industr i al izati o n of
of the
th e nut
nu t (exported
( e xp o rted mainly
ma inly to
to
Europe
Eur
o p e and
a nd USA).
USA). However,
Ho we v e r, the
th e wood
wood of
of this
t h is tree
t r ee is
is
of good
g oo d quality,
qu a lity, and
and may
ma y be
be used
us e d for
f o r civil
civ i l or
o r naval
naval
co
nstru ctIo n, walls,
wall s , floors,
fl oo rs, stakes,
stak e s, etc.
et c . The bark
ba rk
construction,
is good for
f o r ship
s hip caulking.
c aulk i ng.
is
NATURAL
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
The "castanha
occurs naturally
The
" castanha do Brasil"
Brasil " occurs
natu r ally in
in several
several
countries
co
un t r ies such as
a s Venezuela,
Ve nezue l a , Columbia,
Columb i a , Peru
Peru and
an d
Boliv i a .
Bolivia.
However
it is
is Brazil where
\oJ h ere it
i t is
is most
most
However,, it
abu
n dant, in
Mara n hao , Mato
~ato Grosso,
Grosso ,
abundant,
in the
the States
States of
of Para
Pará,, Maranháo,
-
Am az o n as , Rondonia,
Ro n d~n ia , Acre,
Ac r e , and the
the Territory
Terri to r y of
of Amapa.
Ama!!a.
Amazonas,
CL IMATE
CLIMATE
The
" castanha - do - Brasil " has
has its natural occurrence
occurre n ce in
The "castanha-do-Brasil"
locat i ons of three
th r ee climatical
climat i cal types
types prevailing
locations
p r evail inc: in
in
Amazon:
Ama z on : Aw,
Aw , Am
Am and
a n d Af
Af (Koeppen)l/.
{Koe ppen) ! / .
i t is
is
How
e v e r, it
However,
concentrated
co nc e ntr ated in
in areas
a r eas of Aw or Am climates,
cl i mates , which
wh i ch
r eveal s that the
th e "castanha-do-Brasil"
" castanha - do - Bras i l " has
has a
a better
bette r
reveals
de
ve lopment in humid tropical
trop i cal climates,
c l imates , with relatively
relatively
development
sho r t dry
dry spell.
spel l .
short
SO
SOILS
I LS
The Brazil
Bra zil nut,
nut , under
und er natural
na t ural.co
nditi o n s , is
i s found in
in
.conditions,
d ee p and rich
r ic h soils,
s o il s , mainly
ma inly oxisols
o x i s o ls and
and ultisols.
ul ti s o ls.
deep
[-'See
t o p of
o f page
page 219.
219 .
1/See top
-- 148 --
HABITAT
The
the Brazil nut extends throughout
throuqhout Amazon,
Ama z on ,
The habitat
habitat of the
in rain
rain forest located
loca t ed on
on upland
upland "terra
" terra firme".
firme".
in
It grows
It
grows
iin
n several
typ es , but does
does not
not withstand
wi thstand sswamp
wamp
several climate
climate types,
or humid
conditio ns.
In
is found
found
In some
some locations
locations it is
humid conditions.
in
and called
called
in clusters
clusters that are somewhat extensive and
However, ~
. excelsa is
is always associated
However,
B.excelsa
with other large
large tree
tree species,
species, and
and never
never constitutes
constitutes aa
""castanhais".
castanhais ".
pure forest.
pure
fo res t.
SEED HANDLING
The
fr om the
the Brazili
Brazili nut
nut does
d oes not
n ot easily
easi ly
The seed from
germinate as it
it has
has a
a very
very hard
hard and
and resistant
resistant tegumen,
tegumen,
which
production aa very
very time
time consuming
consuming
which makes seedling production
process .
process.
It takes
takes about
about 12 to
to 18 months,
months, to
to
It
germinate under normal
nor~al conditions,
co nditions, with
wit h aa low
l o w and
and
The
tegumen does
does
irregular ger
The teaumen
mination percentage.
p e r ce ntage .
germination
not prevent
preve nt initial
initial water absorption,
abso r ption, so
so the
the dormancy
dormancy
could possibly be attributed
attributed to
to tegumen
tegume n and/or
a n d/or endosendos could
exchanges, and/or the
the
perm impermeability to gas exchanges,and/or
prese nce of germination
germ ination inhibitors,
inhibitors , or
or maybe immature
immature
presence
embryos.
M
ec hanical scarification
sca r ification followed
follo wed by
by soaking
soaking of
of the
the
Mechanical
seeds ha
has
seeds
s nno
o influence
i nfluence on
o n germination; however
howev e r the
the
sca
r i fi ca ti on of the
the germination
ge rm ination poles
poles has
has rendered
r e nd ered
scarification
pro mi sing results,
r es ult s, which
wh ich may
ma y be
be attributed
attributed to
to tegumen
tegumen
promising
resistance
or
embryo
expansion.
r esistance o r e mbry o expansion. Other treatments,
treat me nts,
stratifi
c ati on and
and heat
heat shocks,
s hoc ks. do
do not
not give
give good
good results.
results.
stratification
Presently, sowing oof
f the
th e seeds
seeds without
with o ut the
th e coat is
is
Presently,
recommended,
r eco mm e nded, and
a nd yields
yi e lds aa 78%
18% germination
g e rminati o n if
if thc
the seeds
seeds
-- 149 --
are
go o d quality.
quality.
are young and of good
With this
this process,
process,
seedling emergence
e mergence begins
begins 20
20 to
to 30
30 days
days after
after sowing,
sowing,
considerably reducing
reducing the
t h e period
period for
for seedling
seedling production.
production.
SILVICULTURE
Previously , the long period required
required for
for seed
seed germinaPreviously,
juvenile
period,
hindered the
tion
along
wi
th
a
long
juvenile
period,
the
tion, along with a
I
rational
of this
this species.
species.
rational cultivation of
To-day,
To-day ,
techniques
to overcome these
these
techniaues have been developed to
problems, and are fundamental
fundamental for
for the good
problems,
good establishment
establishment
plantations. These techniques,
techniques, which
which include
include breaking
breaking
of plantations.
the
dorman c y by removal
removal of
of the
th e tegumen
tegumen and
and vegetative
v ege tative
the dormancy
propagation by bud grafting,
grafting, are
are now
now being
being used
used in
in
stands, and
and proving
proving to
to be
be viable.
viabl e .
pioneer stands,
When
ey
planted under direct sunlight and under understor
understorey
conditions,
r espectively, greatdifferences
great differen ces in
in the
the
conditions, respectively,
behaviour of the
the plants
plants occur.
occur . Greater development and
early
under direct
direct sunlight.
sunligh t.
early flowering are obtained under
This shows the
the species'
species· aptness
aptness to
to locations
lo cations that
that are
are
completely
compl etely open.
open.
Another problem related
related to
to the
the
species
is its
its pollination,
pollination, as
as there
there is
is
species in
in plantations is
aa specific pollinator
pollinator (wild
(wild bees)
bees) of
of the
the flower
flower
As
whi c h is important
i mportant for
for the
the production
production of
of fruit.
fruit.
which
hab itat of
of the
the pollinator
pollinator is
is the
the forest
forest
the natural habitat
and the "capoeiras"
and
" capoeiras " (open
( ope n woodland),
woodland), these
these should
should be
be
conse
rv ed around the
the areas
areas of
of the
the plantations.
plantations.
conserved
- 150 -
STATUS
Researchers, technicians
technicians and
and politicians
politicians in
in Brasil
Brasil are
are
Researchers,
already concerned with the
the preservation
preservation and
and rational
rational
cultivation of
of the
the species.
species.
Due
the great
Due to the
importance
fruit in Brazil,laws have already
importance of
of its
its fruit
passe~ prohibiting
down in
in
been passed,
prohibiting this
this tree
tree to
to be
be cut
cut down
natural forests,
natural
forests, and seeking
seeking its
its preservation.
preservation.
In
many cases
cases the
the prohibition
prohibition alone
alone does
does not
not guarantee
guarantee
its survival,
survival, as
as the
its
the transformation of forests
forests into
into
agricultural
areas by
by clearing
and burning,
burning, along
along with
with
agricultural areas
clearing and
the lack
lack of suitable conditions
conditions for
for the
the survival
survival of
of
the
the pollinator,
pollinator, contribute to
to the
the extinction
e xtinction of
of this
this
the
tree.
FOR DECLINE
DECLINE
REASONS FOR
Several reasons
reasons for
for the
the decline
decline of
of the
the species
species could
could
be cited:
be
cited: the colonization programme
programme in
in the
the region
region
this species
species occurs;
occurs; the
the construction of
where this
hydroelectrical power plants,
plants, which
which flood
flood vast
vast areas;
areas ;
the lack
lack of conscientiousness towards
towards the
the preservation
preservation
the
of the Brasil
Brasil
nut
the negligence
negligence of
of the
the
nut and the
in establishing
establishing plantations,
plantations, etc.
etc.
industrial sector in
MEASURES TAKEN
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
TAKEN AND RECOMMENDED
The
Empresa 8rasileira
Pesquisa Agropecuaria
The Empresa
Brasileira de
de Pesquisa
Agropecuaria has
has
nut.
aa germrlasm
for the
the Brazil
Brazil
germplasm bank for
However,
populations including
including many
many
establishing base populations
provenances
of great
great importance
for conserving
conserving
provenances is
is of
importance for
These
serve for
for
These populations will
will serve
material .
genetic material.
3S well as
as for
f o r species
species improvement
improvenle nt
conservation as
programmes.
progran~es .
-- 151 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Albuquerque,F
. C.de
Albuauerque,F.C.de
19601960
Mancha parda das folhas
folhas da
da castanhecastanhe-
do Para-,
Para·, causada por
par urna
uma nova
ira do
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IPEAN, Belem,
Belem, (38),
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espcie
especie de
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fungo.
1963
Castan~a do
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Para, sua
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exportayaoe
Castanha
Amazonica.
importancia na economia Amazonica.
Rio
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86 p.
Agricultura.
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Buaes,
A.
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Castanha do
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1980
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Feno!ogia de especies
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Fenologia
potencial
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Boletim
Belem, (20):
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Cattete Pinheiro
1967
1967
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castanha ee os
as incentiincenti A economia da
A
vos fiscais.
fiscais . In:
In: la.
lao Conferencia
vos
Nacional da Castanha do
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Parcl.
Corrg-a,
M.P .
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Plantas ~teis
do Brasil.
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aeis do
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C.P.de
Almeida, C.P.de
1931
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v.2. p.
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1974
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Controbuipao
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conhecimento do
do
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tipico da
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castanha do
do Brasil.
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Boletim tecnico.
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IPEAN? Belem,
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(64),
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ocorrencia
natura l e
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cultura pre"-colombiana
pre- colombiana
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brasileira.
Belem,
na
Amazónia brasileira.
Belém,
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88 P.
p.
FAO
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Food
Fo o d and fruit bearing
bearing forest
f o rest species.
species.
3: Examples from
from Latin
Latin America.
America.
FAO
Forestry
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Pa~ e r 44/3.
44/3 . Rome.
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- 152 --
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V.H . de &
& Influancia
Influencia da
da casca
casca ee da
da injegao
inje~ao
Figueiredo
Muller, C.H.
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absor~ao de
de acido
Acido giberelico
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1978
água
1978
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d e castanheira
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ECofisiologia
Ecofisio]ogia de
de plantas
plantas da
AmazOnia:
- anatomia
a n atomia foliar
foliar ee
Amazonia: 2 ecofisiologia da
da Bertholletia
~
eexcelsa
xcels a
H.B.K. (Castanha
(Casta nh a do
do Para)
Para)
H.B.K.
amazOn i ca,
Lecythidaceae. Acata amazónica,
(1): 15-23.
l5-23.
Manaus, 99 (1):
Estudos e
e pesquisas sobre
sobre aa
Estudos
Belém,, SUDAMcastanha do Pará.
Para.
Belem
DRNCTPTA . 100
100 p.
p.
DRN-CTPTA.
-
Pesquisas
rma9oes sobre
sob~e
Pesquisas ee info
informaoes
especies florestais
florestai s da
da Amazonia
Amazonia
espeeies
Belem, SUDAM-DRN.
SUDAM-D RN. 32-4
32 -4 p.
p.
BeléM,
Rendimento
r aria de
de trinta
trinta
Rendimento em
em ser
serrana
amazonicas.
especies de madeiras amazonicas.
Belem, SUDAM-DRN.
SUDAM- DRN. 196
196 p.
p.
BeléM,
Grupamento
espe'cies tropicais
tropicais
Grupamento de
de espécies
da
da Amazb'nia
AmazOilia p~r
por similaridade
similaridade de
caracteri-sticasbasicas
baicas e
caracterlsticas
e por
por
utiliza9ao
Belem, SUDAM-DRN.
SUDA M-DRN . 237
237 p.
p.
utilizacao BeléM,
-153
- 153 Moraes,V.H.de F.&
F.&
Muller,C.H
Muller,C.H..
1978
-
InfluAcia da
Influehcia
da casca
casca ee da
da injeçao
lnje~ao de
de
acido
giberelico na
na absorFáb
absorpao de
agua
ácido giberélico
de água
pelas sementes da castanheira
pelas
excelsa H.B.K.).
H.B.K . ).
(Bertholletia excelsa
tecnico . EMBRAPA/CPATU,
EMBRAPA/CPATU,
Comunicado técnico.
(26) ,
11-9.
- 9.
Belem, (26):
Muller,C.H. et.al.
et.al.
1980
do Brasil:
Brasil: resultados
resultados de
de
Castanha do
pesgui~a.
BelE;;;nl, EMBRAPA/CPATU.
25 p.
p.
pesquisa. Belén',
EMBRAPA/CPATU. 25
Muller,
C . H.
Muller, C.H.
do Brasil,
Brasil, estudos
estudos
Castanha do
agronomicos
Documentos
agron3micos.. Documentos
Er~BRAPA/CPATU
Betem (1):
(1) , 1
- 25
EMBRAPA/CPATU Belém
1-25
1981
Muller, C.H.
C.H.
1982
1982
Queb ra da dormencia
dormencia da
da semente
semente ee
Quebra
em castanha
castanha do
do Brasil.
Brasil .
enxertia em
Documentos
EMBRAPA/CPATU , Belém,
Belem,
Documentos.. EMBRAPA/CPATU,
(16) , 1-40.
1 - 40 .
(16):
Muller,
C . H.&
Muller, C.H.&
Calzavara, B.B.G.
B.B.G.
1984
1984
Neves,
.A. das
das Neves, C
C.A.
1941
1941
E.de &&
Oliveira, E.de
Souza,
P . de
Souza, P.de
1981
Castanha do
do Brasil:
Brasil: conhecimentos
conhecimentos
atuais.
In: I
I Simpósio
Simposio do
do Treepico
Tr6pico
atuais. In:
HUmido, Belem
Belém..
A castanheira
castanheira do
do Pará.
Para. O
0 campo,
camoo,
A
Rio
Janeiro , 12
12 (135):
(135), 11-5.
11-5.
Rio de Janeiro,
~
Ocorrencia de micorriza vesiculararbuscular em
em solos
solos tropicais:
tropicais :
ocorrencias em mudas
mudas de
de
33 - ocorr&ncias
castanha
- do-Brasil.
Pesquisa
Pesquisa em
castanha-do-Brasil.
andarnento
EMBRAPA/CPA'rU , Belem,
andamento.. EMBRAPA/CPATU,'
(56), 1-2
1- 2
(56):
Pinheiro
E.
Pinheiro,, E.
1967
Propagaao vegetativa
Propagaf~o
vegetativa da
da castanheira
castanheira
(Bertholletia
H.B.K . ) :
(Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.):
observa98es
preliminares. Belém,
Belem ,
observas preliminares.
10 p.
p.
IPEAN.
;';0 do
do teste
teste de
de tetrazolio
tetrazO'lio
Reis , G. G. dos
Reis,G.G.
dos et.al.
et.al. Calibra9"
Calibraao
em
sernente de castanha-do-Brasil.
castanha - do - Brasil .
em semente
1979
romunicado teenico.
te~cnico. EMBRAPA/CPATU,
EMBRAPA/CPATU,
comunicado
Belem,
(17) , 1-9.
BeléM, (17):
1-9.
Reis, G.G.dos
G. G.dos
Reis,
1979
Absorrao de
de água
agua pelas
pelas sementes
sementes de
de
AbsorFáo
castanha
castanha-do- do ··Brasil
Brasil.
. Pesquisa
agropecuaria
brasileira , 14
14
agropecugria brasileira,
\4),
394 - 40u .
(4): 394-400.
W. R.
Schreiber, W.R.
The
Brazil nut.
nut .
The prodigious Brazil
Agriculture in
in the
the Americans,
Americans,
2
L
(4):
(4 "
72-4 .
72-4.
-- 154 --
Souza,
1963
A.H . de
de
A.H.
Srur,
u.O.S .
Srur, U.O.S.
1976
Castanha do
do Para',
Para, estudo
estudo botanico,
botánico,
qUlmico
tecnologico.
químico ee tecnológico.
Estudos
tec
nico s, Rio
Rio de
de Janeiro,
Janeir o , (23):
(23):
técnicos,
1-69.
Processamento da castanha do
do Brasil
(Bertholletia
H.B.K . ) .
(Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.).
CaQpinas.
60 p.
p. (Tese
(Tese -- Mestrado -Campinas. 60
UNICAMP) .
UNICAMP).
- 155
155 --
1/
quinata (Jacq.)
(Jacg.) DuaandDu gandBombacopsis auinata
SYNONYM
fendleri (Seem)
(Seef'l) Pittier
Pittier (1916)
(1916)
Bombacopsis fendleri
FAMILY
FAMILY
Bombacaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
NAMES
(Nica r agua , Costa
Costa Rica)
Rica)
Pochote (Nicaragua,
(Honduras , Nicaragua,
Nicaragua, Panama)
Panama)
Cedro espino (Honduras,
Saquisaqui (Venezuela)
(Venezuela)
Ce i ba tolua,
tolua, Ceiba
Ceiba roja,
raja , Ceiba
Ceiba colorada
colorada (Colombia)
(Colombia)
Ceiba
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
An impressive
impressive forest
forest tree
tree reaching
reaching a
a height of 20-40
20 -4 0 m
with a stem diameter up
up to
to 22 m.
m.
up to
to 44 or
or
Butresses up
55 metres
in height generally
genera ll y develop
develop on
on mature
mature trees.
trees.
metres in
Tree crowns
crowns are
are well
developed , wide
i rr egular, up
up
Tree
well developed,
wide and irregular,
to
m in
to 30 m
in diameter.
diameter .
In florescence
Inflorescence
The
flowers vary in
in length
length from 10 to 15
15 cm
em and have
have
The flowers
linear
numerous white
whit e stamens.
stamens .
linear strap-shaped petals and numerous
The
flowers mainly
open at night
night under conditions
conditions of
The flowers
mainly open
of
low
(below 25°C)
25°C) and
and high
high humidity
humidity
low temperature
temperature (below
ocelative
and
(relative humidity
humidity over
over 69%)
69%) and
and shed
shed the petals and
the following
following morning.
morning .
stamens the
1/Based on
on the
the \"
work
of C
C..E.Huches,
l/Based
l Ork C'f
.. E . Hu9hes, Oxford Forestrv
F'orestrv Inst.
Inst .
Univ . of Oxford
, South Parks Road,
Hoad, Oxford
U . K. and
- Univ.of
Oxford,South
Oxford,, U.K.
Marcelino
Marc eli n o Quijada R.,
R., Fac.
Fac. de
d e Ciencias
Ciencias Forestales,
Fore stale s ,
Univ.de
Univ.d e Los
Los Andes,Mérida,
And es ,Meri da, Venezuela.
Ve n ez u ela.
-- 156 --
Fruit
Fru
it
is a
a dehiscent capsule
capsule with
loculi reac~ing
The fruit is
with 5 loculi
reaching
between 4 and 10 cm
between
em in
in length
length and 2-4
2- 4 cm
em in
in width.
width.
Each
contains on average 45
4S seeds covered in
in a
a liaht
liqht
fruit contains
fluffy
fluffy cotton which facilitates
facilitates seed
seed dispersal
dispersal by
by wind.
wind.
The
fruits are
are orange-brown
orange - brown in
in colour.
colour .
The ripe fruits
Foliage
leaves are
are composite
composite with
with three
three to
to seven
seven
Alternate leaves
oblong or obovate glabrous
glabrous leaflets.
leaflets.
Bark
The
s pale
- brown in
nk
The bark
bark iis
pale greyish
greyish-brown
in colour
colour and
and the
the tru
trunk
and branches generally covered
covered by
by hard,
hard , stout
stout spines
spines
em long.
long.
up to 22 cm
The degree of spinyness
spinyness is
is extremely
extremely
variable
trees are
are completely
completely spineless.
spineless.
variable and some trees
Progeny experiments in
in Venezuela
venezuela indicate
indicate that
that this
this
character is under close genetic
genetic control.
control .
PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
WOOD PROPERTIES
indicated by the
the vernacular name Cedro espino,
espino , the
As indicated
ways resembles
resembles that
wood of Bombacopsis quinata in many ways
of the
highly appreciated Spanish
of
the highly
Spanish cedar,
cedar , Cedrela
Cedrela spp.
~.
The
pale pinkish
The wood
wood is
is uniform pale
pinkish or
or pinkish
pinkish brown
brown
when freshly cut becoming light
light to
to dark
da r k redish
red ish
brow
n on
o n exposure.
exposure .
It
l y resistant to attack
brown
It is
is fair
fairly
fungi , apparently due to
to the
the presence of
by insects and fungi,
a
r"ubbery exudate
Basic
specific gravity
ranges from
from
a rubbery
Basic specific
gravity ranges
0.38 - 0.45.
grained wood
wood has
has been
been
The straight grained
as easy to
to work,easy
work/easy to
to nail/and
finishing
reported as
nail,and finishina
smoothly.
is used
used locally
locally for
for general
general construction
It is
construction,,
finish, millwork,
millwork , furniture
furniture stock,
stock , veneer
veneer and
and
interior finish,
-- 157
1 57 -
plywood, particle
particle board
board and
and pulp
pulp and
and paper
paper products.
products .
the past
p ast the
the species
species has
has been
been important
important in
in many
many
In the
its natural
natural range
range commanding
commanding aa high
high price.
price.
parts of its
the period
perio d 1963-65
1963-65 it
it was
was the
the second
s e c o nd most
most important
impo rtant
In the
in Venezuela
Venezuela in
in terms
terms of
of volume
volume produced
produced
species in
(Finol and
, 1970)
today remains
remains the most
(Finol
and Melchior
Melchior,
1970) and
and today
timber species
species in
in the
the Llanos
Llanos Occidentales
Occidentales
important timber
region .
region.
It
is considered an
reforestation
It is
an important reforestation
species in
in northern
northern Colombia
Colombia for
for veneer
veneer and
and plywood.
plywood.
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTION
0
B.
is distributed
distributed in
in tropical
tropical America
America from
from 2°N
2 N
B. quinata is
13°30 N.
N.
to 13030
It
southerly limit
limit in
in the
the
It reaches its southerly
Llanos Orientales of Colombia probably extending
extending into
the
limits of the
the Amazon basin
basin near
near the
the Rio
Rio
the extreme limits
Yari.
It
in the Llanos
Llanos Orientales of
It occurs
occurs widely
widely in
and the
the northern
northern portion
portion of
of the
the Orinoco
Orinoco basin
basin
Colombia and
Further
north
in
of Venezuela.
Venezuela .
north
in the
the Llanos
Llanos Occidentales of
it occurs
occurs extensively on the
it
the north
north costal
costal plains
plains of
of
Colombia,
through the Darien region on Panama and
Colombia, through
throughout the Pacific side of the
the Central
Central American
American
isthmus as
as far
isthmus
far north as Honduras where aa few
few scattered
scattered
stands are found
found around
around the
the Golfo
Golfo de
de Fonseca.
Fo nseca.
It has
has
not been reported
not
reported to
to date
date from
from El
El Salvador.
Salvador.
CLI MATE
CLIMATE
The species occurs from sea level
level up to 750
750 m
m
elevation and is
is found
found in tropical rainforest with
with
a short dry season
season of less than four
four months and in
a
seasonally dry tropical forest
forest with aa longer,
longer , more
more
severe
dry season of up to
to six
six months'
months ' duration.
duration. Mean
Mean
severe dry
annual precipitation is
annual
is in
in the
the ranae
range 11 500
500 to
to 22 500
500 mm.
mm .
- 158
158 --
SOILS
~
B.
on aa range
range of
of different
different soil
soil types
types
quinata occurs on
from well
on low hills and
and ridges
ridges
from
well drained
drained gravelly soils on
less well
well drained
drained black
black vertisols.
vertisols.
In these
to deeper less
areas the clay content is
is generally
generally high
high and
and waterwaterareas
In some parts
parts temporary
temporary flooding
flooding
logging occurs.
In
occurs,
the species
species does
does not
not appear
appear to
to thrive
thrive in
in
occurs, but the
parts .
these parts.
In
the dry season
season soil
soil fissuring
fissuring is
is
In the
common .
common.
HABITAT
~
B.
quinata is
is commonly found
found in
in association
association with
with
Cedrela odorata,
odorata, Anacardium
Anacardium excelsum,
exce l sum, Hura
HUra crepitans,
crepitans,
Ceiba pentandra,
pentandra , Enterolobium
Enterolobium cyclocarpum
£yc!ocarpum and
and Samanea
Sa~anea
samano
saman.
SEED HANDLING
Flowering occurs
occurs during the
Flowering
the dry
dry season in
in January and
and
February and
and fruits
February
fruits generally ripen
ripen from
from mid-March to
to
early April.
April .
There
is considerable variation in
in
There is
ripening time
time both
both between trees
ripening
trees and
and even within trees,
trees,
and
, combined with the
the explosive
explosive dehiscence of
of
and this
this,
the capsules
capsules on
on ripening,
the
ripening , means that
that capsules
capsules need
need
to be
be collected slightly before full
to
full ripeness
ripeness is
is
reached
reached..
Artificial
Ar
tificial ripening
ripening has
has been
been successfully
successfully
carr
i ed out
in Honduras in
in cool dry
dry conditions
conditions
carried
out in
(Hughes,
1981) .
(Hughes, 1981).
capsu
l e.
capsule.
On average there
the re are 45
45 seeds
seeds per
per
Frequently a high
high proportion
proportion of
of fruits
fruits are
are
damaged by parrots.
parrots .
Viable seeds
seeds are
are usually
usually rounded,
rounded,
with
a smooth surface and a
a certain resistance
resistance to
to
with a
flattening
the fingers.
fingers.
flattening by the
Seeds that
Seeds
that are
are not viable
are usually
usually wrinkled and can
are
can easily
easily be
be flattened
flattened by
by
-- 159 -
a slight pressure
p r essure of
of the
the fingers.
fingers .
a
Seeds selected in
in this
this way
way have
have aa germination
germination of
of up
up
to 100 percent for
for three
three months
months after
after collection
collection and
and
storage .
without special storage.
stored in
in
If the seeds are stored
r ooms , good
good viability
viability can
can be
be maintained
maintained for
for two
two
cold rooms,
years.
The seeds are
are usually
usually small
small (4
mm) .
(4 to
to 55 mm).
The number
numbe r of seeds
seeds per
per kilo
kilo ranges
ranges from
from 20
20 000
000 to
to
averages of
of 32
32 000.
000.
45 000
000,, with averages
SILVICULTURE
Cultivation is
is straight
straight forward.
forward. No
No seed
seed pre-treatment
pre-treatment
is required (preliminary
(preliminary soaking
soaking in
in natural
natural water
water for
for
is
24 hours can
can be
be applied)
applied) and
and stump
stump planting
planting is
24
is generally
qenerally
successful .
successful.
The
is strongly light
light demanding
demanding
The species is
and a wider than
than normal
normal spacinq
spacing is
is usually
usually employed.
emEJ1oyed.
The
The species coppices readily
readily and
and vegetative
vegetative propagapropaga tion is
is easy.
eils~' .
STATUS
is severely
se v erely threatened
threatened at the
the provenance
~rovenance
The species is
level.
level.
The main
reserves are
the
The
main undisturbed reserves
are in the
Darien region of Panama
Panama and
and the
the southern
southern part
part of
of the
the
Llanos Occidentales
Occidentales in
in Venezuela.
Venezuela.
here , active
Even here,active
is rapidly
rapidly reducing
reducing the
the remaining
remaining stands.
stands.
exploitation is
In
stands have
have been
been cleared
cleared leaving
leaving
In all other parts stands
o
n ly a
a few
fe w degraded
d e graded remnants.
remna n ts .
only
The stands in
in southern
southern
Honduras,
Honduras , North-West Nicaragua
Nicaragua and the
the Los
Los Santos
Santos
Peninsula
Peninsula in
in southern
southern Panama
Panama are
are under
under particular
of extinction.
extinction .
threat of
- 160
160 --
REASONS
REASONS FOR DECLINE
timber is
is highly
highly sought
sought after
after and
and this
this has
has led
led to
to
The timber
extensive felling
f e lling throughout
throughout its
its range
range in
in the
the past.
past.
The seasonally dry
dry Pacific
Pacific coastal
coastal plains
plains in
in Central
Central
Ame r ica , along
al o n g with the
t h e Llanos
Ll a n os areas
a re as and
a nd north
n o rth coastal
coasta l
America,
all well-suited
well-suited to
to extensive
extensive agricultural
agricultural
Colombia are all
development and
and many
many areas
areas have
have been
been cleared
cleared for
for cotton,
cotton,
and cattle
cattle production.
production.
sugar and
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN
In
areas where degraded stands
stands
In Central
Central America two areas
still survive have
have been
been included
included in
in National
National Parks.
Parks.
These
the Santa Rosa
Rosa National
National Park
Park in
in Guanacaste,
Guanacaste,
These are the
Costa Rica and the
the Masaya
Masaya National
National Park
Park in
in Nicaragua
Nicaragua
contribute to
to in-situ
in-situ conservation.
conservation.
In
and should contribute
Venezuela considerable work
work on
on genetic
genetic improvement
improvement of
of
B.
gUinata
B. quinata
in the
the Llanos
Llanos Occidentales was
in
was carried out
Universidad de
de los
los Andes
Andes in
in Mérida.
Merida.
by the Universidad
Seed was
collected from
collected
from selected trees
trees and seed orchards have
have
is a need to
to expand
expand this
this
been established. There is
work to incorporate
incorporate aa wider
wider genetic
genetic base.
base.
Sporadic seed collections have
have been
been carried
carried out
out by
by the
the
Commonwealth Forestry
Forestry Institute
Institute in
in Oxford,
Oxford, UK
UK in
in recent
recent
years and seed is
is now
now available
available for
for limited
limited range
range
years
Limited plus-tree
plus - tree selection
selection work
provenance trials.
trials.
has
has also been carried out
out in
in Costa
Costa Rica
Rica and
and Northern
Northern
colombia.
Colombia.
- 161
161 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Carton
colombia S.A.
S.A.
Carton de Colombia
1982
Reforestation
in the
the Atlantic
Reforestation in
Coast 1973-1982.
1973 - 1982 .
7th Annual
7th
Meeting
Forest Research
Meeting of
of Forest
May 1982.
1982.
Luruaco, Colombia, May
FAO
1982
y usos
uscs de
de 19
19
Caracteristicas y
comercial en
en
especies con valor comercial
Panama.
de Desarrollo
Proyecto de
Forestal de
de Panama
Panama FAO/UNDP
Forestal
PAN/82/004.
Finol,U,H.jMelchior,G . H. Unos
Uncs apuntes
apuntes sobre
sabre la
1a
Finol,U.H.¡Melchior,G.H.
1970
conservación
conservaci6n de reservarios
reservarios de
de
genes de especies forestales
forestales
indigenas de
de actua
actual
indigenas
l valor comerVenezuela.
cial en Venezuela.
Revista
Venezolana. 19/20:73-81.
19/20:73 - 81.
Forestal Venezolana.
Hughes, C.E.
C.E.
Hughes,
1981
Notas
sabre cuatro especies poco
poco
Notas sobre
conocidas en
en Honduras.
Honduras. Banco de
de
Semillas
de
Semillas,, Escuela Nacional de
Ciencias Forestales,
Forestales , SiuuateSiguatepeque
15 pp.
pp.
peque,, Honduras 15
Mart{nez,M.A.
Martrnez,M.A.
1981
El
5uministro de semillas como
como
El suministro
base
1a reforestación.
reforestaci6n.
base de la
RENARE, Panama.
Panama.
RENARE,
Quijada
Quijada R.,M.
R.,M.
1980
Floración, producción
Floraci6n,
produce ion de
de semillas
semillas
polinizaci6n artificial
artificial en
en
y polinización
BOmbaC0
Sis quinata.
Bombacopsis
in FAO
(ed.) Mejora Genetica
in
FAOed.)
Genetica de
de
Arboles Forestales
Forestales Estudios FAO
Montes 20:
20: 288-290.
288-290.
1
Robyns
Robyns,A.
, A.
1963
Essai de
de monographie du genre
Essai
Bombax s.l.
s.l. (Bombacaceae)
BruBombax
(Bombacaceae) Bruxelles
xelles Bulletin du Jardin
Botanique de l'Etat
l'Etat 33(2):
33(2):
145
- 316 .
145-316.
- 162
162 --
Rodriguez G.,
G. , N.I.,
N.I.,
Ligia
Ligia M.
M. Queiro-s
Queiros Q.
Q. &&
Jacob T.Sterringa
T . Sterringa
1985
1965
El Pochote (Bombacopsis,
(Bombacopsis ,
El
quina
tam) :
quinatam):
Revision de Literatura.
Literatura .
Revisión
No. 20,
20 ,
Documento de Trabajo No.
13 p.
p.
USAID/PNUD/FAO MAGMAG Jose~ Costa
Costa Rica.
Rica.
DGF.
San Jose;
Venegas, T.L.
T . L.
1978
1976
Distribucion de
ie s
Distribución
de once
once espec
especies
forestales
forestales en Colombia.
Proyecto de Investigaciones
yy Desarrollo Industrial
Industrial
Forestales COL/74/005
INDERENA
/PNUD/FAO/CONIF .
INDERENA/PNUD/FAO/CONIF.
_ 163
_
163
_
1/
1/
Brachylaena huillensis
Brachylaena
huillensis O.Hoffm.0.Hoffm.
SYNONYMS
hutchinsii Hutch.
Hutch .
Brachylaena hutchinsii
(1910)
(1910)
FAMILY
Compositae
NAMES
VERNACULAR NAMES
& Uganda:
Uganda: Muhuhu (standard
(standard name)
name) Muhugu
Muhugu (trade
(trade
Kenya &
name)
Mvumo, Mschenze,
Mschenze, Watho,
Watha,
name) Mvumo,
Kipungupungu, Avud
Avud Mubuubu.
Mubuubu.
Tanzania:
Muhugwe (Zigua),
(Zigua), Muhuhu,
Muhuhu, Mkarambaki
Mkarambaki
(Swahili),
(Masai).
(Swahili), or Magogo (Masai).
BOTANICAL
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
Dioecious tree
Dioecious
tree 10-20 m
m high
high and
and up
up to
to 1.3
1.3 mm in
in
diameter,
a fluted and
and often
often curved
curved bole,
bole, making
diameter, with
with a
large
to obtain.
obtain .
large dimension
dimension timber difficult to
Inflorescence
Capitula
Capitula small,
small, white,
white, cylindrical,
cylind r ical , in axillary woolly
panicles,
up to
to 2.5am
2 . Scm long
panicles,qp
long..
Male capitula shortly
shortly
pedicellate and
and about 12-flowered;
pedicellate
12-flowered; female
female subsessile
5-flowered.
and about 5-flowered.
Pappus in
in 1 row of scabrid
scabrid
bristles;
flower heads white,
panibristles; flower
white, in small terminal panicles
racemes ; flowers tubular
tubular or
or discoid.
discoid.
cles or
or racemes;
1/Based on
on the
the work
work of
of J.A.Odera
]jBosed
J.A.Odera (Forestry
(F orestry Research
Research
Dept
. , Kenya Agricultural
Aqricul tural Research
Research Institute,Kikuyu,Kenya)
J:nsti tute, Kikuyu, Kenya)
Dept.,Kenva
and t.!s.C.Rabuye(East
~s . C . Kabuye(East African
, National
ana
African Herbarium
Herbarium,
Museums of Kenya,
Kenya, Nairobi,
Nairobi, Kenya).
Kenya).
Museums
__ 164
169
_
Fruit
achene in
in aa white
white capitulum.
capitulum.
Small winged achene
Foliage
Leaves entire or dentate,
dentate, oblanceolate,
to 13
13 em
Leaves
oblanceolate, up to
cm
long and to
to 2.5
2.5 cm
em wide;
wide; grey
grey felty
felty below;
below ; apex
apex acute,
acute ,
long cuneate;
cuneate ; petiole
petiole 1.2
1 . 2 cm
em long.
l ong.
base long
Bark
Bark
Bark grey,
grey, smooth
smooth or
or rough
rough with
with longitudinal
longitudinal cracks.
cracks .
WOOD PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES AND
AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
The
is pale
pale yellow
yellow to
t o pale
pale brown
brown with
with
The timber is
characteristic storeyed
sto reye d structure,
structure, scented
scented somewhat
somewhat
sandalwood, straight-grained
straight-grained with
with conspicuous
conspicuous
like sandalwood,
growth
rings; texture
texture very
fine, even,
strong and
growth rings;
very fine,
even, strong
and
stiff, but failure
failure in
in bending
bending is
is sudden
sudden and
and complete.
complete.
stiff,
It is
is hard but
but works
wo rks and
and turns
turns well
we ll with
with sharp
sharp tools,
tools,
It
takes a
a high polish,
polish, but
but splits
splits easily
easily along
along the
the grain.
grain.
takes
Extremely durable in
in the
the ground
ground and
and sea
sea water.
water.
Used for
for fencing
fencing posts,
posts, flooring
flooring blocks,
blocks, furniture,
furniture,
It is considered aa first
joi n ery and
a n d wood carving.
carving .
first
joinery
class flooring
flo o ring timber
timber and
and an
an excellent
excellent fuel.
fuel.
Basic
specific gravity (even
(even dry
dry weight/green
weight/green volume)
volume) 0.75.
0. 75.
Uses
Other Uses
from the
the wood has
has a
a pleasant
pleasant vetivervetiverOil distilled from
like perfume.
perfume.
-_165
165
-
DISTRIBUTION
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
Coastal area of
of Tanzania and
and Kenya;
Kenya; it
it has
has also
also been
been
recorded in
in Uganda
Uganda and
and Central
Centra l Kenya,
Kenya, Mozambique,Angola,
Mozambique/Angola,
and Transvaal.
Transvaal .
CLI MATE
CLIMATE
Rainfal l from
fr o m around
around 600
600 mm.
mm.
Rainfall
SOILS
Bright
Br
ight red soil
soil
HABITAT
Dominant in
in evergreen
evergreen bush.
bush .
It
is common in
in dry
dry
It is
coastal forests
forests and is
is also
also found
found in
in lowland
lowland dry
dry
forests,
fo r ests , and in
in semi-decidous
semi - decidous dry
dry upland
upland forests
forests
1550-2000
1550
- 2000 m
m above
above sea
sea level.
level.
SEED HANDLING
Easy to germinate.
Easy
SILVICULTURE
Trees are easy to
Trees
to raise
raise in
in plantations.
plantations.
Increment is
is
fast
on average on good
fast on
good soils,
soils , with
with mean
mean annual
annual
rainfall
ra
i nfall from
from 700
700 to
to 1,800
1 , 800 mm.
mm.
STATUS
Endangered..
Endangered
REASONS FOR DECLINE
DECLINE
Settlement and
and cultivation.
cultivation.
demand.
dema
nd .
Its
Its wood is
is in
in great
great
Firewood,
charcoal, fencing
fencing posts
posts and
and wood
wood
Firewood, charcoal,
carving
carv
i ng being the
the chief reasons
reasons for
for removal.
removal.
166
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
MEASURES TAKEN
AND RECOMMENDED
RECOMMENDED
TAKEN AND
forest department
department (Kenya)
(Kenya) has
has planted
planted aa few
few plots
plots
The forest
the coast
coast province.
province . Tight control on exploitation
exploitation
at the
introduced country
country wide.
wide.
has been introduced
Protective Measures
Measures are:
are:
Recommended Protective
1.
l ocal surveys
surveys to
to determine
determine population
population
Detailed local
that conservation
conservation measures
measures can
can be
be taken.
taken.
size so that
2.
An ecological study to
to identify
identify the
the requirements
requirements
brinR it
it into
into more
of the species with the
the aim to
to bring
intensive cultivation.
cultivation .
3.
4.
Reservation of selected
selected blocks
blocks for
for conservation.
conservation .
Provision
Provision of
of alternative
alternative material for wood
carving.
_ 167
167
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Scrota, J.
J.
Borota,
1967
Growth of
of Brachylaena
Brachylaena hutchinsii
!1utchinsii.
The Growth
in Tanzania.
Tanzania. Tanzania SilviculSilviculHutch. in
ture Research Note,
Note, No.
No.3
May 1967.
1967.
3 May
Brenan,J .P.M. &&
Brenan,J.P.M.
P.J.Greenway
lists of the
the Forest
Forest Trees
Trees and
and
Check lists
Shrubs
the British
British Empire,
Empire,
Shrubs of the
Tanganyika Territory, No.
No.5,
5, Part
Part II.
II.
Imperial Forestry
Forestry Institute,
Institute, Oxford.
Oxford.
1949
1949
B.M.
Bryce, B.M.
1967
1967
commercial Timber
Timber of
of Tanzania.
Tanzania.
The commercial
United
Tanzania, Tanzania
United Republic of Tanzania,
Food
Division, Utilization
Utilization Section,
Section,
Food Division,
Moshi.
Chudnoff, M.
M.
1960
1980
of the
the World.
World. U.S.
U.S.
Tropical Timbers of
Department of Commerce,
Commerce, National
Information Service.
Service .
Technical Information
Dale,
l.R. &
Dale, I.R.
&
Greenway,
P.J.
Greenway, P.J.
1961
1961
Kenya
Shrubs.
Kenya Trees && Shrubs.
London.
Eggeling, J.W.
&
Eggeling,
J.W. &
Dale,
I.R.
Dale, I.R.
1951
1951
The Indigenous
Indigenous Trees
Trees of
of the
the Uganda
uganda
Crown Agents for
Protectorate. Crown
for the
the
Colonies, Millbank, London.
Colonies,
London.
Hatchards..
flatchards
_ 168
168 __
1/
Caesalpinia
Caesalpinia dalei
Brenan && Gillet
SYNONYMS
Caesalpini_~
Caesalpinia
~ nov.
nov . in
in Dale
Dale && Greenway.
Greenway.
sp.
Although
seeds of
o f this
this species
species have
have yet
yet
Although fruits and seeds
to
it almost certainly belongs in
in the
the
to be
be collected
collected it
genus Caesalpinia.
Its
the genus
genus
Its position
position within the
however is distinctly isolated
isolated among the
the african
african
spec
ies.
species.
FAMILY
Leguminosae
subfam. Caesalpinioideae
Leguminosae subfam.
VERNACULAR NAMES
None recorded
None
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
A small
small thornless
tho rnless tree
tree or
or treelet
treelet up
up to
to 10
10 mm tall;
tall;
A
crown
at the
the base,
base,
crown spreading;
spreading; bole buttressed at
somewhat corrugated.
co rrugate d.
Young branchlets
branch lets clothed
clothed with
with
short, velvety,
velvety, dark brown indumentum,
aa short,
indumentum, composed
composed of
of
a
a mixture of
of glands
glands and
and hairs.
hairs.
Inflorescence
Inflorescence
Racemes
lateral branches
branches 22 -- 88 cm
em
Racemes terminal
terminal on main or lateral
long, simple,
clothed in
in aa short
short velvety
velvety
long,
simple, very densely clothed
indumentum like
like the
the young
young stems,
stems, bracts
bracts
dark brown indumentum
1/Based on the
!/Based
the work of
of J.A.Odera
J. A.Odera (Forestry
(Forestry Research
Research
Dept.,Kenya
Research Institute,
Institute, Kikuyu,
Kikuyu,
Dept.,Kenya Agricultural Research
Kenya) and Ms.C.Kabuye(East
t-1S . C. Kabuye (East African
African Herbarium,
Herbariun,
Kenya)
National
Museums of Kenya,
Nationa
l ~useums
Kenya, Nairobi,
Nairobi, Kenya).
Kenya).
_ 169
169 __
-
long; pedicels
pedicels 44 - 11 mm;
mm; sepals
sepals 5.5
5.5 -- 66 mm
mm long,
long ,
1 mm long;
especially outside.
outside.
Petals briaht
bright yellow,
yellow,
brown-velvety especially
the
the upper one with
with brown
brown spots,
spots , narrowly
narrowly obovateobovatespathu l ate, 99 - 10
10 mm
mm long,
long, 33 -- 4
4 mm wide;
wide; the
the upper
upper
spathulate,
apex of
claw , but without
petal bent upwards at apex
of claw,
without aa
transverse projection
projection on
on inner
in ner side.
side.
Anthers
glabrous,
glabrous, ovary and
and lower
lower part
part of
of style
sty le densely
densely
covered with brown
brown glands
glands and
and pubescence.
pubescence .
Fruit
Fruit and seeds
seeds unknown.
unknown.
Foliage
Leaf-petiole
Lea
f -petiole with
with rachis
ra chis 1.5
1.5 - 10 cm
em long,
long, stipels
stipels
absent, pinnae 1-3 pairs,
absent,
pairs, 1-8 cm
em
long; leaflets
long;
(2-)3-4
pairs per
per pinna,
pinna, elliptic or narrowly
(2
- )3-4 pairs
elliptic, slightly obliquely rhombic,
cm
elliptic,
rhombic, 1.2
1.2 - 8.2
8.2 em
long 0.6 -- 33 cm
em wide,
wide, obtuse
obtuse at
at apex,
apex , glabrous
glabrous except
except
long
for inconspicuous pubescence on
for
on midrib
midrib beneath and
for sessile reddish
reddish peltate
peltate glands
glands scattered
scattered on
on lower
lower
for
surface;
Venat ion raised
r aised and
and reticulate
reticulate on
on both
both
surface; venation
surfaces.
Bark
Smooth and grey
grey
WOOD PROPERTIES AND
AND PRODUCTS
PRODUC TS
Hard
DISTRIBUTION
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
(1) Kwale
Mwachi
Kenya: (1)
Kwale District at Mwachi
(2) Kilifi
- Mbwaka
Mbwaka "Kaya"
"Kaya" forest.
forest .
(2)
Kilifi District -
- 170
170 --
So far
far only
only these
these 22 sites
sites have
have been
been recorded.
recorded.
So
Repeated
searches
the tree
tree elsewhere and
a~d it
it
searches have
have failed
failed to locate the
is
extinct.
is perhaps
perhaps otherwise extinct.
CL
IMATE
CLIMATE
Coastal
forest
Coastal dry,
dry, evergreen forest
SOILS
Sandy,
gley, or on red
red soil over
over limestone
limestone
Sandy, gley,
HABITAT
Evergreen forest
forest and
and in
in aa wooded
wooded gully;
gully; 150
150 m.
m.
SILVICULTURE
There is
is no record of cultivation
cultivation of
of this
this species
species
and
rrence of its
its seeds
seeds is
is unknown.
unknown.
and occu
occurrence
STATUS
Endangered - a few
few trees
trees were
were growing
growing near
near the
the
railway
Mwanchi: 1936.
1936.
railway at Mwanchi:
again in
in 1978
1978 at
at Mbwaka
Mhwaka 'Kaya'
'Kaya ' forest
forest and
and
Collected again
in
(Hawthorne, pers.
pers. comm.)
camm.)
in 1981 (Hawthorne,
Only a
Only
a very small
small population of
of this
this species
species is
is known
known
to exist
exist where
where it is likely
to
likely to
to be
be critically
critically endangered.
~ndangered .
Its
Its area
area of distribution is
is very
very small,
small , the
the forest
forest
in which
this tree grows is
is becoming
becoming depleted
depleted each
each
in
which this
year giving way to
to human
human settlement.
settlement .
REASONS FOR DECLINE
Intensive agricultural cultivation.
Intensive
cultivation.
171
171
PROTECTIVE
RECOMMENDED
PROTECTIVE MEASURES RECOMMENDED
No protective measures are
are recorded
recorded to
to have
have been
been taken.
taken.
1.
The Kaya
Kaya forests
forests in
in Kilifi
Kilifi and
and Kwale
Kwale districts
districts
should be preserved as
as nature
nature reserves
reserves or
o r national
national
Today,1985,
monuments .
Today,
1985, some
some Kayas are still held
monuments.
as
as sacred forest
forest stands
stands by
by the
the local
local people.
people.
But
Kayas have
have been
been plundered
plundered for
for wood
wood
the majority of Kayas
opened by
by cultivation.
cultivation.
and many opened
2.
local surveys
surveys of
of existing sites are
Detailed local
needed, in particular
particular to
to assess
assess the
the number
number of
of
needed,
each site,
site, so
so that
that
remaining individuals on each
meas ures can
can be
be formulated.
formulated.
protective measures
3.
research should
should be
be done,
done , to
to bring
bring the
the
Further research
into cultivation.
cultivation.
species into
- 172
172 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Brenan, J.P.M.
J.P.M.
Brenan,
1963
Brenan , J.P.M.
Bret-Ian,
J.P.M.
1967
Dale , I.R.
I.R. and
Dale,
Greenway P.J.
P.J.
1961
1961
Notes on African Caesalpinioideae.
Notes
Caesalpinioide~e.
Kew Bulletin 17
17 (2):
19i1-9.
(2): 198-9.
Lpquminosae
Caesal~i ­
Leguminosae subfamily Caesalpinioidp.ae
1n Milne-Redhead,
Milne - Redhead , E.
E. and
and
nioideae in
Polhill, R.M.
R.M. (eds.),
(eds.) I Flora of
of
Tropical East Africa,Crown
Africa,Crown Agents,
Agents,
London.
Kenya
and Shrubs.
Shrubs .
Kenya Trees and
London 1961.
1961.
Hatchards,
--173
173 -
1/
1/
fissilis Vell.
Vell.Cedrela fissilis
SYNONYMS
Cedrela brasiliensis A.
A. Juss.
Juss.
C.
Bert. (1918)
(1918)
C. tubiflora Bert.
(1829)
(1829)
c.
Ducke (1922)
(1922)
C. macrocarpa Ducke
FAfHLY
FAMILY
Meliaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
Cedro
(throughout S.America); Cedro
Cedro colorado,
colorado, Cedro
Cedro
Cedro (throughout
misionero,
rosado, Cedro
Cedro blanco
blanco (Argentina),
(Argentina),
misionero, Cedro rosado,
Cedro branco,
branco, Cedro
Cedro diamantina,
diamantina, Cedro
Cedro rosa
rosa (Brazil).
(Brazil).
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
A deciduous tree
tree up
up to
to 30
30 mm high
high (40
(40 mm also
also recorded),
recorded),
A
with a
a straight cylindrical
cylindrical bole
bole and
and rounded
rounded crown.
crown.
Inflorescence
A very large,
large, much-branched panicle
panicle 60-80
60-80 (-95)
(-95) cm
em long.
long.
Flowers greenish-white
greenish-white, sometimes with aa pinkish
F!O\oJers
pinkish tinge,
tinge,
I
scented;
and female
female flowers
flowers very
very
scented; monoeciolls,
monoecious, but male and
similar;
5, small;
small; stamens
stamens 5,
5 , free.
free.
similar; sepals
sepals and petals 5,
Ovary
each
Ovaxy (in
(infemale
femaleflowers)
flowers) globose,
globose, with
with 55 locules, each
with numerous ovules.
ovules.
1/
!!
Based on
on the
the work
work of
of B.T.Styles,
Based
B.T.Styles, (Oxford
(Oxford
Forestry Institute,
Institute, University
University of
of Oxford.
Oxford.
OXl
0X1 3RB
3RB England).
_174
_
Foliage
very large,
large , from
from 25-80
25 - 80 (-120)
(-120) cm
c~ long,
long, paripinparipinLeaves very
nate,
densely tomentose
tomentose or
or very
very shortly
shortly pubescent;
pubescent;
leaflets
12 - 18 pairs,
pairs, generally sessile or
or
leaflets numerous
numerous,, 12-18
subsessile or rarely with a short petiolule;
subsessile
petiolule; broadly
lanceolate
- lanceolate to
to ovate-lanceolate,
ovate - lanceolate,
lanceolate,, oblong
oblong-lanceolate
19
- 15 (-20)
(- 20) em
3- 5 cm
em broad.
broad .
cm and 3-5
19-15
Fruit
An
to ovoid,
ovoid, rarely
rarely pear-shaped,pendulous
pear-shaped,pendulous
An oblong to
55-valved
- va l ved capsule;
capsule; from 4.5-8.5
4 . 5-8.5 (-11)
(-11) cm
cm long,
lonq, valves
valves
4 - 6 mm
nun thick,
thick , woody;
woody; dark
dark brown
brown or
or brownish-black,
b r m,.,nish-black,
4-6
ssurface
urface rough
rough with
with raised
raised lenticels.
lent i cels . Columella with
with
55 broad wings.
wings.
chestnut - b r own, 2.5-4.5
2.5-4.5 cm
cm
Seeds dark chestnut-brown,
lo
n g , (including
(including the
the wing),
from 30-50
30- 50 per
per capsule.
capsule.
long,
wing), from
Flowers appear
appear from October to
Flowers
to February,
Februa r y , fruits
fruits mature
matu r e
99-10
- 10 months later.
later .
Bark
Bark
is very similar to that of C.
f . odorata.
odorata .
Bark is
All parts
parts
similarly smell
similarly
smell of
of garlic when crushed.
crushed.
~100D PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES AND
AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
WOOD
This tree
This
tree produces
produces a
a dark reddish
reddish timber,
timber , but
but which
which
lacks
. odo r ata
lacks the scent of C
C.odorata
Locally it is
i s used for
for
gene
ra l carpentry,
carpentry , furniture
fu r niture and cabinet-making.
cabinet - making .
general
IItt
is
is cclaimed
l aimed that it is
is less
less susceptible
susceptible to
to Hypsipyla
Hypsipyla
attack.
attack.
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
Now
spar5e distribution
distribution from
from Costa
Costa
Now very
very scattered and sparse
Rica to
to Argentina.
Argentina .
175
__ 175
_
CLIMATE
CLI MATE
Tropical moist
SOILS
In
the tree occurs on
on well-drained
wel 'l-drained soils
soils (terra
(terra
In Brazil
Brazil the
firme),
is as common as C.
C. odorata.
firme), but
but nowhere it is
it also
also thrives
thrives best
best on
on more
more
Like the latter species it
fertile
is aa strong
strong light
light demander.
demander.
fertile sites,
sites, and is
HABITAT
Particularly in lowland
lowland rain
rain forest
forest up
up to
to 800
800 mm a.s.l.
a.s.l.
SEED HANDLING
for C.
C . odorata
As for
SILVICULTURE
for C.
C . odorata
As for
STATUS
phenotypes of
of many
many provenances
provenances have
have mostly
mostly
The best phenotypes
disappeared,
although the
the species
species as
as aa whole
whole is
is not
not
disappearcd,although
under threat.
threa t.
REASONS FOR DECLINE
REASONS
Over - exploitation of the
the best stands
stands by logging
logging
Over-exploitation
It is now a
a rare
rare tree
tree in
in lowland
lowland
It
contractors.
In
In other areas only trees
trees of
of poor
poor form
form
Amazonia.
survive. The
species as
as a
a whole
is suffering
su fferin g from
from
The species
whole is
severe
erosion .
severe genetic erosion.
_ 176
176 _
_
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN
A
few superior populations
populations from
from Brazil
Brazil have
have been
been
A few
included in
included
in both of the provenance trials
trials organized
Forestry Institute,
Institute, Oxford.
Oxford.
by the Oxford Forestry
These
These have
as ex
ex situ
situ experiments
experiments in
in
already been established as
various parts
parts of
of the
the tropics.
tropics.
Their performance is
is
being assessed at
at the
the present
present time.
time .
-
177 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
J . &&
Burley, J.
A.F.A .
Lamb, A.F.A.
1971
1971
Status
the C.F.I.
C.F.I . International
International
Status of the
trial of
of Cedrela
Cedrela odorata
odorata
provenance trial
( including C.
and C.tubiflora).
C.tubifloral .
(including
C. mexicana and
Chaplin, G.E.
G.E.
1980
1980
Progress with provenance
provenance exploration
exploration
Progress
and seed collection of
of Cedrela
Cedrela spp.
spp.
Forestry Institute,
Institute,
Commonwealth Forestry
England. 17
17 pp.
pp.
Oxford, England.
FAO
1971
Silvicultural Research
Research in
in the
the Amazon,
Amazon,
on the
the work
work of
of L.C.Dubois.
L.C.Dubois.
based on
Report 3.
3. FO:SF/BRA
FO:SF/BRA 44
FAO Technical Report
p . 128-129.
128-129.
p.
Smith,
C .E.
Smith, C.E.
1960
1960
Styles, B.T.
Styles.
B. T. in
in
Pennington,T.D.&
B.T.
Styles, B.T.
1981
1981
Comm.
For Rev.
Rev. 50(3):
50(3), 234-7.
234 -7~
Comm. For
A revision
revision of
of Cedrela
Cedrela (Meliaceae).
(Meliaceae) .
A
Fie1diana (Botany).
(Botany). 29
29 (5):
(5), 295-341.
295-341.
Fieldiana
Cedrela in
in Flora
Flora Neotropica,
Neotropica,
No. 28.
28. 361-367
361 -3 67 p.
p.
Monograph No.
178
178_
1/
1/
Cedrela odorata
odorata L.
L.-
SYNONYMS
(Selected)
guianensis A.
A . Juss.
Juss .
Cedrela guianensis
(1830)
(1830)
c. paraguariensis Martius
Martiu5 (1837)
(1837)
C.
c. mexicana M.J.
M.J. Roen.
Roem. (1846)
(1846)
C.
C. occidentalis
occidentalis C.DC.
C.DC,
Rose (1899)
(1899)
and Rose
C.
C.
sintenisii C.DC.
C.DC. (1907)
(1907)
C. sintenisii
FAMILY
Meliaceae
NAMES
VERNACULAR NAMES
Cedro (throughOut
(throughout Latin America and the
the Caribbean),
Caribbean) ,
Cedro rojo
raja (Belize,
(Belize, Venezuela,
Venezuela, Mexico);
Mexico); Cedro real
real
(Nicaragua
colorado (Peru,
(Nicaragua and
and El
El Salvador);
Salvador); Cedro
Cedro colorado(Peru,
Venezuela); Cedro hembra,
hembra, Cedro cubano (Cuba);
(Cuba); Acajou
Acajou
Venezuela);
(French speaking
speaking countries)
countries);
Cedar, cigarbox cedar,
(French
i Cedar,
red
(English).
red cedar (English).
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
A deciduous tree
tree with a rounded
rounded crown
crown of several
several
large, arching
arching branches
branches,I normally
large,
normally up to 35m;
35 m;
exceptional heights
heights of
of 50-60
50 - 60 mm have
have been
been recorded.
recorded.
Bole up to 1.5
1.5 m
m diameter,
diameter , sometimes
sometimes with low,
low,
up to
to lm
1m high.
high.
blunt buttresses up
1/ Based
Based
11
-
on the
the work
work of
of B
B.T.Styles
on
. T.Styles (Oxford
( Oxford Forestry
Fo r estry
Institute,
Oxford , 0X1
OXl 3RD).
3RD).
Institute, University of Oxford,
_ 179
179 _
Inflorescence
A large,
large, much branched
branched panicle,
panicle , 20-40
20-4 0 cm
em long.
long. Flowers
Flowers
A
greenish, monoecious,
monoeciolls, but
but male
male and
and female
female
white or greenish,
flowers very smilar;
sm il ar; sepals
sepals and petals small;
small; stamens
stamens
flowers
5 , free;
free; ovary (in
(in female
female flowers)
flowers) globose,
globose, with 55
5,
locules, each
each with numerous
numerous ovules.
ovules.
locules,
Foliage
Foliage
Leaves generally between
between 30-60
30- 60 cm
em long;
long; imparipinnate;
imparipinnate;
leaflets sessile or
or with
with aa short petiolule;
pet i olule; in
in
66-12
-12 ~
pairs; ovate-lanceolate
ovate- l anceolate to
to oblonaoblonq± opposite pairs;
lanceolate; glabrous or with short hairs on the
the midrib
midrib
lanceolate;
beneath
7-15 cm
em long
long and
and 3-5.0
3- 5.0 cm
em broad.
broad.
beneath,, 7-15
Fruit
ob l ong - ell ips o id to
to ovoid,pendulous,
ovo id, pendulous , 5-valved
5-va lved
An oblong-ellipsoid
capsule
2-3.5 (-4.0)
( - 4.0) cm
em long,
long, dehiscing from
from the
the apex;
apex ;
capsule 2-3.5
valves thinly
thinly woody.
woody.
Columella with 55 broad
broad wings.
wings.
Seeds
light brown
brown 2-3
2 - 3 cm
em long
long (including
(including the
the wing)
wing) from
from
Seeds light
30-40 per
per capsule.
capsule.
mature in
in March
March to
to May,
May,
Fruits mature
aalmost
lmost a
a year after
after the
the tree
tree flowers.
flowers .
Bark
Bark
characteristic, greyish-brown
greyish - brown to
to grey-black,
grey- black ,
Bark very characteristic,
regu
l arly and even
l y furrowed
furrowed or fissured
fissured longitudilong i tudi regularly
evenly
nally;
nally; all
a ll parts
parts of tree
tree strongly
strongl y smell
smell of
of garlic
gar lic when
when
cut or crushed.
c r ushed .
WOOD
\'1000 PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES AND
AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
C.
C. odorata provides
provides the
the famous
famous Spanish
Spa n ish cedar
cedar of
of
commerce which has been
been widely
widely used
used for
for all
al l types
types of
of
in clud ing cabinet
cabinet making.
making .
It
the
joinery including
It is
is still the
prefe rr ed wood for
for the
the manufacture of
of cigar
cig a r boxes.
bo xes.
preferred
The
--180
180
-
timber is
is light-weiaht,
light-weight, pinkish in
in colour
colou r and very
timber
fragrant
fragrant..
The rapid growth of the tree and its
its good
goed
form
in some
some
form make
make it
it an
an excellent plantation
plantation subject
subject in
countries .
old world countries.
Other Uses
Uses
In
as a
a shade
shade tree
tree over
over coffee.
coffee .
In some
some areas used as
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
This
from Sinaloa
Sinaloa
This species has an enormous distribution from
in
to Chiapas
the south
in northern
northern Mexico
Mexico to
Chiapas in
in the
south and on
on the
subtropical atlantic coast from
from Nuevo León
Leon to
to Yucatán.
Yucatan.
subtropical
Throughout lowland Central America and South America
as
far south as
as northern
northern Argentina
Argentina (Misiones).
(Misiones) .
as far
Also
on
the Caribbean
Caribbean islands.
islands.
on most of the
CLIMATE
a rainfall
rainfall of 22 000 mm
mrn -It survives
survives in wet areas with a
33 000
. a. and
in semi-arid
semi - arid regions
regions with
000 mm
mm pp.a.
and in
with precipita-
tion as low
low as
as 600
600 mm.
mm .
SOILS
the richer
richer well-drained
well-drained soils.
soils .
Preferring the
HABITAT
a major constituent of both
both dry
dry and
and moist
moist
Formerly a
lowland
forest, up
up to
to 11 200
200 mm alt.
alt.
lowland decidous forest,
is
It is
a pioneer species
species and
and aa strong
strong light
light demander,
demander,
a
fast growing
growing tree
tree in
in secondary
secondary forest
forest
appearing as aa fast
or on
on abandoned pastures and
and agricultural
agricultural land.
land .
- 181
1 81 --
SEED
SEED HANDLING
of fresh
fresh seed
seed is
is quick
quick and
and easy.
easy .
Germination of
Seed
after 44 years
years and
and maintained
maintained under
under refrigerarefrigeracollected after
shows aa high
high percentage
percentage of
of viability.
viability.
tor still shows
SILVICULTURE
Polypots , stumps
stumps and
and striplings
striplings are
are best
best used
used for
for
Polypots,
planting directly
directly into
into the
the field.
field.
Mixed plantations
of conifers and
and Cedrela spp.
spp . are
are also
also recommended
recommended for
for
rainforest sites.
sites.
rainforest
STATUS
Not endangered as
as a
a species,
species, though
though provenances
provenances with
the best trees
trees have
have mostly been
been lost
lost through
through overDverthe
eexploitation
x ploitation
(dysgenic
In
(dysgenic selection)
selection)..
In some
some parts of
the range it
it is
is now
now aa rare
rare tree
tree (Amazonia).
(Amazonia). Large
Large
trees of good
good form
form only
only occur
occur in
in inaccessible
inaccessible areas.
areas .
trees
REASONS
REASONS FOR DECLINE
Over - exploitation of
of the
the best
best phenotypes
phenotypes through
through
Over-exploitation
logging and
and 'creaming'
' creaming ' of the
the natural
natural forest
forest
selective logging
clearin9 of
of lowland
lowland forest.
forest .
besides clearina
crops
Plantation crops
have
failed because of the
the depredations
depredations
have frequently failed
of the shoot
shoot borer
borer Hvpsipyla.
Hvpsipyla .
PROTECTIVE ~IEASURES
MEASURES TAI(EN
TAKEN
The
The O.F
O.F.I.
. I . Oxford has
has organised two
two separate
separate sets
sets of
of
research trials where seed of provenances
provenances of
of the
the
species has been collected
collected from
from a
a limited
limited part
part of
of
the natural range
range and
and which is
is being grown
grown on
on in
in
and ex situ
situ sites
sites throughout
throughout the
the tropics.
tropics.
Hypsipyla
grandella however attacks
attacks all trees
trees in
in the
the Neotropics.
Neotropics .
_182
182
Some seed is
is still available from
from O.F.I.
O.F.I. free
free of charge
Some
for
to establish aa trial
trial Or
or
for anyone
any one wishing to
conservation stands.
stands.
_183
_
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chaplin, G.E.
G.E.
1980
1980
Progress with
with provenance
provenance exploration
exploration
Proaress
and seed
seed collection
collection of
of Cedrela
Cedrela spp.
spp.
Comm.
CO~. Forestry
Forestry Institute,
Institute, University
University
of Oxford.
Oxford . 17
17 p.
p.
Smith C.E.
C.E.
Earle Smith
1960
1960
A
A revision
revision of
of the
the genus
genus Cedrela.
Cedrela .
Fie1diana
(Botany) 29(5):
29 (5):295
- 341
Fieldiana (Botany)
295-341
(1960)
(1960)..
Lamb , A.F.A.
A.LA.
Lamb,
1968
timber Trees
Trees of
of The
The
Fast-growing timber
Lowland Tropics
Tropics No.
No. 2
2 Cedrela odorata.
odorata.
Lowland
Camm. Forestry
Forestry Institute,
Institute, University
University
Comm.
of Oxford.
Oxford . 46
46 p.
p.
Styles, B.T.
B.T.
1972
The floral
floral biology of Meliaceae and
and
its
on tree
tree breeding.
breeding .
its bearing on
174-182.
Genetica 21:
21: 174-182.
Silvae Genetica
Sty les lB.
T. in
in
Styles,
B.T.
T.D.Pennington &&
B . T.Sty1es
B.T.Styles
1981
1981
Cedrela odorata,
odorata, in
in Meliaceae,
Meliaceae, Flora
Flora
Neotropica, Monograph
Monograph 28:
28: 374-379.
374-379.
Neotropica,
- 184
184 --
Cedrus
Cedrus libani
libani A.
A. Rich.!/
Rich.
SYNONYMS
cedrus L.
L. (1753)
Pinus cedrus
libanensi Juss.
Juss. ex
ex Mirb.
Mirb.
Cedrus libanensi
(1805)
patula K.Koch
K.Koch (1853)
(1853)
Cedrus patula
libanitica Trew
Trew ex
ex Pilger
Pilger (1926)
(1926)
Cedrus libanitica
libanitica subsp.
subsp. stenocoma
stenocoma 0.Schw.
O.Schw. (1944)
(1944)
Cedrus libanitica
FAMILY
Pinaceae
Pinaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
Sedir (Turkey);
(Turkey); Lebanon
Lebanon Cedar
Cedar (English);
(English);
,
Cedre
(French speaking
speaking countries)
countries)
Cedre du Liban (French
BOTANICAL
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
General
A majestic tree,
tree, 20-35
20 - 35 mm high,
high, with
with aa massive
massive trunk
trunk
5-8
in girth.
girth.
5-8 m
m or more in
Branches of young
young tree
tree often
often
erect
leading shoot usually
usually drooping
erect or
or ascending,
ascending, the
the leading
drooping
or bent at the
the tip.
tip.
Trunks of
of old
old trees
often divided
divided
Trunks
trees often
into
stout, erect branches;
branches; side
side branches
branches
into several stout,
horizontal,, sometimes
sometimes extending
extending for
horizontal
for a
a considerable
considerable
distance from
from the
the trunk.
trunk.
Branchlets numerous
numerous and
and
spreading so as
as to form
form a
a wide,
wide, table-like
tab l e-like surface.
surface.
~/
1/
FAa
of R.Morandini,
FAO acknowledges the assistance of
Instituto Sperimentale
Sperimentale per la Selvicoltura, Viale
Instituto
Viale S.
5.
Margherita
80- 82, I
I - S2100,
52100, Arezzo,
Arezzo, Italy.
Italy.
Margherita 80-82,
-- 185 -
Fruit
Fruit
Cones
barrel-shaped, 7.0-11.0 cm
em long;
long; 4.5
4.5 Cones ovoid to barrel-shaped,
6.5 em
scales up to 15
15 mm wide
about 1.2
1.2 cm
em
6.5
cm wide;
wide; scales
wide,, seed about
long, seed
seed and wing
wing together
long,
together 2.5
2.5 -- 2.8
2.8 cm
em long;
long; wing
wing
wedge-shaped.
Foliage
Leaves
10-4 0 mm long,
long, green
green or
or glaucous,
glaucous , needle-like,
needle-like,
Leaves 10-40
frequently with silvery
silvery stomatal
stomatal lines,
lines, somewhat
somewhat
frequentiv
flattened,
flattened, acute.
acute .
WOOD PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
The oily,
oily, sweet-scented wood is
is very
very durable
durable and
and has
has
The
a valuable source
source of timber
timber (King
(King Solomon's
Solomon ' s
been a
Temple) .
Temple).
Other Uses
plantings
Ornamental plantings
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
NATURAL
In
it grows
in the Lebanon
Lebanon mountains
mountains at
In Syria
Syria it
grows in
elevations as hiah
high as 33 400
400 m,
m, and
and in
in the
the Kedisha
Kedisha
valley , at
at approximately
approximately 22 000
000 m.
m.
valley,
in Turkey
Turkey in
in
Also in
the
ran ges , from
from 11 000-2
000 - 2 000
000 m.
m.
the Taurus
Taurus and Anti-Taurus ranges,
CLIMATE
cold, mediterranean or
or temperate
temperate cold
cold
Continental cold,
climate
rainfall.
climate with winter rainfall.
is an adaptive
adaptive
It is
species
ot withstand high atmospheric
species but
but does
does nnot
humidity.
It
frost resistant.
resistant.
It has
has proved very frost
-- 186 --
HABITAT
Dominant tree
tree or
or in
in mixed
mixed forest.
forest.
SEED HANDLING
Germination normally
normally around
around 45%.
45 %. The cones may be
be
by soaking
soaking them
them for
for 48
48 hours
hours in
in warm
warm water.
water .
opened by
After the
the scales are dry,
dry , they
they can be put throuah
throu9 h a
screen
- covered sieve to
to remove
remove the
the seed.
seed.
screen-covered
keeps
Seed keeps
its
for at least
least 4-5
4-5 months
months in
in ordinary
ordinary
its vitality for
storage conditions.
conditions.
pre - treatment is
is needed
needed as
as
No pre-treatment
is quick
quick (3-5
(3 - 5 weeks).
weeks), 10-15
10- 15 000/kg.
DOD/kg.
the germination is
SILVICULTURE
In
found necessary
In Lebanon
Lebanon it
it has
has been
been found
necessary to
to establish
terraces and do
do soil
soil preparation.
preparation.
STATUS
In
found in
in seven
In Lebanon
Lebanon natural
natural stands
stands are
are found
seven different
localities
(Ehden , 140 ha;
ha; Tannourine and
and Hadeth,
Hadeth,
localities (Ehden,
85
ha: Ain Zahalta,
Zahalta , 40
40 ha;
ha; Jabal
Jabal
85 ha;
ha; Barrouk,
Barrouk, 40 ha;
Quammoa , 30
30 ha;
ha; Bcharre
Bcharre 77 ha;
ha; Jaje,
Jaje, 2 ha).
ha) .
Quammoa,
Total
Total
area:
344 ha.
ha.
area: 344
In Turkey extensive natural stands are found
found on the
the
Taurus mountains.
mountains.
regeneration is
is often
Natural regeneration
and vigorous.
vigorous.
very abundant and
REASONS FOR DECLINE
DECLINE
grazing, especially in
in Lebanon,
Lebanon , has
Exploitation and grazing,
a major problem because it
it destroys the
the natural
natural
been a
regeneration.
regeneration.
-- 187 --
PROTECTIVE
MEASURESTAKEN
TAKENAND
ANDRECONIMENDED
RECO~~ENDED
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
the Government
Government has
has forbidden
forbidden the
the felling
felling
In Lebanon the
of
trees in the
the natural stands.
stands.
of trees
A
A
large
large reforestation
scheme,
c. libani,
libani, has also
als o been
bee n
scheme, which
which will
will include C.
planned.
planned.
In Turkey some old stands
stands are
are protected
protected as
as natural
natural
In
reserves .
reserves.
- 188
188 --
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anon.
lihani Bar.
Bar. FAO Forestry
Notes on Cedrus
Cedrus libani
Library.
Dal Jimore:,\v.&
Dallimore,W.&
Jackson,A.Bruce
Jackson, A. Bruce
1966
A Handbook of Coniferae
Coni ferae && Ginkgoaceae.
Ginkgoaceae.
A
Revised S.G.
S.G. Harrison,
Harrison, Edward Arnold
Revised
(Publishers) Ltd.,
Ltd., London.
London.
(Publishers)
Heit,L .E.
Heit,L.E.
1968
for seed,in
seed ,in American
Ar'rerican Nurseryman
Propagation for
Davis P.H.
P.H.
1965
Flora of
Turkey Vol.
of Turkey
Vol. I.
I.
University Press.
Press .
Edinburgh, University
Paule,L.
Paule
,L.
Zedernwalder Libanons.
Libanons.
Der Zustand der Zedernwalder
Arch.
Landschaftsforsch . ,
Arch. Naturschutz u. Landschaftsforsch.,
1975
Vol. CXXVIII,
CXXVIII, No.
No.66..
Vol.
Berlin, 15:
15: 265-270.
265 -270.
Berlin,
-- 189 --
ll
japonicum Sieb.et
Sieb.et zucc.
Cercidiphyllum japonicum
Zucc.1/
thp
The genus Cercidiphyllum was widely distributed in the
northern hemisphere during
during Upper Cretaceous and
Tertiary period,
period, but nowadays is
is known
known only from
from Eastern
Asia,
in Japan and a
a variety
variety (Cercidi(Cercidi Asia, with 22 species in
phyllum japonicum
japonicum var.
var. sinense
sinense Rehd.
Rehd. and
and Wils.)
Wils.) in
in
phyllum
China.
FAMILY
Cercidiphyllaceae
Cercidiphyllaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
Tree
Katsura Tree
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
A huge deciduous tree
tree up
up to
to 30
30 m
m in
in height
height and
and 22 m
m in
in
A
diameter; branchlets
branchlets dull brown,
brown, with
with numerous
numerous
diameter;
transverse lenticels;
lenticelsi shoots
shoots reddish
reddish with
prominent transverse
greyish lenticels.
lenticels.
Winter-buds purplish-red,
purplish - red,
small greyish
scales; the
the terminal
terminal bud
bud absent,
absent, the
the
covered by 33 scales;
in the
the next
next
shoot branching pseudo-dichotomously in
season.
season.
Inflorescence
in May
May before
before it
it
Flowers in
leafs;
leafs; dioecious,
dioecious, developing
from
terminal buds
buds on
on dwarf-shoots;
dwarf-shoots;
from axillary or terminal
absent.
perianth absent.
11
1/
inflorescences nearly
nearly
Staminate inflorescences
FAD
of Pan
Pan Chih
Chih Kang.
Kang.
FAO acknowledge the assistance of
The
Arboretum, Chinese Academy of Forestry,
Forestry,
The Arboretum,
China.
Beijing, China.
- 190 -190
sessile, composed of
of 2-4
2-4 bracts
bracts and
and 15-35
15 - 35 stamens;
stamens;
sessile,
anthers
red, linear,
linear, apiculate by the prol
o ngation
anthers red,
prolongation
the connective.
of
Pistillate inflorescences
inflorescences pedicelled,
pedicel led,
consisting of 2-6 carpels,
carpels, each subtended
subtended by a
a bract;
bract;
ovary fusiform,
fusiform, cylindrical,
cylindrical, dark green,
green, with an
an
extrorse ventral suture;
suture; style
style elongated,
elongated, stigmatic
s t igmatic
only on the
the outer
outer dark,
dark, scarlet
scarlet surface.
surface.
Fruit
Pollicles 2-6 in a
a stalked cluster,
cluster, ripening
ripening dark
dark
Follicles
brownish
grey in October,
October, with a
a 2-layered
2-1ayered pericarp,
pericarp,
brownish grey
dehiscent
seeds ,
dehiscent and exposing numerous winged seeds,
in 22 rows.
rows.
imbricated in
Foliage
Leaves on long
long shoots
shoots opposite
opposite or
or subopposite,
subopposite , ovate
ovate or
or
less acutish
acutish apex;
apex;
with aa more or less
leaves
leaves on
on dwarf-shoots
dwarf-shoots solitary,
solitary, obtuse
obtuse or
or nearly
OVnte-orbicular,
ovate-orbicular,
the apex;
apex; blade crenulate with glandular
rounded at the
tips on
on the margin,
glabrous, palmately 7-nerved
7-nerved
tips
margin, glabrous,
with
veinlets.
with anastomosing veinlets.
Bark
Bark
Bark
dark - greyish brown,
brown, deeply
deeply furrowed,
furrowed, separating
separating
Bark dark-greyish
into flakes.
flakes .
PROPERT I ES AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
WOOD PROPERTIES
The katsura-tree
katsura - tree is one of the
the most
most important
important trees
trees
producing valuable timber
timber in
in Japan.
Japan .
The
The wood which
i s light
l ight and soft and fine
fine grained,
grained, is
is largely
largely used
used
is
for the
the interior finish
f i nish of buildings,
build i ngs , furnitures,
furnitures ,
for
cabinet
- works etc.
etc.
cabinet-works
gravity: 0.51-0.63.
0.51 - 0.63.
Specific gravity:
- 191
-1_91.
-
Uses
Other Uses
In
some places used
used as
as an
an ornament.
ornament .
In some
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
in the
the northern
northern part
part of
of Japan;
Japan; with
with aa scattered
scattered
Mostly in
In
China
the
throughout the
the southern
southern part.
part.
the
occurence throughout
Cercidiphyllum japonicum
japonicum var.
var. sinense
sinense is
is
variant Cercidiphyllum
found in
in Western Hupeh,
Hupeh, and Western Szechuan (at
(at
found
000-2 600
600 m
m in
in Western
tolestern Szechuan,
Szechuan,
elevations between 11 000-2
900 -- 1 350 m
m in western Hupeh,and
Hupeh,and 820
820 -- 1
1 450 m
m
in
Anhwei) .
in Anhwei).
CLIMATE
Cool -- temperate,
temperate.
SOILS
Prefers neutral
neutral to acid soils,
Prefers
soils, and sites where the
the
soil
is very moist or
or wet.
wet.
soil is
HABITAT
In
it is
is often
found in
in valleys in
in the
the coolcoo!In Japan
Japan it
often found
temperate beech
beech forests
temperate
forests together with Aesculus
turbinata
turbinata..
These beech forests
forests are widely distributed
distributed
throughout the islands
islands of
of Japan.
Japan.
The valley forests
forests
are formed
formed on
on rather moist concave slopes and on
are
relatively
relatively stable
stable colluvial
colluvia l or flooded soils
soils of
of
bottoms .
valley bottoms.
In
In China
China it
it is mainly found
found in
in
Mixed mesophytic forest
forest and
and Evergreen
Evergreen Oak
Oak and
and Schima
Schima
forest.
forest.
- 192
-
-
STATUS
a r e endangered
endangered (in
(in China).
China).
Certain provenances are
TAKEN AND
AND RECOMMENDED
RECO~~ENDED
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN
None
None at
at present
present..
In China
is need for
for botanical
botanical
In
China there is
and
exploration .
and genecological exploration.
- 193
191 -
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Japan Forest
Japan
Associa tion
Association
1964
1964
Important Forest
Forest Trees
Trees of
of
Illustrated Important
Japan,Chikyu Shuppan Co.
Co. Ltd.,
Ltd . ,
Akasaka,
Tokyo, Japan.
Japan.
Akasaka, Tokyo,
Numata M.
H.
1974
The flora
vegetation of Japan The
flora and vegetation
Koda n sha Limited,
Li mited , Tokyo,
Kodansha
Tokyo, Elsvier
Publishing Company,
Company ,
Scientific Publishing
Amsterdam,
London, New
New York.
York.
Amsterdam, London,
Wang,
Wang, Chi-Wu
1961
The
Maria Moors
Moors
The Forest of China -- Maria
Cabot
Foundation , publication No.5
No . 5 Cabot Foundation,
Harvard University,
University, Cambridge,
Cambridge,
Massachusetts.
In
In Chinese:
Cheng Wan-chun
\ian-chun
1982
Sylva Sinica -- Vol.l.
Vol.l . p.
p. 542-544.
542 - 544.
194
194
Chlorophora
1w.)
Benth.. & Hook. f.
011orophora excelsa
exce1sa (4e
(l"'lw
. ) Benth
f.
FAMILY
Moraceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
NAMES
Ghana:
Iroko (trade
(trade name)
name) Odum,
Odurn , Elunli,
Elunli, Elui,
Elui, Ala,
Ala ,
Ghana: Iroko
Edi.
Kenya
(standard name),
name) I Mvule
"'!vule (trade
(trade name),
name),
Kenya:: Iroko (standard
Mururi , Minarui, Mutumba,
Mutumba , Murumba,
Murumba , Olua.
Olua.
Mururi,
Uganda:Mbara, Mutumba,
Mutumba, Kimrumba.
Kimrumba.
Uganda:Mbara,
Senegal
Senegal and
and Guinea:
Guinea: Toumbohiro Nair
Noir
Guinea : Simmé
Sirnme
Guinea:
Siere Leone and Liberia:
Liberia:
Semli
Ivory
Ivory Coast,
Coast, Ghana
Ghana and
and Togo:
Togo: Odoum
S . Nigeria,
Nigeria, Cameroon and
and Equatorial
Equatorial Guinea:
Guinea: Rokko,
Rokko,
S.
Oroko,I Iroko.
Croke
Iroko.
Republic , Zaire:
Zaire: Kambala,
Kambala , Moloundou,
Moloundou ,
Central Africa Republic,
Bangni.
Ba
n gni .
Angola : Mereira
Mereira
Angola:
Mozambique
Mufula , Mvule,
Mozambique:: Mufula,
Mvule, M'Gonde
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
deciduous tree
tree occurring in
in forest
forest and savanna.
savanna.
Large deciduous
In
In forest
forest it
it frequently
frequently attains
attains 50 m,
m, with
with aa straight
195 - 195-
cylindrical
17 -2 7 m
m
cylindrical bole 17-27
long
it rarely
rarely
long;; in
in savanna it
exceeds 30
30 m,
m, usually,
usually branching
from the
the
branching within
within 13 ~
m from
ground.
Crown large,
large, composed
composed of a
a few
few stout
stout
widely spreading limbs;
limbs; ultimate
ultimate branchlets
branchlets often
often
pendulous, especially
especially in
in male
male trees.
trees .
pendulous,
small
Buttresses small
or absent.
absent.
Surface
usually extensive.
Surface roots usually
Inflorescence
green, dioecious.
dioecious.
Flowers green,
Ma le flower-spikes
flower-spikes pendulous,
pendulous,
Male
slender,
up to
slender
, up
to 15 cm
em long;
long; female
female spikes erect,
erect, stout,
stout,
closely packed,
packed, to
to 6.4
6.4 cm
em long.
long.
Fruit
The fertilised
fertilised female
female inflorescence
inflorescence develops
develops into
into aa
The
fleshy caterpillar-like
caterpillar-like
green mulberry-like or fleshy
the individual
individual fruits
fruits are
3re small
small
syncarp of which the
achenes.
Foliage
Foliaqe
Leaves
Leaves very variable,
variable, those
those on flowering
flowering shoots
shoots
entire, very shortly
shortly acuminate,
acuminate , oblong-elliptic,
oblong-elliptic ,
entire,
12-15
cm long,
long, 7.5
broad; those on young
12
- 15 cm
7.5 -- 10.2
10.2 cm broad;
trees
trees and coppice shoots
shoots serrate,
serrate, much larger,
larger,
usually long-acuminate.
long-acuminate.
Bark
Bark thick,
thick, pale ash-grey to
to dark
dark brown
brown or
or almost
almost
Bark
black
slightly at
at the
the base.
base .
black,, scaling slightly
-- 196 --
AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
WOOD PROPERTIES AND
The
male and female
female trees
trees is
is practically
The timber of male
identical; sapwood
sapwood yellow-white,
yellow-white, sharply
sharply defined,
defined,
identical;
very
to borer attack and not durable;
durable: heartwood
very liable to
yellow
freshly cut,
cut, darkening to
yellow to yellow-brown when freshly
deep golden-brown or russet-brown
russet - brown with lines
lines of
paler tissue,
tissue, sometimes
sometimes marked
marked with
with darker
darker streaks,
streaks,
becoming deep brown if repeatedly oiled or if
if
lime.
treated with lime.
is somewhat
somewhat variable
variable
The wood is
in hardness
is fairly coarse in
in
in
hardness and weight;
weight; it is
texture and has
has a
a typically interlocked,
interlocked, sometimes
texture
wavy,
grain: it
it is
is scentless
scentless and
and tasteless,
tasteless, almost
almost
wavy, grain;
teredo and termite
termite proof,
proof, very
very resistant
resistant to
to fungi,
fungi,
and
as fire
fire resistant.
resistant .
and classified as
The wood of male
trees
is very
very slightly
slightly denser than that
that of female
female
trees is
trees
trees and is
is consequently slightly more difficult to
saw..
saw
It
easily, material from
It turns
turns easily,
from the
the denser male
trees
the best results,
results, bends moderately,
moderately, nails
trees giving
giving the
well,
takes aa fine
fine polish.
polish.
well, and takes
The
The high quality
timber is
timber
is used as
as a
a teak
teak substitute.
substitute.
The best finish
finish
for
the timber
timber is
is its
its natural
natural colour
colour with
with wax
wax polish.
polish.
for the
Uses
Other Uses
The bark is
is used
used for
for roofing
roofing houses and
and also
also for
for
clothes, and
and contains
contains aa fibre.
fibre.
dyeing leather and clothes,
The bark,
bark , its
its ashes,
ashes, the
the leaves
leaves and
and the
the latex
latex all
all
have uses
have
in
in local medicine.
DISTRIBUTION
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
~.
~ xce l~a
c.emcelsa
Africa.
occurs
in tropical and sub-tropical
occurs naturally
naturally in
It
It is
is found
found in
in Sierra Leone,
Leone, Gabon,
Gabon , Cameroon,
Cameroon,
- 197
197 --
Ivory
Nigeria, Conao,
Congo, Zaire,
Zaire , Malawi,
Halawi, Uganda,
Uganda,
Ivory Coast,
Coast, Nigeria,
and Tanzania.
Tanzania.
Kenya and
CLIMATE
lower limit
limit of average
average rainfall
rainfall is
is about
ab o ut 760
760 mm
mm per
per
The lower
annum,
this will
will not enable C.
C. excelsa to
to regenerate
regenerate
annum, but this
The uoper
itself
The
upper limit
limit is
is about
about 22 500
500 mm,
mm,
itself naturally.
provided that
that soils
soils do
do not
not get
get waterlogged.
waterlogged.
In
In Uganda
Uganda C.
~ . excelsa grows in
in areas
areas with about 11 250
250 mm
mm
rainfall.
annual rainfall.
SOILS
soil preferred
preferred is
is aa deep,
deep, light
light red
red loam
loam and
and
The soil
In Africa this
drained.
In
this is
is formed
formed by
by disintediSintefreely drained.
through weatherina
weathering of the
the underlying
underlying rocks.
rocks.
gration through
The type
type that
that appears to
to make the
the best
best soil
soil
is
granite gneiss.
gneiss.
HABITAT
In Tanzania
Tanzania the
In
the tree
tree occurs naturally in
in the
the moister
~oister
Normally it
it grows at
at elevations
elevations from
from sea
sea level
level
In
Tanzania
it
up
to altitudes of about
about 11 200
200~.
it has
has
up to
m.
even been
been found
on Kilimanjaro at about 44 500
even
found on
500 m
m above
above
areas.
sea level.
level .
Elsewhere it is
Elsewhere
is found in the transitional
transitional
reaion between
between closed forests
region
forests and
and savanna.
savanna.
In Kenya
In
also by the
the coast.
coast.
SEED HANDLING
Ripe fruits
on the ground from
Ripe
fruits fall
fallon
from where they
they may
may be
be
The
collected and
and seed
seed extracted.
extracted.
The seed loses viability
If
qUickly
If the
the fruit
fruit is
is fully
fully ripe,
ripe, four
four days
days
quickly..
-- 198
19R --
soaking in
in water is
is sufficient
sufficient to
to rot
rot the
the pulp,
pulp,
and longer soaking
soaking reduces
reduce s the
the viability.
viability_
SILVICULTURE
C.
recorded as
as striking readily
readily
C. excelsa has been recorded
But it
it is
is an
an expensive
expensive propa9ation
propagation
stem cuttings.
cuttings.
But
from stem
and produces
produces trees
trees of
of very
very bad
bad form.
form.
It also
also
It
method and
regenerates naturally by seed,
seed , coppice and root
root
regenerates
suckers.
there should
should be
To germinate and grow well there
adequate
root competition,
competition, some soil
soil
adequate moisture,
moisture, no root
tilth and
and some
some shade.
shade.
Root
are provided when roots
roots are wounded in
in
Root suckers are
any
should be
be
any way.
way. f.
C. excelsa stumps or striplings should
planted on areas where all the herbaceus vegetation
vegetation
has
cleared, line
line piled
piled and
and burnt.
burnt. It will
has been cleared,
also
thrive beneath a
a suitable canopy,
canopy, but
but at
at the
the
also thrive
same
time it
it is
is extremely
extremely sensitive
sensitive to
to competition.
competition.
same time
Growth is in
in particular
particular depressed
depressed by
by grass.
grass.
STATUS
Endangered
REASONS FOR DECLINE
Extensive logging.
logging.
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN
None known.
- 199 --199
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
1973
Revue Bois et For8ts
Forgts des
des Tropiques,
Tr opi~ ues,
No.
148, Mars-Avril.
No. 148,
Dale, I.R.&
Greenway, P.J.
P.J.
1961
1961
Kenya Trees and
and Shrubs,
Shrubs,
Buchanan
' s Kenya Estates
Estates Limited,
Limited,
Buchanan's
Nairobi.
London.
Hatchards, London.
FAO
Some medicinal forest plants
plants of
of
Africa and Latin America.
America. FAO Forestry
Paper 67. Rome.
Anon.
1986
Irvine,
F . R.
Irvine, F.R.
1961
Ghana . with special
special
Woody Plants of Ghana,
reference
reference to
to their Uses,
Uses, Ox
Oxford
ford
University Press,
Press, London.
A.G .
Mugasha, A.G.
1981
The Silviculture of Tanzanian
Indigenous Tree Species III
III
excelsa . Tanzania
Chlorophora excelsa.
Silviculture Technical Notes.
Notes . No.53.
No.S3.
Research Station,
Station ,
Silvicultural Research
Tanzania.
Lushoto, Tanzania.
- 200
200 --
1/
Cordia Milleni
Milleni
Baker
SYNONYMS
C. longipes
longipes Bak.
Bak.
C.
(1894)
cC..
i r vingii Bak.
Bak. (1895)
irvingii
c . unyorensis Staff
Staff (1906)
(1906)
C.
c . ugandensis S.
S . Moore
Moore (1916)
(1916)
C.
FAMILY
Boraginaceae
VERNACULAR
NAMES
VERNACULAR NAMES
Ghana :
Ghana:
Tree , Akaboa
Akaboa Kyenedua
Kyenedua (i.e.drum
(i . e . drum tree)
t r ee)
Drum Tree,
Kyeneduru , Twenboa,
Twenboa , Tweneboakadua,
Tweneboakadua, Kyeneboa,
Kyeneboa,
Kyeneduru,
Tweneduru.
Kenya:
Mungoma
Uganda :
Uganda:
Mukebu , Mutumba,
Mutumba, Ketumba,
Ketumba , Mujugagoma
Mujugagoma
Mukebu,
instruments)
(Musical instruments)
Niaeria:
Nigeria :
Omo
Orne
Came
r oon :
Cameroon:
Ebe
Ebe
Tanzania:
Mzingatti,
Mzingatti Mkibu
Mkibu
I
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
BOTANICAL
Genera
Generall
Tree
35 m
m high or
Tree up to 35
more, with spreading
s preading crown.
crown.
more,
Bole thick,
thick , rarely straight,
straight , usually
usually short
short (10-13
(10-13 m).
oJ .
Bole
short and
and blunt.
blunt.
Buttresses short
11
1/
Based on the
the work of
of J.A.Odera
J.A.Odera (Forestry
(Forestry Research
Research
Dept., Kenya Agricultural Research
Research Institute,Kikuyu,
Institute,Kikuyu ,
Dept.,
a) and Ms.C.Kabuye (East
(East African
African Herbarium,
Herbarium ,
Keny
Kenya)
National Museums of
of Kenya,
Kenya , Nairobi,
Nairob i, Kenya).
Kenya) .
- 201
201 --
Inflorescence
Inflorescence
Flowers longer
longer than
than calyx,
calyx, yellowish;
yellowish; stamens exerted
Flowers
in crowded
crowded cymes.
cymes.
Fruit
ovoid, 3.8
3.B - 4.4
4.4 em
long, about 1.9
1.9 em
Fruit ovoid,
cm long,
cm diameter
diameter
cupped in
in the
the enlarged calyx.
calyx.
Foliage
Youn g parts pale
pale brownish
brownish tomentose;
tomentose; leaves
leaves alternate,
alternate,
Young
suborbicular to
to orbicular, usually
usually 15.0
15.0 -obovate -- suborbicular
(occasionally
em long
long and
and 6.4
6.4 -- 11.4
11.4 cm
em broad.
broad.
25.0 cm
30 cm
em long
long and
and 18
18 cm
em broad);
broad); entire
entire or
or
up to 30
crenulate:
scabrid above,
above, tomentose-pilose
tomentose-pilose beneath;
beneath:
crenulate; scabrid
apex usually rounded,
rounded, base
base rounded
rounded to
to cordate;
cordate;
petiole usually 3.8
3.8 - 7.6
7.6 cm
em long,
l ong , occasionally up to
to
15.2
em long.
long .
15.2 cm
Bark
Bark pale brown,
brown , fibrous.
fibrous.
WOOD PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
WOOD
PRODUCTS
Wood fairly
fairly soft and close-grained,
close- grained, yellow and
and
lustrous,
lustrous, with brownish heartwood.
It makes
makes durable
It
roof
and useful
useful furniture.
furniture.
roof shingles lasting 44 years, and
It seasons
seasons and
and finishes
well,, and it is
It
finishes well
is said to be
impervious to
to termites.
termites.
It is
is much
much used to make
It
drums,
including the
the Ashanti
"talkin g drums"
drums" (cf.kvne
(cf . kyne
drums, including
Ashanti "talking
bowls, and
and other
other domestic utensils.
''drum'),
drum ' ), bowls,
utensils.
In
Uganda, the
the wood
is used for making musical
In Uganda,
wood is
instruments.
Easily adzed
adzed and
and floating well,
Easily
well, it
i t is
is
used
canoes (Eggeling,
(Eggeling, Uganda)
Uganda) and canoe
used to make
make canoes
- 202 --
ke~ls,
keels,
dryas
firewood.
and is useful when dry
as firewood.
is used
used for
for shingles.
shingles.
the wood is
In Ghana
In
specific
Basic specific
about 0.34.
0.34.
gravity about
Other Uses
Uses
as aa shade
shade tree
tree in
in Yoruba
Yoruba villacres
villages and
and
It is used as
sometimes regarded as
as aa sacred
sacred tree.
tree.
leaves are
are
The leaves
the liquid
liquid bottled
bottled and
and administered
administered two
two
boiled and the
and evening
evening for
for roundworms.
roundworms. A
A leaf
leaf
spoonfuls morning and
decoration, of the
the dried leaves
leaves is
is smoked
tobacco
decoration,
smoked as
as tobacco
for asthma,
asthma, colds,
colds, cough,
cough, etc.
etc.
and used in Nigeria for
The
palm-oil are
pulverized seeds mixed with palm-oil
are used against
ringworms.
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTION
Widely distributed in
in tropical
tropical Africa.
Africa.
SOILS
Very variable.
variable .
HABITAT
Found in closed
forests and
closed deciduous
deciduous forests
and old secondary
formations.
SEED HANDLING
recorded
None recorded
SILVICULTURE
It is
is commonly planted
planted in
in towns.
towns.
It
-- 203 -
REASONS FOR
FOR DECLINE
DECLINE
STATUS AND REASONS
Rare in Kenya;
Kenya; known
known only
only from
from aa few
few scattered
scattered
localities
localities..
in these
these localities
localities tend
tend to
to
Populations in
be
forests in
in which
they grow are
be shrinking as the forests
which they
are
becoming further
further reduced
reduced in
in size
size each
each year.
year.
found it
it is
is commonly
commonly prefered for
for musical
Where found
like drums.
drums.
instruments like
TAKEN
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN
None recorded.
PROPOSED
PROTECTIVE MEASURES PROPOSED
1 . Conservation of
of the
the forests
forests where the
the species
species are
found.
2 . Surveys to
to determine
determine full
full extent
extent of
of distribution.
distribution.
3. Research to
to study
study the
the ecological requirements
requirements and
and
possible cultivation
cultivation of
of the
the species.
species.
-- 204 --
SELECTED
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chudnoff, M.
M.
1980
Tropical Timbers of
of the
the World.
~-.,1orld. U.S.
U.S.
Department of Commerce,
Commerce, National
National
Informati on Service.
Service.
Information
Dale,
l.R. &
Dale, I.R.
&
P.J.
Greenway, P.J.
1961
Kenya
Shrubs.
Buchanan's
Kenya Trees and Shrubs.
Kenya
Ltd., Nairobi,
Nairobi, Hatchards
Hatchards
Kenya Estates
Estates Ltd.,
London.
Eggeling,
li.J. &
Eggeling, W.J.&
Dale, I.R.
I. R.
Dale,
1952
The
Indigenous Trees of the
the Uganda
The Indigenous
Protectorate.
The
The Government
Printer
Entebbe, Uganda and Crown
Printer,, Entebbe,
Agents for
for the
the Colonies,
Colonies, Millbank,
Millbank,
London.
F.R.
Irvine, F.R.
1961
of Ghana
Ghana with
with special
Woody Plants of
special
references to
to their
their uses.
uses.
London,
University Press.
Press.
Oxford University
-- 205 -
Cupressus atlantica Gaussen
Gaussen
1/
II
Some authorities still
still regard
regard this
this species
species as
as aa smallsmall coned population of
of Cupressus
Cupressus sempervirens
sempervirens L.,
L. , but
but
to be
be sufficient
sufficient differences
differences to
to justify
justify
there appear to
its separation.
separation .
SYNONYM
SYNONYM
Cupressus maroccana (name
(name erroneously attributed
attr i buted to
Gaussen by L.
L. Emberger
Emberger (1960)).
(1960)).
FAMILY
FAMILY
Cupressaceae
VERNACULAR NAME
Aze1
(Berber)
Azel (Berber)
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
Medium-sized tree,
tree , up
up to
to 35
35 mm high
high and
and 44 mm in
in diameter.
diameter.
Conical form
form with straight trunk,
trunk , no fastigiate
fastigiate forms
forms
have been recorded.
recorded.
upward curving.
distichoU5.
distichous.
Branches set
set at
at aa wide
wide angle,
angle,
Branchlets of first
Branchlets
first and second
second order
order
First
flattened
First order
order shoots
shoots are
are slightly
slightly flattened
in
fine (diameter
(diameter 0.5).
0 .5) .
in section,
section, very fine
two apiculate cotyledons and
and apiculate
Seedling with two
leaves,
glaucous .
leaves,glaucous.
!1/
/
Based
, Oxford
Based on
on the
the work
work of
of P.J.Stewart
P.J.Stewart,
Oxford Forestry
Forestry
Institute, Department
of Plant
Plant Sciences,
Sciences, Univers
University
Institute,
Department of
ity
of Oxford, U.K.
U. K.
- 206
206 --
Inflorescence
Monoecious: male strobili,
strobili, terminal,
terminal, yellow,
yellow, elonganted,
elonganted,
Monoecious:
c.
- 2
2 mm;
female strobili
strobili
c. 5 mm; female
terminal,
terminal, 88 mm
mm broad.
broad.
Fruit
globose,IS to
to 22
22 mm in
in diameter,
diameter, with 6
6 to
to 10 cone
Cones globose,18
scales hardly
hardly visible.
visible. Seed
Seed with
with
scales.
Mucro of scales
narrow wing.
wing.
very narrow
Foliage
Foliage
Adult foliage:
foliage: leaves
leaves of
of cupressoid
cupressoid scales,
scales, opposite,
opposite,
decussate, imbricate,
imbricate, appressed,
appressed, acuminate,
acuminate, strongly
decussate,
a very prominent and
and active
active
keeled; 11 mm
mm long
long with a
gland.
resin gland.
General
foliage fine-grained,
fine-grained,
General aspect of foliage
slightly glaucous,
glaucous, especially on young
slightly
young trees.
trees.
Bark
Bark
Bark grey-brown,
grey-brown, longitudinally fissured:
fissured: not
not
exfoliating.
PROPERTIES AND
AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
WOOD PROPERTIES
It produces
produces long,
It
long, high-grade sawlogs
sawlogs and
and has
has an
an
attractive aromatic wood.
wood.
Other Uses
Wood
Wood very
very durable
durable and
and potentially
potentially valuable
valuable for
for
dendrochronology.
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
The species
species is
is endemic
endemic to
the High
High Atlas
Atlas Mountains
Mountains of
of
The
to the
Southern Morocco
Morocco where
where there
there are
are several
several stands
stands and
and aa
Southern
number of
of isolated
isolated trees,
trees, over
over aa total
total area
area of
of about
number
- 207
207 --
2 0 0
200 km2
km around 110
11 West,
West, 31o
31 North.
North. The largest
largest
is in the Forest of
of Aghbar,
Aghbar, in
in the
the valley
valley of
of
stand is
the Oued Nefis,
Nefis, where the
the species
species occupies
occupies about
about
the
6 000 ha.
ha.
The altitude is
is between
between 11 100
100 and
and 22 000
000 m.
m.
CLIMATE
The climate
climate is
is mediterranean
mediterranean with
with aa summer
summer dry
dry season,
season,
and rainfall
rainfall is from 350
and
350 mm to
to 700
700 mm.
mm.
There are no
direct
temperatures: summer
summer maxima are
are likely
likely
direct data
data on
on temperatures:
to
average
or
less.
at
30° and
and winter
winter minima
minima atat-10
' -lO,
about 300
,
Extreme frosts
frosts of
of -150
_150 are
are thought
thought to
to
been measured
measured at
at an
an arboretum
arboretum where
where
occur and have been
this
survived.
this species has survived.
SOILS
or less
less eroded,
eroded, on
on parent
parent materials
materials
The soils are more or
consisting
and basaltic rocks.
rocks_
consisting mainly of schists and
HABITAT
species is
is extremely long-lived,
long-lived, the
the oldest specimen
The species
specimen
being at
at least
growth
least 2 000 years old according to known
known growth
rates.
The
is drought
drought resistant
resistant and
and extremely
extremely
The species is
frost resistant
resistant and adapts itself
frost
itself to
to aa variety
variety of
of soils.
soils.
SEED HANDLING
normally low.
low.
Germination normally
is
is recommended.
No
pre -treatment
No special
special pre-treatment
Around 140
140 000
000 seeds/kg.
seeds/kg .
SILVICULTURE
necessary: the
the usual
usual procedures
procedures
No special
special methods
methods are
are necessary:
for
for raisino
raising and
and
for temperate
temperate conifers are suitable for
Cypress.
planting Atlas Cypress.
Cuttings and grafts can
can be
be
- 208
208 --
used,
techniques as
as those
those
used, presumably by the same techniques
required for
for Cupressus
Cupressus dupreziana,
dupreziana , q.v.
g.v.
STATUS
Endangered at
at the
the species
species level.
l e vel.
Endangered
DECLINE
REASONS FOR DECLINE
and increasing
increasing human
human pressure.
pressure.
Exploitation and
AND RECOMMENDED
RECOMMENDED
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN AND
forests of
of Atlas
Atlas Cypress
Cypress are
are managed
managed by
by the
the
The forests
Forest Service
Service with
with the
the objective
objective of
of
Moroccan Forest
maintaining and
and improving
improving them.
them.
However, the
However,
future
future of the forest
forest depends on natural
natural regeneration,
regeneration,
and it remains
remains to
to be
be seen
seen how
how successful
successful the
the
conditions for
for this
this can
can be
be re-created
re-created despite
despite conticonti nued grazing.
The
Station of Rabat
Rabat
The Forest
Forest Research Station
long-term programme
programme of
of research
research
has undertaken aa long-term
on the species,
species, including the
the designation
designation of
of plus
plus trees
for
for seed collection.
collection.
The species
species has
has been
been little
little
planted outside North Africa and
and France.
France.
It
It should
should be
introduced into many more countries for
for experimental
experimental
planting in regions
regions subject
subject to drought and frost,
frost, and
for
programmes .
for tree
tree breeding programmes.
- 209
209 --
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Boudy
P.
Boudy,, P.
1950
Forestiere Nord-Africaine.
Nord-Africaine.
Economie Forestière
Larouse,
Paris, Vol.
Vol . II,
II, p.
764 -7 2 and
Larouse, Paris,
p. 764-72
Vol.
p . 230-98.
230- 96 .
Vol. III, p.
Boulhol, P.
P.
1946
Le
du Nord.
Nord . Rev.
Rev.
Le Cypres
Cyprés en Afrique du
Geog.
Maroc. No.
No. 11
Geog. Maroc.
Destremau , D.X.
D.X.
Destremau,
1974
Precisions
sur les
les Aires
Aires Naturelles
Natu rell es
Précisions sur
des
Coniferes Marocains.
Maroca in s.
des Principaux Conifères
Ann.
Rech. Forestière
Forestiere Maroc,
Maroc , Rabat.
Rabat.
Ann. Rech.
FAO
Data
Endangered Forest
Forest Tree
Tree
Data Book on Endangered
Species and Provenances,
Provenances , FO:MISC/81/11
FO:MISC/81/11
FAO
Rome , p.
p. 17-18.
17-18 .
FAO,, Rome,
1961
1981
Gaussen, H.
H.
1966
1968
Les
actuelles et
et fossiles,
fossiles,
Les Gymnospermes actuelles
fase. xii.
xii.
Cupressacees. Tray.
Trav .
Les Cupressac6es.
fasc.
Lab. Forestier
Lab.
Fo rest ier Toulose.
Taulose.
- 210 -
y1/
dupreziana Camus
Camus
Cupressus dupreziana
SYNONYM
SYNONYM
C . lereddei
lereddei Caussen
Gaussen
C.
(1950)
(1~50)
FAMILY
Cupressaceae
VERNACULAR NAME
Tarout (Touareg)
(Touareg)
BOTANICAL
BOTAN
I CAL DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPT I ON
Genera l
General
Mediumsized tree,
tree, able to attain
Medium-sized
attain more
more than 20 m height
and
up to
m diarreter.
fully - grown trees are
and up
to 33m
diarrr. All
All known
known fully-grown
too
too badly mutilated for
for the
the natural
natural form
form to
to be
be seen.
seen.
specimens grown in
in protected
protected conditions show
show
Young specimens
form at first
first but with subsequent
subsequent development
bushy form
straight central
central axis.
axis. Branches leave
leave trunk
trunk at
at
of aa straight
angle , curving
curving upwards.
upwards.
Branching of first
first and
a nd
large angle,
second
shoots tends
tends strongly
strongly to
planes;
second order
order shoots
to be
be in two planes;
first order shoots are considerably
considerably flattened.
flattened.
first
Spedlings
leaves,
SPedlings:: with
with two cotyledons
cotyledons and
and aciculate
aciculate leaves,
glaucous; juvenile
juvenile leaves
leaves sharp,
sharp, 2-3
2- 3 mm
rom long.
long.
Inflorescence
Infl orescence
Monoecious;
Monoecious; male strobili
str obi l i terminal,
terminal, yellow,
yellow, elongated,
elongated,
c.G x 3
3 mm;
rnm; female
female strobili terminal,
terminal, purple,
purple, ovoid,
ovoid ,
c.6
c. 2.5
2 .5 mm.
rnm .
c.
!!
_1/
on work
work of
of P.J.Stewart,
Based on
P.J.Stewart, Oxford Forestry InstiInsti tute,
OXI 3RB,
3RB, UK.
UK.
tute, University of Oxford 0X1
- 211
211 --
Fruit
Cone:
Elongated c.
c. 18-24x16-20
18-24x16-20 mm,
mm, grey-brown,
grey-brown, matt,
matt,
Cone: Elongated
with 12
12 sometimes
sometimes 10
10 scales,
scales, each
each with
with aa very
very small,
small,
mucro.
rounded mucro.
Seeds:
reddish-brown,
flattened 4x5
4x5 mm
to
reddish-brown, oval,
oval, flattened
mm to
mm, with wide, thin
thin wings.
wings.
5x6 mm,
38
Pollen grain 38
microns in
in diameter -- aa specific
specific character.
character.
Foliage
Adult foliage:
foliage: leaves
leaves of
of cupressoid
cupressoid scales,
scales, opposite,
opposite,
decussate,
imbricate, slightly
slightly appressed,
appressed, acuminate,
acuminate,
decussate, imbricate,
to 1.5
1.5 mm long;
long; resin gland elongated,
elo ngated, not noticeable
1 to
green in
in colour,
co lour,
Dull green
slightly glaucous,
glaucous, especially
especially on
on the
the young
young tree.
tree.
except on base of
of old
old leaves.
leaves.
Foliage very dense.
dense.
Bark
Reddish-brown,
fissures; no
Reddish-brown, with
with deep longitudinal fissures;
exfoliation.
WOOD
PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
for the
the most
most exacting uses,
uses,
The wood is suitable for
denSity, stable and
and aromatic.
aromatic. The
being of medium density,
stems
ght in
in cultivated trees and the
the
stems are
are strai
straight
branches fine.
fine.
branches
Other Uses
Uses
Potential value for
for afforestation
afforestation in
in arid
arid regions.
regions.
DISTRIBUTION
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
2
to an area of some
some 200
200 km2
km on the
the Edehi
Edehi (or
(or
Confined to
Tamrit) Plateau of Tassili N'Ajjer
N'Ajjer massif
massif in
in Central
Central
Tamrit)
-- 212 --
o
Sahara,
9 0 E and
and 25°N,
2S N, in
in eastern
eastern Algeria.
Algeria.
Sahara, around 9°E
153
have been
been counted
counted and
and many
~any
more dead
living specimens have
more
The altitude varies between
between 11 000
000 mm and
and 11 800
BOO m.
m.
ones.
CLIMATE
The climate is
is not
not known
known by
by direct
direct measurement:
measurement: the
the
average maxima and
and minima in
in summer
summer are estimated at
30°C
winter at
at13°
13°and
and 1°C.
lOCo
30°C and
and 20°C,
20°C, those
those in winter
0
down to
to 7°C
7 e
down
are probable.
Frosts
The average annual
rainfall is perhaps 30
rainfall
30 mm,
mrn, with great
great irregularities.
irregularities .
SOILS
sands
Alluvial gravels and sands
HABITAT
The trees
trees are
are in
in wadi
wadi bottoms.
bottoms .
Only two
two cases
cases of
of
occurring seedlings
seedlings have ever been recorded,
recorded ,
naturally occurrina
and there
there are no
no trees
trees younger
younger than
than at
at least
least aa
(only five
five trees
trees are recorded with a
a diameter
century (only
of 50 cm
em or less,
l ess , the
the smallest
smallest being
being 13
13 cm).
em).
Fossil
Fossil
shows that
that the
the species
species was
was
pollen shows
widespread
once
in
long-lived,
in the Sahara. The
The trees are extremely long-lived,
the oldest being
being probably
probably at
at least
least 22 000
000 years
years old.
old.
the
SEED HANDLING
SEED
The
is reputed to
to germinate with
The seed of this cypress is
difficulty.
However , this
this is
is not
not aa general
general rule.
rule.
However,
Sowing can be carried out in
in the usual way,
way, with
precautions against
against fungal
fungal infection.
infection.
thorough precautions
SILVICULTURE
Cuttings can
can be
be grown
grown under
under mist
mist as
as with
with other
otherconifers.
conifers.
- 213 -
has been
been successfully
successfully achieved
achieved onto Cupressus
Grafting has
by scion-budding,
sCion-budding, by
by crown-grafting
crown - grafting and
and by
by
sempervirens by
inarching . The latter
latter method can
can be
be used
used for
for cuttings
cuttings
inarching.
if
the scion
scion dips
dips into
into water
water and
and is
is
if the base of the
perhaps the
the most successful.
successful.
Growth is
is reportedly
reportedly aa
than that of Cupressus sempervirens
sernpervirens in
little slower than
This is one of the
similar conditions.
conditions.
the most
most droughtdroughtresistant species known,
known , with considerable frost toletole-
ranee.
rance.
STATUS
In imminent danger of complete disappearance from
from its
its
In
natural range.
range .
REASONS FOR DECLINE
Nomads often shelter
shelter under the
the trees
trees and their
their herds
herds
destroy any
any regeneration.
regeneration . There is
is still sporadic
sporadic
exploitation of living
living branches for
for firewood,
firewood, but
but
systematic
systematic cutting
cutting of
of the
the cypresses
cypresses has
has been brought
to
rarity and
and remoteness.
remoteness.
to an
an end by their rarity
There were
. . 'ere
still
living trees
trees in
in 1863
1863 according
the
still many
many living
according to the
first European
European report
report and
and they
they were
were aa major source of
first
timber for
for local
local use.
use.
PROTECTIVE
PROTECTIVE
~IEASURES TAKEN AND RECOMMENDED
RECOMl'IENDED
MEASURES
Expeditions at various
various dates have made unsystematic
unsystematic
collections
collections of
of cones,
cones, and
and seedlings have
have been raised
raised
at
in France
France and
and Algeria.
Algeria.
at many
many botanic gardens in
The
biggest collection was
was made
made by the Algerian Forest
biggest
Service
in 1969
1969 and
trees were
Service in
and several
several hundreds
hundreds of trees
successfully germinated.
germinated .
The Forest Research Centre
The
at Ariana
Ariana,, Tunis,
Tunis, possesses a
at
a good collection of
of young
young
-- 214 --
trees.
Seeds
in Lebanon have
have
Seeds from two adult trees in
to interested
interested persons
persons and
and
been distributed to
institutes,
i.e. CSIRO,
CSIRO , Canberra (Australia).
(Australia).
institutes, i.e.
There
seems
little prospect for
for protecting
protecting the
the survivina
survivinq
seems little
2
scattered over
over 200
200 km2
km at
at aa
natural population, scattered
2
less than
than one
one tree
tree per
per km
A more
km2.
A
density of less
promis i ng approach would be to take cuttings
cuttings from
promising
specimen and to grow a
a complete
complete set in a
a number
every specimen
so as to
to save
save the
the whole
whole survivina
surviving gene
gene
of places so
resource
to duplicate it
it as
as an
an insurance
insurance against
against
resource and to
accident.
fullest possible
possible use should be made
The fullest
the Saharan specimens,
specimens, both
both living
living and
and dead.
dead.
of the
A collection of material
material for
for dendrochronological
dendroch r onological
purposes should be organized at the earliest possible
purposes
There is
is aa danger that almost
all the
date.
There
almost all
the dead wood
will be.
be. taken
examined
taken for
for local
local use
use before
before it
it can
can be examined
scientifically.
-- 215 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Barry,
Barry, J.P.et.al.
J.P,et.al. Essai de Monographie de Cupressus
A.Camus, Bull.
Bull. Soc.
Soc. Hist.
Hist.
dupreziana A.Camus,
1970
Nat. d'Afrique
diAfrique du
du Nord,
Nord, Algiers.
Algiers.
Nat.
61: 95-178
61:
Camus, A.
A.
1926
Le Cupressus dupreziana
dupreziana A.
A. Camus,
Camus,
Cypr~s Nouveau du Tassili, Bull.
Bull. Soc.
Soc.
Cyprès
39-44
Dendrol. Franc.,
Franc., 58:
58:
39 - 44
Dendrol.
FAO
1981
Data Book on Endangered
Endangered Forest
Forest Tree
Tree
Provenances
Species and Provenances
FAO, Rome,
Rome, p.
p. 19-21
19-21
FO:MISC/81/11, FAO,
A.
Franclet, A.
1967
Une m4thode
M~thode de Greffage
Greffage du
du Cupressus
Cupressus
ftupreziana
sur C.
~ . sempervirens
sernpervirens Rev.
Rev.
dupreziana sur
Forest.
Forest. Franc.,
Franc., 338-342
338-342 p.
p.
R.
Hethener, R.
1967
Activite
des Sols
Sols a
Activité Microbiologique des
Cupressus dupreziana au
au Tassili.
Tassili.
Bull.
Bull. Soc.
Soc. Hist.
Hist. Nat.
Nat. Afrique
Afrique du
du Nord.
Nord.
58:
39-100.
58: 39-100.
Leredde, C.
C.
1957
Etude
Phytosociologique
Etude Ecologigue
Ecologiaue et Phytosociologiaue
du Tassili.
Tassili.
Institut
Institut de
de Recherches
Sahariennes,
Sahariennes, Algiers.
Simoneau, P.&
P.&
Simoneau,
Debazac, A.F.
A.F.
1961
Cypres de
de Ajjer, Rev.
Rev. Forest.
Forest.
Le Cyprés
p.
Franc
. ,
p. 90-97.
90 - 97.
Franc.,
Steward, P.J.
P.J.
1970
dupreziana . Threatened
Cupressus dupreziana.
of the
the Sahara.
Sahara.
Biological
Conifer of
Conservation, Vol.
Conservation,
Vol . 2.
2.
-- 216 --
1/
Fr . Allem7
Allem~
Dalbergia nigra Fr.
FAMILY
Legurninosae
subfam. Papilionoideae
Papilionoideae
Leguminosae subfam.
VERNACULAR NAMES
Jacarnda - da - Bahia , jacarandá,
jacaranda, jacaranda-caviuna,
jacaranda-caviuna ,
Jacarnda-da-Bahia,
jacarandá-preto,
jacaranda-prete , jacarandá-rajado,
jacaranda-rajado, jacarandá-coco,
jacaranda- coco ,
caviuna , cabidna,
cabiuna, pau-preto,
pau- preto, urudna.
uruuna. (Brazil).
(Brazil) .
cavidna,
Brazilian
(England) , palissandre
Brazilian rosewood,
rosewood, palisander
palisander (England),
palissandre
(France),
Palisanderh olz (Germany),
(Germany) ,
(France), Jacarandaholz
Jacarandaholz,, Palisanderholz
palisandro (Spain),
(Spain), legno
legno di
di jacaranda,
jacaranda,
madera de palisandro
(Italy).
palissandro (Italy).
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
Tree with heights
heights varying
varying between
between 15
15 and
and 25
25 metres;
metres;
trunk
thin, most
trunk relatively
relatively thin,
most measuring
measuring between
between 0.30
0.30 and
and
0.40 m in diameter;
diameter; irregular
irregular and slightly
s lightly conical at
the base.
base .
a thick
thick trunk
trunk are
are rarely
rarely found
found
Trees with a
nowadays.
Branches dark,
dark, roundish,
roundish, tomentose when young,
young , fairly
fairly
broad , growing in
in aa slightly
slightly zig-zag
zig - zag fashion.
fashion.
broad,
Inflorescence
Flowers
violet, scented,
pale violet,
scented , small,
small, approximately
9 mm long,
arranged in
long , arranged
in short axial bunches,
bunches, 5-6 cm
long, shorter than the leaves/appearing
long,
leaves/appearing on
on leafless
leafless
shoots
join together to form panicles about
shoots and
and may join
20 cm
em long,
long, with
with reddish
reddish hairs.
hairs.
Calyx , campanulate
campanulate
Calyx,
1/ Based on the work of Mario
II
Mario Tomazello
Tomazello (Forest
(Forest Dept.
Dept.
University de Sao Paulo,
Paulo, Piracicaba,
Piraeicaba, Sao
Sao Paulo,Brazil).
Paulo,Brazil) .
- 217
217 --
fairly
smooth, with 55 long
long teeth,
teeth, one
one longer
longer than
than the
the
fairly smooth,
rest.
Corolla yellowish-white
yellowish- white with
with 10
10 monodelphous
monodelphous
stamens.
from October
October to
to Noverber
Noverrber (Ramalho,
(Ramalho,
Flowering from
1973;
Rizzini , 1971);
1971) i
1973; Rizzini,
to December
December (Bickel,
(Pickel,
November to
1951)
1951)._
Fruit
samara, shiny,
shiny, with prominent
An elliptical or oblong samara,
venation, 3-8
3-8 cm
em long
long by
by 12-15
12 - 15 cm
em wide.
wide.
longitudinal venation,
per fruit,
fruit, central,
central, kidney-shaped,
kidney -sha ped ,
Seeds 11 or 22 per
flattened
black and
and smooth.
smooth.
flattened,, black
Foliage
Leaves
compound, imparipinnate,
imparipinnate, alternate,
alternate, with 12-18
Leaves compound,
small folioles,
small
folioles, 7-15
7-15 mm long
l ong by
by 4-8
4-8 mm
mm wide;
wide;
alternate,
alternate, elliptical,
elliptical, oblong or somewhat obovate and
emarginate, pilose on both sides when young,
young, later
later
emarginate,
becoming alabrous,
glabrous, or always glabrous;
glabrous; delicately
veined;
veined; petioles glabrous
glabrous or
or more
more often
often pilose.
pilose.
Bark
Thin,
grey, rough bark with irregular
irregular parallel
Thin, grey,
fissures, scaling
scaling fairly
fairly slowly,
slowly, with
with aa tendency for
fissures,
for
small plaques
plagues to curve outwards.
small
outwards.
WOOD
\-/000 PROPERTIES
The heartwood
The
heart wood
black stripes
pinkish-beige
AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
is
is dark greyish-purple
greyish -p urple in
in colour with
or markings;
markings; it
it may occasionally be
with orange stripes or very pale,
pale, almost
almost
without design,
design , which
which reduces
reduces its
its commercial
commercial value.
value.
The surface is
is irreaularly
irregularly shiny
shiny and
and smooth
smooth and
and has
distinctive, pleasant,
pleasant, subtle smell
aa distinctive,
smell and a
a sweet
-- 218 --
taste.
easily.
easily.
It is
is hard,
resistant, and splits
splits
It
hard, heavy
heavy and resistant,
is pale yellow,
yellow, almost
almost white.
white.
The sap wood is
is the
the most valuable Brazilian wood,
It is
wood, particularly
in
in demand
demand for
for furniture-making,
furniture-making, although
although nowadays
nowadays only
only
for
for plywood.
plywood.
for veneers for
Because the
the tree
tree is
is now
now so
so
Because
rare, it
it is
is difficult
difficult and
and expensive
expensive to
to produce
produce
rare,
furniture
of this
this timber.
timber.
furniture wholly made of
Other Uses
Uses
The
wood
is often found
found as
in aa great
The
is
as decoration
decoration in
great
1
variety
forms, domestic
utensils and
s
variety of
of forms,
domestic utensils
and even
even women
women's
jewellery, mainly in
in places
places where
where its
its ornamental
ornamental
jewellery,
aspect can
can be
be displayed.
displayed .
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
South of
far as
including Rio
of Bahia as
as far
as Minas
Minas Gerais,
Gerais, including
de
Esp{rito Santo
Santo (fig.1).
(fig.I).
de Janeiro and Espfrito
Felling is
is
to the
the area
area south
south of
of Bahia.
Bahia.
restricted to
In the
the Mata
In
Hata
area,
specimens are
area, in Minas
Minas Gerais,
Gerais, young
young specimens
are abundant
A
A study carried out
in the southern part
by Leao && Vinha (1975)
(1975) in
part of
of the
the
and regeneration is
is fairly
fairly easy.
easy.
Sta-teofofBahia
Babia
showedthat
thatthe
the species
species is
is present
State
showed
around Teixeira de Freitas, Itamaraju,
Itamaraju, Itabela,
Itabela,
Guaratinga,
Eunapolis, Itagimirim,
Itagimirim, Itapebf,
Itapeb{, Itaimbé,
Itaimbe,
Guaratinga, Eunapolis,
Gurupá-Mirim, PotiraguS,
Gurupa-Mirim,
potiragua, Mascote,
Mascote, Camacá,
Camaca, Arataca,
Arataca,
Ju~ari,
Juyari, Uruyuca,
Uru9uca, Uguaf,
ugua{, Poryoes,
Por~oes, Banco
Banco Central,
Central,
Itapitanga,
Ubata, Ibirapitanga,
I birapitanga, Itagibá,
ItagibA,
Itapitanga, Gongogi,
Gongogi, Ubata,
Itagi,
Itagi, Aiquara,
Aiquara, Ipiad,
Ipiau, Apuarema,
Apuarema, Itamari,
Itamari, Wenceslau
lvenceslau
Guimaraes, Ipiuna
Guimaraes,
Ipiuna and
and between
between Valenya
Valen~a and
and the
the BR-101.
BR- I01.
- 219 --
CLIMl\TE
CLIMATE
There
four different climatic
climatic types
types in
in the
the area:
area:
There are
are four
Af, Am,
Am, Aw and
and Bsh
Bsh (Koeppen-classification).
(Koeppen-classification).
Af,
Af is aa
hot, damp climate,
climate, with no dry season,
season, rainfall over
hot,
mm/year; Aw is a humid, savanna-type
11 300 mm/year;
savanna-type cliamte,
cliamte, with
with
a dry winter season; Am
Am is
is aa transition
transition between
between Af
Af and
and
a
Aw;
Aw; and Bsh is
is aa hot,
hot, semi-arid climate,
climate, with
serophilous vegetation
vegetation (fig.
(fig. 2).
2).
SOILS
(1958), the southern
southern
According to Domingos && Keller (1958),
part
consists of
of sandy
sandy terrain
terrain of
of
part of
of Bahia State consists
marine oriain,
origin, barren
barren tablelands
tablelands and
and hills.
hills.
To
To
the
the land rises in
in aa series
series of
of crests
crests and
and
the west
west the
ledges in
in aa general SW-NE direction
direction which
which look
look like
like
steps
leading up to the
the South
South Bahian
Bahian Plateau.
Plateau.
steps leading
The
surface here
here is eroded,
eroded, moulded in
surface
in gneiss
gneiss and
and granite,
granite,
and the
average altitude is
and
the average
is 750
750 -- 850
850 metres.
metres.
From
an
the region
is fairly
fairly
an edaphic
edaphic point
point of
of view
view,, the
region is
complex: oxisols
oxisols are
are predominant
predominant with
complex:
- deep soils
soils with
low natural fertility.
fertility.
There are also fairly
fairly
extensive
extensive areas
areas of
of alfisols,
alfisols, entisols
entisols and mollisols
mollisols -fertile
for the
the cultivation
fertile soils
soils used
used for
cultivation of cacao and
as
land .
as pasture land.
Near the
the coast
coast and
and in
in the
the channels
channels
of
the rivers
are inceptisols,
inceptisols, histosols,
histosols,
of the
rivers there are
To the
north-east, where the
To
the north-east,
the
entisols
entisols and spodosols.
climate
is semi-arid,
semi-arid, there
there are
are aridisols.
aridisols.
climate is
The study
study
indicated that in 89
89 percent
percent of
of cases,
cases, Dalbergia
Dalbergia nigra
nigra
occurs on undulatina
undulating or mountainous terrain,
terrain, on the
the
tops
the soil
soil is
is clayey
tops and
and sides
sides of
of hills
hills where
where the
and
and well-drained.
well - drained.
and clayey-sand,
clayey-sand, deep and
The results
results
that palisander is
is not
not a
a
of the study indicate that
-- 220 --
species that requires
requires phosnhorous
phosphorous and
that it prefers
species
and that
prefers
soils with a
a low
low content
content of
of aluminium.
aluminium.
soils
HABITAT
It
occur with
with
It was
was further
further observed that specimens occur
greater
frequency in
in a
a specific
specific belt
greater frequency
belt of
of hilly
hilly and
and
land extending northwards from
from the
the river
mountainous land
Jequiri~a (fig.
(fig. 1).
1).
To
the east,
species rarely
Jequiria
To the
east, the
the species
rarely
reaches
factors -reaches the
the coast,
coast, probably
probably due
due to
to edaphic
edaphic factors
the
low - fertility soils
soils (oxisols).
(oxisols).
the occurrence of low-fertility
To
the
the escarpment
the South
the west,
west, it reaches
reaches the
escarpment of
of the
South
Bahian
found mainly
in the
the valleys
Bahian Plateau,
Plateau, being
being found
mainly in
valleys of
of
the
and Almas
Almas rivers.
rivers.
the Cachoeira,
Cachoeira, Contas and
South
the largest
largest concentration
South of
of the
the Pardo river,
river, the
concentration
is to
to be
be found
found on
o n the
the boundaries
boundaries of
of the species is
climatic
zones Af
to the
the north
is
climatic zones
Af and Am,
Am, while
while to
north it is
found in climatic zones
zones Af and
and Am
Am and
and in
in the
the
found
transition
zone between
zones Am
transition zone
between climatic
climatic zones
Am and Bsh
(fig.2).
length of time during which this
Due to the length
species
utilized, it has
rare in
in the
the
species has
has been utilized,
has become
become rare
more accessible and
and unprotected
unprotected areas.
areas.
SEED HANDLING
September to
to October
October (Ramalho,
(Ramalho, 1973;
Fructification: September
Rizzini,
Rizzini, 1971);
1971) i January (Pickel,
(Pickel , 1951).
1951).
One kilogramme may contain 14
14 000 seeds
seeds capable
capable of
germinating within
within 12-25
12 - 25 days.
days.
SILVICULTURE
SILVICULTURE
Few experiments
experiments have
have been
been carried out on palisander
Few
cultivation in
in Brazil.
Brazil . Data obtained in
in the Biological
Reserve
Reserve of
of Pau Brasil in
in Porto
Porto Saguro (BA)
(BA) indicate
-- 221 -
that
34 one-year-old specimens,
specimens, planted with
spacing
that 34
with aa spacing
2.0 xx 2.0
2.0 m,
m, measured 3.0
3.0 cm
em in
in diameter
diameter and
of 2.0
2.0 m in height (Leao
(Leao && Vinha,
Vinha, 1975).
1975) . Palisander is
is
generally considered to
to be
be aa slow-growing
slow - growing species,
species,
but mattos
Mattos Filho
Filho && Coimbra
c o imbra Filho (1975)
(1975) state
state that
that in
in
Rio
better than
than various
Rio de
de Janeiro
Janeiro palisander
palisander grows
grows better
various
species of Machaerium with a
a spacing of 1.5
1 .5 x 1.5 m
m
(the first
the tree
tree is
is
(the
first pruning
pruning being effected when the
44 years
covers the
the ground).
ground).
years old and already covers
(1957) states that
that growth
growth is
is rapid
rapid in
in the
the
Heringer (1957)
state
Gerais.
easer (1977)
(1977)
Golfari && Caser
state of Minas Gerais.
mention the existence of only a
a few
few experimental
specimens
in the
the
specimens of
of between
between 11 and
and 10 years
years of
of age
age in
northeastern region.
region. According to
to these
these two
tW0 authors,
authors ,
northeastern
palisander grows in
a
great
variety
of
forms,
in a
forms , from
from
aa bushy
from the
the base
bushy type
type with
with branches
branches growing up from
to
relatively straight
straight trunks.
trunks .
to specimens with relatively
They
also report the
also
the existence of
of an
an experimental
experimental specimen,
specimen,
years old
old,, 8 m
88 years
m high and with
with aa diameter
diameter of
of 0.10
0.10 m,
m,
iin
n Linhares-ES.
Galvao et al.
al.
(1979), analysing
analysing experimenta
experimental
cuttinas
(1979),
l cuttings
from
tree in
in the
the region
region of
of Manaus,
Ma n aus,
from aa palisander tree
57
in yellow latosol
latosol of low
57 months
months old,
old, growing
growing in
fertility
in climatic
zone Am
Koeppen I
fertility in
climatic zone
Am,, according to Koeppen,
concluded
this species
species would have great potential
concluded that
that this
if grQ\oJl1
grownin
Amazonia.
if
in Amazonia.
STATUS
In danger
danger of extinction
In
REASONS FOR DECLINE
DECLINE
Palisander is
most valuable of the innumerable
Palisander
is the
the most
innumerable
- 222
222 --
species that
that grow
grow in
in Brazil.
Brazil.
Because
it has
Because it
has been
logged, it
it is
is on
on the
the way
way to
to extinction.
extinction.
intensively logged,
Unfo
rtunately there
there are,as
Unfortunately
are,as yet/no
yet,no commercial
commercial plantations
species and
and research
research on the
the possibilities
of this species
cu l tivating it
it are
are only
only just
just beginning.
beginning.
of cultivating
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN AND RECOMMENDED
of interest
interest in
in the
the cultivation
cultivation of
of palisander
palisander is
is
Lack of
largely to
to the
the widespread misconception that it
it
due largely
is
in mind the
the great
great value
value
is slow-growing. But bearing in
of its
its wood and the
the fact
fact that
that it
it belongs to the
Legurninosae,some members of which have the
the ability
Leguminosae,some
through symbiotic microbial reduction
reduction to
to convert
convert
from the
the air
air into
into nitrogen-components that
nitrogen from
can be assimilated by plants, research
research should
should be
be
out into
into the
the conservation of this important
carried out
genetic
genetic resource both in
in situ
situ and
and ex
ex situ.
situ.
- 223 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
D.G.de
Almeida, D.G.de
1978
1978
Fichas
cornerciais ee
Fichas dendrologicas
dendrólogicas comerciais
industriais de madeiras brasileiras.
brasileiras.
Anuario
economia
Anuário brasileiro de economia
florestal,
Janeiro, 11
11 (11):
(11):
florestal, Rio de Janeiro,
342-72..
342-72
Chudnoff, M.
M.
Tropical timbers
timbers of de
de world.
Madison,
USDA, Forest Products Laboratory.
Laboratory.
USDA,
826 p.
p.
1980
Correa, M.P.
M.P .
Dicionario de plantas
plantas Uteis
uteis do
do Brasil
Brasil
Dicionário
ee exöticas.
exoticas.
Domingos , A.J.
A.J. &&
Domingos,
Keller,
Keller, E.C.S.
E.C.S.
1958
In
Bahia. Gula
Bahia.
Guia de excursao n?
n~ 6.
6.
Congresso Internacional
Internacional de
de Geografia,
Geogra£ia,
18. Rio
Rio de
de Janeiro,
Janeiro, Conselho Nacional
18.
de Geografia.
p.
310 p.
Galvao,
A. P . M.;
Ga1v3o, A.P.M.;
Ferreira, C.A.
C.A. &&
L.B.
Teixeira, L.B.
Observaq8es sabre 0 comportamento do
(jibascearrngedastrieiaoZTE=eiTircal())
jacaranda da Bahia (Dalberqia nigra)
em povoamento puro
puro na Amazónia.
Amaz6nia.
IPEF,
Piracicaba, (19):
(19): 47-59.
47-59.
Golfari, L.
L. &
&
Caser,, R.L.
Caser
R.L.
1977
Zoneamento
Zoneamento ecologico
ecolögico da
da regiao
regio
nordeste para
para experimenta~ao
experimentao florestal.
nordeste
florestal .
Serie técnica.
tecnica.
BrasIlia,
Série
PRODEPEF, Brasilia,
(10)
(10):: 1-116.
E.P.
Heringer, E.P.
1947
Contribuiqao
Contribuiy5o do conhecimento da
flora
zona da mata do Estado
Estado de
de
flora da
da zona
Minas Gerais.
Gerais.
Boletirn
Servi~o
Boletim do Servigo
de
de Pesquisas Agronomicas,
Agronómicas, Rio de
Janeiro
2 : 5-187.
Janeiro,, 2:5-187.
Leao, A
. C. &&
Le-do,
A.C.
Vinha, S.G.
S.G. da
da
Vinha,
1975
Ocorrencia
jacaranda no sul
suI da
Ocorréncia do jacarandá
Bahia.. Cacau atualidades, Ilhéus,
Bahia
Ilheus ,
Mainieri C.
C. &
Mainieri
&
Pereira, J.A.
J . A.
1965
Madeiras
Brasil: sua caracterizayRo
caracteriza~ao
Madeiras do Brasil:
macroscopica,
usos comuns e
e indices
[ndices
macroscopica, usos
qualitativos fisicos-mecánicos.
f{sicos-mecanicos.
Anuario
Anuário brasi1eiro
brasileiro de economia
florestal, Rio de Janeiro (separa
florestal,
(separa 17):
17):
1-282.
12(4):
22 - 9.
12(4): 22-9.
-- 224 --
Mattos
Mattos Filho,
Filho, A.de &&
Coimbra Filho,
Filho , A.F.
A . F.
1957
Ensaios
Ensaios ee comportamentos sobre
Dalberqia
nigra . Arquivos do
do
Dalbergia nigra.
Servi~o
Florestal, Rio
Rio de
de
Servio Florestal,
Janeiro 11:
11: 157-74.
157 - 74.
Mello,
Mello , E.C.
E.C.
19
51
1951
Estudo dendro
l ogico de
de
dendrolégico
essencias
florestais do Paraue
Parque
esséncias florestais
Nacional do Itatiaia.
Itatiaia. Boletim.
Ministerio
Ministério da
da Agricultura,
Agricultura, Rio
de
1 - 172.
de Janeiro, (2)
(2):: 1-172.
National Academy of
Sciences.
1979
Pickel , J.B.
J.B.
Pickel,
1951
Tropical
legumes: resources for
for
Tropical legumes:
the future.
future. Washington, 331
331 p.
p.
As principais grvores
arvores que
que dao
dao
madeira - método
metodo prático
pratico para
para
seu reconhecimento. Anuario
Anuario
brasileiro de economia florestal,
floresta l ,
brasileíro
Rio
i (4):
Rio de
de Janeiro,
Janeiro, 4
(4): 142-72.
Ramalho
R.S.
Ramalho,, R.S.
1973
Viosa,
Vi~osa,
Record,
Record, S.I.
S.T. &&
Hess,
1949.
Hess, R.W.
R.W .
1949.
Timbers of new
n ew world.
world. New Haven,
Haven ,
Yale University
University Press.
Press. 640
640 p.
p.
Rizzini, C.T.
C.T.
1971
Arvores
uteis do
Arvores ee madeiras
madeiras úteis
do Bra
Bra-sil:
sil: manual
manual de
de dendrologia
brasi
l eira.Sao Paulo,
Paulo, Edgard
Edgard
brasileira.Sáo
B1ucher/EDUSP. 204
204 p.
p.
Bliicher/EDUSP.
Tavares, M.F.R.
M.F.R.
1976
1976
na sobrevivésobrevive Efeito do tamanho na
jacaranda
ncia de mudas de jacarandá
da
da Bahia -- Dalbergia
Dalbergia nigra.
nigra.
Seiva, Vicsosa,
38 (85):42-6.
(85) :42 - 6.
Selva,
Viosa, 38
Tomazello
Tomazello Filho,
Filho , M.
M.
1982
Dendrologia -- vegeta~ao
brasi Dendrologia
vegetaao brasiCurso de atualizaqao
leira. CUrso
atualiza~ao
dos conhecimentos em
em recursos
recurs os
dos
Dendrologia 1:
1: notas
notas de
de aula.
aula .
UFV,
UFV, Escola
Escola Superior
Superior
92 p.
p.
de Florestas. 92
Paulo ,
naturais.
Sao Paulo,
Sec r etaria da Agricultura ee
Secretaria
Abastecimento do Estado
Estado de
de Sao
p.
Paulo.
153 p.
-- 225 --
Tuset, R.
R. &
&
Duran, I.
1970
Descripcion
Descripcion yy clave
clave macrocopicas
de
en Uruguay.
Uruguay.
de maderas
maderas comerciales en
Boletin.
Agronomia ,
Boletin. Facultad Agronomia,
Montevideo.
(114).
F.F . ;
Wangaard, F.F.;
Stern,
W.L . &
Stern, W.L.
&
Goodrich
S.L.
Goodrich,, S.L.
1955
and uses
uses of
of tropical
tropical woods.
woods.
Properties and
Tropical woods, 103:1-139.
103:1-139.
-- 226 --
SOUTHERN
REG:::0i4
SOUTHERN BAHIA
BAHIA REGION
VcdenC0
,. et,
.:
': ~
.........
Ifopenn\lo
o
>:. '.
"
obun
.. ::....
~.
0':
'"
-~
-,
.. "
,,
10
,/
(
,
••
....\.,
.'
Parlo._Se
gyro
Paro
. .slQUro
-G- .... '\ ...
\.
,
Bouncaro
"
\
POINTS
SHOWN
POINTS SHOWN
0
___~ oJ'"
~'"
,'I
,
,
"
••
Madeira, Neto
Medeiros
NeIO
I
..
1
\f".!
,
where specillfi.'nS
specimens uere
... Ff'Io_ns
~~ wre
were
0:
&\
0
e,
~
Prado
• - Places
Places wnere
toilere specimens
were
Jeciit IS were
fo..ro and
aM soi
SCIIples taken
takm
found
soill samples
•
..
(SCAl.A GRAFICA
GRAn::,II.
ESCALA
.
00
IT
W011at
....... 4r I." Nas
""_0' MO"'."
... ,
~_.
nigra,
FIGURE 11 - Occurrence of
of palisander,
palisander, DaLbergia
Dalbergia nigra,
FIGURE
in Southern Bahia
Bahia (Le5o
(Leao && Vinha, 1975).
1975).
in
227 --- 227
SOUTHERN BAHIA
BAHIA REGION
SOUTHERN
REGION
".
ALEP4C
IL Rt'US
BELMONT(
TYPES OF CLIMATE
ACCCRDIM TO
KOEITSI
~
I!II[
~
am
as
"
..
..
...
1.4.041 do
ArO
2 0 40 152 Op 0
~20..a60-P~
7
D ......... ·
Dwroso
H
H
0,1.2
0
, ,, ••
of the
FIGURE
h of
the
FIGURE 22 -- Climatic
Climatic sketc
sketch
of the Southern part of
& Vinha, 1975).
State of Bahia (Leao
(Lea) &
1975)_
- 228
228 --
1/
1/
Didymopanax morototoni
morototoni (Aubl.)
(Aubl.) Oecne
Decne && Planch.Planch.
Didymopanax
SYNONYMS
Panax morototoni Aubl.
Aubl .
(1775)
Didymopanax calophyllum Decne
Decne and
and Planch.
Planch .
(1878)
Didymopanax chrysophyllum Decne
Decne and
and Planch.
Planch .
(1878)
Didymopanax speciosum (Willd.)
(t\lilld.) Decne
Decne and
and Planch.
Planch. (1878)
(1878)
Panax chrysophyllum
chrysophy11um Vahl
Vah1 (1796)
(1796)
Panax speciosum
t-Villd .
Willd.
(1806)
(1806)
Panax spinosa Poiret
Poiret (1811)
(1811)
Schefflera morotoni (Aubl.)
(Aubl.) Frodin
Frodin fined.).
(ined.).
FAMILY
Araliaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
Morototd, Mucututil,
Pard-para,
Morototo,
Mucututu, parapara: MarupaUba
Marupa~ba -Bra
zil:
Brazil:
flaso, Sambacuim,
Sambacuim, Mandioci~
Mandioc4 Mandioqueira,
f1a50,
Mandioqueira,
Pixixica, Marupaiaba,
Pau-caixeta, Marupd.
Marupauba I Pau-caixeta,
Marupa".
French Guiana:
Guiana: Cordovan
Córdovan,, Bois
Bois de
maf, Bois de Sanit Jean.
French
de mai,
Guiana:
Karohoro, Matchwood, Morototo.
Morototo.
Karohoro,
Surinam:
Morototo,
Morototo, Cassavehout,
Cassavehout, Bigi boesie,
boesie, PapajaPapaja hoedoe, Kasabahoedoe.
Kasabahoedoe.
hoedoe,
Peru:
1/
!/
Sanch-uva, Anonillo.
Anonillo.
Based on
on the
work of
of
Based
the work
S.T.Ohashi,
Forestry
S.T.
Oh as hi , Fo
restry
Ciéncias Agrarias do
Ciencias
do
Para,
Para, Brazil.
0.Daniel, L.G.
L.G. da Costa and
O.Daniel,
Department of the
the Faculdade
Faculdade de
Para,
Para, P.O.
P.O. Box
Box 917,
917, Belém,
Belem,
-- 229 -
Bolivia:
Gui
tarrero .
Guitarrero.
Columbia:
Yagrume.
Yrumero, Yagrume.
Venezuela:
Savana, Y.
Y. Macho,
Macho, Grumo
Orumo Macho,
Macho,
Yarumo de Savana,
Sun-sun, Higuereto,
Higuereto, Tinajero.
Tinajero.
Argentina:
Ambay-guaz~.
Ambay-guazú.
Costa
Rica : Pava,
Pava, Pavilha,
Pavilha, Probado,
Probado , Pino
Pino del
del general.
general.
Costa Rica:
Panama:
Panamá:
Jagueme, J.
J. Macho,
Macho, Pyume
Pyume Pyume
Pyume Macho,
Macho, Pava,
Pava ,
Jagueme,
cimarrona
Grayumo, Yagrume,
Yagrume, Y.Macho,
Y.Macho,
cimarrona,, Grayumo,
Manabe, Gorgoram.
Gorgoram.
Yarumero, Manabé,
Trinidad:
Trinidad:
Match-wood, Jeretón.
Jereton.
Dominican Rep.:
Rep.: Palo
Palo de
de sable,
sable, sablito,
sablito, Yagrumo
Yagrumo Macho.
Macho.
Cuba
Cuba::
Sapatón,
Sapaton, Yagrumo
Yagrumo Macho,
Macho, Arriero,
Arriero, Cavilan,
Gavilan,
Badana, Cordobán,
Cordoban , Padero,
Padero , Papay6n.
papayo·n.
Badana,
Mexico:
Mé'xico:
Chancaro blanco,
blanco, Robla
RobIa blanco.
b l anco .
Nicaragua:
Nicarágua:
Costilla de danto.
danto.
Honduras:
Mountain trumpet.
trumpet.
Puerto
: Yagruma
Puerto Rico
Rico:
Yagruma Macho,
Macho, Pava
Pava cinuanoria
cinuanoria..
BOTANICAL
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
A tree
tree with ornamental possibilities due
due to
to its
its rapid
rapid
growth and handsome aspect,
aspect, medium sized,
sized , 88 to
to 30
30 m
m
in
- shaped bole
is straight and
in height,
height, cylinder
cylinder-shaped
bole that is
may
reach up to 80
80 cm in
in diameter at
at the
the base;
base; crown
crOvln
may reach
- 230 -
ramification only at the
the apex;
apex; the branches
small with ramification
are not
not numerous;
numerous; scars
scars on
on the
the leaf
leaf peduncles
peduncles occur.
occur.
Inflorescence
A terminal,
terminal, panicule,
panicule, 20
20 to
to 40
40 cm
em in
in length,
length, with
(30 flowers),formina
flowers), forming
groups of multi-flowered umbels (30
following types:
types:
the following
"A" - The umbels form
form on the
the tertiary
tertiary petiole,
Type "A"
with
flowers appearing below
with solitary flowers
umbels;
the umbels;
Type "B"
"B " - The umbels form
form on the
the fourth
fourth peduncle;
Type "C"
"e" -- Of intermediary structure;
structure; umbels are
are
on the
on
the tertiary peduncles,on
peduncles, on the
the lower
half
the inflorescence
inflorescence and,
and, on the
the other
half the
half, aborted flowers
flowers in
in quaternary
half,
peduncles.
In
the trees
trees begin to cease flowering
flowering when
In Panama,
Panama, the
rainfall reaches
reaches levels above 300
300 mm/month,
rom/month , from
from
rainfall
In
from
In Brazil,
Brazil, they flower from
August to
to December.
December.
August
to January.
January.
November to
or
flowers may be
be pedicelate
pedicelate
The flowers
sessile;
sessile; not
not articulated;
articulated; calyx with five
five sepals
sepals
that are
heavily pubescent;
pubescent; corolla with five
five petals
that
are heavily
in
buds; five
f i ve stamens alternate with the
the
in eliptical buds;
petals,
petals, with very small
small filaments.
filaments.
Fruit
The fruits
fruits are
are drupes,
drupes, transversally
transversally eliptical;
eliptical; wider
wide r
than long,
long, measuring
11 to 12
12 mm
rnm in
in width by 8
8 to
to 9
9 mm
rom
than
measuring 11
in length;
length; 44 to
to 6 mm and 7 to 9 mm respectively are
also reported.
reported.
-- 231
231 --
In
Peru, fructification
fructification is
is from
from
In Panama,
Panama, Brazil and Peru,
November to December,
December, and the number of seeds per 100 9g
is 55 900.
is
900.
Foliage
Foliage
Leaves
large, compound,
digitate, 15-40 cm
em long
Leaves large,
compound, digitate,
alternate, long
long petioled
petioled (30-60
(30-60 cm),
em), with
with well
well devedevealternate,
loped
obliquely on
on the
the stem;
stem; 10
10 to
to
loped stipulesi
stipules; inserted obliquely
11
lance-shaped limb,
limb, acuminaacumina11 folioles,
folioles, with
with eliptical lance-shaped
te,
the margin,
margin, semi
semi coreaceous,
coreaceous,
te, undulate,
undulate, sinuate on the
the upper surface and brown-red
dark green
green on
on the
underneath, where it
it is
is heavily
heavily pilose.
pilose.
underneath,
Bark
The Bark has a
a whitish colour
colour with
with aa smooth
smooth surface.
surface.
WOOD PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
Noed
is moderately heavy,
heavy, light
light cream in colour with
Wood is
some
some grey;
grey; regular
regular grain;
grain; medium
medium texture;
texture; shiny
shiny and
and
Easily
smooth surface;
surface; indistinct
indistinct odor
odor and
and taste.
taste.
worked with a
a fine finish.
finish.
Wood is
is used in
in general carpentry,
carpentry , veneer,
veneer, ceiling
construction etc.;
etc.; match
match sticks,
sticks, boxes
boxes and
and cartons,
cartons,
It
frequently
appears
on the
pencils,
pencils, pulp and paper.
paper .
It frequently
the
market as
as "Marupá"
"Marupa" -- (Simaruba
(Simaruba amara).
~) .
Other Uses
Uses
In Panama
Panama the
the petioles are used
In
used for
for making
making bird
bird cages.
cages.
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
This
This species
species has
has a
a wide distribution,
distribution, being
being found
found in
in
Brazil, Argentina,
Argentina, Peru,
Brazil,
Peru, Guianas,
Guianas, Venezuela,
Venezuela , Colombia,
Colombia,
-- 232 -
Antilles , Costa Rica,
Rica, Panama,
Panama, Guatemala,
Guatemala, Mexico and
Antilles,
Bolivia.
SOIL/CLIMATE
In Brazil,
according to
to the
the classification
classification made
made by
by
In
Brazil, accordina
Koeppe~ Didymopanax
Koeppen,Didymop
anax morototoni
morototoni grows
grows in
in Am
Am and
and Aw
Aw type
Cli mates!l. In
this tree
tree grows
grows
climates1/
In other countries
countries where this
naturally, the
the climates are also tropical with and
naturally,
without dry
d r y seasons,
seasons , with the
the exception of Argentina
sub- tropical climate.
climate.
which has aa sub-tropical
It
It occurs
occurs frequently
in
in clayey,
clayey, acid
acid soil.
soil.
HABITAT
Freauently
Frequently found
found in
in the
the upland
upland forests,
forests, in
in old open
woodlands.
margins.
it is
is common on the
the savana
savana
In Peru it
It
forests with abundant
abundant light.
light.
It prefers
prefers open forests
In
the region
region between
between the
the Tapajós
Tapajos
In surveys
surveys made on the
rivers, 60.8%
60.8% of Didymopanax
Didyrnopanax morototoni
and Xingu rivers,
trees
than 25
25 em
found in
in the
the
trees with
with more
more than
cm of
of dbh
dbh,, was found
stratum.
dominant stratum.
SILVICULTURE
Didymopanaxmorototoni
morototoni
a light- deIT\311dingspecies,
species, abundant
abundant
Didymopanax
is aislight-derranding
nainly in openings, secondary
secondary forests
forests and
and on
on road
road sides.
sides.
mainly
These
These
locations
are susceptible to
to fires
fires in
i n dry
dry periods,
periods ,
locations are
is essentially
essent i a l ly favored
favored due
due to
to the
the
and this species is
of its
i ts seeds.
seeds.
resistance of
Soon
burning, which
Soon after burnina,
cleans the
the soil,
soil,
practically cleans
!1/See
/Se e top
top of
of page
page 219.
2 1 9.
the
germinates.
the seeds germinates.
- 233
233 --
Didymopanax morototoni
morototoni has
has been
been cultivated
cultivated mainly
mainly for
for
the
sticks in
in the
the Brazilian
Brazilian
the manufacturing of match sticks
Amazon.
three years of
o f age a
a better growth in
in height
At three
(4.66 m)
a 3
3 x 2 m
m spacing
spacing and
and the
the
(4.66
m) was
was obtained in a
(9.3 cm)
em) with aa 44 xx 44 mm spacing.
spacing.
The
larger diameter (9.3
increase in
in diameter from
from 1951 to 1978
average annual increase
in
stands
in
Puerto
Rico
was
0.82
em/year.
in stands
Rico
0.82 cm/year. In Brazil
should be
be higher.
higher.
production
this figure should
An expected production
3
of 15 - 18
18 m3/ha/year
m /ha/year in
in uniform
uniform stands
stands is
is forecasted.
forecasted.
STATUS
Didymopanax morototoni is
is a
a species that is
is very
very
abundant
forests of all Central and
abundant in secondary forests
South
countries , where there is
is a
a tropical
tropical
South American countries,
or sub-tropical
sub- tropical climate.
climate.
dispersal by
by birds.
birds.
Its regeneration is
is due
due to
to
Its
The genetic variability
variability is
is
large, but exploration is still necessary to
to discover
large,
new provenances.
provenances .
However , even with the
the availability
availability
However,
of
native raw material,
forest enterprises
of abundant
abundant native
material, forest
do
this wood in such large quantities that
that they
do need
need this
are
reforestation, which has
has
are already concerned with reforestation,
sshown
h own good tree
tree development
development and
and form.
form . This species
is
a nd good provenances
is not
not generally in genetic
genetic deline,
deline, and
are
found throughout
throughout the
the area of its
its natural distridistri are found
bution.
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN AND RECOMMENDED
As already stressed,
stressed, this
this species
species is
is not
not undergoing
undergoing
extinction at
at the
the moment.
moment .
However,
to its
its wide
However, due to
use,
in the
the pulp
pulr
use, which
which is
is becoming
becoming more
more intense
intense in
-- 234 --
and paper industry,
industry, and
and as
as aa white
white wood
wood for
for many
many
purposes,
some recommendations
recommendations may
may be
be made:
made:
purposes, some
(a) more in-depth
in-depth study
study on
on the
the management
management of
of its
its
and on
on its
its silviculture.
silviculture .
natural regeneration and
(b) planting
planting of
for the
the preservation
preservation
of base populations for
of provenances.
(el study on the
the genetic variability
variability among
among and
and within
within
populations.
- 235
235 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
8.S.
Beard, S.S.
1944/45
A silvicultural
silvicultural technique in Trinidad
for
the rehabilitation of degraded
for the
forest.
Carib.
Forest. , Puerto
Puerto Rico,
Rico,
Carib. Forest.,
(6):
(6): 1-33.
J.F.A.
Chacon, J.F.A.
1964
The
characteristics of some forest
forest
The characteristics
regard to
to their
their use
use in
in the
the
species with regard
Industry.
Turrialba,
Costa Rica,
Match Industry.
Turrialba, Costa
14
(1): 38-9.
38 - 9.
14 (1):
Chacon, J.F.
J.F.
1964
Las
especies
Las caracteristicas
características de
de algunas
alunas especies
forestales con miras aa su
su utilizacion
utilizacion
en la
1a industria
industria fosforera.
fosforera.
Turrialba,
Costa Rica,
Costa
Rlca, 14
38-9.
14 (1):
(1): 38-9.
Correa,
M.P.
Corra, M.P.
1978
Dicionario
uteis do
do Brasil
Brasil
Dicionário das plantas Uteis
das exóticas
ee das
ex6ticas cultivadas.
cultivadas. Brasilia,
IBDF.
238-9 p.
p.
IBDF. v.5 238-9
H.C.
Dawkins, H.C.
1961
1961
Estimating
total volume
Estimating total
volume of
of some caribean
trees.
Carib
Forest., Puerto
Puerto Rico,
Rico,
Carib.. Forest.,
22
22 (314):
(314) : 62-3.
62-3.
FAO
1971
Forestry School.
School. Curitiba,
National Forestry
Brazil: Silvicultural
Silvicultural research
research in
in the
the
Brazil:
based on
on the
the work
work of
of J.L.C.Dubois.
J.L.C.Dubois.
Amazon, based
Rome.
184 p.
p.
Rome. 184
Harms, H.
H.
1939
Enumeration
Enumeration of the Araliaceae collected
in New
New Guinea.
Guinea.
by L.S.Brass in
JJ.Arnold
. Arno1d Arbor. 20:321-2.
Heinsdijk,
D.
Heinsdijk, D
1957
upper story
story of
of tropical
tropical forest.
forest.
The upper
wo?ds , New Hayan,
Haven, (107):
(107): 66-84.
66-84.
Tropical woods,
Hladik,
Contrtbuti0n a
A. l'ótude
l' etude bicicaique
!.:>i.clcqio.ue d'une
d' une
Contribution
Araliaceae d'Ame'rique
d'Amerique tropicale:
Araliaceae
Didymopanax morototoni.
morototoni . Adansonia
Adansonia..
s.LI'
383-407.
s.i.p.. 383-407.
1970
Loureiro,A.A.
et al.
al.
1979
EssenCias
da Amazonia.
Amazonia.
Essencias madeireiras da
Manaus, INPA
INPA v.2
Manaus,
v.2..
-- 236 --
Loureiro, A.A. &&
Lisboa,P.L.B.
1979
Madeiras do Municipio de
de Aripuana ee
suas utilidades (Mato
(Mato Grosso).
Grosso). Acta
Acta
amazonica, Manaus,
Manaus, 9(1-suplemento):
9 (l-suplemento) :
amazónica,
138.
1-38
Mainieri, C.
C.
1958
caixeta.
Madeiras denominadas caixeta.
Publ i ca9ao. Instituto
Instituto de
de Pesquisas
Pesquisas
PublicaÇáo.
Tecnoloqjcas,
Sao Paulo
(572).
Tecnológicas, sab
Paulo,, (572).
Mainieri,C .
Mainieri,C.
1967
Madeiras
leves eMpresadas
caixotaria~
Madeiras leves
emprecadas em caixotaria:
estudo anatomico,
anatomico , macro ee micróSconico.
microsconiCO.
Anuario brasileiro
brasi.leiro de
de economia
economia
..
florestal, Rio
Rio de
de Janeiro,
Janeiro, 18(18):121-46.
18(18) :121- 46.
floresta',
Marques,L.C . T.
Maroues,L.C.T.
et al.
al.
1983
Determinago
Determina~ao da
da epoca
e(noca adeouada
ade0uada de
de
repicagern para morototarepicagem
morototo'- Didymopanax
morototoni
moroto toni (Aublet)
(Aublet) Decne.
Decne. Pesquisa
Pesquisa
andamento. Belém,
Bele~, (112):1-2.
(112) : 1-2.
em andamento.
Marques,S.L.T.
Marques,S . L . T.
al.
et al.
1983
Influ~ncia
Influéncia do
do substrato
substrato no
no crescimento
crescimento
de morototO
norototo - Didymopanax
de ~udas
rudas de
(Aublet) Decne. Pesquisa
Pesquisa em
em
morototoni (Aublet)DeOne.
andan1f~ntn, Belém,
Belem, (120):
(120): 1-3.1 - 3.andamento,
Marshall,
t4arshall, R.C.
R.C .
1931
Notes on the silviculture of the more
important
important timber
timber trees
trees of
of Trinidad
Trinidad and
and
the
Tobago with information on the
formation of
of woods.
woods . Tropical woods,
woods,
Haven , (27): 28-9.
28 - 9.
New Haven,(27):
Ragonese, A.M.
A.M .
1961
x i lema secundario de las
las
Estructura del xilema
Araliaceas Argentinas. Revista de
investigaciones agrrcolas,
agrlcolas, Buenos
Buenos Aires,
Aires,
15
(3) : 375 - 7e.
15(3):375-78.
Record,S.J.&
Kuylen,H.
1926
Trees of the
the lower
lower Rio
Rio Motagua
Motagua Valley,
Valley,
Gu atemala . Tropical
~ropical woods,
woods, New
New Haven
Haven
Guatemala.
Stanley,P.C.
1930
Araliaceae. Flora of
of Costa
Costa Rica.
Rica .
of Natural
Natural History,
History,
Field Museum of
Chicago,
Ie (parte 3):
3) : 851-2.
851 -2.
Chicago, 18(parte
(7): 13.
13 .
(7):
- 237 --237
et al.
al.
Yared,J.A.G. et
1983
vleaver, P.L.
P.L.
Weaver,
1982
Williams, L.
L.
1936
Influe'snciadodoespa9amento
espa9amento nas
Influ~ncia
caracteri:sticas
de crescimento
crescimento ee
caracter1sticas de
forma
freijo (Cordia
(Cordia goeldiana)
goeldiana)
forma de
de freijó
ee morototo'
(Didymopanax morototoni).
morototoni) .
morototó (Didymopanax
andamento, Belem,
Belem,
Pesquisa em andamento,
(1l6):
1 - 2.
(116): 1-2.
Tree diameter
diameter increment
increment in
in an
an
Forest of
of Puerto
Puerto Rico.
Rico.
Upper Montane Forest
Turrialba, 32(2):119-22.
32(2) :119 - 22.
Turrialba, Turrialba,
\'loods of Northeastern
Araliaceae. Woods
Peru..
Field Museum of Natural
Peru
History,
cnicago, 15:399-401.
15:399-401.
History, unicago,
- 238
238 --
1/
J.B.K.Richardson!/
Diospyros hemiteles J.B.K.Richardson-
Of the fourteen
fourteen species of Diospyros endemic to the
Mascarenes, twelve are from
from the island
island of Mauritius
Mascarenes,
in
Indian Ocean,
in the
the Indian
Ocean, one
one Q.
D. borbonica
borbonica is
is from
from Reunion
R'union
and one,
D. diversicolor is
Island and
one, Q.
is from
from Rodrigues.
Rodrigues.
Q.
argulata, one of the Mauritian species
species may
D. argulata,
may have
become extinct already.
already.
is
Diospyros hemiteles is
It is
is a
now known by only one
one female
female specimen.
specimen.
a tree
midelevation which
which has
has aa height
height of
of 88 meters.
growing at midelevation
SYNONYMS
Diospyros polyandra sensu
sensu Vaughan
Vaughan
FAMILY
Ebenaceae
VERNACULAR NAME
Bois
Bois d'Ebene
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
Inflorescence
Inflorescence
Flowers
unisexual, male
flowers stalkless,
stalkless, mostly
Flowers unisexual,
male flowers
solitary in the leaf
leaf axils,
axils, the
the parts
parts in
in 66 to
to 8;
8;
calyx cup-shaped,
12-15 mm broad,
broad, corolla up to 3.5
cup-shaped, 12-15
em
reflexed white
white lobes,
lobes,
cm wide when expanded, with reflexed
the outside.
outside.
silky on the
Stamens
numerous (c.60
(c.60 per
Stamens numerous
per male
flower); female
female flowers
flowers with
with
flower);
1/
II
20-30
staminodes.
Based on
on the
the work
work of
of A.W.Owadally (Conservator
Based
(Conservator
of
Forestry Service,
Service, Curepilpe,
Curepfpe, Mauritius).
Mauritius).
of Forest, Forestry
-- 239
239 --
Fruit
Fruit
Fruit
vo id to ellipsoid,
e m wide,
Fruit oovoid
ellipsoid, 2-3 cm
wide, with aa
persistent,
persistent, slightly winged,
winged, woody and enlarged
calyx attached to
to the
the base.
base.
Foliage
Leaves
tipped, 6-12x
6-12x 2.5
2.5 cm,
em,
Leaves oblong-elliptic,
oblong-elliptic, blunt tipped,
subcoriaceous , dark green with lighter translucent
subcoriaceous,
veins.
Bark
Dark
Dark-grey,
- grey, more or less
less smooth.
smooth.
WOOD PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
No annual ring
ring present.
present.
Wood brittle.
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
Mauritius, Indian
Indian Ocean; west and
and south
south west of
of the
the
Mauritius,
island.
CLIMATE
Hot
season, December to
to April.
April.
Hot rainy season,
Cool dry season
season
with occasional showers, April to
to November.
SOILS
basalt parent
parent rock.
rock.
Lithosols with basalt
Soil shallow.
HABITAT
female tree
tree occurs
occurs at
at c.
c. 350
The single female
350 m in mid-
a forest
forest of other indigenous
indigenous species.
species.
altitude of a
It
just beside
is only a
a short
It grows
grows just
beside aa road and is
from the
the edge
edge of
of the
the forest.
forest.
distance from
- 240
240 --
SEED HANDLING
rare .
Seed rare.
a rich
rich soil
soil immediately
i~mediately
Must be sown in a
after collection.
collection .
take up to six months to
to
It may take
germinate.
STATUS
Endangered.
Endanaered.
As
in the
introduction only
As mentioned in
the introduction
only
one individual
individual of
of this
this potentially
potentially valuable
valuable tree
tree
known.
is now known.
It
~agenta road
road in
in the
the
grows along Magenta
forest
the western
western slopes
slopes of
of Trois
Trois
forest of Cabinet on the
Mountain.
Mamelles Mountain.
This
tree is
is aa female
female and unless
unless
This tree
a male is found
found and
and measures taken
taken to
to obtain seed,
seed, the
the
a
is clearly
clearly doomed
doomed to
to extinction.
extinction.
It is
is over
species is
It
100 years
it is
is likely to be near the
the end
end of
of
years old
old so
so it
its life.
life.
Recently half a dozen other
other trees
trees
have been
fully
have
been found,
found, but
but they
they have
have not
not yet been fully
identified .
identified.
REASONS FOR DECLINE
Cultivation,
illegal wood
Cultivation, illegal
wood cutting,
cutting, monkey
and
damage, and invasion
invasion by vigorous introduced
introduced weedy
deer damaae,and
species.
species.
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN
far not
not successfd_
successfw.
Propagation tried by cuttings but so far
-- 241 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Besser , J.et.al.
J.et.a!.
Bosser,
1981
IUCN
1978
Mascareignes -- Family
Family 117
117
Flire des Mascareignes
Ebénaceies
Ebenacees
IUCN Plant
Plant Red
Red Data
Data Book
Book
The IUCN
- compieled by G.Lucas
G.Lucas and
and H.Synae,
H.Synqe,
Morges, Switzerland
Switzerland pp.
pp. 193-194.
193 - 194 .
Morges,
Richardson,J.B.K.
Diosoyros hemiteles.
hemiteles.
Richardson,J.B.K. Diospyros
1980
Bull . 34:731
34:731
Kew Bull.
--
242 --
vag.!/
Dipterix alata Vog.1/
SYNONYMS
pterota Mart
Mart ex
ex Benth.
Benth. (1838)
Dipterix pterota
Coumarouna
(1891)
Coumarouna. alata
aleta Taub. (1891)
FAMILY
Legurninosae
Subfam. Papilionoideae
Papilionoideae
Leguminosae Subfam.
VERNACULAR NAMES
NAMES
baru, barujo,
barujo, caco
coco feijao,
feijao, combarir,
combar~, emburena
emburena
Combaru, baru,
feijao caco,
coco, pau
pau camarú.
camaru.
brava, feijab
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTION
General
Tree with
with a
Tree
a tall,
tall, straight stem,
stem, reaching uo
up to 15-25 o
m
in height and
and 0.50-0.90
0.50 - 0.90 mm in
in diameter.
diameter.
Inflorescence
A divaricate branchy,
branchy, panicle,
panicle, from
from 20
20 to
to 23
23 cm
em in
in
with angular
angular and
and pubescent
pubescent branches;
branches; flowers
flowers
width, with
Flowering occurs
calyx campanulate.
campanulate.
occurs
pinkish-white, calyx
from October to
from
to January.
January.
Fruit
An elliptical,
elliptical, long
long pod,
pod , 55 cm
em in
in length
length by 44 cm
em in
in
width; with aa coriaceous
width;
coriaceous epicarp.
epicarp .
Fructification
occurs from
from May
May to
to June.
June .
1/Based on the
l/Based
the work of
of P.Y.Kageyama;
P.Y . .Kageyama; M.L.Marques
M.L.Man'Tues and
and M.
M.
- Tomazello
Tomazello Fo.
Fa.
Department , ESALQ/USP,
ESALQ/USP,
Forestry Department,
9, Piracicaba,
Piracicaba, SP,
SP, Brazil.
Brazil.
P.O.Box 9,
-- 243 --
Foliage
Leaves:
winged , compound,
compound, with
with 6-12
6-12 alternate
alternate
Leaves: Alternate,
Alternate, winged,
folioles,
petiole , ovate-oblong
ovate - oblong or
or almost
almost
folioles, with
with aa short petiole,
elliptical,
roundish at the apex and shortened
shortened at
at the
the
elliptical, roundish
base,
to 12
12 ecm
m in
in length,
length, the
the midrib
nearer the
the
base, up to
midrib nearer
right
side has
glands visible
the naked
right side
has oleaginous
oleaginous glands
visible to the
naked
eye.
ey
e. Branches:
Branches: well
developed, with high resistance
reSistance
well developed,
to wind;
wind; large crown.
to
crown.
WOOD PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
Wood heavy.
heavy.
Heartwood brownish-yellow
brownish-yellow with
with an
an atteatte nuated
fibrous aspect
nuated fibrous
aspect,, emphasizing stripes of
lines; distinct white-yellow sapwood,
sapwood, surface
surface
vascular lines;
little shine;
shine; no distinct
distinct odor
odor or
or taste;
taste; irregular
irregular
with little
or interlocked
interlocked grain;is
grain; is considered
considered as aawood
wood with
high rot-resistance.
rot-resistance. The heartwood
heartwood of
of the
the
"combaru" is
is likely to
"combaru"
to have low
low permeability
permeability to
to
preservative solutions
solutions in
in treatments
treatments under
under pressure.
pressure.
The combaru
comba ru wood is very similar
similar in
in terms
terms of
of anatomical
anatomical
constitution to that of the
the faveiro
faveiro -- Pterodon
pterodon
pubescens
pubescens Benth,
8enth., which
which renders
renders it
it the
the same
same uses.
uses.
It
is recommended
recommended for
for the
the construction of external
is
structures, stakes,
stakes, fence
fence posts,
posts, sleepers,
sleepers, etc.
etc. and
and in
in
structures,
civil construction for
civil
for beams,
beams, door
door frames,
frames, floor
floor
etc., as well as
boards and tiles
tiles etc.,
as for
for truck
truck bodies
bodies
and agricultural implements
implements etc.
etc.
Other Uses
Uses
The fruits
fruits (seeds)
(seeds) are
are used
used for
for food
food and
and medicinal
medicinal
purposes.
pu r poses. Dipterix alata is recommended
recommended for planting
planting
as a street
street tree.
tree.
-- 244 -
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
is wide-spread in
in Brazil throughout
throughout the
the
This species is
Gerais, Mato
Mate Grosso,
Grosso, Goiás,
GOias, Maranhao
states of Minas Gerais,
Piaui~
and Piaui:
SOIL/CLIMATE
D.alata
is
is found
found in
in soils of moderate fertility
fertility and
pH, with preference to
to lateritic,
lateritic, sandy-clay
sandy - clay
acid pH,
predominance of
of the
the coarse
coarse fraction.
fraction.
with predominance
According
the
to the area of occurrence and the habitat of the
species,
in subtropical
subtropical or tropical,
tropical, humid
humid
species, it is found in
or subhumid climates,
climates, with average annual temperatures
temperatures
between 19
19 and
and 250C,
250C, and
and average
average annual
annual
varying between
between 1100
1100 and
and 22 000
000 mm,
mm, relatively
relatively
precipitation between
evenly distributed throughout the year,
year, with water
varying from
from moderate
moderate to
to high.
high.
deficiency varying
HABITAT
Dirterix alata is common in
in dry open woodland,
woodland, the
Dipterix
tt
llcerrados
in the
the high
high forest.
forest.
It
"cerrados",, but never occurs in
occupies the same habitat as Astronium fraxinifolium,
occupies
fraxinifolium,
stigneoerpa, Bowdidria sp.
sp. and Pterodon
pterodon sp.
sp.
Hymenaea stigneoerpa,
SEED
SEED HANDLING
Seed germination is
is influenced
influenced by irrigation,
irrigation , temperatempera ture and drying.
ture
the fruit.
fruit .
from the
It is necessary to remove
remove the
the almond
al mond
Germination
in aa period of 20-57 days
Germination in
55% and 75%
75 % success
success (without
(without
after sowing gave between 55%
for breaking
breaking dormancy).
dormancy) .
treatment for
kilo vary
vary
Seeds per kilo
32-48 although 525
525 have
have been
been reported.
reported .
between 32-48
- 245
245 --
SILVICULTURE
the understorey of a
Planted in
in the
Pinus elliottii
elliottii stand
stand
Pinus
the second
second thinning,
thinning, D.
D. alata _presented
after the
presented an
height (at
(at 88 years
years of
of age)
age) of
of 3.74
3.74 meters,
meters,
average height
aa dbh
3.11 cmiand
em/and aa 96%
96% survival.
survival.
dbh of 3.11
STATUS AND REASONS
REASONS FOR
FOR DECLINE
DECLINE
natu ral distribution area of this
this species
species is in the
t he
The natural
Brazil that
that present the
the highest
highest rates
rates of
of
regions of Brazil
forest
devastation , due
due to
to the
the expansion
expansion of
of agriculture.
agriculture.
forest devastation,
D . alata
a l ata is
is of excellent quality
quality and
and its
its
The wood of D.
used for
for human
human and
and animal
animal consumption,
consumption, as
as
seeds can be used
well as for
for medicinal purposes,
purposes, thus
thus contributing
contributing to
to
its
and disorderly
disorderly exploitation
exploitation and
and decline.
decline .
its intensive and
PROTECTIVE
PROTECTIvE MEASURES TAKEN
In 1980
1980 and
and 1982
1982 aa provenance/progeny
provenance/progeny trial
was set
up
In
trial was
set up
in
- SP , through
the tree
tree
in the
the region
region of
of Pederneiras
Pederneiras-SP,
through the
improvement
improvement programme
programme of
of the
the Instituto
Instituto Florestal
Florestal do
do
Estado
de Sao Paulo,
Paulo, usina
using 4
4 provenances and approxiEstado de
mately 25
provenance, aiming at the genemately
25 progenies per
per provenance,
tic conservation of
tic
of the
the species.
species.
- 246 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aguiar, I.B.
I.B.
et alii
1983
Edeitos
do espa9amento
espapmento no
Edeitos do
no comportamento
comportamento
silvicultural de Coumarona alata (Vog.).
(Vag . ).
Tamb. SilvicuJtura,
Paulo, 8(28):
8(28):
Tamb.
SilvicuJtura, sera
Sb Paulo,
Alencar, J.C.&
J.C.&
J'<1agalhaes, L.M.
L.M.
Magalhäes,
Poder
Pader germinativo
germinativQ de
de sementes
sementes de
de doze
especies florestais
especies
florestais da
da regiao
regio de
Manaus,
Amazonica, Manaus,
Manaus,
Manaus, Acta Amazanica,
99(3):
(3) , 411-418.
411-418.
1979
126-128.
.
Berg,M.E.V.D.
1982
Aproveitamento alternativo
alternativQ de essencias
Silvicultura
florestais da
da Amazónia.
Amazonia.
em Sao
P-'3.ulo,
16A
(Parte 1):
1): 226-231.
2:l6-2::S1.
em
So Paulo,
36A (Parte
Boutelje, J.B.
J.B.
BoutelDe,
En~yclopaedia of world timbers - names
Encyclopaedia
technicdl literature.
literature.
stockolm,
and technical
Stockolm,
Swedish Forest
Forest Products
Products Research
Research
398 p.
p.
Laboratory. 398
1980
Correa,
M.P.
Corra, M.P.
1926
DicionZrio
Dicionario das
das plantas úteis
uteis do Brasil.
IBDF. v.2.
v.2.
p.
Brasilia IBDF.
707 p.
DeuS,e.E. ;
Deus,C.E.;
Brueno,C.S.C.&
Nogueira,M.C.G.
1982
Conservaqáo
Conserva~ao de recursos naturais do
Acre. Silvicultura em San
Sa0
Estado do Acre.
Paulo,
So Paulo,
Paulo, Sao
Paulo, 16A
16A (Parte
(Parte 1):
1):
Ducke,
Ducke, A.
A.
1948
As
As especies brasileiras do genero
"Coumarouna " Aubl.
"Dipteryx" Schub.
Schub.
"Coumarouna"
Aubl. ou "Dipteryx"
(Famflia Leguminosae
Leguminosae Papilionatae
Papilionatae
(Famnia
Dalbargieae).
D~lbargieae).
Anais da Academia
Brasileira de
de Ciencias,
Ciencias, 20(1):
20(1): 39-56.
39-56.
Figuelras,T.S.&
Figueiras,T.S.&
Silva,E.
1979
Estudo preliminar
preliminardodoBaru
Baru(Leg.Falx)idae).
(Leg. Faboidae).
Estudo
Florestal, Rio
Rio de
de Janeiro,
Janeiro ,
Brasil Florestal,
6(22),
33 - 39 .
6(22): 33-39.
Golfari ,L.;
Golfari,L.;
Caser,R.L.
Caser,R.L. &&
Moura,V.P.G.
1978
Zone
amen to eco16gico
Zoneamento
ecológico esquernatico
esquemático para
reflorestamento no
no Brasil.
Brasil.
Serie
Série
Tecnica , PRODEPEF,
PRODEPEF, Brasfla
Brasl1a (11):
(11): 1-66.
1-66.
Técnica,
1551
- 1567.
1551-1567.
_ 247
247 --
~
C.
Mainieri, C.
1970
Madeiras brasileiras:
brasileiras: caracteristicas
caracteristicas
gerais , zonas
zonas de
de maior ocorrência,
oco rr encia ,
gerais,
So Paulo,
botan i cos ee usos.
usos.
Sao
Paulo,
dados botanicos
Secretar
i a da
da Agricultura do Estado
Estado de
de
Secretaria
Paulo . 109
109 p.
p.
Sao Paulo.
Mainieri, C.
C.
1978
Ficha de
de caracteristicas
caracter{st i cas das madeiras
madeiras
brasileiras
. Sao
Paulo, IPT.
1PT . v.l.
v.I.
brasileiras.
So Paulo,
In~t~tuto
de Pesquisas Tecnologicas.
Instituto de
196 p.
p.
C.;
Mainieri, C.;
Chinelo,J.P. &&
Afonso , V.A.
Afonso,V.A.
1983
Manual de
Ma~ual
de identifica9áo
identifica9ao das principais
princ i pais
comercjais brasileiras.
brasileiras. Sao
Sao
madeiras comercias
Paulo,, Secretaria da
pau~o
da IndústriaIndustriaComércio, Ciéncia
Comercio,
Ciencia ee Tecnologia.
Tecnologia .
241 p.
p.
Pereira,A.P.
1982
1982
Ensaios em viveiro florestal
florestal e
e
frutifica9~o
de algumas
algumas especies
especies
frutificao de
Silvicultura
em Sao
So Paulo,
amazonicas.
Silvicult
ura em
Paulo,
Sao Paulo,
Paulo, 16A
16A (Parte
(Parte 2):
2) , 1135-1138.
1135 -11 38.
So
Record,
S.J.&
Record, S.J.&
Hess,R.W.
1949
Timbers of
of new
new world.
world.
4 ed.
ed. New
New Haven,
Haven,
4
640 p.
p.
~a
l e University Press.
Press.
{ale
Rosot,
N.C
.;
Rosot, N.
C.;
Machado,
Machado, SS.A.
.A. &&
Figueiredo Filho,A.
FilJl0 ,A.
1982
1982
Analise estrutural
estrutural de uma floresta tropical
tropical
Análise
cano
básico pa.ra
para elaborac;ao
elaboragáo de
de urn
um
CCITO subsidio
subs{dio bclsico
plano
pl ano de manejo
manejo florestal.
florestal . Silvicultura em
em
/
Sao
Paulo , Sao
Sao Paulo,
Paulo , 16A
16A (Parte
(Parte 1):
I) :
So Paulo,
468-490.
progenie e
e procedencia do
do
Siqueira,A.C.M.F.
Siqueira
, A.C.M . F. Teste de progênie
Cumbaru -- Dipterix
alii
cumharu
Dipterix alata
alata Vog..
vog~.
et alii
Sjlvicultura
em Sl'o
S~o Paulo,
Paulo, 5a-o
Sao Paulo,
1982
Silvicultura em
116A
6A (Parte
(Parte 2):
"2 ), 1076-1080.
i076 -i080.
Essencias indigenas
ind{genas sombreadas,
sornbreadas,
Toledo Filho
Fi1ho D.V.
D . V. Essencias
& Parente,P.R.
Parente,P . R.
Silvicultura
Paulo, Sao
Paulo ,
Silvicultura em
em Sao
So Paulo,
So Paulo,
&
16A (Parte
(Parte 2):
2) , 948-956.
948 - 956.
1982
- 248 --
1/
angolense (Welw.)C.DC.
(Helw.)C.DC.Entandrophragma angolense
SYNONYMS
$wietenia
anqolensis Welw.
Nelw.
Swietenia anaolensis
(1859)
Entandrophragma macrophyllum
macrophyllum A.Chev.
A.Chev.
(1909)
E.
var. macrophyllum
macrophvllum (A.Chev.)
(A.Chev.) Panshin
Panshin (1933)
(1933)
E. angolense var.
E.
septentrionale A.
A. Chev.
Chev.
E. septentrionale
(1909)
E.
(1910)
E. rederi Harms (1910)
E.
Vermoesen (1921)
(1921)
E. leplaei Vermoesen
Leipotyx congensis Pierre
Pierre ex.
ex. De
De Wild
Wild (1908)
(1908)
Entandrophragma pierrei
pierrei A.
A. Chev.
Chev. (1909)
(1909)
FAMILY
Meliaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
Muyovu,
Nohor, Mukusu,
Mukusu , Koupri,
Muyovu, Kikura,
Kikura, Cedu Nohor,
Koupri, Lokoa
Lokoa
Popo,
Zaugou Bari,
Bari, Cedar,
Cedar, Muyovu,
MUyovu,
Popo, Edinam,
Edinam, Kikura, Zougou
Ziziezara,
Budongo Mahogany.
Mahogany.
Ziziezara, Tiama,
Tiama, Budongo
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
Deciduous forest
forest tree
m tall,
with bole clean
Deciduous
tree up
up to
to 56
56 m
tall, with
up to 27m.
27m .
usually few,
few, frequently
frequently steeply
steeply
Branches usually
ascending.
ascending. Buttresses
Buttresses generally
generally only
only moderately
moderately
strong
, but
strong,
but sometimes
sometimes prominent and
and extending as
as much
as
stem.
in very
very showy
showy
as 7 m
m up the stem.
Inflorescences in
panicles,
panicles, inserted in
in the
the axils of the
the terminal
terminal leaves,
leaves,
II
1/
FAO acknowledge the
the assistance
assistance of
of B.T.Styles
B.T.Styles
Forestry Institute,
Institute, University
University of
of Oxford,
Oxford,
Oxford Forestry
OX1
3RB, U.K).
U. K).
0X1 3RB,
- 249
249 --
40 cm
em long.
long. Axes puberulous.
puberu!ous . Flowers areenishgreenish30 to 40
white, scented,
scented, 5-6
5-6 mm
rom long.
long.
Calyx cupuliform with
white,
55 short
obtuse , glabrescent
glabrescent lobes.
lobes. Petals oblong,
oblong,
short,, obtuse,
concave,
the
concave, glabrous,
glabrous, spread out almost flat in the
fully - open flower.
flower. Staminal column,
column, sub-conical,
sub-conical,
fully-open
glabrous,
serrulate edaes,
edges, 44 mm
mm long.
long. Disc,
Disc,
glabrous, with serrulate
reddish,
stipitiforrn, fairly
fairly distinct
distinct from
from the
the ovary.
ovary.
reddish, stipitiform,
narrowing to
to aa very
very distinct
distinct style
style
Ovary conical, narrowing
as
the anthers.
anthers. Stigma
of
Stigma,, capitate. Ovary of
as long as the
55 loculi with 5-8
5 - 8 ovules
ovules in
in each,
each , in
in two
two series.
series.
Fruit
pOinted at
at both
both ends.
ends.
Cylindrical, pointed
The apex
apex somewhat
somewhat
pOinted, sometimes
sometimes rather
rather obtuse
obtuse and
and aa little
little
pointed,
acuminate.
15
20 cm
em long,
long, 44 to 5 cm
em wide.
wide.
15 to 20
Valves
thick,
thick, woody,
woody, black
black on
on the
the outside
outside and
and purplishpurplishblack
inside, 2.5
2.5 to
to 33 cm
cm wide.
wide.
black inside,
Columella, purplish
Columella,
or reddish-black,
reddish-black, shiny,
shiny, with 5-6
5 - 6 fairly
fairly deep
depressions
face , where the
the seeds
seeds are
are attached.
attached.
depressions on each face,
Clearly winged,
to the
the loculi.
loculi.
winged, with very straight edges to
Valves detach themselves
Valves
themselves from
from the
the fruit
fruit and
and fall.
fall.
The
columellas then
from the
the tips
tips of
of the
the
then remain hanging from
branches
the seeds
seeds are dispersed by
by the
the wind.
wind.
branches and the
Seeds subquadrangular,
subquadrangular, brown
Seeds
brown with
with aa very
very long
long wing,
wing.
occupying almost the
the entire
entire width
width of
of the
the seed.
seed.
Fol
Foliage
i age
Terminal bud,
bud , green,
green, glabrous.
glabrous.
green,
green, glabrous.
glabrous.
Leaf-rachis,
Leaf
- rachis, dark
dark
Petiole
with two
Pet
i ole biconvex with
two indistinct
indistinct
lateral
lateral ridges,
ridges, bent
bent back
back at
at the
the point of insertion
insertion
in
in the
the branch.
Leaves
Leaves are
are sometimes 60
60 cm long,
long, with
99 to
subopposed or
or opposed
opposed leaflets;
leaflets;
to 12
12 pairs of subopposed
- 250 --
lamina
10 to
to 16
16 cm
em long
long
lamina oblong or obovate-oblong, 10
completely glabrous,
glabrous, shiny
shiny above.
above.
rounded or
Apex rounded
attenuated abruptly
abruptly prolonged
prolonged by
by aa very
very short,
short,
pOint.
The edges of this
this small
small point
point are
are
obtuse point.
upwards.
sometimes
usually bent upwards.
Base of leaflet sometimes
rounded, often
often fairly
fairly acutely
acutely cuneiform.
cuneiform. The median
rounded,
nerve,
very
prominent
below,
is
nerve,
prominent below, is often covered with
reddish hairs
hairs on
on each
each side
side of
of the
the median
median crest.
crest.
dense reddish
so lateral
lateral nerves.
nerves.
The network of small veins
Ten or so
is
faint.
is very faint.
The first
first simple
simple leaves
leaves of
of the
the seedseed-
lings
lings are
are obovate,
obovate, oblong,
oblong, acuminate,
acuminate, cuneiform
cuneiform at
at
and with
with completely
completely glabrous
glabrous nerves.
nerves.
the base and
the nerves and later on
The pubescence appears on the
composite leaves
leaves of
of the
the older
older plants.
plants. The
the composite
leaflets of
of ~.
E. angolense
angolense vary considerably:
broad
leaflets
considerably: aa broad
oblong type
type with
with aa rounded
rounded tip in
oblong
in some
some trees,
trees, aa narrow
oblong, markedly smaller one,
oblong,
one, in
in very
very old
old trees,
trees,
sometimes with an attenuated
sometimes
attenuated but
but not
not rounded
rounded tip.
tip.
This
in several
several closely
This polymorphism
polymorphism has
has resulted in
closely
related species
having been
been aiven
different names;
names; it
related
species having
given different
not ~n
been thought
thought necessary
necessary to
to maintain
maintain these,
these, as
has not
there are
are intermediate forms
there
forms which
which connect
connect the
the
apparently distinct types
types of
of these
these species.
species.
Bark
Bark
smooth, pale
pinkish or rustyrustyBark smooth,
pale grey-brown
grey-brown with pinkish
orange patches,
patches, scaling
scaling in
orange
in large or small,
small, irregular
flakes,
flakes, which
which leave
leave concave scars.
scars.
Slash soft,
Slash
soft, blood
red
white or
or yellowish
yellowish streaks.
streaks.
red with
with distinct vertical white
-- 251
251 --
WOOD PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
Sapwood pale pink;
pink; heartwood
heartwood with
with aa wide
wide colour-range,
colour-range,
varying from
from the normal dull uniform,
uniform , dark red or
purple-brown
a pale
pa l e pink,
p i nk , very similar
simila r to the
the sapsap purple-brown to a
wood
wood..
In
the cells
In dark-coloured
dark-coloured vJood
wood the
cells are
are heavily
heavily
infiltrated
. ,ith gun;
in,liqht-coloured wood
the C]UTfl.
infiltrated .with
gum; in,light-coloured
wood the
gum
The darker wood is
is
lacki n s.
The
is
is almost entirely lacking.
appreciab l y denser,
denser , and has rather better
bette r working
appreciably
qualities and takes longer to
to season
season than the lightlight qualities
coloured wood,
wh
i
ch
is
wooly
and
more
diff
i
cult
to
wood, which
difficult to
saw.
In both
types the grain is broadly interlocked
In
both types
and produces
a rather wide and often irregular
irregular
produces a
stripe
- cut surface,
surface , used
for cab
i net
stripe on
on the
the quarter
quarter-cut
used for
cabinet
joinery and
and furniture.
furniture.
wood, joinery
It is
is considered inferior
inferior
It
in
to E.
E . utile and
and E.
E . cylindricum.
cylindricuw.
in quality
Quality to
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
Guinea
African
Guinea to
to Angola,
Angola, Central
Central African
Sudan and
and Uganda.
Uganda.
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
Annual rainfall,
rainfall , 11 450 - 11 800
800 mm.
mm .
SOILS
Mo
i st tropical high forest
forest soils.
soils .
Moist
HAB I TAT
HABITAT
Lowland
Lowland tropical
tropical rain-forest
Republic,Zaire,
Republic, Zaire,
- 252
252 --
SEED HANDLING
The
seeds soon
lose their
their viability,
not kept
kept under
The seeds
soon lose
viability, if not
adequate refrigeration.
refrigeration. About 2 000 -- 44 000 seeds/kg.
seeds/kg.
prerreatment not
not required.
required.
Acid or other pretreatment
SILVICULTURE
Cannot be
and enrichment
be grown
grown easily in monoculture
monoculture and
line planting has not
not proved
proved successful
successful either.
either.
line
Germination is
is often prolific.
prolific.
STATUS
Distinctly threatned
threatned in
in some
SOMe parts
parts of
of West
West Africa.
Africa.
Severe
has been
Nigeria and
Severe genetic
genetic erosion
erosion has
been noted in Nigeria
very
trees are
are known
known to
to exist.
exist.
very few large trees
It
is still
It is
fairly
in the
the lake-side
lake-side forests
forests in
in Uganda.
Uganda .
fairly common in
REASONS FOR DECLINE
forests in
in commercial exploitation
expl oitation of this
this
Creaming of forests
species has
has completely wiped it out in
species
in many parts of
West Africa.
In
In East Africa it is
is only known
known in
in
quantity
from Uganda
Uganda where
for
quantity from
where it is under threat for
similar reasons.
reasons.
PROTECTIVE
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
MEASURES TAKEN
TAKEN AND
AND RECOMMENDED
of forest
Formation of
forest reserves
reserves in National Parks.
Parks. Greater
attempt to get more trees
trees (in
(in mixture
mixture with
with others)
others)
grown in
in plantations.
plantations.
Pure
have failed
failed
Pure monocultures have
because of Hypsipyla
Hvpsipyla attack
attack in
in young
young stages.
stages.
-- 253 -
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aubreville,
A.
Aubréville, A.
1959
Forestiere de
de la
la C6te
Cote d'Ivoire.
d'Ivoire.
La Flore Forestière
Centre Technique Forestier
Fo restier Tropical,
Tropical,
Nogent-sur-Marne.
Eggeling,W.J.R
Eageling,W.J.R
& Dale, I.R.
l.R.
&
1951
The Indigenous Trees of
of Uganda
Uganda ProtecProtecCrown Agents for
for the
the
torate.
Colonies, Millbank,
~illbank, London.
London.
Hutchinson/J.e.
Hutchinson,J.C.
& Dalziel,J.M.
Dalziel , J.M.
&
Revised by
Keay,R.W.J.
1958
Flora of West
v.Jest Tropical
Tropical Africa.
Africa . Ed.2.
Ed. 2 .
Crown Agents for
for Overseas
Overseas Governments
Governments
and Administrations, London
London Vol.2.
Vol.2.
I rv ine, F.R.
F. R .
Irvine,
1961
Oxford
Noody Plants
Plants of
of Ghana.
Ghana.
Woody
Press , London.
London.
University Press,
Styles,
Styles, B.T.
1974
Meliaceae in
in Uganda,
Uganda, East
East AfriCa.
Africa .
Agriculture and
and Forest
Forest Journal
Journal
39
(4),407
- 423.
(4): 407-423.
- 254
254 --
leiocarpa Engl.
Engl.
Esenbeckia leiocarpa
FA"lILY
FAMILY
Rutaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
--
Guaranta, anta
anta forte,
forte, pau
pau duro,
duro, guarataia.
guarataia.
Guaranta,
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
to large,
large, with heights varying between
Trees small to
30 m,
m, and with a
a diameter of approximately 0.50m.
O.SOm.
20 to 30
Inflorescence
cm in length,
Inflorescence of
of small
small flowers,
flowers , 2 -- 33
em
length,
light
short - pedicillate , in
in terminal
light colored
colored,, pilose
pilose,, short-pedicillate,
panicles; flowering
occur in
panicles;
flowering occur
in the
the period from November
to
to January.
Fruit
cm in diameter,
Capsules
obovate , pilose,
pilose , smooth;
smooth; c.
c. 33 em
Capsules obovate,
dehiscence
in 55 smooth loculi.
in
+oculi.
Fructification is
is
the months
months of
of June-July.
June - July.
between the
Foliage
Leaves alternate,
Leaves
alternate , sometimes
sometimes sub-opposite,
sub - opposite , simple,
simple ,
large, enti
entire,
oblong, pointed
large,
r e, oblong,
pOinted or acuminate at apex
membranaceous somewhat pubescent or glabrous with
1/ Based on the work of P.Y.Kageyama,
!/
P.Y . Kageyama , M.L.Marques,
M.L . Marques , and
and
M.
Tornazello Fo.
Fa . Forestry Department, ESALQ/USP,
ESALQ/USP ,
M.Tomazello
P.O
9 , Pircicaba,
Pircicaba, SP,
SP, Brazil.
Brazil .
P.O.. Box 9,
-- 255
255 -
ribs underneath;
underneath; 77 -- 20
20 cm
em in
in length
length by
prominent ribs
- 7 cm
em in width;
width; generally auriculate
auriculate at
at the
the base;
base;
4 nauseous odor
odor when
when crushed.
crushed.
giving aa nauseous
Branches: In
In general,
general, horizontal,
horizontal, round,
round, greengreen- grey,
grey,
Branches:
with scars
scars of
of the
the leaves.
leaves.
lenticellate, with
Bark
trunk with a
a grey bark with small lengthwise
lengthwise
Straight trunk
crevices.
crevices.
PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
WOOD PROPERTIES
heavy; with bright yellow
yellow heartwood,
heartwood, uniform
uniform when
Very heavy;
first
cut,
darkening
to
a
golden
yellow
when
exposed;
first cut, darkening
a
yellow
exposed;
smooth and shiny surface; medium
medium texture,
texture, uniform,
uniform,
straight grain;
grain; indistinct
indistinct odor
odor and
and taste.
taste.
The
guaranta
is considered
considered as
as one
one of
of the
the most
most
guarantI wood is
to decay.
decay.
resistant to
The guaranta
guaranta wood
wood has
has aa very high
density, resistant
The
high density,
to rot
rot and
a high mechanical resistance,
resistance, and
and is
is
to
and a
particularly recommended for
particularly
for construction and external
structures,
sleepers, posts,
posts , fence
fence posts,
posts , stakes,
stakes, etc.
etc .
structures, sleepers,
In civil
civil constructions it is used
In
used as
as beams,
beams, rafters,
rafters,
door frames,
frames, boards and floor
floor tiles,
tiles, etc.
etc.
Also
recommended for
for structures subject to dynamic
recommended
efforts,
such
efforts, such
etc
..
etc..
as tools, handles,
as
handles , truck
truck bodies,
bodies,
-- 256 -
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
This
in the
the humid forests
forests in the Southern
This species
species occurs in
Southern
-'
State of
of Bahia in the
State
the States of Rio de Janeiro,
Janeiro, Sao
Paulo and the
the southern
southern part
part of
of the
the State
State of
of Goiis
Goias and
and
Paulo
Als
o in
in Cala
Eala region
region of
of Zaire,
Zaire,
Also
M
a t e Grosso
Gro sso do
d o Sul.
SuI.
Mato
Africa
Africa..
SOIL/CLIMATE
Esenbeckia
is typical
typical of sandy but fertile
fertile
Esenbeckia leiocarpa is
soils, and is
is rarely found
found in "terra roxa"
roxa" and wet
soils,
valley bottoms. The climate in
in the
the main
main areas
areas of
of
occurence
is subtropical,
subtropical, moderately humid (average
(average
occurence is
0
annual
18 and 22°C,
22°C, with
annual temperatures between 18°
occasional
frosts, average
a verage annual precipitation
occasional frosts,
between 1 200 and
and 11 700
700 mm,
mm, seasonal
seasonal distribution,
distribution,
deficit varying
varying from
from little
little te
to moderate
with a water deficit
moderate in
the winter),
sub-humid
the
winter), and subtropical or tropical sub-humid
(average
21° and
and
(average annual
annual temperature varying between 21°
24°C, with
rare frosts,
frosts, average annual precipitation
precipitation
240C,
with rare
varying
mm, seasonal distrivarying between 1 100 and 11 500 mm,
periodical water deficit
deficit in
in the
the winter).
winter) .
bution with aa periodical
HABITAT
This
is aa shade species,
species, distributed throughout
throughout the
the
This is
humid
forests in the
the regions
regions of its
its natural occurrence.
humid forests
SEED HANDLING
Germination occurs up to 20-30
20 - 30 days after sowing
sowing
without
pregermination treatments.
treatments.
A 32%
32% germination
A
has been observed using
using paper
paper filter
filter as
as substrate
substrate in
in
the laboratory. This species has around
the
around 12
12 000
000 seeds
seeds
per kilogram.
-- 257 --
SILVICULTURE
In
a trial set up
up in
in Santa
Santa Rita
Rita do
do Passa
Passa Quatro
Quatro -- SP.
SP.
In a
it
that the
the species
species reached
reached aa height
height of
of
it was
was observed that
12.36
permanent pruning
pruning to
to define
define the
the
12.36 m,
m, requiring permanent
stem.
In a
a mixed stand,
stand, the
the guarant-g
guaranta grown along with
with
In
Pinus
Pinus elliotti~,
elliottii, showed an average height of 4.7
met
ers and an 87% survival, at
at 8 years of age after
after
meters
second thinning.
thinning. For guaranta grown along with
with
the second
Piptadenia comunis,
comunis, aa height
height of
of 10.2
10.2 meters
meters is
is
Piptadenia
reported,
23 years of
of age.
age.
reported, at 23
STATUS AND REASONS
REASONS FOR
FOR DECLINE
DECLINE
this species
species are
are
The regions of natural occurrence of this
those
undergone the
the most
severe forest
forest
those which
which have
have undergone
most severe
devastation
this last
last century,
devastation during
during this
century, due
due to clearence
of
of the
the natural
natural vegetation
vegetation for
for development
development of
agriculture, and
and livestock or
or plantation projects
agriculture,
using fast-growing species.
using
species.
As E.
E. leiocarpa is
As
is of
of
economic value,
value, the
the last
last trees
trees are
are being gradually
economic
cut down.
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN
The
Paulo has
has studied
studied the
the
The Instituto
Instituto Florestal
Florestal de
de S~o
So Paulo
E.
1953, when this species was planted
E. leiocarpa since 1953,
in
35 other species
species at
at the
the
in aa mixed
mixed stand with
with 35
Esta9ao
Experimental in
in Tupi
Tupi -- SP.
SP.
Estaäo Experimental
In 1959,
1959, the
In
species
in a
a 1.5 ha area along with
species was
was planted in
Piptadenia comunis.
Such aa small
Such
s mall area is,
is, however,
however,
not of significance for the genetic conservation.
conservation.
- 258
256 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
-
Associaao
ASSOCia~~o Paulista
~aulista
de
Normas Técnicas
Tecnicas
de Normas
1964
Bergamasca,A.
Bergamasco,A.
1962
1982
Seminario de
Seminarin
de Madeiras.
Madeiras.
Janeiro
Janeiro,, 258
258 p.
p.
Rio de
Comportamento do guaranta
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leiocarpa) frente aa
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metodo de
de propaga9ao.
propaga9ao.
Silvicultura
Silvicultura em
emSao
So Paulo,
Paulo, Sao
So
Paulo,
16A (Parte
(Parte 2):
2): 917-8.
917-6.
Paulo, 16A
Biella,
Biella, L.C. &&
Capelanes,T.M.C.
1964
1984
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Produpáo e
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Energetica
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1960
1980
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398 p.
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Correa,
M.P.
Correa, M.P.
1926
1926
Dicionario
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uteis do
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Dicionário das
Brasilia,
IBDF,3v. 646 p.
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Brasil.
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Crestana,
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1983
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1946
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lógica do Brasil.
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Brasil . Arquivos do
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Servi?o
Servio Florestal,
Florestal, Sgo
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Paulo,
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69 - 156.
(2):
Golfari,
L.;
Golfari, L.;
Caser,R.L. &&
V.P.G.
Moura, V.P.G.
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Gurgel Filho,O.A &&
Pasztor,Y.P.de
C.
Pasztor,Y.P.de C.
1963
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especies florestais
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S'á..-o
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Filho,O.A.;
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Garrido,L.M.A.G.
1982
A
Silvicultura de
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indigenas
sob povoamentos
povoamentos homorclitos
homoclitos coetaneos
experimentais
exper imentais de guaranta
guaranta (Esenbeckia
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Silvicultura em
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loA (parte
(parte 2):
2):
847-~1.
847-51.
Kribs,D
. A.
Kribs,D.A.
1970
Commercial
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the
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Market . University
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Pennsylvania State University.
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203 p.
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Mainieri, C.
1958
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madeiras
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Boletim IPT,
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Mainieri,C. &
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1965
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Madeiras do Brasil:
macroscopica,
macroscóPica,
usos comuns! e
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Indices
indices qualitativos fisicos
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1970
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109 p.
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C.
Mainieri, C.
1978
Ficha de caracterfsticas
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Paulo,
Instituto de
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Pesquisas Tecnolódicas.
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Mainieri, C.;
C.;
Mainieri,
Chimello, J.P.&
Chimello,
Alfonso,V.A.
1983
Manual de identificaçao
irlen~tfica9ao das
Manual
princi~ais
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comerciais
madeiras
principais
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Industria, Comercio,
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1982
Reconstituicao de floresta
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essdncias
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l6A (parte
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Nogueira,J.C.B.
1977
1977
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1933
/
Identificayao
Identifica9ao micrografica das
das
madeiras .
Doletim.
E~r.01a
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Escola
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1953
As
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due dao
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Pickel,J.B.
1955
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que dao
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método prático
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floresta1, Rio
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Ramalho,R.S.
1973
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1949
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1978
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Rizzini,
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Sao Paulo,
-- 262 --
1/
1/
Eucalyptus
.Eucalyptus deglupta
deglupta 81
B1.
SYNONYMS
E.
(A.Rich.) A.Gray
A.Gray (1854)
(1854)
E. multiflora (A.Rich.)
E.
E. naudiniana F.
F. Muell.
Muell .
(1886)
(1886)
E.
Diels (1922)
(1922)
E. schlechteri Diels
FAMILY
r-tyrtaceae (sub-family
(sub-family Leptospermoideae)
Leptospermoideae)
Myrtaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
Kamarere,
Bagras, Kaju Leda
Leda
Kamarere, Bagras,
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
tree, 35-60
35-60 mm high,
high, 0.5-2.0
0.5-2.0 mm diameter,
dia~eter,
Large tree,
occasionally reaching
reaching 80
80 mm height
height and
and 33 mm diameter.
diameter.
Buttressing to
to 3-4
3-4 m heigh
soils unstable.
unstable .
heigh occurs where
where soils
Inflorescence
5- 20 xx 5-18
5 -1 8 cm,
em, umbels
umbels
Terminal or axillary panicle 5-20
3- 7 flowered;
flowered; peduncles terete
terete or
or slightly
slightly angular,
angular ,
3-7
0 . 5-1.0 cm
em long;
longi pedicels about
about 55 mm
mm long,
long , young
young buds
buds
0.5-1.0
small,
opercula, developed buds
small, green
green,, with
with double opercula,
green or
or cream,
cream, globular,
globular, apiculate,
apiculate,
pale green
0.2 - 0.4 xx 0.2-0.5
0.2-0.5 mm,
rom, operculum
operculum hemispherical,
hemispherical,
0.2-0.4
apiculate
fang; flowers
flowers with many white
apiculate and
and wider
wider than
than long;
to pale
yellow stamens
stamens 2-10
mm long,
to
pale yellow
2 -10 rom
long, strongly reflexed
ref lexed
in the
in
the unopened bud,
bud , anther
anther
by separate
separate
dehiscing by
slits.
!1/Based
/Based on the
the work of J.Davidson
J .Davidson (Eucalyptus
(Eucalyptus and
and Forestry
Forestry
Services,P.O.Box 419,Armidale,N.S.W.
419,Armidale,N.S.W. 22 350
350 Australia).
Australia).
- 263
263 --
Fruit
pedicellate, hemispherical,
hemispherical, valves
valves 3-4,
3-4 , thin,
thin,
Fruit pedicellate,
deltoid, exserted to
to 22 mm
mm making
making the
the capsule
capsule appear
appear
deltoid,
globular ,3-5 x 3-5
3-5 mm,
mrn, disc
disc very
very narrow.
narrow.
Mature
fruits brown
to dark
brown, containing 3-12
3 -1 2 well
formed
fruits
brown to
dark brown,
well formed
seeds per valve.
valve.
Seeds minute,
brown, flattened,
flattened, with
with
minute, brown,
aa small terminal
terminal wina.
wing.
Foliage
leaves: opposite,
oPPosite, thin,
thin, petiolate,
petiolate, ovate,
ovate,
Seedling leaves:
lanceolate or oblong lanceolate,
lanceolate, first
first 1-3
1 - 3 pairs
pairs
ovate lanceolate
2-4 x
x 0.5-1.5
em then 6-10
6-10 xx 2.5-4.0
2 . 5-4. 0 cm;
em; lateral
lateral veins
2-4
0.5-1.5 cm
visible, very few,
few, initially 40-500
40-50° to
to the
the midrib then
then
visible,
form the remote intramarginal
intramarginal vein;
vein; upper
upper
curving to form
surface light green to
to green,
green, lower
lower pale areen
green to
to
purplish.
Juvenile leaves:
leaves: opposite,
opposite , thin,
thin, shortly
shortly petiolate,
petiolate,
lanceolate, oblong lanceolate
lanceolate or
broadly ovate,
ovate, ovate lanceolate,
acuminate, 7-11 x
x 5-7 cm;
cm; lateral
later al veins visible,
visible, few,
few,
acuminate,
curved to
to form
form an
an irregular,
irregular, remote
remote intramarginal
intramarginal vein;
vein;
upper surface green to
upper
to dark green and slightly shiny;
shiny;
lower surface light
light green
gree n to
to greenish
greenish purple
purple and
and dull.
dull.
Intermediate leaves:
leaves: no
no discernible
discernible intermediate
intermediate stage.
stage.
Adult
Adu lt leaves:
leaves: opposite to
to sub-opposite,
sub - opposite , rarely
rarely
alternate, shortly petiolate,
alternate,
petiolate , ovate to
to ovate lanceolate
lanceolate
oor
r acuminate,
acuminate , thicker
thicker than
than juvenile
juvenile leaves,
leaves,
10-20
10-2
0 xx 6-10
6 - 10 cm occasionally larger;
larger; lateral
lateral veins
0
visible, few
visible,
few initially inclined
inclined about
about 60°
60 to
to the
the midvein, then curving to
vein,
to form
form the
the intramarginal
intramarginal vein,
vein,
upper surface
surface green
green to dark green and shiny,
upper
shiny , lower
lower
surface pale green and
and dull.
dull.
Leaves and terminal
terminal
-- 264
264 --
horizontally, terminal
terminal branchlets
branch lets and
and
branches held horizontally,
square or
or flattened
flattened in
in cross-section,
cross-section,
twigs mainly square
four longitudinal
longitudinal keels.
keels.
often with four
Bark
A gum,
gum l 3-8
3- 8 rom
thick, expoliating in strips of varying
mm thick,
shape and size,
size, leaving
leaving a
a smooth white to pale
pa l e green
surface which ages
ages through
through light
light green,
green, green,
green, grey,
grey,
pink,
pink, red and orange
orange to
to aa deep
deep purple.
purple.
PRODUCTS
WOOD PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
Light to
to dark
red-brown, more
more like a
a coarse-grained
dark red-brown,
rain - forest wood than a
a eucalypti
rain-forest
eucalypt; moderate strength
3
not durable;
560- 800 kg/m3
kg/rn in
in mature
matu r e
but not
durable; density 560-800
3
and 270-400
270-400 kg/m3
kg/m in
in young
young plantations.
plantations.
natural stands and
Useful for
for building and
and joinery,
joinery, wood pulp
pu l p and
Useful
woodbased panels.
panels.
wood-based
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
The
species occurs
t r opical latitudes
latitudes 9°N
90N and
The species
occurs between tropical
lIDS in aa markedly
tinuous distribution through
through
110S
markedly discon
discontinuous
Mindanao,
, Ceram,
n Jaya
Mindan-ä.o,Celebes
Celebes,
Ceram, Iria
Irian
Jaya and
and Paupa New
Guinea.
The best developed
The
deve l oped stands
stands occur on riverain
sites less
less than 150 m
m above
above sea level
level in
in East
East New
sites
Britain.
The
full range
is from
from sea level
leve l
The full
range of
of altitude is
500 m.
m.
to 22 500
CL I MATE
CLIMATE
Type:: summer rainfall;
Type
rainfall; with 3
3 750 - 55 000 mm
rom per
per ann.
ann.
No dry season.
season . Mean maximum of
of hottest
hottest month
month 24-32°C,
24 - 32 o C ,
o
mean
i mum of
22 ° C; no frost.
f r ost.
mean min
minimum
of coldest
coldest month
month 2020-22C;
265 --- 265
SOILS
~.deglupta has
has been
been planted
planted on
on aa wide
wide variety
variety of
of soils.
soils.
E.deglupta
that it
it can
can grow successfully
successfully
Papua New Guinea reports that
on coarse-textured
coarse - textured sands
sands and loamy
loamy soils,
soils , volcanic ash
limestone-derived soils
soils (pH
(pH 6
6 to
to 7.5)
7.5) but that
that
and on limestone-derived
deep, well-drained sandy
sandy alluvial
best growth occurs on deep,
loarns.
I n the
the Congo it
it is
is reported
reported to
to grow
grow better
better on
on
loams.
In
the
than on
on the
the infertile,
i nfertile ,
the heavy
heavy clays of Loudima than
free-draining ochraceous sands
sands at
at Pointe-Noire.
Pointe - Noire.
In
Islands the
the main soils
soils to
to be planted
British Solomon Islands
are
clay soils
soils of low
low nutrient
are deep weathered volcanic clay
status, but good performance has also
also been shown
shown on
status,
nutrient status
status
shallower clay soils of moderate nutrient
overlaying coral
coral and
and limestone.
limestone.
HABITAT
~.
E.
deglupta is
is the
the only species of eucalypt
eucalypt occurring
as well
south of the
the equator and is
is
naturally north as
well as south
adapted
in conditions of
of uniformly
uniformly high
high rainrain adapted to thrive in
fall
fa l l and temperature throughout the
the year,
yea r, in
i n which
species may
may be
be susceptible
susceptible to
to disease.
disease.
these
other species
In these
conditions it
i t is
is fast
fast growing and of reasonably
reasonably aood
good
form .
form.
It is
is very susceptible
suscept i b l e to
to fire.
fire.
It
It
It flowers
flowers and
cuttings from
from young
you n g trees
trees
sets seed at an early age and cuttings
ca
n be rooted
r ooted readily,
readily , but coppicing ability
ability is
is so
so
can
this is
is not a
a practicable
p ra cticable method of
of regeneregene poor that this
pl a ntations .
rating plantations.
SEED HANDLING
15 000 - 18 000 seeds/g.
seeds/'!' .
Plants can be grown from
from seed in
in carefully
carefully sterilized
sterilized
-- 266 -
soil.
Damping off is
is a
a problem
problem where
where seed
seed trays,
trays,
implements and soil
soil are
are not disinfected
disinfected prior
prior to
to use.
use.
The seed
seed germinates
germinates in
in about
about five
five days
days at
at 30o-34oC.
30°-34°C ..
SILVICULTURE
Prospects for
for planting:
planting: Possibly very valuable in
in highhigh -
rainfall equatorial localities
localities with no pronounced dry
Provenance testing is
is necessary because of the
the
discontinuous natural
natural occurrences.
occurrences. These are
are
wide discontinuous
season.
and it
it is
is apparent
apparent that
that there
there are
are variations
variations
proceeding and
in the species.
species.
an altitudinal
altitudinal range
range from
from sea-level
sea-level to
to 11 800
800 m
m
With an
(Turnbull,
(Turnbull, 1974)
1974) and
and aa geographical
geographical distribution
distribution which
which
covers
a number of widely separated islands
islands between
covers a
90N and
lIDS, E.
~. deglupta is
is likely to exhibit
9°N
and 11°S,
considerably differences
differences between
between provenances.
provenances.
considerably
ProveProve trials are
are still
still in
in their
their early
early stages,
stages, but
but
nance trials
Guinea has
has reported
reported that
that in
in trials
trials on
on the
the
Papua New Guinea
island, early
early performance
performance of
of provenances
provenances from
from
main island,
(Keravat), MindanZo
Mindanao and
in
New Britain (Keravat),
and Sulawesi has in
been superior
superior to
to provenances
provenances from
from mainland
mainland
general been
Papua New
In eastern Mindando
New Guinea.
Guinea .
In
Mindanao (Philippines),
(Philippines),
the majority of trees
trees planted
planted of
of aa Papua
Papua New
New Guinea
Guinea
attacked by
by aa borer
borer (Agrilus
(Agrilus
provenance have been attacked
sexignatus) .
sexignatus).
shifted to
to local
local
Therefore emphasis was shifted
provenances, which,
which , at
at the
the time,
time , were
were observed
observed to
to be
be
provenances,
highly resistant
resistant to
to the
the borer.
bo r er. However
However
apparently highly
with the
the phasing
phasing out
out of
of stands
stands of
of Papua
Papua New
New Guinea
Gu i nea
increasing attack
attack on
on the
the native
native provenances
provenances
origin, increasing
has been
been observed.
observed.
-- 267 --
introductions outside
outside Southeast Asia have
have
Most early introductions
the New
New Britain
Britain provenance.
provenance. Since the
the species
species
been of the
is
is an
an early
early and
and profuse seeder,
seeder, many introducing
can already
already produce
produce their
their own
own seed.
seed.
countries can
Turrialba in
in Costa
Costa Rica
Rica two
two apparently
apparently distinct
distinct
At Turrialba
introduced but
but the
the seed
seed origins
origins
provenances have been introduced
are not
not known.
known. They are known locally
locally as
as "red"
"red"
or "green"
"green" from the
the general appearance
appearance of
of both
both foliage
foliage
and bark.
bark.
Hybrid
Hybrid offspring have been produced which
are
form to
to either parent
parent and
and of
of rapid
rapid
are of superior form
growth.
The
seed and
The Fl
F1 generation produces fertile seed
growth.
F2 generation
generation shows
shows surprising
surprisinguniformity.
uniformity.
the resulting F2
STATUS
its geographic range.
range.
Endangered in parts of its
REASONS
REASONS FOR DECLINE
There are
are three
three main reasons for
for the
the decline
decline of
of the
the
species in
in several
several areas:
areas:
(i) The
The species is
(i)
is intolerant.
intolerant.
Older stands are invaded
invaded by
by rainforest.
rainforest.
is no
no
There is
regeneration of E.
§. deglupta
deglupta under
under itself.
itself.
(ii) Older
(ii)
stands are
are being heavily logged
stands
logged for
for building
building timbers
timbers
and firewood.
firewood.
(iii) The
The species
species occurs
occurs on fertile
(iii)
fertile river
river
flats
flats which
which are
are rapidly
rapidly being
being cleared for food
food gardens
and agricultural purposes,
purposes, especially in
in Mindanao
Mindanao and
and
Indonesia.
For example,
example, it
For
it is
is estimated that
that more than
than
60 percent of the
the finest
finest stands on the
the Caliawan
Caliawan River,
River,
an
tributary of
of the
the Agusan
Agusan River
River in
in Mindanao,
Mindanao,
an east-bank tributary
has
has been destroyed ahead of agricultural
agricultural activity.
activity. This
This
destruction is
destruction
is continuing and,
and, unless
unless the
the stand
stand is
is
reserved
reserved for
for seed
seed collection
collection purposes,
purposes, it
it will be
virtually non-existent in
in a
a few
few years.
years.
This is
is one of
- 268 -
the
stands in
in Mindanao
the largest
largest riverain
riverain stands
Mindanao and
and has
has been
been
the Bislig
B1511g Bay
Bay Lumber
Lumber Company
Company as
as aa seed
seed source.
source.
used by the
This
This particular provenance has been determined to be
one
the best for
for forestry
forestry purposes in
in ecologically
one of
of the
areas.
similar areas.
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN
TAKEN
Bislig Bay Lumber Company
815119
Company and
and its
its associated
associated Company,
Company,
Corpo ration of
o f the
the Philippines
Phil i ppine s WICOP),
~ICOP),
Paper Industries Corporation
are
now using E.
~. deglupta,
deg lu pta, in
in reforestation activities
are now
and some
some areas
areas are being reserved for
for future
future seed
seed
collection. The Government of the Philippines has
declared
a forest
forest
declared an
an area of Cotabato Province a
reserve in order to protect the
the only good stand of
reserve
~.
E.
in that
that Province
Province from
from logging
logging activities.
activities.
deglupta in
Seed collections were made in
in Mindanao and Celebes in
in
1969.
1969.
These have been combined
combined with Papua
Papua New
New Guinea
provenances
for comparative trials at three
three locations
locations
provenances for
in
in Papua New
New Guinea.
Guinea .
During 198083 seed
out
1980-83
seedcollections
collections have
have been
been carried out
E. deglupta Blume in
in the
the west and
in natural
natural stands of E.
east
provinces of
of Papua
Papua New
New Guinea.
Guinea.
east New Britain provinces
The
collections
have been done within the
the framework
framework of an
collections have
FAO/Office of
Forests, Papua New Guinea,
Guinea, programme.
pro9ramme.
of Forests,
The
is now
n ow available
ava ilabl e for
for international
interna tional provenance
provena nce
The seed is
trials. (Information
trials.
(Information can be requested
requested from
from the
the Forest
Forest
Resources
vision , FAO,
FAD, Via delle Terme de
de Caracalla,
Caraca lla,
Resources Di
Division,
00100 Rome,
Rome, Italy).
Italy).
-- 269 -
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Boland,D
. J. ;
Boland,D.J.;
Davidson,
J &&
Davidson, J
N.
Howcroft, N.
1977
Eucalyptus deglupta and Araucaria
Provenance Seed
Seed
cunninghamii Lambert Provenance
Collections in
in Irian
Irian Jaya,
Indonesia, 3-17
3 -17 June
June 1975.
1975.
Forest
Indonesia,
Genetic Resources Information
Information No.6.
No.6.
FAO Occasional Paper
Paper 1977/1.
1977/1.
p. 3-15.
p.
3-15. FAO,Rome.
FAG,Rome.
C.
Cossalter, C.
Location and Ecological Data
Data of Some
Some
Provenances of Eucalyptus deglupta
1977
Blume in the Celebes and
and Ceram
Cerarn
Islands - Characteristics of
of the
the
Islands
Natural Stands.
Stands .
Forest Genetic
Genetic
6. FAO
Resources Information
Information No.
No.6.
FAD
Occasional Paper 1977/1,
1977/1, P.
p . 16-23.
16-23.
FAO, Rome.
FAD,
Rome.
J.
Davidson, J.
1968
Forest
improvement in
in New
New
Forest tree improvement
Guinea
Guinea..
II
II Kamarere.
Karnarere. Ninth
Ninth Commonw.
Commonw.
For.
India.
For. Conf., India.
J.
Davidson, J.
1968
Forest
improvement -- Kamarere.
Kamarere.
Forest tree improvement
Tropical Forestry Research
Research Note.
Note.
SR.
Forests, Port
Port
SR. 6,
6, Department of Forests,
Moresby,
Guinea.
Moresby, Papua New Guinea.
J.
Davidson, J.
1968
Improving production
production from
from Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
deglupta
of Papua
Papua
deglupta in the territory of
New Guinea. Tropical Forestry
Forestry
Research Note SR.
Research
SR. 5.
5. Department
Department of
of
Forests,
Papua New
Forests, Port
Port Moresby,
Moresby, Papua
Guinea..
Guinea
J.
Davidson, J.
Variation,
Variation, association
association and
inheritance of morphological and
and
in an
an improvement
improvement
wood characters in
programme
for Eucalyptus
programme for
Eucalyptus deglupta
deglupta
Blume.
Ph.D . Thesis, Aust.
Aust . Nat.
Nat.
Ph.D.
Univ.,
Canbe rr a.
Univ., Canberra.
1972
- 270
270 --
Davidson, J.
J.
1973
A tree improvement
improvement programme
programme for
for
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus deglupta
deglupta in
in Papua
Papua New
New Guinea
Guinea -of progress.
progress. Tropical
a summary of
a
Forestry Research
Research Note.
Note. SR.
SR. 3,
of Forests,
Forests, Port
Port Moresby,
Moresby,
Department of
New Guinea.
Guinea.
Papua New
J.
Davidson, J.
Eucalyptus deglupta.
Grafting Eucalyptus
deglupta. N.Z.J.
N.Z.J. For
1974
Sci.: 44 (2).
(2).
J.
Davidson, J.
1974
Eucalyptus deglupta
de 1u p ta by
Reproduction of Eucalyptus
N.Z.J. For.
For . Sci.
Sci. 44 (2).
2).
cuttings. N.Z.J.
FAO
1979
1979
for Planting.
Planting.
Eucalypts for
FAO Forestry
No. 11,
11, FAO,
FAO, Rome.
Rome .
Series No.
FAO
1981
on Endangered
Endangered Forest
Forest Tree
Tree
Data Book on
and Provenances,
Provenances, FO:
MISe/Bl/ll,
Species and
FO: MISC/81/11,
FAO, Rome, 22-24
22-24 p.
p.
FAO,
Ferguson,J.H.A.
Eucalyptus deglupta
deglupta Bl.
Bl. Tectona
Tectona 40:
40:
1950
51-61.
Grijpma, P.
P.
1969
1969
deglupta Bl.
Bl. una
una especie
especie
Eucalyptus deglupta
forestal
los tropicos
tropicos
forestal prometedora para los
humedos de
de América
America Latina.
Latina. Turrialba
húmedos
1
19
Heather,W.A.
1955
1955
(2):
(2): 267-283
267-283..
forests of
of New
New Britain.
Britain.
The Kamarere forests
Empire Forestry
Forestry Review.
Review.
The Empire
34
(3):
(3): 255-278.
-- 271 --
1/
1/
Labill. subsp.
subsp . globulusEucalyptus globulus Labill.
SYNONYMS
Kirkpatrick (1974)
(1974) grouped
grouped E.
~. maidenii,
maidenii, E.
~. bicostata,
bicostata,
and
pseudoglobulus together
together as
as subspecific forms
forms of
and ~.
E. yseudoglobulus
E
E.. globulus
FAMILY
(sub-family Leptospermoideae).
Leptospermoideae) .
Myrtaceae (sub-family
VERNACULAR NAMES
NAMES
blue gum,
gum, southern
southern blue
blue gum,
gum, blue
blue gum.
gum.
Tasmanian blue
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
nedium to
to large tree,
tree, typically
typically 30-50
30-50 m
m tall
tall but
but up
up
A medium
to 80
80 m high
to
high and 2.25
2.25 mm in
in diameter.
diameter .
Inflorescence
axillary, inflorescence
inflorescence usually
usually only
only1-flowered,
I - flowered,
Flowers axillary,
occasionally 3;
3; peduncles
peduncles very
very short
short or
or absent.
absent.
Buds
top
top shaped,
shaped, 4-ribbed,
4-ribbed, warty, the
the surface
surface glaucous;
glaucous;
1.5
1.5-2.3
- 2.3 xx 11-2
- 2 em;
cm; opercula
opercula flattened
flattened with
with a
a very
central knob.
knob .
distinct central
Anthers very
very numerous
numerousspreadinci,
spreadinq ,
Anthers
creamy- white in
in colour.
colour .
creamy-white
Fruit
Fruit
A woody "capsule",
" capsule" , 2.5
2.5 cm
cm diameter,
diameter , broadly
broadl.y top.shaped
top 'shaped
A
or globose,
globose , sessile,
sessile, with a broad,
broad , flat
flat or convex
convex
1/
!/
Based on the work of
Based
of J.W.Turnbull
J .W. Ttlrnbull (Seed
(Seed Centre,
Centre,
Division of Forest Research,P.O.Box
Research , P . O . Box 4008,
4008 , Canberra
Division
A . C . T. 22 600,
600, Australia).
Australia).
A.C.T.
- 272
272 --
over the
the valves.
valves.
thickened disc extending over
The capsule
4 - ribbed.
is warty,
warty, glaucous, 4-ribbed.
Seeds:
Se
e ds: small,
small, black with reddish
reddish brown
bro wn chaff,
chaff,
approximately 75
75 seeds
seeds per
per gram.
gram.
Foliage
Heterophyllolls,
juvenile leaves
leaves opposite,
opposite, sessile;
sessile:
Heterophyllous, the juvenile
the
the base
base cordate
cordate to
to amplexicaul;
amplexicaul; ovate
ovate or
or broadly
broadly
lanceolate;
apex blunt
blunt or
or apiculate.
apiculate.
lanceolate; margin entire; apex
bloom ; 11-15 x 5-11
5-11
Leaf surface covered with grey waxy bloom;
em .
cm.
Adult
alternate , petiolate,
petiolate, lanceolate or
Adult leaves alternate,
falcate-lanceolate; apex acuminate;
falcate-lanceolate;
acuminate; margins
margins entire.
entire.
glossy green;
green; 12-25
12-25 xx 1.7-3
1.7-3 cm.
em.
Upper surface dark, glossy
Bark
to 33 mm at
at the
the base
base of
of the
the trunk,
trunk,
Rough and fissured to
expoliating in
in long strips from the remainder of the
the
trunk and branches,
branches, leaving a
a smooth bluish-grey
trunk
surface .
surface.
11000
WOOD PROPERTIES AND
ANO PRODUCTS
General
General characteristics: heartwood
heartwood pale
pale yellow-brown;
yellow-brown;
sapwood greyish-white.
greyish -white.
usually interlocked;
interlocked;
Grain usually
texture moderately coarse without distinctive odour
texture
or taste.
taste . It frequently contains gum veins
veins that
that may
detract from
from the
the appearance.
appearance.
3
durable; air
air dry
dry density
density about
about 900kg/m3.
90okg/m .
Moderately durable;
timber is
is used
used in
in both
both heavy
heavy and
and light
light construction
construction
The timber
work,
work, and is
is highly regarded
regarded for
for purposes
purposes in
in which
which
bending is
is necessary.
necessary.
It
for poles,
poles, piles,
piles ,
It is used for
sleepers
in the
the manufacture
manufacture of
of pulp
pulp and
and paper.
paper.
sleepers and in
- 273
273 --
it is
is one
one of
of the
the most widely planted
Outside Australia it
eucalypts and
and forms
for~s the
the basis
basis of
of forest
forest
of all eucalypts
industries in
in some
some countries.
countries. E.
~ . globulus
globulus is
is also
also aa
valuab
le
fuelwood.
The
for
the
The
leaves
are
used
for
the
valuable fuelwood.
of essential
essent i a l oils.
o ils.
Honey production has
has
extraction of
to be
be successful.
successful.
also shown to
Other Uses
It
for erosion
erosion control,
control, amenity
amenity and
and roadroad It is
is valuable for
plantings, windbreaks and
and shelterbelts
shelterbelts and other
o ther
side plantings,
watershed and
and environmental
environmental purposes.
purposes.
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
The main occurrence is
is in
in eastern Tasmania from
from 0
0 m
m It also
also occurs
occurs on
on Flinders
450
sea level.
level .
It
450 m
m above sea
Island
Island and
and Rodondo
Rodondo Island
Island in
in Bass
Bass Strait.
Strait .
Island,, King Island
Isolated,
stands , occur
the west
Isolated, very
very small
small relict stands,
occur on
on the
west
coast
coast of Tasmania.
In Victoria
Victoria there are small occuIn
rrences
Ranges and
and South
South Gippsland.
Gippsland.
rrences in the Otway Ranges
The
distribution
populations in Victoria is
is somewhat
distribution of
of populations
fraamented, the situation
fragmented,
situation is
is complicated
complicated by
by the
the interinter mediate
populations of E.
E. globulus
globulus subsp.
subsp . globulus
g lobulus
grading
subsp. pseudoglobulus
pseudoglobulus in South
grading into ~.
E. globulus
globulus subsp.
Gippsland and
and into ~.
E. globulus
globulus subsp.
Gippsland
subsp . bicostata
(syn. E.
st.johnii)
(syn.
~. st.j
ohni i) in
in the
the Otway Ranges (Kirkpatrick
(Kirkpatrick
1971,
1971
, 1973).
In early
early published references
In
references to
to the
the species
species in
in the
the
more northern part
part of
of Victoria and
and southern
southern New
New South
Wales
there was confusion with the
the closely-related
closely - related
Wales,, there
E. globul
globulus
E.
us subsp.
subsp. bicostata.
-- 274 --
CLIMATE
~Eanmaximum
: 20-23°C.
20 - 23 0 C. Mean
Mean
Mean
maximum temperature
temperature of
of hottest
hottest month
month:
minimum of
of coldest
co l dest month:
month : 0-8oC.
O- Soc.
minimum
Dry season
Dry
season up to 33
months , not
not severe.
severe.
Total
rainfall in
in the
the range
Total rainfall
range from
months,
to 11 400
400 mm.
mrn. The rainy period
period differs from a
a
600 to
primarily winter
rainfall throughout
winter maximum to uniform rainfall
year.
the year.
SOILS
It grows
fe r tile loams
lcams or
rather
It
grows best
best on
on moderately
moderately fertile
or rather
soils with good drainage and adequate moisture.
Moisture.
heavy soils
stands do not occur on poorly-drained
poorly - drained sites
sites or
or
Natural stands
soils .
alkaline soils.
HABITAT
The Tasmanian blue aum
gum is
is a dominant or sub-dominant
sub - dominant
species in
in moist
- forest and
moist temperate
temperate open
open-forest
and tall
tall open
open-forest.
I t is
is seldom found in
in extensive
extensive pure
pure stands,
stands ,
It
usually
n g associated
least one
usually bei
being
associated with
with at
at least
one other
of eucalypt.
eucalypt .
species of
it is
is
Within a particular area it
closely
tied to
to aa restricted range of
habitats and as
closely tied
of habitats
aa result
is formed
formed with
local stands
result aa mosaic
mosaic pattern
pattern is
with local
of E.
~. globulus subsp.
subsp . globulus
globu1us being separated
separated by
by
stands
stands of
of species
species occupying
occupying different
di f ferent habitats
(Kirkpat ri ck , 1973).
1973) .
(Kirkpatrick,
SEED HANDLING
HANDL I NG
The seeds are not difficult
d i fficult to
to store,
store, they
they can
can be
be held
he l d
for
for seve
several
r al years
years if
if they are
are air-dried
air - dried and then
then
stored in sealed containers at
at aa temperature
temperature of
of 1-4°C.
l - 4oC .
can be maintained
maintained
An acceptable germinative capacity can
for aa year
yea r orortwo
two
unsedled
containersatatroan
rcan temperature
temperature .
in in
unsealed
containers
.
-- 275 --
Dormancy is
is not
a problem but
if present can be
be
Dormancy
not usually a
but if
storing the
the seed
seed in
in moist
moist dark
dark conditions
conditions for
for
broken by storing
at 1-4oC.
I-4°C .
two weeks at
SILVICULTURE
E. globulus is easily raised
raised from
from seed.
seed.
E.
Germination
usually takes
takes 7-10 days and the seedlings
seedlings may be
be' potted
usually
the
after 66 weeks. Planting out may be done as soon as the
seedlings
established. Established
Established trees
trees
seedlings have become established.
readily.
coppice readily.
STATUS AND REASONS FOR DECLINE
DECLINE
STATUS
following two
two main
main areas
areas can
can be
be identified:
identified:
The following
Tasmania: A
A. Tasmania:
A relatively
relatively larae
large area
area of
of E.
~. silobulus
globulus
subsp. globulps
coast, is
is well regeneraregenerasubsp.
globulus on the east coast,
Forest Reserves.
Reserves. The populations
ted in the State Forest
at the highest altitudes
altitudes in
in Tasmania
Tasmania (c.
(c. 450
450 m)
m)
are
safe .
are on
on private
private land and cannot be considered safe.
There are also some
some very
very small
small relict
relict stands
stands near
near
There
the west coast
coast of
of Tasmania.
Tasmania.
the
settlement, the
the
Before settlement,
forests of
~.globulus
forests
of King Island were dominated by E.globulus
subsp. globulus.
globulus. They are
are partially
partially included
included in
in aa
subsp.
Park.
A small population
population on the
the uninhabiuninhabiNational Park.
ted Rodondo
Rodondo Island is
is intact
intact although its
its ability
ability
ted
to regenerate itself appears to
to be related
related to
to the
the
to
fires caused
caused by
by lightning.
lightning.
frequency of chance fires
B. Victoria:
Victoria: There is
is threat
threat to
to subsp.
subsp. globulus
globulus in
in
parts of Victoria.
The
Range populations are
are
The Otway
Otway Range
as SOMe
included in
in Forest
Forest
relatively safe
safe as
some are
are included
Commissions
Parks but there
there is
is some
some clearing for
for
Commissions Parks
pines on the inland
inland slopes.
slopes.
pines
Gippsland,
In South Gippsland,
-- 276 --
apart
in Wilson's
Wilson ' s Promontory National Park,
Park, the
the
apart from in
populations are
are not
not safe.
safe.
Distinct populations
populations
intermediate between subsp.
subsp. globulus
globulu5 and
and subsp.
subsp .
on
pseudoglobulus around Yarram and Neerim South are on
private land with the
the hills to the north of the LatLatValley.
robe Valley.
On the northern slopes of the
the South
On
Gippsland hills there is
is a
a threat to
to the populations
as
a result of forest
forest clearing and replacement
as a
with other species.
species.
In
In the
the Crown
Crown Forests,
Forests, clearing
and progressive alienation
alienation pose
pose aa future
future threat.
threat .
Within the South Gippsland area one population is
conserved in
in the
the Morwell
Morwell National
National Park.
Park.
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN AND RECOMMENDED
RECOMMENDED
~.globu1us subsp.
subsp. glo910 There are many populations of E.globulus
in National Parks
Parks and
and Forest
Forest Parks
Parks and
and
bulus included in
ensure the
the survival
survival of the
the species
species and
and
these will ensure
much of its
its genetic
genetic variation.
variation.
There are some disjunct populations in
in South
South Gippsland
Gippsland
are not
not well
well protected.
protected. Where
and Tasmania which are
these populations occur on Crown Land
Land the
the local
local
authority could create one or more reserves
reserves to
to ensure
ensure
their survival.
survival.
the trees
trees are
are on
on private
private land
land
Where the
in situ
situ may not be
be possible
possible and
and the
the
their preservation in
collection of seed
seed from
from a
a large
large number
number of
of individuals
individuals
and the establishment of ex situ
situ conservation
conservation stands
stands
in reserved
reserved areas
areas may
may be
be aa more
more practical measure to
in
conserve the
the gene
gene resource.
resource.
-- 277
277--
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Blakely, W.F.
W.F .
1965
1965
A
the Eucalyptus. 3rd
A Key to the
Ed.
Ed. Forestry and Timber Bureau,
Canberra.
Boland,
O.J.;
Boland, D.J.;
Brooker,
Mel.H.;
Brooker, M.I.H.;
Chippendale, G.M.;
G.M.;
Hall,
Hall, N.;
Hyland,
Hyland, B.P.M.;
Johnston,
Johnston, R.D.;
Kleining,
Kleining, D.A.
D.A. &
&
Turner,
Turner, J.D.
1984
Forest
Austral ia.
Forest Trees of Australia.
Chudnoff, M.
Chudnoff,
1980
Tropic
al Timbers of the
the World -Tropical
U.S.
U.S. Department of Commerce,
National
National Technical Information
Service.
Service.
FAO
1979
1979
Eucalypts for Planting,
Planting, FAO
FAO
1981
Data Book on Endangered Forest
Trees Species and
and Provenances.
Provenances.
4th Ed.
Ed. Thomas Nelson and
eSIRO,
CSIRO, Melbourne.
Series No.
No. 11,
11, Rome.
Rome.
Forestry Series
FO:MISC/81/11,
FAO, Rome -F0:MISC/81/11, FAO,
p.
p. 25-27.
25-27.
Hall, N.;
N .. ;
Johnston, R.D.;
R.D.;
Chippendale, G.M.
G.M.
1970
The Natural Occurrence
Occurrence of
of the
the
Eucalypts. Leaflet No.
No. 65.
65.
Eucalypts.
For. Timb.
Timb. Bur.
Bur.
2nd Ed. For.
Canberra.
Hillis,
Hillis, W.E.
W.E. &
Brown, A.G.
A.G.
Eucalypts for
for Wood
Wood Production
Production
eSIRO,
Australia.
CSIRO, Australia.
1978
Kelly, S.
S.
1969
1969
Eucalypts.
Eucalypts.
Melbourne.
Melbourne.
Kirkpatrick, J.B.
J.B.
A Probable Hybrid Swarm in
in
Eucalyptus. Silvae Genet.
Genet.
Eucalyptus.
20:
157-159.
1971
1971
Thomas Nelson,
Nelson,
Thomas
-- 278
278 --
Kirkpatrick, J.B.
J.B.
1974
The numerical intraspecific
taxonomy of Eucalyrtus
Eucalyptus
taxonomy
globulus Labill.
Labill.Myrtaceae)
(Myrtaceae)
Bot. J.Linn. Soc.
Soc. 69,
89-104.
69, 89-104.
Kirkpatrick,
JaB.
Kirkpatrick, J.B.
1975
Geographical Variation in
in
Eucalyptus globulus Labill.
Labill.
Bull.
No. 47.
47. For.
Timb. Bur.
Bull. No.
For. Timb.
Canberra.
Orme, R.K.
Eucalyptus globulus provenances.
1978
In
In Proceedings
Proceedings of
of 3rd World
Consultation on Forest Tree
Breeding, Canberra,
Canberra, 1977.
Vol.
p. 207-221
207-221 -- CSIRO,
CSIRO,
vol. I, p.
Canberra.
- 279
279 --
Fagus
Seemen
Fagus longipetiolata Seemen
1/
II
SYNONYMS
Fagus sylvatica
sylvatica var.
var. longipes
longipes Oliver
Oliver (1936)
(1936)
Faaus
sinensis Oliver
Oliver (1936)
(1936)
Fagus sinensis
longipes Leveillé
Leveille (1914)
(1914)
Fagus longipes
FAMILY
Fagaceae
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
up to
to 25
25 m
m in
in height.
height.
Tree up
Inflorescence
Staminate flowers
spherical inflorescence
up to
Staminate
flowers in
in aa spherical
inflorescence up
to
1.50 em
in diameter,
slender pedicels,
pedicels, up
cm in
diameter, pendulous
pendulous on
on slender
to
em long;
long; perigynousi
perigynous ;
to 7 cm
corolla lobes
corolla
lobes 6,
6 , narrow,
narrow,
lanceolate,
brown , externally piloses;
piloses; stamens
stamens
lanceolate, brown,
8-12:
8-12; filaments
filaments longer
longer than
than the
the perigynous
perigynous recaptacle;
recaptaclej
anthers
the connective elongated
elongated to
to small
small point.
pOint.
anthers ovate
ovate,, the
Pistillate flowers erect,
erect, on pedicels
pedicels up
up to
to 33 cm
em long;
long:
pedicels thickly piloses
pedicels
pi loses towards
towards upper
upper end
end only,
only, greygrey brown; bracts
bracts 2,
brown;
2, linear
linear lanceolate,
lanceolate , up
up to
to 22 cm
ern long,
long ,
11.5
. 5 em
broad, membranaceous,
brown, sparsely
sparsely pilosous,
pilosous,
cm broad,
membranaceous, brown,
towards the point with long
towards
long cilia;
cilia ; cupule
cupu le capitate,
capitate,
approximately
long and
approximately 11 cm long
and 1.50 cm broad,
broad, surrounded
1/
!/
Fao acknowledge the
the assistance
assistance of
of Pan
Pan Chih
Chih Kang.
Kang.
The
of Forestry,
Forestry , Beijing,
Beijing,
The Arboretum
Arboretum,, Chinese Academy of
China.
China.
- 280 --
subulate, piloses
pi loses excrescences;
excrescences; per
per 22 flowers
flowers
by subulate,
involucre;
perigynous; bell-shaped,
bell-shaped, 5-6
5 - 6 segments,
segments,
involucre; perigynous;
piloses, brown; style
style with
with 33 segments,
segments , piloses;
piloses;
piloses,
stigmas
3, glabrous.
stigmas 3,
Fruit
Cupule
up to
to 22 cm
em long
long and
and 1.50
1.50 cm
em broad,
broad,
Cupule erect,
erect, ovoid up
thickly
thickly piloses,brown;
piloses,brown; petiolate,
petiolate, up
up to
to 55 cm,
em, opening
opening
by
segments; with long-subulate
long - subulate excrescences,
excrescences, nutlets
nutlets
by 4 segments;
2, ovate,
13 mm long,
long, 6
6 rom
2,
ovate, pointed,
pointed, triangular
triangular,, up
up to
to 13
mm
broad,
brown.
broad, smooth, brown.
Foliage
Leaves
pOinted or
or acuminate,
acuminate, narrow
narrow at
at the
the base,
base,
Leaves ovate pointed
up
em long,
long, and
and 4.5
4.5 cm
em broad,
broad, long-petiolate;
long-petiolate;
up to 8 cm
up to
to 2.5
2.5 em
long; margin sharply-serrate;
sharply- serrate: young
cm long;
leaves completely
completely glabrous;
leaves
glabrous; leaf
leaf blade
blade with
with the
the upper
upper
side
darkiglossy areen;
midrib and
side dark/glossy
green: lower side dull;
dull; midrib
lateral veins
veins on the upper side
lateral
side of
of the
the leaf
leaf depressed,
depressed,
on the
the lower sharply
sharply raised;
raised: lateral
lateral veins
veins 10-11,
10 - 11,
obliquely parting from midrib,
midrib, straight
stra i ght and ending in
a serration of
of the
the leaf
leaf margin.
margin .
a
Bark
Bark of
of old
old branches
branches brown
brown with
with grey
grey dots;
dots; of
of young
young
Bark
grey , sparsely
sparsely pubescent.
pubescent.
branches grey,
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
Although nowhere very
very abundant,
abundant, this
this is
is the
the common
common
beech
China :
beech of
of Central,
Central, Western China:
and
China ,
and Southern China,
(Upper Yangtze)
Western Hupeh: Patung
Patung Hsien;
Hsien;
Chang
- yang Hsien;
Hsieni Eastern
Eastern Szech'uan:
Szech ' uan:
Chang-yang
Wushan lisien,
Wushan
Hsien,
- 281
281 --
Yangtsze River;
River; Western
\vestern Szech'uan:
Szech 'uan: Mupin;
Mupin;
south of Yangtsze
west of Kuan
Kuan Hsien
Hsien ascent
ascent of
of Niu-tou-shan;
Niu - tou - shao; Yunnan.
Yunnan.
000 -2 600
600 m.
m.
Altitude: 11 000-2
CLIMATE
Temperate
SOILS
i'let mountain,
mountain, yellow
yellow soils.
soils.
Wet
HABITAT
In southwestern Hupeh
Hupeh it
it occasionally
occasionally forms
forms pure
pure
In
limited extent,
extent, but
but it
it more
more usually
usually grows
grows
forests of limited
in association with
with Quercus,
Quercus , Schima,
Schima, Pasania
Pasania and
and
in
Castanopsis.
STATUS
in parts
parts of
of its
its natural
natural range.
range.
Endangered in
- 282
282 --
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Rehder, A.
A. &&
E.H.Wilson
1916
Fagaceae in Sargent C.S.:
C . S.: Plantae
TTT (III)
Wilsonianae Vol
Vol III
(III)
Wilsonianae
The
Press, Cambridge.
Cambridge.
The University Press,
p.
P. 190-191.
Seeman,
V.D.
Seeman, V.O.
1897
13
Neue Arten Fagaceen aus dem Herbar
13 Neue
Herbar
des
des Koniglichen
Königlichen Botanischen Museums
Berlin. Engl.
Engl. Jahrb.
Jahrb . 20
20 (3)
(3)
zu Berlin.
Beib1.
(viii): 56.
56.
Beibl. 11 (viii):
Steward, A.N.
A . N.
Manual of Vascular Plants of the
Manual
the
Lower Yangtze Valley,
Valley, China.
China. Oregon
State College, Corvallis.
Corvallis.
In Chinese:
Botanical
Botanical
Research InstiInstitute,
tute, Chinese
Academy
1980
Iconographia Cormophytorum Sinicorum,
Tomus 1,
Tamus
1, p.
p. 408.
408.
- 283 --
1/
(Harms) Brenan
BrenanGigasiphon macrosiphon (Harms)
SYNONYMS
Bauhinia macrosiphon Harms
Harms (1915)
(1915)
Gigasiphon humblotianum
humblotianum sensu
sensu K.T.S.
K.T.S.
FAMILY
subfam. Caesalpinioideae
Caesalpinioideae
Leguminosae subfam.
VERNACULAR NAME
(Tanzania)
Mnondo (Tanzania)
BOTANICAL
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
Large, round-topped forest
forest tree
tree up
up to
to 20
20 m.
m.
Large,
Inflorescence
I nflorescence
Flowers
F l owers with 5 slender,
slender , long-pointed
long - pointed sepals 5-8
5-8 cm
en
long
long,
, alternating
alternating with
with 5
5 obovate
obovate to
to elliptic
elliptic petals
petals
9-13 em
cm long,
long, pure
pure white
white except
except for
9-13
for aa yellow splash
splash
one i or white flushed
flushed creamy-pink;
creamy - pink ; stamens
stamens 10.
10 .
on one.or
Fruit
large and flattened,
flattened , up to 30
30 cm
em long
long by 6-7
6 - 7 cm
em
Pod large
wide , containing
containing 66 purplish-brown
purplish - brown seeds
seeds each
each 2-3
2 - 3 cm
em
wide,
across and almost encircled by the narrow U-shaped
V-shaped
across
attachement .
scar of attachement.
II
1/
Based on
of J.A.Odera
J . A. Odera (Forestry
(Forestry Research
Research
on the work of
Dept.,
Research Institute,
Institute , Kikuyu,
Kikuyu,
Dept., Kenya Agricultural Research
Kenya)
Ms. C.Kabuye (East
(East African
African Herbarium,
Herbarium,
Kenya) and Ms.
National
Kenya , Nairobi,
Nairobi , Kenya).
Kenya) .
National Museums of Kenya,
- 284
284 --
Foliage
Leaves
to subcordate 8-17
8-17 cm
em long
long and
Leaves broadly
broadly ovate
ovate to
and
large.
Bark
Bark
Whitish or pinkish-grey.
pinkish-grey.
WOOD PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
Sapwood white
Use
The large
large beautiful flowers
flowers makes
makes it
it of
of potential
potential use
use
ornamental.
as an ornamental.
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
In Kenya
Kenya and Tanzania,
Tanzania , it
it is
is known
known from
from only
only 44
In
localities: localities:1. On Mrima Hill in
in Kwale District Kenya (where
(where it
it
was found
was
found in
in 1959
1959 and
and 1960)
1960)
2. Between Msambweni and Lungalunga in
in Kwale
District , Kenya
Kenya (found
(found there
there in
in 1964)
1964)
District,
3. On the
the Rondo plateau in Lindi District,
District, Tanzania
(found there
there in
(found
in 1951 and 1952)
1952)
At Amani
Amani in Tanga in the eastern Usambara
4. At
Mountains
(cultivated specimens
specimens found
found
Mountains,, Tanzania (cultivated
there in
in 1937).
1937).
- 285
285 --
forest at Mrima Hill
Hill is
is a
a very good example of
The forest
lowl,and
forest, of
of aa type
type probably
probably once
once
lowland evergreen forest,
along the
the coast
coast but
but now
now nearly all
wide-spread along
destroyed.
flora is
is of great interest,
interest, possessing
possessing as it
it
The flora
floristic elements
elements and including
including
does three distinct floristic
several
the apparently
apparently quite
quite endemic
endemic kenyan
kenyan
several of the
coastal species.
species.
(c. 265
265 sq.
sq. km).
km). is
is partly
partly covered
covered
The Rondo plateau (c.
the finest
finest Chlorophora excelsa
excelsa forest
forest in
in
by what was the
East
rica before it
it was
was cut
cut over
ove r in
in the
the late
late
East Af
Africa
forties and
and early
early fifties.
fifties.
part has
has been
been
Although part
forties
cleared and replanted
replanted with
with various
various exotics,
exotic~ including
teak
teak and pine,
pine, a
a large
large part
part remains
remains unchanged.
unchanged. The
Rondo forest
forest is
is by
by far
far the
the best
best repres
representative
of aa
Rondo
entative of
number of
of dissected
dissected plateaux
plateaux carrying
carrying forest
forest in
in the
the
number
coastal
coastal plain
plain of southern Tanzania.
CLIMATE
Kenya: Lowland rain
Kenya:
rain forest,120
forest,120 -- 910
910 m.
m.
Tanzania:
From dry lowland
lowland forest
forest of
of coastal
coastal type
type to
to woodland.
woodland.
SOILS
The Kenya population is
The
is associated
ass ociated with a
a deposit
of rrare
earth elements,
elements, but
but there
evidence at
of
are earth
there is
is no evidence
at
present that this association
present
association is
is causal.
causal.
HABITAT
In
lowl and , evergreen,
everg reen, tropical
tropical forest,
forest, 120-900
120-900 m.
m.
In lowland,
- 286
286 --
SEED HANDLING
November and January,c.
Seeds ripen between November
January,c. 3 seeds
per pod.
pod.
Seeds germinate easily.Around
easily. Around 200
200 seeds/kg.
seeds/kg.
Seeds
SILVICULTURE
A few trees
trees recorded
recorded cultivated at
at Amani,
Amani, Tanzania
Tanzania in
1937.
1937.
recorded elsewhere.
elsewhere.
Cultivation not recorded
STATUS
Rare or endangered.
Rare
A species of very restricted
distribution.
from the
the 4 scattered
scattered localities
localities mentioned
It is known from
above and the populations,where
populations, where found,
to be very
found, tend
tend to
small.
small.
REASONS FOR DECLINE
It has been affected
affected in
in the
the long
long term
term by
by climatic
climatic
changes decreasing the
the area of forests,
forests, but more
forest clearings for settlement and
recently by forest
cultivation.
The site at Mrima Hill
Hill in Kenya is at risk from mineral
( see also
also under
under distribution).
distribution).
exploitation (see
MEASURES TAKEN AND RECOMMENDED
RECOMMENDED
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
Conservation measures
measures taken:
taken: part of the Rondo plateau
(Tanzania) is a
a Central Government Forest
Forest Reserve.
Reservea
(Tanzania)
-- 287 --
Conservation
Recommended:
Conservation Measures Recommended:
1 . The Mrima Hill Forest
Forest (Kenya)
(Kenya) should
should be
be urgently
urgently
considered
Park.
considered as
as aa possible National Park.
2 . Further
should be
be considered
considered
Further protective measures should
for
for the
the Rondo Plateau.
3. Protection
the existing trees
trees and
and possible
possible rereProtection of
of the
introduction
areas should
should be
be conconintroduction into conservation areas
sidered..
sidered
4 . Detailed
of existing
existing sites
sites are
are needed,
needed,
Detailed local
local surveys of
in
to assess the
the number of the
the
in particular
particular to
remaining
site, so
so that
that
remaining individuals on each site,
protective measures can
can be
be formulated.
formulated .
Further research
research should
be done to bring the
5 . Further
should be
species
spec i es into
into cultivation.
cultivation.
-- 288 --
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Brenan,J.P.M.
1963
on African
Notes on
African Caesalpinioideae -Kew Bulletin 17
17 (2):
(2): 214
214
Brenan,J.P.M
Brenan,J.P.M..
1967
1967
Leguminosae
Legurninosa~ subfamily CaesalpiCaesalpinioideae.
In Milne-Redhead, E.
In
E. &&
R.M. (eds),
Polhill, R.M.
(eds), Flora of
Tropical East Africa. Crown
Crown Agents,
Agents,
p.204 and
and Fig.
Fig. 45.
45.
London p.204
IUCN
1978
1978
IUCN Plant
Plant Red
Red Data
Data Book,
Book,
The IUCN
G.Lucas and
and H.Synge.
H.Synge.
compiled by G.Lucas
Morges,
Morges, Switzerland,
Switzerland, 279-280
279-280 p.
p.
G.
Lucas, G.
1968
Hedberg, L.&
L.& O.,
0., (eds).
In Hedberg,
Conservation of
of Vegetation
Vegetation in
in
Africa South
South of
of the
the Sahara.
Sahara.
Acta phytogeogr.
phytogeogr. suec.
suec. 54
54 : 153 -:
159.
159.
R.M.
Polhill, R.M.
1968
In Hedberg,L.
Hedberg I L. && 00 (eds).
(eds).
Tanzania -- In
of Vegetation
Vegetation in
in
Conservation of
Africa South of
of the
the Sahara.
Sahara.
phytogeogr. suec.
suec. 54:
54: 166-178.
166-178.
Acta phytogeogr.
Verdcourt, B.
B.
1960
from the
the East
East African
African HerHer Notes from
barium: XI.
XI. Kew
Kew Bulletin
Bulletin 14(3):
14 (3):
barium:
349.
348 -- 349.
-- 289
289 -
1/
1/
Glyptostrobu5 lineatus
lineatus (Poiret)Druce(Poiret)DruceGlyptostrobus
SYNONYMS
pensi1is Staunton
Staunton (1798)
(1798)
Thuja pensilis
Thuja
lineata Poiret
Poiret
(1817)
Thu a lineata
Juniperus aquatica
aquatica Roxburgh
Roxburgh (1824)
(1824)
heterophyllum Brongniart
Bron gnia rt (1833)
(1833)
Taxodium heterophyllum
Taxodium sinense
sinense Forbes
Forbes (1839)
(1839)
G1yptostrobus heterophyllus
heterophy11us (Brongn).
(Brongn). Endlicher
End1icher (1847)
( 1847)
Glyptostrobus
Glyptostrobu5
pensilis (Stamt.)
(stamt.) K.Koch
K.Koch
(1873)
Glyptostrobus pensilis
(1873)
Glyptostrobu5
sinensis Henry
Henry ex
ex Loder
Loder (1919)
(1919)
Glyptostrobus sinensis
Glyptostrobus aquaticus
aquaticus (Roxb.)
(Roxb.) Parker
Parker (1924)
(1924)
FAMILY
Taxodiaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
Shui Sung,
Sung, Cui
Cui Sung,
Sung, Shui
Shui Ts
Ts'ung,
Then-Tsong,
ThonShui
' ung , Then
- Tsang , Thon
Song,I Water
Song
~vater Pine,
Pine, Chinese Deciduous Cypress,
Cypress, Chinese
Swap Cypress,Chinese Water
Swap
Water Pine.
Pine.
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTION
General
a maximum
The tree grows to a
height of 24
24 m,
ffi t generally
m. It
has aa trunk
trunk which
which is
below
88-10
- 10 m.
It has
is strongly
strongly swollen
swollen below
and can be
and fluted.
and
be buttressed
buttressed and
The swollen
swollen base
base is
is
especially noticeable in
in old trees,
trees, and
and in
in specimens
speci~ens
which are affected by the raising and
and lowering
lowering of the
the
water level.
level.
It has
has an
an irregular growth habit
It
habit with aa
1 / f'AO
1/
FAO acknowledge
(the
(the Arboretum
Arboretum,,
China)
China)..
of Pan
the assistance
assistance of
Pan Chih Kang
the
of Forestry,
Chinese Academy
Academy of
Forestry, Beijing,
Beijing ,
- 290 --
crown,
is pyramidal,
pyramidal, but
but later
later
crown, which when young is
becomes flat-topped
flat - topped and
and bushy.
bushy.
The branches
The
branches are sparse,
sparse,
horizontally spreading,
spreading, the
the upper
upper ones
ones ascending.
ascending.
Inflorescence
Inflorescence
Glyptostrobus is
Glyptostrobu5
is monoecious.
monoecious .
Male cones are
Male
are erect,
erect,
terminal,
short-lived; female
female cones
cones are
are persistent,
persistent,
terminal, short-lived;
on perennial
perennial short
short shoots.
shoots.
erect or on
Male and female
female
cones
perennial short
short shoots
shoots which
which are
are
cones are borne on perennial
covered with spirally cupressoid
cupressoid leaves.
leaves.
Male cones
typically occur in
in clusters of
of 30-40
30- 40 cones,
cones, while
while
female
tend to occur in
in clusters
clusters of
of 4-10.
4-10 .
female cones tend
Just
shedding of pollen the
the male cones are
prior to the shedding
(shaped like
like an inverted
inverted cone)
cone) and flat
flat
turbinate (shaped
topped
3.0-5.0 mm
~ xx 1.5-3.0
1.5 - 3.0 mm.
mm.
topped,, measuring 3.0-5.0
receptive, the immature female
female
Before it is pollen receptive,
is subglobose,
subglobose , flat
flat topped,
topped, measuring
measuring about
about
cone is
2.0-3.0 rom
mm xx 1.5-2.5
1.5-2.5 mm.
mm.It
It consists of approximately
imbricated, somewhat
somewhat fleshy
fleshy scales,
scales ,
20 loosely imbricated,
approximately 6 outermost scales
scales being in series with
leaves and
and bearing
bearing white
white stomatal
stomatal dots.
dots .
the cupressoid leaves
Fruit
The
The mature female
female cone tapers at base,
base, with 4 woody
woody
scales which bear thin narrow
scales
na r row bracts with the tip
reflexedi 12 mm long,
long, 5 mm across,
across, greenish-brown in
in
reflexed;
colour. The
seeds stand
stand erect with
the i r micropyle
The seeds
with their
micropyle
upward
seeds under
under each
each scale.
scale.
upward,, two seeds
seeds
Seeds are ovoid
ovo i d to
to oblong,
oblong l pointed
painted at
at the
the lower,
lower ,
attached end,
end , flattened adaxially and convex abaxially,
abaxially,
a terminal
terminal wing which is
is continuous
continuous over
over the
the whole
whole
with a
-- 291
29 1 -
adaxial surface
su r face of the seed and covers nearly
near l y 1/2 the
abaxial surface.
surface.
The
the seed is
is 5.5-7.5
5.5-7 . 5 mm
The body
body of the
x 3.0-3.5
3.0- 3 . 5 mm,
mm , the free
free part of the wing being
x
5.0-7 x 2.0-3.5
5.0-7
2 . 0 - 3.5 mm.
mm .
Foliage
The foliage
foliage of the tree is
is heterophyllus,
heterophyllus , three types
types
of leaves being produced.
produced.
One type of leaf
leaf is
is linear
linear
and dorsiventrally flattened and resembles the normal
foliage characteristic of Taxodium
is referred
referred
foliage
Taxodium.. This is
leaf. A second type
type of
of leaf
leaf is
is
to as 11 taxodioid leaf.
pOinted
pointed at
at the apex,
apex, quadrangular in transverse section
section
and curved like
like aa sickle.
sickle.
This
leaf resembles
resembles
This type of leaf
the
the normal
normal foliage
foliage of Cryptomeria and is referred to
to
as aa cryptomeroid leaf.
as
leaf .
A third type of leaf
leaf is
is
A
scale
- like, as
a Cupressus and other members of the
scale-like,
as a
Cupressaceae, and
and this
this is
is referred
referred to
to as
as aa cupressoid
cupressoid
Cupressaceae,
leaf.
leaf . The perennial branchlets bear cupressoid
leaves
or two kinds of leaves,
leaves or
leaves , cupressoid leaves
leaves at
the base followed by
the
by cryptomeroid
cryptomeroid leaves.
leaves . Annual
Annual
bear taxodioid
taxodioid foliage
foliage if
if the
the tree
tree is
is young,
young,
branchlets bear
but bear cryptomeroid
cryptomeroid foliage
foliage on
on older
older trees.
trees .
Bark
The back has been described
described as
as fibrous
fibrous and
and stringy
stringy
and brown
brow n in
i n colour,
co l our , formed
fo r med in
i n irregular
irregular plates
p l ates with
with
the inner bark
the
ba r k reddish brown.
brown .
WOOD PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
The wood is
is considered
considered rot-resistant.
rot - resistant .
gravity 0.37-0.42.
0 . 3 7- 0 . 42.
Specific
Specific
It
s in
in general considered
cons i dered as
as aa
It iis
-- 292
292 -
good timber and has
has especially been used for
for boat-
building and
a nd as
as fuelwood.
fuelwood.
Uses
Other Uses
Fruit and
and seeds are used for
for extracting Indigo
Indigo dye and
the bark for
In some
some regions the tree
for making
making brushes.
brushes .
In
is
is cultivated because it
it is
is an object of superstition
superstit i on
in
the local culture.
culture .
It
l ieved to
to bring good
in the
It is
is be
believed
luck.
for embankment along
along
luck.
It has also been used for
river
r iver banks.
NATURAL
I ON
NATURAL DISTRIBUT
DISTRIBUTION
is no known
known occurrence
occurrence of
of the
the plant
plant in
in the
the wild
wild
There is
state.
state.
The tree may have been native in
in the
the marshes
of the
the Heungshan district of Kwantung,
Kwantung , an area east
of Macao.
Macao .
second area of cultivation is
is centered
centered
A second
on
Foochow , Fukien Province,
Province, but it
it is
is known to have
on Foochow,
cultivated here
here only
only since
since 1890.
1890.
been cultivated
The trees
trees
discovered
Kiangsi, although tall
discovered by
by Hu in Southern Kiangsi,
(20m)
cultivated there.
there.
(20m) are
are apparently
apparently cultivated
The original
report
of G.lineatus was
was in a
report of
a list of plants "collected
in Shan
- Tung and
Kiang - nan " (i.e.,
(i.e., Shantung and Anhwei
in
Shan-Tung
and Kiang-nan"
It has
hos later
later been
been cited
citedthat
thatthe
thedistribution
distribution
Provinces). It
G. lineatus
l ineatus is
i~ in
in the
the vicinity
vicinity of
of Canton
Canton and
and
of G.
Foochow, and specifically noted
noted iS
is its absence in
in the
the
Foochow)and
intervening treaty port
port of
of Swatow
Swatow and
and Amoy.
Arnoy .
It has
in the
the region
region of
of Yangtze
Yangtze river.
river.
been widely cultivated in
CLIMATE
occurs is
is warm
warm and
and humid.
humid .
The climate where G.lineatus occurs
Average annual rainfall
rainfall varies
varies from
from 11 200
200 -- 22 000
000 mm
rom
-- 293 --
0
and
annual temperature
temperature is
is 16-22°C.
16 - 22 C.
and mean annual
It is
is not
It
a cold-resistant
cold-resista nt species.
species.
a
SOILS
SOILS
include grey-brown podsols in
Soils are variable and include
the hills,
hills, red
red earths
earths and
and non-calcareous
non - calcareous alluvial
alluvia l
the
soils in the
the coastal belt,
belt , and in
in other parts purplepurple soils
brown
forest soils
It grows best
brown forest
soils and
and yellow
yellow laterites.
latentes. It
to slightly
in alluvial soils and prefers neutral to
alkaline soil
soil (pH
(pH 7-8)
7 - 8) but
but it
it is
is also
also found
found on acid
soils.
HABITAT
HABITAT
There is
is no
no record
record of
of G.lineatus
G.lineatus growing
growi ng as
as aa natural
natural
It
has been
been reported to
component of
of vegetation.
vegetation.
It has
to have
died out in
in the
the wild
wild state.
state. Apparently it
it is
is a plant
which has survived solely because man has
which
has chosen to
to
cultivate it.
it.
In China
China G.lineatus is cultivated in
In
in
wet,
the margins of fields,
fields, on the
the banks
wet, swampy soil on the
of
courses , where it
it is
is significant
sig nificant
of canals
canals and water courses,
in
soil erosion.
erosion.
in the
the prevention of soil
It is
is also
also
cultivated near monasteries and in
in gardens,
gardens, but
but it
it is
is
generally
these are situations
situations with
generally not clear whether these
nnonswampy
onswampy soils.
soils .
Some
have
suggested that the
the spespe-
cies
has been
been cultivated
cultivated lonaest
lonCJest in
in the
the vicinity
vicinity of
cies has
Canton,
into the
the Foochow
Foochow
Canton, and that its introduction into
region
on ly dates from
from approximately 1890.
1890 .
region probably only
SEED
18
50-60 %.
18 000
000 seeds/kg;
seeds/kg; germination 50-60%.
- 294
294 --
SILVICULTURE
Normally 2 year
year old seedlings are used for
for outplanting.
its cultivation
culLivation in
in China indicate
indicate that
that
The extent of its
it is
is usually propagated
propagated from
from seed,
seed, but it can
easily
be
grown
fr om cuttings.
cuttings.
from
It
It is
is aa tree
tree that
grows
in wet soil
soil and can stand periodic
periodic inundation
grows in
and
is therefore
therefore useful
the stabilization
stabilization of soil
and is
useful in the
in
areas.
in wet areas.
STATUS
populations are
are extinct.
extinct .
Natural populations
DECLINE
REASONS FOR DECLINE
Glyptostrobu5 has
has played
played a
a conspicuous
conspicuous role
role
The genus Glyptostrobus
in the
the forest
forest vegetation of the northern hemisphere
in
into the
the southern
southern hemisphere.
hemisphere.
and also once extended into
stated above,
above, it
it is
is nowhere known
known to
to occur
occur in
in the
the
As stated
state. Presumably it
it was saved
saved from
from extinction
wild state.
only because man revered it,
it, found
found it
it useful,
useful, and
and
it in
in south-eastern
south-eastern China.
China.
cultivated it
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
RECO~MENDED
MEASURES TAKEN AND RECOMMENDED
Cultivated by local
local villagers as
as described
described above.
above.
There are
are some
some suggestR)ris
suggestions that
There
thatG.lineatus
G.lineatus should
should be
in afforestation
afforestation projects.
projects.
used widely in
- 295
295 --
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SELECTED BIBLIOGRApHy
Butala,
Butala, J.R.
1973
FAO
1982
of Glyptostrobus,
Glyptostrobus ,
Investigation of
Washington State University,Dept.
University, Dept.
of Botany.
Forestry in
in China,.
China,.
FAO Forestry
Papers - No.
No. 35,
35, FAO,
FAD, Rome.
Rome.
Richardson,
S.P.
Richardson, S.P.
1966
Forestry in communist China. The
The
Johns
Johns Hopkins Press,Baltimore,
Maryland.
Shun
- Chung,L.
Shun-Chung,L.
1935
Forest Botany of
of China.
China.
The
Commercial Press,Limited,
Shanghai,
China.
Shanghai, China.
A.N .
Steward, A.N.
Manual
the
Manual of
of Vascular
Vascular Plants of the
Lower Yanatze
Yangtze Valley,
Valley , China.
China.
Oregon State College,
College, Corvallis.
Corvallis.
In Chinese:
In
Agendae Academiae
Acaderniae
Sinicae
1978
Flora Reipublicae Popularis
Popularis Sinicae
Sinicae
Tomus 7.
7. p.
p. 229-303.
229 - 303.
Cheng Wan-chun
Sylva Sinica
Sinica Vol.
Vol. 11
1982
p. 316-318
p.
- 296
296
-
--
y
1/
(Verm.) Harms
Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum (Verm.)
Harms-
SYNONYM
Pterygopodiurn
balsamiferum Verm.
Verm. (1924)
(1924)
Pterygopodium balsamiferum
FAMILY
subf. Caesalpinioideae
Caesalpinioideae
Leguminosae subf.
VERNACULAR NAMES
NAMES
VERNACULAR
Agba, (trade
(trade name,Nigeria),
nameiNigeria), Achi,
Achi, Las{n-Erin,
Lósfn-Erin, Emongi
Emongi
(Nigeria), Tala
(Congo) r Tola
Tela branca
branca (Angola),
(Angola),
(Nigeria),
Tola blanc (Congo),
(Zaire).
Nitola (Zaire).
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
An
forest tree,
tree, sometimes
sonlt::times
An evergreen
evergreen or
or deciduous
deciduous forest
emergent, reaching
as much
much as
as 60-70
m in height
but
emergent,
reaching as
60 - 70 m
height but
or even
more
around 40
40 m.
m. DBH
DBH often reaches
reaches 1.5
1.5 or
more often around
33 m.Crown
and rather
rather open.
open.
m.Crown spreading,
spreading, hemispherical and
Bole
Bole generally
generally straight and
and cylindrical
cylindrical with no
buttresses
except for
for
buttresses or
or other
other irregularities except
frequent, spiral
spiral grain.
grain.
frequent,
The length of the tree
bole
The
tree bole
is generally
generally 20-25
m, but may reach
is
20 - 25 m,
reach 35
35 m.
m. Where the
the
tree develops
in open
conditions, branching may be
tree
develops in
open conditions,
be
low.
1:/
1/
Based on the work
(Department of
of
work of John
John B.Hall (Department
Forestry,
Forestry, University of North
North Wales,
Wales, Bangor,
Bangor, U.K.)
U.K.)
and F.O.
F.D. Adewole,
FAD also acknowledge
acknowledge
Adewole, Nigeria • FAO
the
assistance of
of P.R.Kio (Director
the assistance
(Director Forestry
Research
tute of
Research Insti
Institute
of Nigeria)
Nigeria)..
297 --- 297
Inflorescence
Inflorescence
Finely pubescent,
pubesce nt, developing
developing at
at the
the ends
ends of
of the
the shoots,
shoots,
Finely
consisting of spikes
spikes 5-8
5-8 cm
em long
long arranged
arranged in
in panicles
panicles
5-15
em long.
long.
5-15 cm
Bracts small;
Bracts
small; 1-1.5
1- 1.5 mm long
long and 0.5-1
0 .5-1 mm
mm
wide, soon
soon falling
falling off.
off. Flowers
Flowers apetalous,
apetalolls , borne
borne on
wide,
pedicels about 11 mm
mm long.
long. Bracteoles
Bracteoles about
about 0.5
0 . 5 mm
mm long,
long,
found
in newly
newly opened
opened flowers.
flowers.
Calyx of 44 or
or 55
found only in
broadly ovate,
sepals, 1.5-2 rom
in length
length
ovate, whitish sepals,
mm in
Sepals
pubescent, pellucid-dotted,
pellucid-dotted,
Sepals slightly pubescent,
and width.
Stamens equal,
at the
the margins.
margins.
Stamens
equal, 8-10;
8-10; filaments
ciliate at
pubescent
in
the
lower
half,
3-3.5
~l
o
ng;
anthers 0.5mm
O.5mm
pubescent in the lower half,3-3.5 mmlona;anthers
long.
stalked, 0.5-1
0 .5-1 mm
mm long,
long, hemispherical
hemispherical to
to
Ovary stalked,
elliptic in
in shape,
shape, villous,
villous, about
about 1.5
1.5 mm
mm lona,
long,
single pendulous
pendulous ovule.
ovule . Style about 2 mrn
mm
containing a single
long. Flowering has been recorded
recorded in
in Nigeria
Nigeria during
during
the
fruits developing
developing two
two to
to four
four
the dry
dry season
season,, with fruits
months later.
later.
Fruit
Shortly pedicellate
pedicellate and
and samara-like but with
with the
Shortly
the seed
enclosed in
the distal
distal end;
end; glabrous
glabrous 9-17
and
enclosed
in the
9-17 cm long
long and
at
in the
the distal
half of
the wing,
3- 5 cm
at its
its broadest,
broadest, in
distal half
of the
wina, 3-5
wide.
Wing
Wing is oblong
oblong to ovate-lanceolate with one
margin almost straight and the
the other markedly
markedly more
rounded
less strongly thickened.
thickened.
rounded and less
Stipe110-15
Stipe/IO- IS mm
longeseparates wing from
long/separates
from the
the remains
remains of
of the
the calyx.
calyx.
immature, at maturity yellowish-brown
yellowish -brown
Wing green when immature,
with
lax reticulation
reticulation of
of nerves.
nerves . Distal
with aa conspicuous lax
containing
a
solitary
seed,
end of
swol len , containing a
seed,
of fruit swollen
,
terminatin g in
in
terminating
short, thick
aa short,
thick apiculus curved
curved inwards.
inwards.
The surface
surface of
of the
The
the swollen part of the adjacent part
- 298
298 ---
of the
the wing
wing is
is pustular.
pustular.
Integument thin and
and papery,
papery,
remaining attached
attached to
to the
the fruit
fruit wall.
wall.
The seed lies
lies with part of its edge
edge just inside the
straighter margin of
of the
the fruit.
fruit .
Its point
point of
Its
a ttachment is close to the apiculus
apiculus of the
the fruit
fruit and
attachment
it is
is here
here that
that the
the seed
seed is
is thickest;
thickest; towards
towards the
the ends
ends
it
of the cotyledons the
the seed becomes
becomes progressively
progressively
thinner.
roughly oval
oval to
to elliptic,
elliptic,
Shape of seed roughly
flattened;length 2-3
2-3 cm,
ern , breadth
breadth 1.5-2
1.5 - 2 cm.
em.
flattened;length
Foliage
Leaves alternately arranged,
arranged, compound (simply
(simply pinnate),
pinnate),
entirely glabrous.
glabrous .
The combined length
length of
of petiole
petiole
and rhachis varies from 5-18 cm
em and the lowest leaflet
is
is borne 5-25
5-25 mm from
from the
the base.
base .
Petiole and
and rhachis
Petiole
slender and shallowly grooved above,
above , petiole swollen
Leaflets alternate and
and one
one is
is terminal.
terminal.
Number of leaflets per leaf 6 to 9 but may be as
as low
at the
the base.
base.
as
as high as
as 11;
11; uppermost leaflets
leaflets slightly
as 3 or as
than those
those below.
below.
petioles glabrous,
2-4 mm
Petioles
glabrous, 2-4
larger than
long and often slightly
s lightly twisted.
twisted.
Lamina papery,
papery ,
both surfaces
surfaces dull,
dull, although they contrast with the
Midrib promipromi nent on both sides of the lamina and on the adaxial
abaxial whitish and
and the
the adaxial
adaxial green.
green.
shallow groove
groove towards
towards the
the leaflet
leaflet base.
base .
bears aa shallow
Leaflets ovate-elliptic
ovate - elliptic to oblong or oblona-lanceolate
oblong-lanceolate
in outline and
usually slightly asymmetrical,
asymmetrical , 2-13 cm
in
andusually
long and 1.5-5 wide,
margins. Leaflets
long
wide, with entire margins.
narrow to a
a blunt apex in most cases and although
occasionally acuminate,
acuminate, the
the tip
tip is
is always
always obtuse.
obtuse . Each
occasionally
about 20 irregular lateral
lateral nerves on
leaflet bears
bears about
-- 299
299 --
side of
of the
the midrib.
midrib.
Numerous
Numerous pellucid glandular
each side
scattered over
over the
the lamina.
lamina .
dots are scattered
Bark
(4 - 15 mm),
nun),
Thin (4-15
greenish .
greenish.
generally dark grey but partly
The surface features
features of the
the bark change
the tree
tree ages,
ages , being somewhat wrinkled
wr i nkled in
in young
young
as the
trees
trees but later
later becoming
becoming smooth
smooth except
except in
in scattered
there are
are narrow
narrow longitudinal
longitudinal cracks.
cracks.
patches where there
In
trees, where
these cracks
roughly
In old trees,
where these
cracks become deeper
deeper,, roughly
f l akes of
of bark
bark may
may become
become detached.
detached .
rectangular flakes
PROPERTIES AND
AND USES
USES
WOOD PROPERTIES
is resistant to
to decay,
decay, easy
easy to
to work and
and has
has
The timber is
nailing , screwing
screwing and
and glueing
glueing properties.
properties.
good nailing,
IIts
ts
use is
is in
in plywood manufacturing,
manufacturi n g , for
for
principal use
fu
furnishings,
r nishings , floo
flooring
r ing and household fittings
fittings plus in
light construction work.
work.
DISTRIBUTION
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
Gosswei l erodendron balsamiferum
balsamiferurn occurs
occurs from
from the
the
Gossweilerodendron
weste
r n border of Nigeria through
through the
the lowland
lowland forests
forests
western
further
as far as central
central Zaire.
Zaire .
further east as
The
The northern
and southern limits
limits appear
appea r to
to be
be the
the boundaries
boundaries of
of
Nigeria/Zaire forest
fo r est block.
block.
the main Nigeria/Zaire
It
is absent
It is
in some parts of this
this range,
range, such
such as
as the
the drier
drier
or rare in
forests on basement complex rocks
rocks in
in Nigeria.
Nigeria.
forests
Areas
Ar e as where high concentrations of
of the
t h e species
species have
have
0
reported are
are Temvo
Temvo (5°301S,
(S030'S, 13°00'E)
13 0Q ' E) in Zaire
Zaire
been reported
0
(Vermoesen
(6 45 ' N, S04S'E)
(Vermoesen 1923)
1923) and
and the
the Owan
Owan (6°45'N,
5°45'E) and
and
0
Sapoba (604'N,
(6 ° 04'N , 5501E)
SOSO
areasofofNigeria
Nigeria (Kennedy
(Kennedy 1936).
1936) .
° ' E)areas
Sapoba
- 300
300 --
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
in the
the area
area of
of occurrence
occurrence of
of the
the species
species
The climate in
is
periods of
of up
up to
to 100
100
is seasonal
seasonal in nature with dry periods
days,
up to
to 150-160
150-160 days
days in
in length
length
days, sometimes of up
(Mayumbe
locality).
11 400 -- 2 600 mm.
mm.
Mean annual
annual rainfall
rainfall is
is generally
temperatures
Mean monthly minimum temperatures
vary
14 and
ISce , corresponding maxima
vary between
between 14
and 18°C,
maxima between
28
32°C.
28 and 32°C.
SOILS
soils and geology is
is not
not
The relationship with soils
from the
the available records.
records. However,
However,
particularly clear from
there appears
to be
tendency for
for the
the species
species to
there
appears to
be some tendency
be
sedimentary rocks.
rocks.
be associated with sedimentary
Nigeria,
In Nigeria,
the
the concentration of
of the
the species
species is
is highest
highest
ferrallitic
soils
derived
from
the
tertiary
ferrallitic
derived from the tertiary
plains
sands and
and on ferruginous
plains sands
ferruginous tropical
tropical or
soils
from basement
basement complex
complex rocks.
rocks.
soils derived from
on
on
coastal
coastal
ferrallitic
It is
is
possible
that the
the most influential of the edaphic
possible that
factors
is texture,
texture, the
the species
species being
being
factors involved is
particularly favoured
favoured by deep sandy and free-draining
free-draining
soils
soils..
In
of the
the
In Zaire,
Zaire, very
very high concentrations of
species
from Mavumbe
Mayumbe
species have
have been reported from
on sandy
soils
basement complex
complex rocks.
rocks.
soils overlying basement
HABITAT
G.balsamiferum normally grows
grows in mature,
mature, littlelittledisturbed forest.
forest.
- 301
301 --
HANDLING
SEED HANDLING
about 280
280 de-winged
de-winged seeds
seeds per
per kg.
kg. Seed
There are about
is reported
reported to
to be
be lost
lost within
within two
two weeks.
weeks.
viability is
SILVICULTURE
Although some studies
studies have been made on the
the growth and
of the
the species
species under
under natural
natural conditions
conditions
development of
only limited
limited information
information is
is available
available on
on the behaviour
species under
under plantation
plantation conditions.
conditions.
of the species
As in most shade-tolerant
shade-tolerant species,
species, early
early growth
growth is
is
As
during the
the first
first 10
10 years.
years. Line-planting
Line-planting has
has
slow during
been tried on
on an
an experimental
experi mental scale.
scale. Using
Using this
this method,
method,
h eights of 18 m
m and girths (dbh)
(dbh) of 60 to 120 em
heights
cm
were achieved in
in 22
22 years.
STATUS
Further study needed,
Further
needed, but likely to be endangered in
parts of its
i·ts geographic
geographic range,
range, especially
especially at
at the
the
extremes.
Ilaro, in Nigeria;
Ilaro,
Nigeria; Cabinda, at
at the
the
southern
limit; central Zaire
Zaire at
at the
the eastern
eastern limit.
limit.
southern limit;
REASONS
REASONS FOR DECLINE
The continued heavy exploitation of the
The
the species,
species , the
lack
and the
the rapid
ra p id
lack of
of aa plantation programme and
conversion of forests
forests into plantations
plantations of
of other
other
species.
- 302
302 --
PROTECTIVE
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
MEASURES TAKEN AND RECOMMENDED
In
In addition
addition to
to the
the endangered provenances listed
above,
the gene pools of the
the high
high density
density populations
populations
above, the
of
the Sapoba area in
in Nigeria
Nigeria and
and of Mayumbe
Mayumbe in
in
of the
Zaire
attention.
Zaire also merit attention.
these
The populations of these
hilly districts
districts - somewhat more secure,
secure , althoug
h less
although
concentrated
may
contain
genetic
material
of
concentrated - may contain genetic material of interest
for any future plantation
for
plantation programme.
programme.
~
ex
Both
in situ and
Both in
--
----
situ conservation of
of the
the species
species merit
merit early
early
attention
attention..
-- 303 --
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aubre'ville,
A.
AubréVille, A.
1968
Legumineuses - Caesalpinioidees.
Caesalpinioidees.
Flore du Gabon, 15,
15, 148-150.
148-150.
Aubr~ville, A.
A.
Aubréville,
1970
Legumineuses - Caesalpinioidees.
Caesalpinioidees.
Flore du
du Cameroun,
Cameroun, 9,
9, 149.
Bonnier, C.
C.
1957
Syrnbiose Rhizobium-Legumineuses en
en
Symbiose
equatoriale. Publ.
Publ. INEAC,
INEAC,
region eguatoriale.
Serie scient.,
scient., 72.
72.
FAD
FAO
1965
Land
survey of the western region
region
Land use survey
of Nigeria.
Nigeria. FAO,
FAO, Rome.
Rome.
FAD
FAO
1981
Data
Forest Tree
Tree
Data Book on Endangered Forest
and prevenances
prevenances.. FO
Species and
MISC. / 81 / 11. o.
p. 28
28 -- 32.
32 .
MISC./81/11.
Hutchinson, J. &
Hutchinson,J.&
Dalziel,
J.M .
Dalziel, J.M.
1958
Keay,
R.W.J.;
Keay, R.W.J.;
Onochie,C.F.A.
Onochie,C.F.A. &
&
Stanfield,D.P.
1964
J.,
Leonard, J.,
Hauman,
&
Hauman, L &
A.C .
Hoyle, A.C.
1952
Flora of West Tropical
Tropical Africa,
Africa,
(Ed. by
by R.W.J.
R.W.J. Keay)
ed. (Ed.
Keay)
2nd ed.
Crown Agents, London.
London.
Nigerian trees,
trees, Vol.2,
Vol.2, Federal
Federal
Department of Forest Research,
Research,
Ibadan.
Caesalpiniaceae: Cynometreae
Cynometreae et
Caesalpiniaceae:
Flore du Congo Beige
Amherstieae .
BeIge
Amherstieae.
et du Ruanda-Urundi 3:
3 , 375-376.
375-376.
- 304
304 --
Gymnostemon zaizou
zaizou Aubrév.
Aubn!v. && Péllégr.
pellegr.
Gymnostemon
FAMILY
Simaroubaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
Zaizou,
Gouatoue
Zaizou, Zale,
Za16, Gouatoué
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTION
General
General
A
A very tall
tall tree
tree with Entandrophragma-like
Entandrophragma-like
habit.
Bole flared at the
the base,
base , but
but with
with no
no buttresses.
buttresses. Thick,
brittle/and
yellowish - brown in
in cross-section.
cross-section. The tree
brittle,and yellowish-brown
exudes resin.
resin.
Inflorescence
Inflorescences in
in terminal
terminal panicles.
panicles.
small ,
Flowers small,
long with 5 small
Calyx short, 2 mm long
downy;
polygamous.
downy;polygamous.
teeth.
Petals
5 , 4.5 mm long,
long, 2 mm wide,
slight l y
Petals 5,
wide, slightly
imbricate at the top,
top, downy
downy on
on both
both sides.
sides .
imbricate
fleshy , lobed,
lobed, thick
thick and
and pubescent.
pubescent .
fleshy,
Disc
Disc
Stamens 10,
10, 33 mm
Stamens
long,
long, broader at the
the base
base and
and pubescent;
pubescent; no
no basal
basal
scales present.
Ovary with 55 free,
free, villous
villous carpels
carpels
united styles.
styles.
with united
uni-Qvu!ate.
Carpels uni-ovulate.
Fruit
large ovoid
ovoid indehiscent
indehiseent
A very large
drupe, the
the size
size of
drupe,
up to
to 10 em
cm long
and . 8
diameter; borne
aa fist,
fist, up
long and
8 cm in
in diameter;
on
short peduncles,
peduncles, with
a grey,
on very
very thick,
thick, short
with a
grey, pustulous,
pustulous,
surface.
scaly surface.
very big
big seed
seed in
in each
each fruit.
fruit.
One very
Fruits
are
mature
in
April.
Fruits
in April.
- 305
305 --
Foliage
the ends of thick
thick branches;
branches; with
Leaves grouped at the
77 to
opPosite or
or subopposite
subopposite folioles.
folioles.
to 13
13 pairs of opposite
Rachis 20
20 to
to 45
45 cm
em long.
long.
Rachis
Folioles oblong, acuminate,
acuminate,
with an obtuse,
obtuse, asymmetric
asymmetric base;
base; sub-sessile;
sub-sessile; 88 to
to 13.5
13.5
em long and 2
2 to
to 4.5
4.5 cm
em wide,
wide, coriaceous,
coriaceous, with slightly
slightly
cm
curved
12 to 16 pairs
lateral nervures
curved edges
edges and 12
pairs of
of lateral
nervures
to the
the median nervure,
nervure, prominent
prominent
almost perpendicular to
on the under
under side.
side.
Tertiary nerves
nerves less
less marked,
marked,
to these.
these.
The apex and the
the upper
upper part
part of
of the
the
parallel to
lamina
the edges,
edges, on the upper
lamina are
are often
often dotted along the
surface/with
points.
surface,with small glandular points.
Bark
bark, with longitudinal
longitudinal cracks
cracks developing
developing in
in
Smooth bark,
trees.
very old trees.
NATURAL
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
G.zaizou is
G.zaizou
is aa species
species endemic to the forests
forests in
in the
eastern
eastern part
part of the
the Ivory Coast (the
(the forests of
Sassandra
is located especially in
in
Sassandra and Cavally)
Cavally).. It is
It only occurs as
as single
individuals, the
individuals,
the tree
tree never
never growing
growing in
in populations.
populations.
the
of Tabou.
Tabou.
the hinterland
hinterland of
WOOD
Studies have not yet
Studies
yet been
been made.
made.
CLIMATE
semi-deciduous forest.
Tropical rainforestIalso
rainforest/also semi-deciduous
forest.
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN
It is
is only
Nothing
so far
far been
been attempted.
attempted.
It
Nothing has so
common
two forests
forests mentioned
mentioned above.
above.
common in the two
- 306
306 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aubréville,, A.&
AUbreville
Fr.
Pellegrin
Fr.Péllégrin
1937
1937
A. et P.
P. genre
genre nouveau
Gymnostemon A.
de la Cate
C5te d'Ivoire,
d'Ivoire, voisin d'un
endemique de
de Madagascar.
Madagascar.
Bull.
endémique
Bull. Soc.
Botanigue de France.
France . 88:
88: 181-183.
Botanic:we
Aubreville, A.
A.
Aubr6ville,
La Flore Forestière
Forestiere de
de la
la Cate
Cote
d'Ivoire.
d'rvoire. Centre Technique
Technique Porestier
Forestier
Tropical,
Nogent-sur-Marne (Seine),
(Seine),
Tropical, Nogent-sur-Marne
France.
1959
1959
-- 307
307 --
1/
paraquaiensis St.
St. Hilaire
HilaireIlex paraguaiensis
SYNONYMS
Ilex
St. Hil.
Hil.
Ilex mate St.
(1824)
Ilex
Miers (1861)
(1861)
Ilex curitibensis Miers
Ilex
Reiss. (1861)
(1861)
Ilex domestica Reiss.
Ilex
Reiss.
(1861)
Ilex sorbitis Reiss.
Ilex
Reiss (1861)
(1861)
Ilex theazans Bonpl. ex Reiss
Ilex
Reiss .
Ilex vestita Reiss.
(1861)
FAMILY
Aquifoliaceae
NAMES
VERNACULAR NAMES
Erva congonha,
congonha, congonheira,
congonheira, erva- mate,
mate,
Erva
congonha, congonha,
congorn, caagua9u, congonha
congoin,
congonha grande,
grande, orelha
orelha de
de burro,
burro,
caa, erva periquita.
periquita.
cae,
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
Medium to tall
tall tree,
tree, up to 10
10 - 15
15 m
m in height,
height, with
a
a 20 - 40
40 cm
em diameter; trunk
trunk straight.
straight.
Inflorescence
Normally a
a clustered inflorescence,
inflorescence, originating on the
the
floral
flowers , with
with aa short
short peduncle,
peduncle,
floral axis;
axis; female flowers,
55 -- 77 rom
mm in diameter.
to December.
Flowers
Flowers occurs
Septe~ber
Flowers
occurs from September
are
non - speciare dioecioll5
dioecious with non-speci-
alized pollinators.
pollinators .
1/
!/
Based on
on the
the work
work of
of M.
M.L.Maraues,
Based
L.Marques , M.Tomazello and
I.E.Pires. Forestry Department,
Department, ESALQ/USP,
ESALQ/USP, P.O.
P.O . Box
Box 9,
9,
I.E.Pires.
Piracicaba, SP,
Piracicaba,
SP , Brazil.
Brazil.
-- 308 --
Fruit
A drupe,
drupe, black or a black-red
black-red when dry,
dry, globose or
ovoid-globose,
4 -- 5
5 mm
ovoid-globose, 4
mm in
in diameter,
diameter, occurrincr
occurrina
from December to
from
to March.
March.
Foliage
Leaves simple,
simple, alternate,
alternate , spiral,
spiral , obovate and attenuaattenua ted
apex: crenate
crenate revolute
revolute
ted at
at base,
base, obtuse apex;
margin,
average
9.5 xx 3.0
3.0 cm;
em: peninerved,
peninerved,
average size
size approximately 9.5
with petiole of
of approximately
approximately 1.0
1.0 cm;
em:
two small
small
stipules, coriaceous.
stipules,
coriaceolls.
Branches thin with no
no marked
marked characteristics.
characteristics.
Clustered
ramification, almost horizontal,
forming an
Clustered ramification,
horizontal, formina
elongated crown.
crown.
Bark
Trunk:
straight, or
twisted; bark
Trunk: Generally straight,
or somewhat twisted;
dark greyish-brown;outer
dark
greyish - brown;outer bark
bark
rough cracked,
cracked,
rough
tending to separate into
into small
small scales.
scales.
Internal bark
of aa yellow colour,
which oxidizes and turns
of
colour, which
turns into
into a
dark brown,
brown, sandy
dark
sandy texture,
texture, with aa compact heterogenous
heterogenous
structure.
USES
The leaves are used for
The
for tonic
tonic and
and stimulant
stimulant drinks.
drinks.
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
The tree occurs in
in subtropical
subtropical and
and temperate
temperate regions
regions
America, between 18
18 to
to 30
30 degrees
degrees latitude
latitude
of South America,
South;
in Brazil
Brazil as
as well
well as
as Argentina,
Argentina ,
South; is found in
-- 309 -
Uruguay, Paraguay, Colombia,
Colombia, Bolivia,
Bolivia, Peru
Peru and
and
Uruguay,
Ecuador.
it occurs in
in natural
natural formations
formations
In Brazil it
and in peculiar ecological
ecological environments
environments formed
formed by
by
the large Parana,
Parana, Paraguay and Uruguay Rivers,
Rivers, always
the
in
associations of
of Araucaria
Araucaria
in distinctly developed associations
angustifolia.
angustifolia.
SOIL AND CLIMATE
I. paraguaiensis
grows between 500 and 1 500
I.
paraguaiensis grows
in altitude
altitude on
on several
several soil
soil types,
types,
meters in
often
rock origin.
origin.
prefers
It prefers
often being
being of
of basaltic
basaltic rock
The climate
compact land,
land, humid
humid and
and slightly
slightly hilly.
hilly.
climate
the principal areas where this
this species
species occurs is
is
in the
humid
temperate,
and
subtropical
humid,
with
average
humid temperate,
humid,
annual
12° and
and 21oC,
21°C, with
with
annual temperatures varying between 120
frosts
the winter.
winter.
The average annual
frosts during the
precipitation varies
varies between
between 1250 and 2500
mm, evenly
evenly
precipitation
2500 rom,
distributed, without water deficit.
distributed,
deficit .
HABITAT
HABITAT
It
and temperate
temperate
It is
is aa species
species of
of the
the mixed
mixed Araucaria
Araucaria and
forest, where it
it occurs in
in the
the intermediate
intermediate
hardwood forest,
stratum, frequently in
stratum,
in association
association with
with Ocotea
Ocotea porosa,
porosa,
Sloanea lasiocoma,
lasiocoma, lleve
dumosa, Matoyoba
Matoyoba eleagnoides
Sloanea
Ileve dumosa,
and,
and, less
less frequently,
frequently, in
in association
association with Ocotea
Ocotea
puchella.
It is also found
found as
as cultivated
cultivated stands.
stands.
It
SEED HANDLING
Seeds
from very
very ripe
ripe fruits.
fruits.
Seeds should be harvested from
Ripening
irregular on
same tree,
tree, causing
Ripening may
may be
be irregular
on the same
aa large
in the
the germination
germination percentage.
percentage.
large heterogeneity in
-- 310
310 --
broken by
by natural
natural "stratification"
the
Dormancy is
is broken
"stratification" in
in the
soil.
The
presents tegumen dormancy and the
the
The seeds
seeds presents
artificial
processes employed
employed to break this have not
artificial processes
to date
date rendered many results.
to
results.
SILVICULTURE
The
formation of
stands is
is made
The formation
of production
production stands
made by
by thinning
the
species in forests
forests with Ilex
Ilex paraguaiensis,
the other
other species
or
native nerva-mate"
"erva-mate" formations
formations with
or by enriching native
with
new Ilex paraguaiensis
seedlings; or
paraguaiensis seedlings;
or by
by establishment
of
plantations.
As
there
are
some
difficulties
in
of
As there
in
producing
seedlings from
from seeds,
seeds, vegetative
producing seedlings
vegetative propagation
has
as the
the most
has been
been used as
most economical
economical and
and efficient
efficient
method.
In aa mixed cropping with corn,
In
corn, it
i t has
has been
been observed
observed
that at
at 6
months of
of age,
age, Ilex
paraguaiensis reached
reached
that
6 months
Ilex paraguaiensis
greater heights
heights in
in the
the more
more dense
dense corn
corn stands.
stands.
No
influences of the corn density on "erva"ervasignificant influences
mate" survival
(average
82%)
were
observed.
survival (average 82%) were observed.
In a
a plant spacing
spacing experiment
experiment in
in Misiones
Misiones - Argentina,
Argentina~
the smaller spacings presented greater leaf production.
STATUS AND REASONS
STATUS
REASONS FOR DECLINE
Due to the properties of its
its leaves
leaves I.
I. paraguaiensis
paraguaiensis
was already exploited during the last centuries,
centuries, and
was
the distribution of this species was thus greatly
reduced. The cultivation in pure artificial
artificial stands
is
is not enough to fulfill
fulfill the present demand,
demand, todays
exploitation in areas of natural occurrence has
further reduced
reduced the
the distribution
distribution of
of this
this species
species
drastically.
- 311
311 --
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN
One of the priorities of the
the Unidade
Unidade Regional
Regional de
de
Pesquisa Centro-Sul
Centro- SuI (PNPF/EMBRAPA),
(PNPF/ EMBRAPA), is
is to
to improve
improve
the
technology for
for Ilex
Ilex paraguaiensis.
paraguaiensis.
the silvicultural technology
11 research project on phenology, 22 on
on genetic
genetic
conservation
improvement have
conservation and
and 22 on
on genetic
genetic improvement
have been
been
set up.
up.
1967, IBDF took over all the
In 1967,
the functions
functions of
of the
the
Institutio
initiatives for
Institutio Nacional
Nacional do
do Mate,
Mate, promoting
promoting initiatives
for
paraguaiensis,in view
protecting and expanding !I.. paraguaiensislin
its economic importance.
importance.
of its
-- 312 --
SME= BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLI OGRAPHY
S~
Brasil
Brasil Madeira
1980
1980
Orienta~oes
sabre aa erva-mate.
erva-mate.
Orientaóes sobre
Brasil Madeira.
Madeira.
(48): 28-34.
28-34.
(48):
Carpanezzi,A.A.
1982
1982
Pesquisas
URPFCS-E~~RAPA sobre
sabre
Pesquisas da
da URPFCS-EMBRAPA
brasileiras.
brasileiras. Silvicultura
em Sao
So Paulo,
em
Paulo,
Sao
Paulo, 16A
16A
So Paulo,
(parte
(parte 2):
2): 928-33.
Correa
M.P.
Correa,, M.P.
1926
1926
Dicionario
das plantas
plantas liteis
uteis do
Dicionário das
Brasil
ex6ticas cultivadas.
cultivadas.
Brasil ee das
das exóticas
Rio
Minist~rio da
Rio de
de Janeiro,
Janeiro, Ministerio
Agricultura. 4v.
4v .
esp~cies
especies
Ferreira,
Propor~ao de
poliniza9ao em
Ferreira, A.G.et
A.G.et al.
al. Propor;áo
de sexo ee poliniza-5o
1983
Ilex
St. Hill.
Hill. Brasil
Ilex paraguaiensis St.
florestal,
tlorestal, Brasilia
Brasilia,, 13 (53):
(53):
29
- 33, jan./mar.
jan./mar.
29-33,
Fraga,
Fraga, M.V.G.
M.V.G.
1946
1946
Galvaa/A.P,M.
1982
de indice da
da flora
dendro16Ensaio de
flora dendroloaiea
Brasil. Arquivos
ArQuivQs do Servico
Servico
aica do Brasil.
Florestal, sao Paulo,
Paulo, 2(2):
~(2): 69-156.
69-156.
no
Contribui,ao
EMBRAPA/IBOF -- PNPF
PNPF
Contribuio dada EMBRAPA/IBDF
para aa pesquisa com especies
espécies nativas
para
ee florestais naturais
natura is do
do Brasil.
Brasil.
Silvicultura em
em 5-áb
Sao Paulo,
Sao
Paulo,
(parte 1):
U: 150-9.
150-9.
Paulo, 16A (parte
So
Golfari,
Golfari I L.;
L.;
Caser,R.L.
Caser ,R .L . &&
Moura,V.P.G.
1978
ecolog ico esquematico
esquematico
Zoneamento ecológico
para 0o reflorestamento no
para
no Brasil.
Brasil.
Serie tecnica.
Serie
tecnica. PRODEPEF Brasilia,
Brasflia,
(11):
1-66 .
(11): 1-66.
Klein,R.M.
1972
Arvores nativas da floresta
floresta
grvores
do alto
a lto Uruguai.
Uruguai.
subtropical do
Sellowia,
Itaja1, 24
24 (24):
(24): 9-62.
9 - 62.
Sellowia, Itajalf
Klein,R.M.
1979
Ecologia da flora
flora ee vegetacao
vegetacao do
do
Itajai: 1.
1. Sellowia,
Sellowia, Itajai,
Itajai,
Vale do Itajai:
31
31
Klein,R.M.
1980
(31):
(31): 1-164.
Eco!ogia
Ecologia da
da flora
flora ee vegetaia.o
vegeta9ao do
_
Itajai: 2.
2 . Sellowia,
Sellowia, Itajai,
Itajai,
Vale do Itajal:
32 (32):
32
(32): 165-389.
- 313 -
Kricup.,S.A.P. ;
Kricun,S.A.P.;
Swier,R &&
Aranda,A.
1982
Determinacion del distanciamiento
distanciamiento
yy disposicion apropriada para
para la
la
implantacio~ de nuevos
nuevas yerbaler en
en
implantacion
1a zona de Esperanza,
Esperanza, Provincia
Provincia de
de
la
Notas tecnicas.
tecnicas. INTA,
INTA.
Misiones. Notas
{31}: 1-21.
1-21.
Missiones, (31):
Oliveira,
Y.M.M.&
Oliveira, Y.M.M.&
Rotta,G.
1983
Levantarnento
Levantamento da
da estrutura
estrutura vertical
vertical
de urna
urna mata
mata de
de Araucaria
Araucaria do
do primeiro
paranaense. Silvicultura,
Silvjcultura,
planalto paranaense.
Sao
sab Paulo, 88 (28):
(28): 106-11.
Reitz,R;
Klein,R.M.
Klein,R.M. &&
Reis,
A.
Reis, A.
1978
Projeto madeira de Santa
Projeto
Santa Catarina.
Sellowia,
Itajai, (28/30):
(28/30): 7-320.
7-320.
Sellowia, Itajal,
Reitz,
R.;
Reitz, R.;
Klein,R.
Klein,R. &&
A.
Reis, A.
1979
do Brasil
Brasil -- Santa
Santa Catarina.
Catarina.
Madeiras do
Florianopolis,
Lunardelli.
Florianópolis, Editora Lunardelli.
p.
320 p.
E.
Rotta, E.
1977
Identifica~aodendrológica
dendrologica do
do Parque
Parque
Identificao
da Barreirinha.
Barreirinha. Curitiba.
Municipal da
271 p.
p. (Tese
(Tese -- Mestrado - UFPr.).
Schrgr,H.G.
Schrgr,H.G.
1982
Consorcio das culturas
culturas da erva-mate
erva-mate
Consórcio
milho.
ee rnilho.
Silvicultura em
ern Sao
SEO Paulo,
Sao
(parte 2):
2): 812-3.
812'·3.
sa6 Paulo,
Paulo, 16A (parte
Sgitz,R.A.A.
Sgitz,R.A.A.
1982
Regenera9ao
natural de Araucaria
Regenera?ao natural
anqustifolia.
anqustifolia. Silvicultura
Silvicultura em
em S~o
So
Paulo, s~o
Paulo, 16A(parte
16A(parte 1):
1):
Paulo,
So Paulo,
412-20.
Siqueira,J.D.P.
1982
Expressao
Expressl-o economica
econóMica ee social
social das
essencias nativas.
nativas.
essências
Silvicultura
em Sao
Sao Paulo,
Paulo, Sao Paulo,
Paulo, 16A
16A
,parte
kparte 2):
2): 1444-64.
1444-64.
Sohn,
S.
Sohn, S.
1982
Expressao volumetrica de
de comunidade
comunidade
Expressáo
florestal pinheiro com
com imbuia.
imbuia.
Silvicultura em
ern sab
Sao Paulo,
Paulo, So
Sao Paulo,
Paulo,
(parte 1):
1):
16A (parte
559-62.
-- 319
314 --
1/
1/
(Aubry-Lecomte ex
Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte
ex O'Rorke)Baill~
O'Rorke)Bail17
a result of a
a recent taxonomic
taxonomic study
study of Irvingia
Irvingia
As a
qabonensis, two varieties have been recognized within
gabonensis,
the
(in press),
press), namely
namely!.gabonensis
the species by Okafor (in
I.gabonensis
var. gabonensis and
and I.gabonensis
!.gabonensis var.
var. amara.
amara.
var.
SYNONYMS
Mangifera gabonensis
gabonensis Aubry-Lecomte
Aubry-Lecomte ex
ex O'Rorke
Q'Rorke (1857)
(1857)
Irvingia tenuifolia Hook.
Hook. f.
f. (1862)
Irvingia barteri Hook.
Hook. f.
f.
(1862)
(1862)
FAMILY
Irvingiaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
Mango; Duiker nut;
nut; Manguier sauvage;
sauvage; Bobo
Babo
Wild Mango;
(Sierra
(Ivory Coast);
Coast); Andok
(Sierra Leone);
Leone); Boborui
Boboru; Wanini (Ivory
(Cameroon);
(Zaire); Oro,
Oro , Oba
Oba (Nigeria).
(Nigeria).
(Cameroon); Meba,
Meba, Mueba (Zaire);
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
forest tree,
tree, up
up to
to 25
25 m
m
Evergreen forest
high and 22 mm in
in
girth,
ly more;
or
girth, occasional
occasionally
more; with
with dense
dense compact,
compact, conical
conicalor
shaped crown.
c rown. The bole is
is usually fluted
fluted
umbrella shaped
or with plank-like
plank-like buttresses.
buttresses.
11
1/
the work of
o f J.C.Okafor,
J .C. Okafor, Forestry
Forestry Research
Research
Based on the
Institute
Nigeria, Ibadan,
Ibadan, Nigeria.
Nigeria.
Institute of
of Nigeria,
- 315
315 --
Inflorescence
yellow, small,
small, profuse
profuse and
and fragrant,
fragrant,
Flowers greenish yellow,
arranged in clusters on axillary panicles among the
leaves and about as long
long as them,
them, or on branchlets
branch lets
leaves
branches; appearing
appearing mainly in
in January to
to
and younger branches;
or in
in June
June and
and October.
October . Floral parts
parts
February or
pentamerous, with
with 55 free,
free, greenish
greenish yellow
yellow sepals,
sepals,
pentamerous,
free, strongly reflexed
reflexed cream
cream petals,
petals, soon
soon falling
falling
5 free,strongly
off, 10 free
free stamens with white filaments,
filaments, and
and yellow
yellow
off,
anthers, and a green ovary surrounded
surrounded by conspicuous
conspicuous
anthers,
yellow disk;
disk; pedicels
pedicels slender
slender about
about 55 mm
mm long.
long.
bright yellow
Fruit
Yellowish, broadly ellipsoid,
Yellowish,
ellipsoid, 5-7.5
5-7.5 cm
em long,
long, with
sweet
inedible, fibrous
fibrous pulp,
pulp, surrosweet edible
edible or bitter inedible,
unding
large stone,
stone, the latter enclosing edible
unding aa large
kernels with
with dark brown or tan or yellowish brown
kernels
brown
testa. The
fruit ripens
ripens in
in the
the rainy season,
season, April
The fruit
to
October, or in the
the dry
to July
July and September to October,
season, January
season,
January to
to March.
March.
Foliage
Leaves
above, leathery,
leathery, 5-15
5-15 cm
cm
Leaves dark green and glossy above,
long
and
long by
by 2.5-6
2.5-6 cm broad,
broad, narrowly
narrowly elliptic or broad and
obovate,
little more
more rounded
rounded
obovate, with one margin often a little
than
generally cuneate
cuneate or
or rounded,
rounded,
than the
the other;
other; base generally
apex
apex acute
acute or
or shortly acuminate,
acuminate, sometimes rounded or
retuse;
3- 11 mm long,
long, frequently varying on
retuse; petiole
petiole 3-11
the same
same specimen;
specimen; lateral
nerves range from
the
lateral nerves
from 77 to
to 13
-- 316
316 --
side of the
the midrib,
midrib, the
the lower
lower ones running
on either side
out vaguely to
to the
the margin, the
the upper
upper ones
ones looped;
looped;
minor nerves more or less
less parallel and
and at
at right
right angles
to
to the laterals;
laterals; veins forming
forming aa close
close network.
network.
Stipules
4-27 mm long
long and curved,
curved, forming
forming aa protective
Stipules 4-27
shoot buds.
buds.
sheath over shoot
Bark
In
smooth, in
in older
In young
young trees
trees grey
grey to brown
brown and
and smooth,
older trees
platy; slash
slash yellowish-brown
yellowish-brown to
to light
light
irregularly platy;
yellow, hard,
hard, fibrous
fibrous and brittle,
brittle, sometimes
sometimes with a
a
yellow,
liquid.
clear liquid.
PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
WOOD PROPERTIES
green- brown or orange-yellow,
orange-yellow, fading
fading on
Heartwood pale green-brown
grey-brown, sometimes
sometimes with dark grey
exposure to grey-brown,
streaks; sapwood lighter,
streaks;
lighter, not
not always
always differentiated.
differentiated.
Basic specific
specific gravity
gravity (oven-dry
(oven -dry weight/green
weight/green volume)
volume)
0.67-0.75.
It is
It
is used in
in heavy construction,
construction,
railroad crossties
crossties etc.
etc.
Othe r Uses
Uses
Other
is sometimes
sometimes eaten,
eaten, although it
it
The pulp of the fruit is
is
strong smell
smell of
of turpentine.
turpentine.
is bitter
bitter and gives off aa strong
The oily seed is
is edible and consumed in
in numerous parts
of West Africa.
Africa. The fruits are
are often
often left
left to
to ferment,
ferment,
which removes
the smell that
the
that adheres
adheres to
to the
the seeds.
seeds.
The kernel
kernel of the seed is crushed,
crus hed, grilled and used to
a sort of butter:
butter: this is
is the
the dika,
dika, odika
od ika or
prepare a
pain de dika,
dika, also known
known as
as "chocolat
"chocolat du
du Gabon".
Gabon". One
can also extract an oil used in
in soap
soap making,and
making/and
which is of some
some alimentary
alimentary value.
value.
For
For cattle,
cattle, the
fcxxl value
value equed
equal to
to that
that of
of the
the oil-cake
oil ~ak.e of
of coccnut.
coconut.
oil-cake has aa food
- 317
317 --
N,,!ruRAL
mkrupRAL DISTRIBlJrION
DISTRIBUTION
species occurs
occurs from
from the
the Casamance
Casamance region
region of
of
This species
Senegal to
to Zaire
Zaire and
and in
in Angol&
Angolk and
and Uganda.
Uganda.
It
It is
often found
found in
in towns
towns or
or at
at the
the edge
edge of
of villages.
villages.
CLIMATE
rainforest.
Tropical rainforest.
SOILS
The species is
is site
site demanding,growing
demanding/growing well only
only on
on
loamy to
wet and
and
loamy
to clayey soils which are moderately wet
well drained.
HABITAT
It is
is aa species of dense,
dense, moist forests,
It
forests, in gallery
forests
forests; often found
found near
forests and
and in semi-deciduous forests;
and reaches
reaches its
its optimum
optimum in
in the
the dense
dense
riverbanks and
evergreen rainforest.
rainforest .
SEED
NO information
information available
No
SILVICULTURE
from seeds
seeds is
is not
not difficult.
difficult.
The species
species
Propagation from
be propagated
propagated vegetatively
vegetatively by
by budding,
budding,
can also be
the r eby reducing its
its fruiting
fruiting age
age to
to 31/2
3~ years
thereby
years instead
instead
of 10 years
years or
or more.
more.
STATUS
needed, but likely
likely to
to be
be in
in danger
danger of
of
Further study needed,
genetic impoverishment
impoverishment throughout its geographic
range,
range.
- 318
318 --
REASONS
REASONS FOR DECLINE
and settlement.
settlement.
Logging operations and
regeneraNatural regeneration is scarse as
as the fruits are collected as soon as
they ripen and
and fall
fall from
from the
the trees.
trees .
PROTECTIVE MEASURES RECOMMENDED
There is a
a need to establish plantations
plantations and possibly
ex situ conservation stands
stands of
of the
the species.
species.
- 319
319 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1936
1936
The Useful
Useful Plants
Plants of
of West
West Tropical
Tropical
Africa:
Africa: Appendix to
to the Flora of West
Africa by
by J.Hutchinson
J.Hutchinson &&
Tropical Africa
J.M.Dalziel.
The Crown
Crown Agents for the
J.M.Dalziel.
The
London.
Colonies, London.
FAO
1981
Data Book on Endangered Forest
Forest Tree
Tree
Species FO:
FO: MISC/81/11,
MISC/81/11,FAO,Rcme.p.
FAC, Rare.p.31-34.
31-34.
Species
FAO
1982
Fruit-bearing forest
forest trees,
trees, FAO
FAa
Paper No.
No. 34
34 FAO,
FAD, Rome.
Rome.
Forestry Paper
FAO
1985
In
- situ conservation of forest
forest
In-situ
genetiC resources in
in Cameroon.
Cameroon. Forest
genetic
Genetic Resources Information
14:
15-31,
FAD,
Rome.
14: 15-31,
FAO, Rome.
Keay,
Keay, R.W.J.;
Trees, Vol.
Vol. 11,
11, Department
Nigerian Trees,
Forest Research,
Research, Ibadan.
Ibadan. Nigeria.
Nigeria.
of Forest
Dalziel, J.M.
J.M.
Onochie,C.F.A.&
Stanfield,D.P.
1964
1964
Okafor,JC.
1971
1971
Interim Report on Breeding of
of some
some
Nigerian Food
Food Trees.
Trees.
Paper presented
at the Second Conference of the
the
Association of
of Nigeria,
Nigeria,
Forestry Association
Zaria,
1971.
Zaria, August 1971.
Okafor,J.C.
1973
1973
Prospects for
Prospects
for large-scale production of
of
Irvingia gabonensis (Irvingiaceae)
(Irvingiaceae)
Paper presented at
at the
the 4th
4th Annual
Annual
Conference of the
the Forestry
Forestry Association
ASSOciation
Enugu, December
December 1973.
1973.
of Nigeria, Enugu,
Okafor,J.C
Okafor,J.C..
1974
1974
Varietal delimitation in
in Irvingia
Irvingia
gabonensis (Irvingiaceae).
(Irvingiaceae).
qabonensis
Nigerian
of Forestry
Forestry 44 (2):
80-88.
Jornal of
(2): 80-88.
Okafor ,J. C.
Okafor,J.C.
1975
1975
in Irvingia
Irvingia
Varieta delimitation in
gabonensis (Irvingiaceae)
(Irvingiaceae) Bull.
Bull.
Jard. Bot.
Bot. Nat.
Nat. Belg.
Belg. 45:
45: 211-221.
211-221.
Jard.
-- 320
320 --
1/
1/
Joannesia princeps
Joannesia
princeps Vell.Vell.
SYNONYMS
Anda brasiliensis
bra siliensis Raddi
Ra ddi (1820)
(182 0 )
gornesii A.
A. Juss.
Juss. (1816)
(1816)
Anda gomesii
pentaphyllu5 Vell.
VeIl.
(1825)
Andicus pentaphyllus
Mart. ex
ex Stend.
Stend. (1840)
(1840)
Anda pisonis Mart.
FAMILY
Euphorbiaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
Cotieira, andá-cu,
anda-cu, oco
aeo de purga,
purga, purga
purga de
de paulistas,
paulistas,
Cotieira,
fruta de
arara, andá
and; assu,
de arara,
arara, coco de
fruta
de arara,
assú, castanha de
gentio, fruta
fruta de
de cotia,
cotia, inda
inda assti,
assu, boleira.
DESCRIPTION
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
Tree
clustered, ramification that
that reaches
Tree with dense,
dense, clustered,
aa height of
of 20
20 m.
rn .
When
~~en
isolated,
isolated, it develops a
a very
open crown,
crown, growing
growing less
less in
in height.
height.
Inflorescence
Flowers white or purple in colour,
Flowers
colour, monoecious,
monoecious, small,
small,
numerous, without
numerous,
withoutpetals,
petals,with
with5 5paniculate
paniculate sepals
sepals and
and 7-10
7-10
stamens.
Flowering occurs in
in the
the months
months of
of February,
February,
March,
March, July and
and December.
December.
!/
1/
O
Based
the work of M.L.Marques., M.Tomazello
M.Tomazello Fo,
F ,
Based on
on the
and I.E.Pires.
I . E.Pires.
Forestry Department, ESALQ/USP,
ESALQ/USP,
P.O. Box 9,
9, Pircacicaba,
Pircacicaba, SP,
SP, Brazil.
Brazil.
P.O.
-- 321 --
Fruit
Fruit
A dehiscent capsule, with aa thick
thick pericarp;
pericarp i up
up to
to 12cm
12cm
diameter, with 2-3
2-3 seeds.
seeds.
Fructification occurs in
in
in diameter,
January to
to March.
March.
Foliage
Foliage
Leaves
petioled , digitate,
digitate, 3-7,
3- 7, elliptical with
Leaves petioled,
with smooth
petlo1ed folioles,
folioles , variable in
in size,
size, up to 20 cm
em in
petioled
length and
and 88 cm
ern wide.
wide.
Branches:
Circular, grey,
grey, with lenticels,
lenticels, which exude
Branches: Circular,
aa water liquid,
liquid, when injured.
injured.
Bark
Bark
Bark
coloured, almost smooth,
smooth, trunk normally
Bark white
white coloured,
straight.
WOOD PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
White,
coloured; sapwood not
White, slightly yellow or hay coloured;
distinct;
distinct; with
with aa slightly
slightly rough
rough surface,
surface, and
and not
not very
very
shiny;
texture; aroma
shiny; straight
straight grain;
grain; rough
rough texture;
aroma and
and
It is
is light and has a
taste indistinct.
indistinct. It
a low
low mechanical
resist
a nce.
resistance.
In laboratory trials it
In
it showed
showed aa low
low
Impregnation under
resistance to
to rot.
rot.
under pressure
pressure in
in
the laboratory,
laboratory, revealed aa high
high permeability
permeability to
to
preservative solutions.
preservative
solutions.
analysis of'
of "boleira"
Cross &:
&
Chemical analysis
II boleira ll wood gave aa Cross
Beven level of
50.1%, and aa lignin
of celulose of 50.1%,
content of 21.8%.
21.8%.
-- 322
322 --
"Boleira"
"Boleira" wood
wood may
may be
be used for
for cellulose
cellulose production
production
quality paper
paper as
as well
well as
as for
for boxes.
boxes.
for high quality
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
"Zona da Mata",
Mata", eastern region
region of
of the
the state
state of
of Minas
Minas
Gerais; valley of Rio Doce¡and
Gerais;
Docejand from the northern part
of Espirito Santo to the south
south of the state of Bahia.
AND CLIMATE
CLIMATE
SOILS AND
As indicated by the wide geographical distribution of
this species,
species, it tolerates several
several soil and climate
However,
types.
However, it does not withstand extremely dry
conditions such as those of the arid and semi-arid
It withstands pronounced dry seasons and
grows best in
in deep
deep soil.
soil.
regions.
HABITAT
May be found isolated,
isolated, as well as in association with
species in
in the
the forests.
forests.
other species
the more
more
It prefers the
humid areas of
of the
the tropical
tropical rain
rain forest.
forest.
SEED HANDLING
shaped, large,
large, with a hard texture, presenSeeds oval shaped,
coat dormancy.
dormancy. One kg contains 180 to
to 340 seeds.
ting coat
An 80%
80% germination rate was obtained with mechanical
scarification,
days storage in a cold
cold chamber.
chamber.
scarification, after 243 days
SILVICULTURE
a trial set up in Marli6ria
Marlieria - MG,
MG, a 15 m
m height and
and
In a
an 11 cm
em DBH was measured at five years of age.
A
A
- 323 --
23.3
50.9 cm
ern DBH was
was observed, at 26
26
23.3 m
m height
height and
and aa 50.9
of age
age in
in Santa
Santa Rita
Rita do
do Passa
Passa Quatro
Quatro -- SP.
SP~
years of
In-spite of the
the high growth
growth rate
rate and
and the
the excellent
excellent
properties, this
this species
species is
is not
not planted
planted on
on a
a
wood properties,
commercial scale.
scale.
DECLINE
STATUS AND REASONS FOR DECLINE
The
regions of
the species are
The regions
of natural occurrence of the
among those that have undergone
under gone most
most severe
severe devastation,
devastation,
due
due to
to clearence
clearence of the natural vegetation for
livestock or
or
development of agriculture, and livestock
using fast growing
growing species.
species.
plantation projects using
Presently, the
few remaining trees
Presently,
the few
trees are being
gradually cut
cut down
down as
as aa result
result of
of the
the high demand
gradually
of
species .
of this
this economic valuable species.
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN
J.
~.
in the
princeps grows
grows in
the State Park of
of Rio
Rio Doce
Doce
However, this
unit is
not sufficient
However,
this unit
is not
in
Gerais.
in Minas Gerais.
for conservation,
conservation, as
as it does
does not represent its
for
its total
total
natural distribution.
base populations,
populations, propagated from a
3 base
a total of 90
selected trees,
trees, have
have been
been implemented
implemented through
through aa contract
contract
between the
between
the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento
Tecnologico
Cientifico ee Tecno
l ogico (CNPq)
(CNPq) and the
the Programa
Programa
Nacional de
de Pesquisa Florestal
Nacional
Floresta l (PNPF)
(PNPF) in
in collaboration
with the
the Sociedade de Investigacoes
Investigacoes Florestais
Florestais (SIF).
(SIF).
324 --- 324
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Biella, L.C.&
L.C.&
Biella,
Capelanes,T.M . C.
Capelanes,T.M.C.
1984
Prod4-ao
progu~ao e
e Tecnologia de
de sementes
sementes de
de
especies
flo restais nativas
espacies florestais
nativas na
na Companhia
Paulo . 10.
10
hia Energetica
Energética de
de Sao
So Paulo.
Simposio
sabre tecnologia
tecnologia
Simpósio brasileiro sobre
de sementes florestais,
florestais , Belo
Be l a Horizonte,
Horizonte ,
novembro.
Correa,M.P.
1926
1926
Dicionário das plantas dteis
Dicionario
uteis do
do Brasil.
Brasil .
Brasilia,
IBDF,Vol. 11 747 p.
p.
Brasilia, IBDF,Vol.
Fraga,M.V.G.
1946
1946
Ensaio
de indice
fndice da
flora dendro16gica
Ensaio de
da flora
dendrológica
do brasil.
bra!il. Arquivos do
do Servi90
Servi90 FloresFlore~ ­
(2): 69-156.
tal. s'âo
Sao Paulo
69 -1 56.
tal,
Paulo,, 22 (2):
GalVao,A.P.M.
1982
Contribui9^10 da
da EMBRAPA/IBDF-PNPF
EMBRAPA/IBDF-PNPF para
Contribui9ao
para
aa pesquisa com especies nativas
nativas ee
naturais do
do Brasil.
Brasil.
florestas naturais
Silvjcultura em
Paulo, SS6
Sao Paulo,
Paulo,
Silvicultura
em Sao
So Paulo,
16A
16A (parte
(parte 1):
1): 150-159.
150-159.
Gurgel
Filho , O.A . ;
Gurgel Filho,O.A.;
Morres, J.L.
J.L. &&
Morres,
Espicies nativas
nativas enxilófora.
enxilofora.
EspéCies
Garriro,
L.M.
Garriro, L.M.
do A.G.
1982
1982
890 - 994.
890-994.
Jesus,R.M.
1984
Tecnologia ee produ9ao
produo de
Tecnologia
de sementes
sementes de
de
especies
especies florestais
florestais nativas desenvolvidesenvolvi Rio Doce
Doce S.A.
S.A. 10.
10
das na Florestas Rio
tecnologia de
Simposio brsileiro sobre tecnologia
sementes florestais,
sementes
florestais, Belo Horizonte,
Horizonte,
no vembro.
novembro.
Lopes,
Lopes, A.C.
1983
comparative entre
entre esséncias
essgncias
Estudo comparative
Silvicultura, Sao
So
nativas ee exóticas.
ex6ticas.
Silvicultura,
Paulo , 88 (28):
87-89 .
Paulo,
87-89.
Mainieri,C
Mainieri,C..
1970
Madeiras
Madeiras brasileiras:
brasileiras: características
caracterlsticas
gerais, zonas
zonas de
de maior
maio r ocorrghcia,
ocorrehcia ,
gerais,
Sao Paulo,
botanicos ee usos.
usos .
Paulo ,
dados botânicos
Estado de
Secretaria da Agricultura do Estado
Paulo. 109 p.
p.
Sao Paulo.
Silvicultura em
Sao Paulo,
Paulo, So
SaoPaulo,
Paulo , 16A
16A (parte
(parte 2):
2):
So
-- 325 --
c.
Mainieri, C.
1978
,
caracteristicas das
das madeiras
madeiras
Ficha de características
brasileiras .
Sao Paulo,
Paulo, IPT,
IPT, v.D.
v.O.
brasileiras.
de Pesquisas
Pesquisas Tecnológicas.
Tecnol6gicas.
Instituto de
197 p.
p.
197
Ramalho,R.S
Ramalho,R.S..
1973
Dendrologia: nota de aula.
aula. Vivosa,
Viyosa, UFV.
UFV.
Dendrologia:
Record,S.J.&
Hess,R.W.
Timbers of new
new world.
world .
4.ed.
Haven,
4.ed. New Haven,
University Press.
Press.
Yale University
640 p.
p.
p.
95 p.
1949
C.T.
Rizzini, C.T.
11979
979
Sampaio,A.J.
s.d.
Fitoqeoqrafia do
do Brasil.
Brasil .
Tratado de Fitogeografia
So Paulo,
Sao
Paulo, Mucitec/ED.
Muc i tec/ED. Universidade
Un iversidade
de
Paulo, 374
374 p.
p.
de Sao Paulo,
Nomes
Names vulgares de plantas do Distrito
Federal e
e do
do Estado
Estado do
do Rio
Rio de
de Janeiro.
Janeiro.
Museu Nacional.
Nacional. Rio
Rio de
de
Boletim do Museu
Janeiro.
Janeiro . 161-293.
161-293.
- 326
326 --
1/
1/
Juniperus bermudiana
bermudiana L.
L.SYNONYMS
(1753)
barbadensis L.
L.
Juniperus barbadensis
J.fragrans
~.fragrans Hort.
Hart.
J.virginiana var.
~.virginiana
var. australis Endlicher
(1846)
J. virginiana var.
var. barbadensis Gordon
J.
(1858)
FAMILY
Cupressaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
cedar, Bermuda juniper,
juniper, Red cedar,
cedar, Southern
Bermuda cedar,
red cedar.
cedar.
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
20 m
m high and up to 1 m
m in
in
An evergreen tree up to 20
diameter.
irregular, wide,
wide, giving the
the tree
tree
Branching irregular,
a conical outline when young,
young, becoming round-topped
a
with age.
age. The spread of
of the
the branches
branches is
is usually
greater than the
the height
height of
of the
the tree.
tree.
Inflorescence
cores
Staminate cores
are yellow.
ore
female flowers on different trees
trees (dioecious).
(dioeciolls).
Male and female
1/Based on
on the work of G.R.Groves.
l/Based
G.R.Groves •
.Dept.
Dept. of Agriculture
- &
& Fisheries,
Fisheries, Botanical Gardens,
Gardens, Paget,
Paget, P.O.Box 834
834,
Hamilton 5, Bermuda.
Bermuda.
'
- 327
327 --
Fruit
Depressed, globular, about
about 0.6
0.6 cm
e m in
in diameter,
diameter,
Depressed,
glaucous,
a depression with
glaucous, each scale marked by a
a minute point; seeds
seeds 2-3,
2 - 3, shining
shining chestnut-brown,
chestnut - brown,
a
ovoid furrowed.
furrowed.
Foliage
Leaves
l inear- acicular , ascending,
ascending , 5-15
5-15 mrn
Leaves linear-acicular,
mm long and
about 1 mm wide,
wide, whitish
whitish above
above and
and light
light green
green beneath.
beneath.
Leaves
scal e-like, closely appressed
Leaves of mature tree scale-like,
and imbricated.
Bark
Bark
Thin, grey,
grey, flaky.
flaky .
Thin,
WOOD PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
The
a good wood for
fo r furniture
furniture
The Bermuda Cedar produces a
and also
also for
for the
the manufacture
manufacture of
of souvenirs.
souvenirs. The
making and
finished article
art i cle is highly polished and
a n d the reddishreddish finished
brown
in which
brown hue of the wood adds dignity to the home in
it is used.
used.
It is also a
a valuable firewood which is
is
in open fire
fire grates
grates during
during the
the cool
coo l
burnt in
to April.
April.
from December to
evenings
Other Uses
Uses
W
i ndbreaks
Windbreaks
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
Formerly abundant throughout
throughout the
t he Islands
I s lands of
of Bermuda.
Bermuda.
There is no
n o sound
s o und evidence that
tha t the
the tree
tree occurs
occurs in
in
th e wild
elsewhere .
wild elsewhere.
the
-- 328 --
SOILS
Limestone-derived soil.
soil.
HABITAT
In
forests on
on the
the
In the
the past
past forming almost complete forests
hillsides and
and along
along marshes.
marshes_
SEED HANDLING
The
seed, which
is
The plants are
are easily propagated from seed,
which is
provided annually in
in the
the late
late autumn.
autumn.
seed
The seed
however,
from 3-5
3-5 months
months to
to germinate.
germinate.
however, takes from
SILVICULTURE
In some protected areas,
areas, patchy
patchy cedar
cedar regeneration
regeneration
In
was clearly visible among
was
among dead
dead trees
trees in
in 1960.
1960.
By 1970
these same
same seedlings had grown to an average of about
1-2
the foliage
foliage at
at their
their tops
tops
1-2 m,
m, but
but the sparseness of the
indicated that
that they had been attacked
attacked by
by the
the juniper
juniper
scale
(see below). Evidently the
the juvenile
juvenile growth
growth
scale (see
habit and vigour
vigour initially provides some degree of
tolerance to the
the scale
scale insect,
insect, but
but as
as the
the tree
tree matures,
matures,
declines.
its resistance declines.
STATUS
Approximately one percent of the original Cedar has
survived
sur
v ived the scale outbreak.
outbreak.
REASONS
REASONS FOR DECLINE
Approximately 90%
90 % of the trees died between the
the years
1944
as a
a result
result of severe
severe insect
insect infestation.
infestation.
1944 and
and 1950 as
Two scale
scale insects,
insects, the juniper
juniper scale
scale (Carulaspis
(Carulaspis
visci)
shell scale
scale (Lepidosaphis
(Lepidosaphis
visci) and the oyster shell
-- 329
329 -
newsteadi) were responsible.
responsible. A
A few
few of the old trees
trees
newsteadi)
are
still
growing
and
young
stands
of
the
species
are still growing
stands of the species are
are
well in
in the
the undisturbed
undisturbed areas,
areas, but
but this
this
developing well
species
longer aa dominant
dominant tree
tree in
in Bermuda.
Bermuda.
species is no longer
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN
fact that the
the species
species has survived
survived the insect
insect
The fact
due to
to the
the biological
biological method
method
infestation is probably due
1
in the
the 1950's;
1950 s; this
this shows
shows that with
of control adopted in
care, the species
species can
can be
be perpetuated.
perpetuated.
care,
Pure stands
stands
land
are being established on Government land
and
little island
island known as Nonsuch Island
Island
particularly on a little
end of
of the
the Bermuda
Bermuda Islands.
Islands.
Nonsuch
at the eastern end
Island, which was once devastated by goats,
goats, is
is now a
Island,
living museum of Bermuda's flora
flora and
and fauna
fauna with
with the
the
living
Bermuda Cedar as the
the dominant
dominant tree.
tree.
- 330
330 --
SELECTED
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Britton,N.L.
1918
Flora of Bermuda.
Bermuda. Scribner's,
Scribner's, New York.
p. 410.
p.
410.
Challinor,D.&
Wingate,D.B.
1971
for Survival of the
the
The Struggle for
Bermuda Cedar.
Cedar. Biol.Conserv.
Biol.Conserv. 3:
3: 220-222.
220-22I
Dallimore,
Dallimore, W.&
W. &
Jackson,A.B.
1966
Coni ferae and GinkgoaA Hand book of Coniferae
ceae.
(Ed.S.G.Harrison). Edward
ceae. (Ed.S.G.Harrison).
(Publishers) Ltd.,
Ltd., London.
London.
Arnold (Publishers)
FAO
1981
Data Book on Endangered Forest Tree
Species and Provenances,
Provenances,
FAO/MISC/81/11, Rome,
Rome, p.
p. 35-36.
35-36 .
Groves,
G.R .
Groves, G.R.
1955
Bermuda Cedar.
Cedar.
The Bermuda
7 (9):
(9): 1-5
7
W.J.
Hooker, W.J.
1943
descriptions, with figures
figures of
Brief descriptions,
bermudiana, the
the PencilPencil Juniperus bermudiana,
Cedar
Cedar Tree.
Tree. Lond.
Land. J.Bot.
J.Bot. 2:141-144,
2:141-144,
t. II.
t.
.
IUCN
1978
The IUCN
IUCN Plant
Plant Red
Red Data
Data Book.
Book.
Eds.
G.Lucas
H.Synge. IUCN,
IUCN, Morges,
Merges,
G.Lucas and H.Synge.
Switzerland,
Switzerland, p.
p. 49-50.
49-50 .
Prat,H.
1955
Le Genévrier
Genevrier des Bermudes est-il
est-il
menace d'extinction? Bull.
Bull . Soc.
Soc. bot.Fr.
bot.Fr.
menacé
102: 17
- 23.
17-23.
Waterston,J.M.
1946
of Pests
Pests Attacking the
the Bermuda
Bermuda
Control of
Cedar.
Pathologist,
Report of Plant Pathologist,
Department of Agriculture, Bermuda.
Bermuda.
Waterston,J.M.
1949
1949
The pests
pests of
of Juniper
Juniper in
in Bermuda.
Bermuda.
26: 5-15
5-15
Agric.
(Trinidad)
26:
World Crops,
Crops,
World
Trop.
Trap.
-- 331
331 -
1/
1/
Juniperus
Juniperus procera
procera Hochst.
Hochst. ex
ex Endl.Endl.
(e.g. Lewis 1960,
1960, Kerfoot
Suggestions have been made (e.g.
1975) that
that this
this tree is
is not separable
separable from
from J.excelsa
~.excelsa
1975)
Bieb.,
the range
range of
of which
which extends
extends to
to Central
Central Asia.
Asia.
Bieb., the
Here
the traditional view of the
the African taxon
taxon is
is
Here the
retained, pending
pending wider
wider formal
formal acceptance
acceptance of
of the
the
retained,
proposed for
for J.
J. excelsa.
excelsa.
broader concept proposed
SYNONYMS
(1853)
Juniperus
Hort. ex C.
C. Kock
Rock
Juniperus abyssinica Hort.
(1857)
Sabina procera (Hochst.)
(Hochst . ) Antoine
Antoine
(1857)
FAMILY
Cupressaceae
NAMES
VERNACULAR NAMES
African Pencil Cedar; Mutarakwa
Mutarakwa (Kikuyu,
(Kikuyu, Kenya),
Kenya)
Ol-tarakwa
(Masai, Kenya and Tanzania),
Tanzania), Tarakwet
01-tarakwa (Masai,
(Nandi,
(Amharic, Ethiopia).
Ethiopia).
(Nandi, Kenya),
Kenya), Tedh (Amharic,
I
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
An afromontane
afrornontane tree/usually
tree/usually the
the tallest
tallest species
species present,
present,
50 m,
m, though
though more
more commonly
commonly 30-35
30-35 m.
m.
reported to reach 50
Bole straight but sharply tapered,
tapered, often with aa
twist; commonly heavily fluted;
fluted; diameter
diameter
pronounced twist;
11
1/
Based
John B.Hall,
B.Hall, Dept.of
Dept.of Forestry,
Forestry,
Based on
on the
the work
work of John
University College of
of North
North Wales,
Wales, Bangor,
Bangor, U.K.
U.K.
- 332
332 --
ffi, sometimes
sometimes uo
up to
to 2.9
2.9 m.
m.
Branching heavy,
heavy,
reaches 22 m,
from near
near the
the ground.
ground.
in
usually from
Crown pyramidal in
youth,
youth, spreading in
in older trees,
trees, branchlets
branch lets
slender,
terete, 0.5-1 mm in
in diameter,
diameter, bearing sessile,
sessile, scalescale terete,
leaves in
in decussate
decussate arrangement.
a rrangement.
like leaves
Inflorescence
Dioiecious.
cones solitary,
solitary, terminal
terminal on
on short
short
Male cones
branchlets,
(about 33 mm long),
long), ellipsoid to
to
branchlets, small (about
subglobose,
subglobose, yellowish in
in colour,
colour, consisting of 5-6
5- 6
pairs
pairs of decussate,
decussate, subpeltate,
5ubpeltate, obtuse or blunt
apiculate scales,
scales, each
each with
with 2-3
2 - 3 pollen
pollen sacs.
sacs.
Female
cones solitary, terminal,
terminal, on
on short
short lateral
lateral shoots,
shoots ,
consisting of 3-4
3-4 pairs
pairs of
of decussate
decussate fleshy
fleshy scales,
scales,
solitary, erect
erect ovule.
ovule.
and bearing aa solitary,
Fruit
Berry-lik~ globose or subglobose,
subglobose, reddish-brown
reddish - brown to
Berry-like
blue
- black in colour,
colour, waxy and composed of the
the confluconflublue-black
ent, swollen,
swollen, fleshy scales of the female
female cone,
cone, the
ent,
tips
tips of the
the scales
scales just
just distinguishable.
distinguishable.
When ripe,
ripe,
4-8
4-8 mm in diameter,
diameter, containing 1-4 seeds
seeds with a woody
testa , each flattened or triangular,
triangular, brown and about
testa,
5 mm long.
long.
Additiona
smaller, aborted seeds
seeds
5
Additionall 1-3 smaller,
common.
Foliage
Mature
glaucous, about 11 mm
rom long,
long, acute,
acute ,
Mature leaf grey or glaucous,
hooded and keeled at the apex and with a
a narrow transtrans and an
an elliptic
elliptic oil
oil gland
gland on
on the
the back,
back ,
lucent margin and
Juvenile leaves
leaves in
in whorls of
of three
three
on
shoots, 1-2 cm long,
long, linear and spine-tipped,
spine - tipped, the
the
on shoots,
near the
the base.
base.
-- 333 -
lower part being decurrent
decurrent on
on the
the branch.
branch.
Oil
g l and on abaxial
abaxial surface
surface linear,
li near , extending
extending threethreegland
of the
the length
length of
of the
the leaf.
leaf. Juvenile leaves
leaves
quarters of
deciduous. As plant ages
ages the
the leaves
leaves gradually
gradually change
change
deciduous.
foliage characteristic
characteristic of
of mature
mature tree
tree is
is produced.
produced.
until foliage
term "intermediate"
"intermediate " is
is used
used to
to describe
descr i be leaves
leaves not
not
The term
reduced to the adult
adu l t form but with the characteristic
decussate adult
adult arrangement.
arrangement.
Bark
to reddish brown,
brown , thin
thin and fibrous,
fibrous , with
Pale brown to
shallow longitudinal fissures,
fissures, exfoliating
exfoliating in
in thin,
thin ,
strips.
papery strips.
WOOD PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES AND
AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
The wood of ~.procera
J.procera is
is fine-textured,
fine - textured, straightstraight grained and of medium hardness.
hardness . The heartwood is
is very
very
resistant to
to termites
termites
in
in the ground.
ground.
and durable against rotting
and
rotting
It is
is easily worked
worked,, takes
It
takes aa good
good
polish
po li sh and
and glues
glues and
and whittles
whitt l es well.
well . The main use
use of
of
the wood of J.
the
':!. . procera
procera is
is for
for construction,
construction , transmission
transmission
and other poles,
and
poles, pencils,
pencils, flooring and wooden strustru-
ctures exposed to the
ctures
the weather.
weather. The wood is
is also used
for furnishings
furnishings,
and the
there
are some
some prospects
prospects for
for its
for
, and
r e are
its
use in the manufacturing of hardboard and particleuse
particleboard..
board
Other
Othe
r Uses
Uses
In addition
addition to
the above
above,
Cedar Wood Oil
Oil was
was earlier
In
to the
, Cedar
from the sawdust and used
used in
in the
the cosmetic
cosmetic
distilled from
industry
industry..
-- 334 --
DISTRIBUTION
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
Widely distributed
distributed from
from Arabia
Arabia southward
southward to
to Zimbabwe.
Zimbabwe.
Range
fairly continuous
continuous in Ethiopia
Ethiopia and
Range fairly
and Kenya
Kenya:: outlying
isolated populations extend the range
of the
the species to
isolated
range of
the
the Horn of Africa in
in the
the East
East and
and Zaire
Zaire in
in the
the West.
West.
Outlying populations
populations are
are also
also found
found in
in the
the south
south of
of
the species'
species' range,
range, south
south of
of latitude
latitude 4°30'S.
4°30'5.
the
CLIMATE
restricting climatic
climatic factor
factor seems
seems to
to be
be
The overriding restricting
temperature,
temperature, !.procera
J.procera being restricted to sites with
0
aa mean annual
annual temperature of below +19°C.
+19 C. In East
this corresponds
corresponds to
to aa minimum elevation
elevation of
of
Africa this
11 350-2 000
000 m.
m.
Further from the equator the
Further
the minimum
minimum
temperature tolerated by the species
temperature
species is
is reduced,
reduced, the
lower limit of mean annual temperature for the
tree being + 7°C
7°C to
to ++ 10°C.
10oe. A clear relationship
exists between distribution of the species
species and rainfall,
the
the optimum mean annual rainfall lying between 400 and
11 200 mm.
rnm.
in higher rainfall areas
The tree will grow in
under plantation conditions,
conditions, when competing species
are
suppressed. In natural conditions,
are artificially suppressed.
under
under rainfall
rainfall regimes
regimes with
with 88 or
or more
more months
months receiving~
receiving>
50 rnm
of rain
rain and with a
a mean annual rainfall of >
~
50
mm of
1000 rnm,
mm, ~.procera
J.procera is unable to compete with other
species
species..
Likewise
species is
is not
not competitive
competitive under
under
Likewise,, the species
natural
a mean annual rainfall
natural conditions in areas with a
mm and 7 or more months per year with over
of 800-1000 rnm
rainfall.
50 mm rainfall.
Where mean annual
annual rainfall
rainfall is below
in
800 mm,
mm, the tree seems to have become established in
-- 335
335 --
all
suitable temperatures,
temperatures, it
it has
has reached.
reached.
all sites with suitable
600 mm
mm mean
mean annual
annual rainfall,
rainfall, or
or less,
less, the
the competitive
competitive
At 600
advantage over other species
species is
is strongest.
strongest.
However,
in
less than 600 mm of
rainfall, the areas
areas
in areas
areas with
with less
of rainfall,
species can
can be
be found
found receive
receive additional
additional
where the species
from mist
mist and
and low-lying
low-lying clouds.
clouds.
moisture from
SOILS
J.procera
~.procera
occurs
occurs on
on rocks
rocks as
as diverse
diverse as
as limestones,
limestones,
gneisses,and granites
granites of the
Complexiand
gneisses/and
the Basement Complex/and
but especially
especially on
on the
the latter.
latter. The concentraconcentrabasalts, but
tion
the tree
tree on areas of volcanic rocks is a
a
tion of
of the
consequence
its entry and spread
consequence of
of the history of its
into
that it
it is
into Africa;
Africa; there is no direct evidence that
restricted to certain types
types of
of rock.
rock.
In
In terms
terms of
of soil type,
type, there
there is
is little information
information but
it
is clear that the drainage must be good,
good, and that
that
it is
the
species rarely grows
in soil heavier than
than sandy
the species
grows in
clay.
In
it appears
In other
other respects it
widely varying
varying soils.
soils.
tolerant of
Soil
Soil depth does not
not appear
appear to
to
a critical factor.
factor.
be a
HABITAT
in highland and
and mountain
mountain areas,
areas,
The species occurs in
- 22 500
500 m
m altitude;
altitude; in
in particularly
particularly
favourable niches it
it may
may occur
occur as
as high
high as
as 33 500
500 m.
m.
mostly at
at 11 750 m
m
Details
by
Details on
on elevational
elevational range are complicated by
temperature , extent of high
high ground
interactions of
of temperature,
and site.
site.
On isolated mountains and in
in other
other places
places
low temperatures
temperatures prevail
prevail at
at unusually
unusually low
low
where low
elevations,
the species has
has been reported
reported to
to occur at
elevations, the
only 1
1 350-1
350-1 400
400 m.
m.
- 336
336 --
SEED HANDLING
is readily available
available but
but has
has short
short viability,
viability,
Seed is
seeds7 the
c. 42 750 seeds:
11 kg
the
to 12 months.
kg contains c.
germination
66
after collection
collection is
is around
around 40%.
40%.
6 weeks after
Phenological information
information is
is limited
limited but
but seed
seed is
is reported
reported
Phenologicai
dvailable
in the
the Usambaras
Usambaras (4°42'S,
(4 0 42'S, 38°12'E,
3S012'E,
available at Shume in
1 860 m)
to May
May (i.e.
(i.e. the
the latter
latter half
half of
of
1
m) from January to
the rainy season)
season) and
and on
on Mount
Mount Kilimanjaro,
Kilimanjaro, at
at
the
0
Rongai (2°58'S,
(2°58'S, 37°27'E;
37 27'E; 2130
2130 m)
m) towards
towards the
the end
end of
of
Rongai
(i.e. the
the first
first half
half of
of the
the dry
dry season).
season).
July (i.e.
SILVICULTURE
in this
this century
century aa number
number of
of plantations
plantations were
Early in
established especially in
in Kenya,
Kenya, until
until attention
attention
faster-growing species
species during
during the
the 1960s.
19605.
switched to faster-growing
Recently, however,
however, interest
interest in
in J.procera
~.procera has revived
Recently,
and new plantings are under way in
in Tanzania;
Tanzania; unlike the
plantings, there
there is
is more interest
interest today
today in
in
earlier plantings,
trying to
to identify good provenances.
provenances.
Seedlings
trying
Seedlings are
to plant out
out after
after 1-2
1-2 years
years in
in the
the nursery.
nursery.
ready to
In
the
m x 22 m)
m) is
the field,
field, close initial
initial spacing
spacing (2
(2 m
is advoca-
ted to limit low
low crown development,
development, and form
form is
is further
improved
pruningsi in
in Tanzania
Tanzania
improved by
by aa series of early prunings;
undertaken at
at 2.5
2.5 and
and 66 years.
years.
these have been undertaken
thinning in
in Tanzania
Tanzania has
has been
been 50%
50% at
at 55 years.
years.
Initial
It
It is
least once
essential that weedings be carried out at least
a
a year during the
the establishment
establishment phase.
phase.
STATUS
In Zimbabwe
popul ations endangered.
endangered.
Zimbabwe one
one
Outlying populations
single
single tree presently survives;
survives; in Zaire and Malawi
the numbers
numbers of trees remaining in
in the populations are
the
very low.
low.
very
-- 337
337 --
REASONS
REASONS FOR DECLINE
Changing land
land use
use patterns,
patterns, discontinuous distribution
range of the
the species,
species, coupled with wildfires hampering
the
the establishment of regeneration;
regeneration; browsing pressure,
pressure,
particularly from
from buffalo
buffalo and
and elephant;
elephant; logging
loggingfor
forboth
particularly
both
local use and for
for export;
export; the
the gradual switch
switch from
from
local
local
- growing exotics
in plantation
local species
species to
to fast
fast-growing
exotics in
forestry,
reasons for
procera.
forestry, are all
all reasons
for the decline of J.
J. procera.
RECOMMENDED
PROTECTIVE MEASURES RECOMMENDED
Exploration and
and evaluation
evaluation through
through the
the establishment
establishment
of internationally
internationally coordinated,
coordinated, range-wide
range - wide provenance
provenance
trials, which are
are likely
likely to
to promote
promote conservation
conservation
trials,
measures and
and the
the increased
increased use
use of
of J.procera
~.procera
in
forestry, are
are recommended.
recommended.
plantation forestry,
Ex situ
conservation as a
a complementary practice is
is advocated.
advocated.
Improved management,
management, protection of areas against fire
and
animals, is
is required
required for natural
and domestic and wild animals,
stands, to enable regeneration,
regeneration, and
and serve
serve as
as
stands,
conserv
ation in
in situ.
situ.
conservation
-- ----
-- 338
338 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Borota,J.
1971 A.
A.
of the
the tree
tree species at Kigogo
The growth of
arboretum
arboretum.. Tanzania
Tanzania Silviculture
Silviculture Research
Note, 20:
20 : 1-7.
1 - 7.
Note,
Scrota,
J.
Borota, J.
1971 B.
B.
tree species in Lushoto
The growth of tree
arbcretum.
Tanzania Silviculture
arboretum.
Research Note,
Note, 23:
23 : 1-24.
1 - 24.
Borota , J.
Borota,J.
1975
Provenance
studies of
Provenance studies
of the
the major
major and
and
important species in
in Tanzaeconomically important
Zbornik
Prac, 17:
17 : 99-119.
99-119.
nia.
Zbornik Vedeckych Prac,
Breitenbach,
F.von
1963
Ethiopia, 2nd
The Indigenous Trees of Ethiopia,
edn. Ethiopian Forestry
Forestry Association,
Association,
edn.
Addis Ababa.
Brenan,J.P.M.&
Greenway, P.J.
P.J.
1949
Territory. Check lists
lists of
Tanganyika Territory.
the
the Forest Trees and Shrubs of the
Empire,S,
1 - 653.
British Empire,
5: 1-653.
Chapman,J.D.
1957
Indigenous Conifers
Conifers of
of Nyasaland.
Nyasaland .
The Indigenous
Department of
of Forestry.
Forestry.
Nyasaland Department
Chapman,J.D.&
Nhite
, F.
White,F.
1970
The Evergreen Forests
Forests of
of Malawi.
Malawi.
The
Commonwealth Forestry Institute,
Institute, Oxford.
Coetzee,J.A.
1967
in East and
Pollen analytical studies in
Southern Africa.
Africa.
Palaeocology
of Africa,
3: 1-146.
1 - 146.
Africa, 3:
Dale,I.R.&
Greenway,P.J.
and Shrubs.
Shrubs.
Kenya Trees and
tes , Nairobi.
Nairobi.
tes,
Buchanan Esta-
1961
Eggeling , W.J.&
Eggeling,W.J.&
Dale,I.R.
1951
FAO
1981
1981
The Indigenous Trees of the
the Uganda
The
Protectorate, 2nd
2nd edn.
edn. Government
Protectorate,
Printer, Entebbe.
Entebbe.
Data Book on
o n Endangered
End a ngered Forest
Forest Tree
Tree
species and
and provenances
provenances FO:
FO: MISC/81/11.
MISe/SI/II.
FAO,
FAO , Rome,
Rome, o.
? 33-36.
33 - 36.
-- 339 -
Gilliland,H.B.
1952
The vegetation of eastern British
British
Somaliland. Journal of
of Ecology,
Ecology,
40:
91-124.
40: 91-124.
Greeway,P . J.
Greeway,P.J.
1955
Ecological observations on an extinct
volcanic mountain.
mountain. Journal
East African volcanic
Ecology, 43:
43: 544-363.
544 -563 .
of Ecology,
Hall,J.B.
1984
Juniperus excelsa in Africa:
Africa: a biogeographical study
study of
of an
an Afromontane
Afromontane tree.
tree.
Journal of
of Bioaeography,
Biogeography, 11:
11: 47-61.
47-61.
Kerfoot,O.
1964
The distribution and
and ecology
ecology of
of Juniperus
Juniperus
procera Endl.
Endl. in
in East Central Africa,
Africa,
and
the genus
genus
and its relationship to the
Widdringtonia
Endl. Kirkia,
Kirkia, 4:
4: 75-86.
75-86.
Widdrinatonia Endl.
Kerfoot,O.
1975
Origin and speciation of the
the Cupressaceae in
in Southern
Southern Africa.
Africa.
Boissiora,
Boissiora,
24 : 145-150.
145-150.
24:
Lewis,J.
1960
1960
Gymnospermae
(Flora Zambesiaca,
Zarnbesiaca, 1:79-88).
1 : 79-88).
Gymnospermae (Flora
Melville,
Melville, R.
R.
1958
1958
Gymnospermae.. (Flora
of Tropical East
Gymnosperrnae
(Flora of
ed. by
by W.B.Turrill && E.MihnoE.MihnoAfrica ed.
Redhead). Crown Agents,
Agents , London.
London.
Redhead).
Mugasha,A.C.
1978
Tanzania Natural
Natural Forests'
Forests' Silvicultural
Research - review
review report.
report. Tanzania
Silviculture Technical
Technical Note
Note (New
(New Series),
Series),
39: 1-41.
1-41.
39:
Ndosi,O.M.
Ndosi3O.M.
1980
1980
Some
Some factors
factors affecting the Regeneration
Regeneration
of
of Juniperus
Juniperus procera in Arusha National
Park,
Park, Tanzania.
Tanzania. Unpublished special
project report,
report , Division of Forestry,
Forestry,
University of Dar
Dar es Salaam.
Salaam.
Ojiambo, J.A.
J.A.
1978
trees of Kenya.
Kenya. Kenya
Kenya Literature
Literature
The trees
Bureau,
Nairobi.
Bureau, Nairobi.
Poulsen,G.
1975
Silvicultural
Silvicultural practices in montane
areas . Unpublished
Unpublished manuscript,
manuscript,
forest areas.
Division oof
f Forestry,
Forestry, University of
Dar es Salaam.
Salaam.
- 340
34') --
Robyns,W.
1946
1946
Sur
procera
Sur l'existence du Juniperus procera
Hochst.
Congo Belge.
BeIge.
Bulletin du
Hochst. au Cana°
Jardin
Etat, 18:
18: 125-131.
125-131.
Jardin Botanique de Etat,
Utilization
Section
1966
Timbers of Tanganyika:
Tanganyika: Juniperus procera
Timbers
(African Pencil Cedar).
Cedar).
(African
Utilization
Section,
Division, Moshi.
Moshi .
Section, Forest Division,
White,F.
1978
region. Biogeography and
and
The Afromontane region.
Ecology of Southern Africa (Ed.
(Ed. by
by
M.J.A . Werger), pp.
pp. 463-513.
463-513 . W.Junk,
W. Junk,
M.J.A.
Hague.
The Hague.
Wild , H.
H. &
Wild,
Grandvaux
Barbosa,L.A
Barbosa,L.A..
1967
1967
Vegeration Map of the
the Flora
Flora Zambesiaca
Zambesiaca
area,
1:2 000
to Flora
area, 1:2
000 000.
000. Supplement to
Zambesiaca
Zambesiaca..
- 341
341 --
1/
Khaya senegalensis
senegalens i s (Desr)A.Juss.1/
(Desr.)A.Juss.SYNONYM
Swietenia senegalensis
senegalensis Desr.
Oesr.
FAMILy
FAMILY
Meliaceae
Meliaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
NAMES
Eri, Kirai,
Kirai, Mario,
l'-1ario , Tido
Tido (Uganda)
(Uganda)
Eri,
d'Afrique, Acajou
Acajou du
du Sénégal,
Senegal, Kuka
Kuka Callcédrat,
Calicedrat,
Acajou d'Afrique,
Cail-Cedrat, Jallo,
Jallo, Khaya,
Khaya, Kuhi,
Kuhi , Kaye,
Kaye, Senegal
Senegal
Cail-Cédrat,
Mahogany , African
African Mahoçany,
Mahogany, Dry
Dry Zone
Zone Mahogany.
Mahogany.
Mahogany,
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
CaIlcedrat (Khaya
(Khaya senegalensis
senegalensis (Desr.)
(Desr.) A.Juss.)
A.Juss.) is
is aa
Cailcédrat
very large
large tree,
tree, whose
whose heavily
heavily branched
branched and
and very
very
developed crown may reach aa height
height of
of 35
35 metres.
metres. The
trunk is
is rarely
rarely very
very long;
long ; on
on deep,
deep , wet
wet
buttressed trunk
soil it
it is
fairly straight and exceeds
exceeds 10
10 metres,
metres,
is fairly
less favourable
favourable conditions the
the tree is
is
while under less
low- branched, but nevertheless attains
attains aa very
very large
large
low-branched,
diameter
diameter..
Inflorescence
Glabrous panicles
panicles of
of masses
masses of
of small
small white
white flowers
flowers
(about 55 mm long).
(about
long).
Calyx with 4-5
4 - 5 imbricate
imbricate sepals.
sepals.
4-5 free white petals.
petals. White
~"lhite staminal
staminal corona,
corona,
4-5
8 - 10 short
short lobes
lobes at
at the
the top;
top; 8-10
8-10 alternate,
alternate,
with 8-10
1/
B. T . Styles (Oxford
(Oxford
1/ FAO
FAO acknowledge the assistance of B.T.Styles
- Forestry
OXl,
Forestry Institute,University
Institute,UniversityofofOxford,
Oxford,
0X1,3RB,
3RB, England)
England)
- 342
342 --
serrated sessile
sessile anthers,
anthers, completely
completely enclosed.
enclosed.
Red or
orangey disc
disc bearing
bearing aa glabrous
glabrous ovary
ovary with 4-5
4-5 multimultiovulate loculi.
Discoid
stigma.
loculi.
stigma . Flowering season:
season:
December to
to. April.
April.
Fruit
capsules , borne above
above the
the top
top of
of the
the trees,
trees,
Globular capsules,
in the
the sun
sun appear
appear white before
before dehiscence.
dehiscence.
which in
are usually
usually 5-6
5 - 6 cm
em in
in diameter,
diameter, but
but these
these
They are
dimensions are
are not
not invariable.
invariable. The capsules open into
into
44 valves,
flat, brown,
brown, suborbicular seeds with
valves, the flat,
foliated
a central columella
foliated edges
edges are
are attached
attached to a
four or five
five sides
sides and
and seem
seem crammed
crammed toaether.
together.
with four
There are 15-20
15-20 seeds per
per pile
pile on
on each
each face
face of
of the
the
columella.
They ripen from
from March
March on.
on.
Foliage
Oblong folioles,
folioles, some
some extremely
extremely markedly narrow,
narrow, with
with
a short,
short , obtuse acumen,
acumen , grey
grey underneath,
underneath, 3-6
3-6 pairs,
pairs,
a
3-4 pairs,
pairs, 7-12
7-12 xx 3-5
3-5 cm.
cm. 8-10
8-10 pairs
pairs of
of lateral
lateral
usually 3-4
nervures.
Bark
Dark grey,
grey, covered
covered with
with small
small scales.
scales.
The red cross-
section exudes a little
little reddish
reddish liquid.
liquid.
PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
WOOD PROPERTIES
The sapwood
sapwood is
is not
not very distinct
distinct and
and is
is only
only slightly
slightly
than the
the pink-brown
pink-brown heartwood
heartwood which
which
paler and browner than
to deep red-brown,
red - brown, with
with aa purplish
purplish tinge.
tinge.
darkens to
It
slight aroma
worked, and because of
o f the
the
It has
has aa slight
aroma when worked,
resin it
it contains
contains it
it stores well under
under water.
water .
is
It is
-- 343
343 -
only
heavy, yet is
is the heaviest of
only moderately
moderately hard and heavy,
the African
(Khaya). Care is
is needed to
to preprethe
African mahoganies (Khaya).
vent
its warping and
and splitting,
splitting, but
but little
little is,
is, as
as yet,
yet,
vent its
known
about its seasoning.
seasoning.
known about
first used
used of
of
It was
was the first
the African
e s, and
and was
was exported
expo rted from
from the
the
the
African mahogani
mahoganies,
Gambia
Gambia over
over aa century ago,
ago, and used in Europe for
for
furniture.
It is
is durable,
durable, and has proved to
It
to be
be partiparti-
cularly
cularly resistant
resistant to termites in Sudan,
Sudan, but the sapwood
is
liable to attacks by Lyctus
Lyctus and
and Longhorn
Longhorn beetles.
beetles.
is liable
The
Zande (Sudan)
(Sudan) use it
it for
for drums
drums (Culwick).
(Culwick).
The Zande
It
It works
well
tools, though
though it
it is
is harder and
and less
less
well with
with all tools,
easy
to work
easy to
work than K.ivorensis.
It
for
It is
is used locally for
temporary
furniture, and
and railway
railway carriages.
carriages.
temporary buildings,
buildings, furniture,
It
It would
would be
be suitable for furniture and interior
decoration, either solid or as veneer,
decoration,
veneer, and for most
of the
of
the other purposes for
for which
which mahogany
mahogany is
is used.
used.
The
timber
is not
timber of
of K.
K. senegalensis
senegalensis is
not only
only heavier but
but also
also
darker than
darker
than the other species
species in
in the
the genus.
genus.
Other Uses
Uses
The tree contains a
a gum
gum which is
is golden
golden yellow
yellow and
and is
is
semi-soluble
semi
- soluble in
in water.
water.
It
is best collected in
in the
the
It is
dry season. The bark yields
yields aa brown
brown dye
dye (kuntunkuri)
(kuntunkuri)
used for
used
for dyeing hunters'
hunters' clothes.
clothes.
It is
is sometimes
sometimes
used in
used
in tanning and contains
contains 10.2
10.2 percent
percent of
of tannin.
tannin.
The leaves are used as fodder
fodder for
for cattle
cattle and
and camels.
camels.
The dried and powdered bark
bark found
found in
in markets
markets is
is used
used
for
for medicinal purposes.
purposes.
-- 344
344 -
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
~6 senegalensis
senegalensis is
is aa native
native of
of tropical
tropical Africa
Africa along
along aa
K.
band more or less parallel to the equator,
equator, stretching
from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean through tropical
Arrica (Mali,
(Mali, northern
northern Nigeria),
Nigeria), northern
northern
West Africa
Cameroon,
Uganda, and
and southern
southern Sudan.
Sudan.
Cameroon, northern Uganda,
not known from any
any other
other areas
areas in
in Africa.
Africa.
is
It is
CLIMATE
The
corresponds to the
the
The natural distribution band corresponds
Sudanian climate: rainfall
rainfall 750
150 to 1
1 300
300 mm per annum
months.
a dry season
season lasting
lasting 5 to 7
with a
SOILS
For good growth
growth the
the species
species requires
requires rich
rich soil,
soil, rather
rather
wet, although it can withstand long periods of dryingott.
wet,
drying out.
SEED HANDLING
The collection time
time varies
varies according
according to
to the
the locality.
locality.
33 000
- 77 000 seeds/kg.
seeds/kg. No pre-treatment
pre-treatment is
is required.
required.
000 -
Good fresh seed will give
Good
give aa germination
germination of
of 90%
90% or
or more.
more.
Seed does not
not keep
keep well.
well.
Germination occurs
occurs in
in 10
10 days,
days,
its maximum
maximum in
in 18
18 days.
days.
and reaches its
medium-term storage
storage is
is required).
required) .
(Refrigeration for
for
(Refrigeration
SILVICULTURE
Either one-year-old striplings
striplings or
or stumps
stumps may
may be
be used.
used.
In
the first case
case (striplings)
sown thickly
thickly
In the
(striplings) seeds are sown
in
bed, at a depth
depth of
or 11 to
to 22 cm.
cm.
in aa shaded bed,
When 3
3 mon~
months
the young
young plants
plants are
are pricked
pricked out
out into
into nursery
nursery beds,
beds,
old the
They are
are planted out some ten months
x 20 cm
cm apart.
apart. They
20 x
- 345
345 --
later,
later, when 0.50
0 .50 to
to 11 m
m high.
high.
The plants are more or
less
(only 1 or 2 branches are
are
less completely stripped (only
left)
root is
is cut
cut back
back to
to about
about 30
30 cm.
em.
left) and the main root
In
case (stumps),
in
In the
the second case
(stumps), sowing is done directly in
rows
rows
15
em
young plants
plants are
are left
left in
in place
place
cm apart and the young
until they are one year old,
old, though
though thinned
thinned out to
cm.
bring them up to 10 x
x 15 em.
They are then prepared as
stumps
to 3 cm
em
stumps according to
to the
the usual
usual method,
method, leaving 22 to
of stem and
and 25 to
to 30
30 em
cm of roots.
cases
In both cases
(striplings and stumps)
stumps) the
the plants
plants are
are planted
planted out
out
2 xx 2 metres apart,
apart, in
in holes
holes previously
previously loosened.
loosened.
2
STATUS
Not
immediate threat
threat but
but populations
populations of
of best
best
Not under immediate
trees
in danger of genetic erosion (particularly
(particularly in
in
trees are in
W.Africa).
W.Africa) .
REASONS FOR DECLINE
DECLINE
As the
the largest tree
tree in
in the
the savanna
savanna flora
flora with
with the
the most
most
usable timber,
timber, the
the best
best individuals
individuals of
of K.
K. senegalensis
are being
being gradually
gradually cut
cut down.
down.
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN AND RECOMMENDED
RECOMMENDED
K. senegalensis is best protected in
~.
in gazetted forest
reserves and natural parks
parks (as
(as in
in Uganda
Uganda and
and Zaire)
Zaire)
with strict
strict supervision.
supervision.
- 346
346 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
AUbreville, A.
A.
Aubréville,
1950
Flore Forestiére
Forestiere Soudano-Guinéenne
Soudano-Guineenne
A.D.F.
- A.E.F.
Societe
A.O.F. Cameroon A.E.F. Société
d'Editions, Paris.
Paris.
CTFT
CTFT
1959
Khaya senegalensis
senegalensis et
et Khaya grandifo1i01a
in Revue
Revue BOls
For@ts des
des
hola in
Bois et Foréts
Tropiques
67, Novernbre
- Décembre
Decembre
Tropiques n.
n. 67,
Novembre 1959,
15 -- 20.
20.
1959, p. 15
FAO
1986
Some medicinal
medicinal forest
forest plants
plants of Africa
and Latin America. FAO
FAD Forestry Paper
67. Rome.
Irvine,
F.R.
Irvine, F.R.
1961
Plants of
of Ghana
Ghana
Woody Plants
University Press
Press -- London.
London.
Oxford University
Keay,R.W.J.
1958
In
J. and J.M.
J.M . Dalziell
Dalziel:
In Hutchinson J.
Meliaceae in
Flora of
of West Tropical
Meliaceae
in Flora
Africa 11 (2):
(2): 698-699
Knees, S.G.&
Knees,
Gardiner, M.F.
M.P.
1984
Mahoganies; candidates
Mahoganies;
candidates for the Red
Red
Styles B.T.
B.T.
1974
1974
Meliaceae in
in Uganda,
Uganda, East Africa
Agric.
and For.
For. Journal
Journal 39(4):
39(4):
Agrio, and
407-423
Data Book.
Book.
Oryx 17(2):
17(2): 88-92.
88-92.
- 347
347 --
styraciflua 1.1/
1.!1
Liquidambar styraciflua
SYNONYMS
(1863)
Liquidambar macrophylla Oerst
(1863)
L.
var. mexicana
mexicana (Oerst.)
(Oerst.) Ndz.
Ndz. (1891)
(1891)
L. styraciflua var.
~.
L.
var. macrophylla
macrophylla (Oerst.)
(Oerst.) Ndz.
Ndz.
styraciflua var.
(1891)
FAMILY
FAMILY
Hamamelidaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
NAMES
VERNACULAR
Ocozote:
copalme; balsamo;
balsamo; estoraque;
estoraque; yaga-biziqui;
yaga-biziguii
Ocozote; copalme;
ingamo; mola:
suchete: icob;
ieab: ko'ma;
kalma: copalillo;
copalilloi quiraquiraingamo;
mo15; suchete;
mbaro; somerio;
somerioi copalome;cotoraque;
copalomejcotoraquejkomaliso;
kornaliso:slu'to'nko;
slu'to'nkoi
ien-gau-o; nijte-pijto;
nijte-pijtoj nite-biito;
nite-biitoj yaga-huille;
yaga-huillei
ien-gau-o;
(in Mexico).
Mexico). Ocop;
xochicatscuahuitli (in
Ocop; occob;
oecobi °corn;
ccorn:
xochicatscuahuitl;
quirambaj
tzote:
quiramba; tzote;
(in Guatemala).
Guatemala). Liquidarnbar
Liquidambar (through(in
(through-
America) .
out Central America).
Sweet gum:
gum: sycamore
sycamore gum;
gum: satin
satin walnut,
walnut,
gum; red gum;
yellow
gum: bilstead;
bilstead: alligator tree;
tree:
yellow gum;
gum; starleaf gum;
hazel
pine;
hazel wood:
wood; hazel pine;
(in USA)
USA)..
(in
BOTANICAL
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
General
A medium to
to large
large deciduous
deciduous tree,
tree, capable
capable of
of attaining
attaining
A
heights
50 m,
m, and up
up to
to 1.5
1.5 m
m in
in diameter.
diameter.
heights of more than 50
Inflorescence
A monoecious
species, flowers
flowers are
are borne in
in terminal
terminal or
or
monoecious species,
axillary panicles on short,
short, lateral,
lateral, woody
woody pubescent
pubescent
branchlets,
long; male flowers
flowers situated
situated on
on the
the
branchlets, 5-10 cm long;
!/
1/
Based
P . S.McCarter and C.F.Hughes
C . F.Hughes
Based on
on the work of P.S.McCarter
(Oxford
Institute, University
University of
of Oxford.
Oxford.
(Oxford Forestry
Forestry Institute,
OXl
England) .
0X1 3RD England).
-- 348 -
panicle, each bundle of flowers
flowers on
upper part of the panicle,
a short branchlet
branch let 2-20
2-20 ram
mrn long,
or
a
long, subtended by one or
papery, caducous,
caducous, ciliolate
ciliolate bracts;
bracts;
several ovate, papery,
perianth absent.
absent.
Stamens numerous,
free, with oblong,
oblong,
numerous, free,
glabrous anthers;
borne
on
a
short
thick
stalk
anthers;
short thick stalk
5-10 long;
long; ovary lacking.
lacking. Female flowers
flowers in
in small
small
heads
heads 6-8 mm in
in diameter held
held on a
a short
short stalk
stalk up
up to
to
11 em
flowers regular;
regular; subtended by bracts similar
cm long;
long; flowers
flowers; perianth very
very short
short with
to those in the male flowers;
4-6
4- 6 acute or truncate
truncate fleshy,
fleshy, papillose lobes;
lobes; stamens
stamens
absent.
Ovary semi-inferior
semi -inferior with two
two partially
partially free
free
carpe l s, particularly in
in the
the upper
upper part;
part; bilocular
bilocular
carpels,
with several ovules per
per loculus;
loculus; each
each carpel
carpel with
with
a thick glabrous,
glabrous, curved,
curved, basal style
style up
up to
to 44 mm
mm long;
longi
a
stigmatic region
region papillose.
papillose.
January to
to March.
March.
Flowering occurs mid
Fruit
small heads
heads from
from 2.5-4
2.5-4 cm
em in
in diameter,
diameter,
Grouped in small
pendulous, glabrous,
glabrous, penduncles,
penduncles, 5-6.5
5-6.5 cm
em long;
long;
on pendulous,
heads globose,
globose, spiky,
spiky, woody,
woody , brown
brown or
or shiny
shiny black.
black.
a bivalved capsule,
capsule, dehiscing
dehiscing at
at the
the apex,
apex,
Fruit a
containing many brown winged
winged seeds
seeds from
from 6-8
6-8 mm
mm long.
long.
Foliage
em long
long covered
covered in
in acute
acute or
or obtuse,
obtuse,
Buds up to 1.5 cm
brown, glabrous,
glabrous, shining
shining scales;
scales; margin
margin ciliolate.
ciliolate.
brown,
are 22 stipules,
stipules, approximately
approximately 5 5ram
mm long,
long,
There are
lanceolate, glabrous and
and caducous.
caducous.
lanceolate,
Leaves simple,
Simple,
3-5 lobed;
lobes triangular with a serrated
serrated margin;
3-5
lobed; the
the lobes
spirally
than long:
long:
spirally arranged,
arranged, the laminas much broader than
- 349
349 -
x 15 cm;
em; apex generally broadly
from 44 xx 5 to 11 x
acuminate, the
acuminate,
the base of the
the leaf
leaf truncated
truncated or weakly
cordate;
cordate; opaque dark green on
on the
the upper surface and
and
light green beneath,
beneath, changing
changing to
to reddish
reddish or
or yellow
yello\Ol when
when
old and becoming glabrous;
glabrous; nervation
nervation
palmate and
prominent on the
the under
under surface,with
surface,with a
a bunch
bunch of
of hairs
hairs
nerve axils.
axils.
in the nerve
The leaves
The
leaves have an agreeable
resinous smell
smell when
when crushed.
crushed.
The petioles range
range from
from
em long,
long, greyish-brown
greyish-brown and
and glabrous.
glabrous.
1.5-9 cm
leaves bright green
green and
and soft.
soft.
Young
Treesloose
Trees loose their
their leaves
leaves
completely between November and
and March/April
March/Ap ril in
in
temperate regions,
regions, and this deciduous habit
habit is
is
throughout the
the tropical
tropical part
part of
of the
the species'
species'
maintained throughout
range, although
although this
this leafless
leafless period
period may
may be
be
natural range,
reduced to
to less
less than
than one
one month.
month.
Bark
on the
the main
main trunk
trunk is
is furrowed
furrowed and
and greyish,
greyish,
The bark on
and
trees; younger
younger
and may be over 1I cm thick on old trees;
red-brown in
in colour,
colour, often
often with
with corky
corky ridges
ridges
branches red-brown
thick wings.
wi ngs .
or thick
WOOD PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
\;000
PRODUCTS
In
Liguidarnbar is
is widely used
used by
by
In the USA the wood of Liquidambar
the
the furniture and cabinet-making industries.
industries.
The
is aa distinctive
distinctive red-brown
red - brown colour,
colour, sometimes
sometimes
heartwood is
beautifully figured
figured with
with deep
deep markings.
markings. Other major
beautifully
uses
boxes, crates,
crates, pallets,
pallets, plywood,
plywood,
uses include boxes,
particleboard
and pulp.
pulp.
-- 350
350 --
Other Uses
Other
A balsamic exudate obtained from
from the
the sap
sap of the
the tree
tree
is
the medical and
and perfume
perfume industries.
industries.
is used
used by
by the
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
Liguidambar occurs widely in
in the
the southeastern states
states of
of
- the Carolinas,
Georgia, Alabama,
Alabama, Maryland -the USA Carolinas, Georgia,
extending northwards
northwards
far as Connecticut
Connecticut (410
(41 0 N),
N) ,
as far
westwards to Missouri,
Missouri, Arkansas and
westwards
a nd Oklahoma and
and southsouthwards to
to central
central Florida.
Florida.
It is
It
is estimated that the
the
species
species makes
makes up some 30%
30 % of the
th~ hardwood growing
stock of the Southern USA.
USA.
There is aa gap of some 800 km from
from the
the most southerly
southerly
of these
these us
the most northerly recorded
recorded
US populations to the
in Mexico,
Mexico, in
in the
the state
state of
of Tamaulipas.
Tamaulipas.
site in
From here
the species
species occurs
fairly small
small disjunct populations
populations
the
occurs in fairly
along the
along
the eastern Sierra Madre through
through the
the states
states of
of
and
San Luis
Luis Potosi,
Potosi, Hidalgo,
Hidalgo, Veracruz,
Veracruz, Oaxaca and
Chiapas.
The range
range continues sporadically through
The
through
Guatemala
its southern limit
limit
Guatemala and
and Honduras
Honduras reaching its
0
in
latitude of
of 13°N.
l3 N. The
in central
central Nicaragua at aa latitude
species has
has recently
recently been reported
reported from
from two
two additional
additional
locations.
southwest
Firstly from
from the
the Mayan mountains in
in
Belize and secondly from
from Chihuahua
Chihuahua and
and
in northwest
northwest Mexico.
Mexico.
Durango States in
These outlying
populations are
to be of particular
particular interest
interest
populations
are likely to
genetically.
CLIMATE
Because Liquidambar
Liguidambar spans such
such a
a broad
broad latitudinal
latitudinal
range (almost
(almost 30°)
it is
is difficult
difficult to
to give
give general
general
range
30)
° it
-- 351 --
In the
the USA
USA ~ean
mean annual rainfall
information.
In
climatic information.
varies from approximately 11 000
000 mm
mm in
in the
the north
north to
to
11 SOOwm
tropics
500mm in
in the
the south,
south, whilst
whilst throughout the tropics
slightly higher rainfall
(1 500-1
500-1 800 mm)
(1
mm)
is
is recorded.
Here, a dry season (any
(any month
m:mth with
with less
less than
than 60
60 mm
nut rainfall)
rainfall) of
of
Here,
m:mths is
is reported.
refX)rted.
between 0 and 66 months
account of its
its broad
broad distribution
distribution there
there are
are marked
marked differences
differences
On acouunt
in the
the frost
frost tolerance of
of provenances
provenances of
of the
the species.
species.
in
The northermost populations (Connecticut)
(Connecticut) regularly
regularly
experience
minimum
temperatures
of
the
order
experience.
temperatures
the order of
of
0
-24°C;
-24°C; those
those in Florida -- 7oC.
7 e.
The Mexican and Central
American populations probably
probably never
never experience
experience frost,
frost,
seems unlikely that
that they
they would
would show
show any
any degree
degree
and it seems
tolerance of
of it.
it.
of tolerance
SOILS
SOILS
The
species, whilst tolerant
tolerant of a
a wide range
range of
of
The species,
conditions , does most certainly
certainly prefer
prefer and
and reach
reach
site conditions,
its
l opment on
the richer,
richer, moister,
its best
best deve
development
on the
moister, well
drained, acidic alluvial clay
clay and
and loam
l oam soils
soils of
of river
river
drained,
bottoms.
HABITAT
Throughout its native range
range in
in north
north and
and middle
middle
America, Liquidambar is
America,
is often found
found in
in mixed
mixed or
or
"transition"
"t ransi t ion " forest
forest,, mainly associated
assoc i ated with pine
pine or
or
oak , between the
the altitudes of
of 900
900 and
a nd 11 600
600 m.
m.
It has,
has,
oak,
however,
however, been reported
reported growing at
at elevations
elevations as
as low
low
as
as 650 m
m in E.
E . Honduras,
Honduras , where it
it occurs
occurs as
as aa canopy
canopy
species in
in lowland tropical
species
tropical broadleaf forest,
forest , and
and also,
also,
in Mexico.
Mex ico.
at over 22 000 mm in
One
impressive
One of
of the
the most impressive
- 352 -
attributes of the
attributes
the tree
tree from a
a forestry viewpoint is its
excellent form,
form, with straight stems,
sterns, light
light branching and
and
narrow crowns.
stands.
stands.
It grows
in very
very dense
dense pure
pure
It
grows happily in
The species
species coppices
coppices readily and also
regenerates by means of
of root
root sprouts.
spr outs.
The deciduous habit of Liquidambar has been retained in
The
in
the tropics,
tropics,
(to
(to where
where it
it migrated,
migrated, from temperate
regions, during the last ice-age),
ice-age), although the
the leafleafregions,
less period
less
period is
is greatly
greatly reduced
reduced from
from over
over 66 months
months at
at
the
the northern extreme of the
the natural range
range to
to 1 or
2 months
months in
in southern
southern Central
Central America.
America.
SEED HANDLING
The seed
seed is
is easy to
to collect:
collect: the
the fruit
fruit heads
heads are
are
mature, before seed
collected when mature or almost mature,
dispersal.
These fruit
fruit heads are spread
spread out for
for
44-7
- 7 days to dry in
in the
the shade.
shade.
One or
o r two
two days in
in full
full
sufficient to
to open
ope n them.
them.
sun should be sufficient
extraction
shaking
shaking will
will complete the
0
Vigorous
Vigorous
The seed can be
be
0
stored
in sealed bags
2 - 7°c
7 e with a moisture
stored in
bags at 2°
content
10% and 15% for
for several years
years without
content between
between 10%
loss of
capacity.
loss
of germinative capacity.
No pre-sowing
pre - sowing treatment
is
for the
the tropical
tropical provenances,
provenances,
is necessary for
(seed from
(seed
US sources
US
sources requires
requires cold moist stratification of
15-90 days to achieve
achieve acceptable
acceptable rates
rates of
of germination).
germination) .
SILVICULTURE
Because
has been managed extensively
extensive l y both
both in
in natural
natural
Because it has
stands and in plantations in the
the USA,
USA, aa wealth of
stands
information is available on the silviculture of LiLiquidambar.
guidambar.
Field establishment is
is straight
straight forward
forward
from effective
effective weed
weed control.
control.
benefitting from
- 353
353 --
depends on
on an endomycorrhizal
Liquidambar depends
endomycorrhizal association
for
growth.
fungi are
are commonly
commonly found
found
for optimum growth.
Suitable fungi
soils, and
and difficulties are
are only
only evisaged
in tropical soils,
if, for
for example soil
soil sterilents are
are used
used on
on nursery
nursery
if,
beds.
seed beds.
STATUS
a species,
species, although
although endangered
endangered in
in
Not endangered as a
the tropical
tropical parts
parts of
of its
its natural
natural range.
range.
some of the
REASONS
REASONS FOR DECLINE
Land clearance for agriculture is
is the
the main reason
reason in
in
Central America.
fertile sites
The mid-elevation fertile
(and several
several species
species of
of pine
pine e.g.
e.g.
where Liquidambar (and
P.patula
~.patula
subsp.
subsp. tecunumanii,
tecunumanii, P.maximinoi)
f.maximinoi) is
is often
often
found, are
a re under severe pressure by
by a
a rapidly
rapidly expanding
expanding
found,
rural population.
Subsequent grazing pressure prevents
the
shoots.
the regrowth of coppice shoots.
RECOMMENDED
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN AND RECOMMENDED
financial contribution
contribution from
from FAO,
FAO, the
the Oxford
Oxford
With a financial
Oxford, England,
Forestry Institute,
Institute, Oxford,
England, in
in collaboration
collaboration
with the
the National
National Forest
Forest Seed
Seed Centres
Centres of
of Central
Central
the Instituto
Instituto Nacional
Nacional de
de Investigaciones
Investigaciones
America and the
Forestales (INIF)
(INIF) in
in Mexico,
Mexico, made seed collections
of
of 13
13 provenances of Liquidambar from
from its
its southern
southern
limit in
limit
in Nicaragua to
t o just
just south of the
the Tropic of
of
Cancer, Tamaulipas,
Tamaulipas, Mexico, in
in September/October
September/October 1983.
1983.
Cancer,
40 trees
trees were
were sampled
sampled for
for each
each of
of these
these
An average of 40
for
provenances with mild phenotypic selection for
stem
bra nching characters
characters applied.
applied.
stem straightness and branching
-- 354
354 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
H. A.
Fowells, H.A.
1965
Si
l vics of the forest trees of
of the
the
Silvics
United States.
States . Agric.Handbook No.
No. 271,
271,
USDA,
Washington .
USDA, Washington.
Gillis, M
M.
Gillis,
1979
Secretariat Note
Note on
on LirUidambar
Liquidambar styracisecretariat
styraciflua
styraciflua L.Technica
L.Technical Consultation
Consultation on
Fast Growing Plantation Broadleaved
Trees for Mediterranean and Temperate
Zones,
- 20 October
Zones, Lisbon,
Lisbon, Portugal.
Portugal. 16
16-20
1979. FAD.
FAO. FO:FGB-79-7/1.
FO:FGB- 79 - 7/1 .
McCarter,
P.S. &
&
McCarter, P.S.
C.E.
Hughes, C.E.
1984
Liquidambar styraciflua
styraciflua L.
L. - a
a species
species
of potential for
for the
the tropics.
tropics.
Commonwealth Forestry
Forestry Review
Review 63
63 (3):
(3):
207
- 216.
207-216.
Pennington,T.D.&
Sarukhan,J..
Sarukhan,J
1968
Manual para la
1a identifación
identifacion de campo
de los principales arboles tropicales
de
de Mexico (INIF).
(INIF). FAO,
FAD, Rome.
Rome.
Standley,P.C.&
Standley,P.C.&
Steyerrnark
, J . A.
Steyermark,J.A.
1946
Hamamelidaceae,
Flora of
of Guatemala.
Guatemala.
Hamamelidaceae, Flora
Bot. 24
24 (4)
: 426-430.
426-430 .
Fieldiana Bot.
(4):
Williams,G.T.&
Williams,G.T.&
McMillan,G.
1971
1971
Frost tolerance of Liquidambar
native to
to the
the United
United States,
States,
styraciflua native
Mexico and Central America.
America.
Canadian
Journal of Botany 49:
49: 1551-1558.
1551 - 1558.
-- 355 -
1/
Lovoa
Lovoa swynnertonii
swynnertonii Bak.f.Bak.f.
FAMILY
Meliaceae
VERNACULAR
NAMES
VERNACULAR NAMES
Nabulagala, Omukumbo
omukumbo Mukusu,
Muku5ll, Omukankoma
Omukankoma (Uganda).
(Uganda).
Nabulagala,
(Zimbabwe) . Mukonguro , Mutunguru,
Mutunguru,
Brown Mahogany (Zimbabwe).Mukonguro,
Nabolagala (Kenya).
(Kenya) . Mboto,
Mboto, Msau
Msau (Tanzania).
(Tanzania).
Mahogany (English).
(English).
Kilimanjaro Mahogany
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
Tree up to
to 50
50 m
m tall,
tall, trunk
trunk only
only slightly
slightly buttressed
buttressed
height, bole fluted.
base, up
up to
to 22 m
m height,
at base,
Inflorescence
Panicles
when young;
young; flowers
flowers white,
white,
Panicles grey-pubescent when
paniculatei
petals about
0 .3 5 cm,
em, staminal
staminal tube
tube
paniculate; petals
about 0.3 -- 0.35
about
em with
lobes at the
the margin whose
about 0.2
0.2 cm
with 8 bifid lobes
segments are narrowly elongate-triangular.
elongate -triangular.
Fruit
Fruit
Capsule ellipsoid,
ellipsoid, about
about 5.5
5.5 cm
em long;
long; valves
valves 4,
4, semisemistiff,
recurving first
first from apex,
apex, but remaining
remaining
stiff, recurving
attached
th e base
for some
attached at
at the
base for
time before falling.
falling.
Seed 3.2
3.2 - 5.0
5.0 cm long
long including
including the
the wing.
wing.
1/
II
Based on
on the
the work
work of
of J.A.Odera
Based
J.A.Od e ra (Kenya
(K enya Agricultural
Agricultural
Research
Kikuyu , Kenya),
Kenya), Ms.C.Kabuye
Ms . C.Kabuye
Research Institute,
Institute, Kikuyu,
(East African
Nairobi Kenya)
Kenya)
(East
African Herbarium,
Herbarium, Nat.Museum, Nairobi
and Dr
Dr.B.T.Styles
and
. B.T.Styles (Oxford
(Oxford Forestry
Fore stry Institute,
Institute,
University of Ox
Oxford,
University
ford, 0X1
OXl 3RD.
3RD . England).
England).
-- 356
356 -
Foliage
15-30 cm
em long,
long, pubescent
pubescent when
when youna.
young.
Leaves 15-30
Rachis
angular; leaflets
leaflets 6-16,
6-16, subopposite
subopposite or
or opposite,
opposite,
angular;
oblong, 5.0-14.5
5.0-14.5 cm
ern long,
long, apex
apex subacuminate,base
5ubacuminate,base
oblong,
cuneate.
Bark
grey- brown with
with rusty
rusty patches.
patches.
New bark
Bark grey-brown
coloured . Bark on branches and
and twigs
twigs silvery
silvery
cinnammon coloured.
g rey .
grey.
Slash red,
red, conspicuously layered,
layered, sliahtly
slightly
scented.
AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
WOOD PROPERTIES AND
dull white,
white, heartwood
heartwood dark
dark grey-brown,
grey-brown, handsome,
handsome,
Sapwood dull
frequently
cross-grained and
and difficult
difficult to
to work;
work;
fregUently cross-grained
resistant to
to borers.
borers.
very durable, resistant
When seasoned
seasoned
reddish brown,
brown, producing
producing beautiful
beautiful
timber is dark reddish
furniture boards.
is used
used for
for building
building bridges(Meru
bridges(Meru District,
District,
The timber is
Kenya) .
Kenya).
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTION
Kenya:
District (Mrima
(Mrirna Hill)
Hill) and
and Meru
Meru District.
District.
Kwale District
3001 300
a.s.l .
300-1
300mm a.s.l.
Uganda: Mengo,
Mengo, Ankole (Kalinzu
(Kalinzu Forest),
Forest), Toro
Taro (Kimbala
(Kimbala
Uganda:
Forest), Kigezi and
and Bunyoro
Bunyoro (rare).
(rare).
Forest),
Tanzania:
Forest Reserve,
Reserve , Turiani,
Turiani, Rau
Rau Forest
Forest
Tanzania: Mtibwa Forest
(Morogoro
(~orogoro District).
District) .
Mocambique:
Garuso Forest.
Forest.
-- 357
357 --
Zimbabwe:
Zimbabwe! Chirinda Forest (Chipinga
(Chipinga Dist.),
Dist.), up to
to 300
300 m
m
alt.
located in
in E.
E. Zaire.
Zaire.
Also located
the area
area of
of distribution
distribution of
of this
this species
species is
is
Although the
occurrence of it
one locality is
enormous, the
the occurrence
i t in any
anyone
is
enormous,
It was
was formerly
sparse.
formerly fairly common
cornmon in
in the Lake
very sparse.
Forests oof
Forests
f Uganda,
Uganda, but recent decline has been
extending rapidly.
rapidly .
CLI
MATE
CLIMATE
In
forest, generally
generally in
in wetter
wetter parts.
parts. In
In
In moist tropical forest,
rainfall c.
c. 1 250
250 mm.
mm .
Kenya rainfall
SOILS
Kenya:
On sandy or loamy soils
HABITAT
Kenya: Kwale
Kwale district:
district: lowland
lowland wet
wet evergreen
evergreen forest,
forest,
Kenya:
with some dominant storey
trees
including
Newtonia
storey trees including Newtonia
paucijuga,
paucijuga, Chlorophora excelsa
excelsa and
and Antiaris
Antiaris toxicaria.
toxicaria.
Meru District:
District: Upland
Upland wet evergreen
evergreen forest
forest with
with
buchanannii and
and Ocotea
Ocotea usambarensis.
usambarensis .
Newtonia buchanannii
Uganda:
Uganda: wet,evergreen
wet/evergreen forest.
forest.
Tanzania: wet,
wet, evergreen
evergreen forest.
forest.
Tanzania:
HANDLING
SEED HANDLING
is winged may
may be
be carried
carried away
away several
several
The seed which is
metres from
from the
the mother
mother tree.
tree.
though, as with all
all Meliaceae
though,
Germination is
is good,
good,
Swieteni (particularly Swieteni-
oideae), viability
viability declines
declines rapidly
rapidly if
if proper
proper storage
storage
oideae),
conditions are
are not
not followed.
followed.
- 358 --
SILVICULTURE
There
in Meru
There are
are past records of enrichment planting in
forest.
Natural
cUltivation
Natural regeneration is poor and cultivation
in plantation uncertain due to
to damage by shoot
shoot borers.
borers.
in
Establishment is
is easy,
easy, though
though saplings
sap ling s are often attaattacked by Hypsipyla.
Hypsipyla.
STATUS
Rare.
It
It is
is only
only known
known from aa few sites
sites and the
populations on
on these
these sites
sites are
are very
very small.
small. The forests
in which it grows are becoming depleted each year
to give
give way
way for
for agricultural
agricultural cultivation.
cultivation.
usually to
REASONS FOR DECLINE
1. Excessive exploitation of large specimens
specimens is
is
occuring, reducing
reducing the
the number
number of
of seed
seed trees,
trees,
occuring,
primarily the
the best
best ones.
ones.
2.
Seedling establishment
establishment is
is difficult.
difficult.
3.
Natural regeneration
regeneration is
is poor.
poor.
4.
Prospects for cultivation in plantation are
handicapped by shoot
shoot borers.
borers.
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN AND RECOMMENDED
RECOMMENDED
Some
enrichment plantings has been attempted on aa
Some enrichment
limited scale in Uganda by line planting and the
the
usual
natural
usual silvicultural practices of encouraging natural
regeneration.
the best
best stands
stands now
now occur
occur
Several of the
in
Forest Reserves
Reserves e.g.
e.g . Rau
(Tanzania) ,
in Protected Forest
Rau Forest (Tanzania),
Chirinda Forest (Zimbabwe),
(Zimbabwe), and
and Meru
Meru Forest
Forest (Kenya).
(Kenya).
-- 359
359 --
1. The Mrima
Mrirna Hill Forest (Kenya)
(Kenya) should be considered
as
National Park.
Park.
as aa possible National
2. Germination
studies and studies
studies on possible control
Germination studies
or shoot borers should
should be carried out to
to bring
of
the
cultivation.
the species into cultivation.
3. An ecological study should
should be made to identify
identify the
of the
the species
species and
and the
the factors
factors
requirements of
limiting
distribution.
limiting its distribution.
-- 360
360 --
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Brenan,J.P.M
.&
Brenan,J.P.M.&
Greenway, P.J.
P.J.
1949
Check-list of the forest trees and
shrubs of the
the British
British Empire,
Empire, No.
No. 55
Tan
g any ika Territory
Territo r y Part
Part II,
II,
Tanganyika
Imperial Forestry Institute,
Institute , Oxford.
Oxford .
Dale, I.R.
l.R. &&
Greenway, P.J.
P.J.
1961
Kenya Trees and
and Shrubs.
Shrubs.
Hatchards, London.
London.
Eggeling,W.J. &&
Dale, I.R.
l . R.
1951
indigenous trees
trees of the
the Uganda
Uganda
The indigenous
Protectorate, Crown Agents for
Protectorate,
for the
the
Millbank, London,
London, SW.
SW.
Colonies, Millbank,
Styles, B.T.
Styles,
B.T.
1974
Meliaceae in
in Uganda.
Uganda . East
East Africa
Africa Agrc.
Agre.
and For.
For. Journal
Journal 39
39 (4):
(4): 407-423.
407-423 .
Styles,B.T.&
White,F.
(in preparation)
(in
in Flora
Flora of East
East Africa
Meliaceae in
White, F.&
F.&
White,
Styles,B
. T.
Styles,B.T.
Meliaceae
285-319.
in
Zambesiaca 2(1):
2(1):
in Flora Zambesiaca
1963
East African Herbarium
Herbarium (Nairobi
(Nairobi -- Kenya)
Kenya) sheets.
sheets .
-- 361 --
Machaerium
Machaeriurn villosum
villosum Vog.
Vag.
1/
1/
FAMI LY
FAMILY
Subfam . Papilionoideae
Papilionoideae
Leguminosae Subfam.
VERNACULAR NAMES
Jacaranda-pardo, jacaranda-paulista,
jacaranda-paulista, jacarandá-dojacaranda-do Jacarandi-pardo,
cerrado, jacarandá-do-mato,
jacaranda-dc- mato , jacaranda-roxo,
jacaranda-roxo, jacaranda-jacaranda~
tat Jacarandg-pedra,
jacaranda- pedra, jacarandâ-escuro,jacarandä-una,
jacaranda-escuro,jacaranda-una,
ta,
jacaranda- amarelo.
jacarandg-amarelo.
,
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
to tall,
tall, reaching
reaching aa height
height of
of 12
12 m,
m, with
with
Tree medium to
a bulgy
bu l gy crown,
crown, ascendent
ascendent branches
branches and
and cymose
cymose ramificaramificaa
tion.
Inflorescence
Flowers
in short axillary
aXillary paniculate
paniculate ininFlowers small,white in
florescence with a
a cupuliform,
cupuliforrn, pilose
pilose calyx,
calyx , densely
densely
florescence
pi
l ose standard,
standard, 10
10 stamens,
stamens, forming
forming aa tube;
tube; filaments
filaments
pilose
are
pilose, ovary pilose,
pilose, with aa very
very short
short
are varied and pilose,
style.
Flowering occurs from
from October to
to December.
December.
style.Flowering
Fruit
with aa long wing,
wing, thin,
thin, smooth
smooth
An indehiscent samara,
samara, with
curved, with a
a thick
thick part
part that
that encases
encases the
the seed.
seed .
and curved,
The fruit setting
The
setting period
period is
is very
very irregular,
irregular , sometimes
sometimes
not bearing fruit
fruit for
for up
up to
to 22 to
to 33 years.
years . Fructification
Fructification
occurs from
from Augustto
August toOctober
Octol:::er accordingto
according tosorreauthorities.
sare authorities .
M . To~azello,M.L.Marques, and
and
1/ Based on the work of M.Tomazello,M.L.Maroues,
R.Chiaranda . Forestry
Forestrv Deot.,ESALQ/USP,P.O.Box
Dept.,ESALQ/USP,P.O.Box 9,
9,
R.Chiaranda.
S.P., Brazil.
Brazil.
Piracicaba, S.F.,
-- 362
362 --
Foliage
alternate, imparipinnate,
imparipinnate, 32
32 cm
em long,
long , with
Leaves alternate,
with 7 to
11
folioles, sometimes
sometimes alternate,
alternate,
11 pairs
pairs of opposite folioles,
petiole villous;
villous; petioled folioles,
folioles, entire,
entire, lancelanceshaped, pointed,
pOinted, with
a rounded base,
base, rough
rough and shiny
shaped,
with a
on top
top and villous and
and opaque
opaque underneath.
underneath.
Branches:
greenish-grey, rough due
due to lenticels,
Branches: Round,
Round, greenish-grey,
with swollen
swollen buds.
buds.
Bark
Straight trunk
trunk
cracked bark,
bark, sometimes
sometimes the
the trunk
trunk
with cracked
is slightly crooked.
crooked.
is
WOOD PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
3
heavy (0.80
(0 .80 to
to 0.90 g/cm3);
g/cm ); the
the heartwood
heartwood is
is light
light
Wood heavy
brown-yellow,
brown-yellow, grey-brown or dark dusky purple,
purple, with
eventual purple-black highlights,
highlights, stripes
stripes or
or shadows;
shadows;
surface: fibrous
fibrous aspect,
aspect, weak,
weak,
irregular shiny surface;
pleasant odour,
odour, but somewhat pungent;
pungent; indistinct
taste, rough texture,
texture, undulated
undulated grain.
grain.
taste,
of fine
fine furniture,
furniture, balconies,
balconies,
Used in the manufacture of
lambrins, dowels,
dowels, floor
floor tiles,
tiles, sashes,
sashes, veneers,
veneers,
lambrins,
sleepers, etc.
etc.
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTION
From Minas Gerais to
to Paraná.
Parana.
Common in the regions
regions
between affluents
Parana{ba and Rio Grande;
Grande; also
affluents of
of Paranaiba
Goias and
and Western
Western Minas
Minas Gerais.
Gerais.
common in Southern Goigs
SOIL AND CLIMATE
It is
is found
found on
fertile soils,
soils , and
It
on both
both poor and fertile
sporadically
in "terra
"te rr a roxa"
roxa" (very
(very fertile
fertile soil).
soil). As
sporadically in
indicated
thethe
wide
area
in in
which
this
indicatedby by
wide
area
whi ch
thistree
treegrows
gro;oJSnaturally,
naturally,it
it
- 363
363 --
is subject
the most diverse climate types,
types, varying
is
subject to
to the
from
tropical and subtropical
from tropical
tropical sub-humid to tropical
humid.
HABITAT
The tree is
is found
found in
in dry
dry forest
forest of
of the
the highlands of
of
"Serra
do Mar"
Mar" and "Mantiqueira".
"Serra do
"Mantiqueira". Sometimes also found
on the
the "cerrado".
"cerrado".
SEED
SEED HANDLING
winged, easily
easily dispersed
dispersed by
by the
the wind.
wind.One
Seed winged,
One kilogram
kilo gram
includes about 33 500
500 seeds.
seeds. When sown
sown in
in the
the nursery,
nursery,
pre-treatment, germination
germination begins
begins after
after 30
30
without pre-treatment,
days.
There is
is a
a large
large number
number of
of seeds
seeds per
per fruit.
fruit.
SILVICULTURE
Passa Quatro
Quatro -- SP
In aa stand
stand established
established in
in Santa
Santa Rita
Rita do Passa
an
6.10 m
m and a
a dbh of 8.40
8 . 40 cm,
em, at
an average
average height of 6.10
22 years of age,
age, were
were observed.
observed.
22
Pederneiras - SP.
SP. an average height of 0.44 m
m at
at
In Pederneiras
2
years
of
age
was
obtained.
2
obtained.
However, planted in
in the
the understorey
understorey of
of aa Pinus
Pinus
However,
stand, after the
the second
second thinning,
thinning, an
an
elliottii stand,
m, a
a dbh of 2.52 cm,
em, and
and a
a 100%
average height of 2.97
2.97 m,
survival
at the
the age
age of
of two
two years.
years.
survival was
was obtained at
STATUS
STATUS AND REASONS FOR DECLINE
is gradually
gradually disappearing
disapDearing due
due to
to the
the
This species is
its wood
wood as
as well
well as
as to
to clearence
clearence of
of
exploitation of its
the natural
or
the
natural vegetation for pasture development or
plantation Projects using fast-growing species.
species. The
area in which this species
species grows naturally is
is one
one of
of
the
the most severe forest
forest
the regions
regions which
which has
has undergone the
devastation.
-- 364 --
TAKEN
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN
Planting of 6 base populations from
from 49 selected trees,
trees,
as
a contract between the Conselho Nacional
as aa result of
of a
de
e Tecnologico (CNPq)
(CNPq) and
de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e
the Programa
Prograrna Nacional
Pesquisa Florestal
Florestal de
Sao Paulo
the
Nacional de Pesquisa
de Sao
(IFSP~
Institute
(IFSP), is
is reported.
reported. A trial in agreement with Instituto
Florestal
progeny
Florestal de
de Sao
Sao Paulo
Paulo using
using 5 provenances and progeny
1981, in
from 25
25 trees per origin was established in 1981,
in
Pederneiras - SP by the
the IFSP.
IFSP.
Variation among progeny
from
from different
different trees and within progeny from the same
trees was observed during
during the
the first
first year.
year.
trees
The above programmes
programmes have been implemented to evaluate
The
the genetic
genetic variation and at the same time serve the
the
conservation of the
the species.
species.
-- 365 --
SELECTED
BL I OGRAPHY
SELECTED BI
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Associacao Paulista
AssQciacao
Paulista
de Noemas
Noemas Tecnicas
Tecnicas
de
1964
1964
Seminario
madeiras. Rio
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Janeiro
258 p.
p.
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Baitello,J.B.&
Flora
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Pau l o , Sao
Sao
ira. Silvicultura
Silvicultura em
em Sao
So Paulo,
Aguiar,O.T.
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11982
982
Barbosa,O.et
al.
Barbosa,O.et al.
1977/78
Paulo,
1 6A (parte
(pa r te 1):
1): 582-90.
582 - 90.
Paulo, 16A
Identifica9áo
Iden}if i Ca9a~ e
e fenologia
fe n ologia de
de
especies
a r boreas da Serra
Serra da
da CanCan espeeies arbóreas
tareira.
Silvicultura em
em Sao
Sao Paulo,
Paulo,
tareira. Silvicultura
Sao
Paulo , 11/12:
11/12: 1-168.
1 - 168.
So Paulo,
Bertoni,J.E.A.
et
et alii
1982
comparacao fotossofotosso Nota previa: comparacao
ciologica das
das principals
principais especies
de
terra firme
firme ee
de florestas de terra
ciliar na Reserva Estadual de
de Porto
Porto
Ferreira
(SP). Silvicultura
Ferreira (SP).
Silvicultura em Sao
Pau
l o, Sao Paulo,
Paulo, 16A
16A (parte
(parte 1):
1):
Paulo,
563-71
563-71..
Boutelje,J.B
Boutelje , J . B
11980
980
0f world
\vorld timbers:
timbers:
Encyclopaedia of
names and
and technical
technical literature.
l iterature.
Forest Products
Products
Stockholm, Swedish Forest
Research Laboratory.
Laboratory. 398
398 p.
p.
Brown,W.H.
Br own , W.H.
11978
978
of the
the world:
world: 22 - South
South
Timbers of
America.
Amer i ca. London,
Londo n , Timber
T i mber Research
Research
and Development Association -TRADA . 121
121 p.
p.
TRADA.
o
Coimbra F.,A.F.
F<:,A . F.
1950
1 950
Contribuiyao ao
ao estudo
estudo dos
dos jacarajacara Contribuqáo
ndás
ndas do genero
genero Machaerium.
Machaerium.
Anuario brasileiro
brasi l eiro de
de economia
economia
floresta
l , Rio
Rio de
de Janeiro,
Janeiro, 3(3):
3(3):
fJorestal,
345-52.
345
- 52.
Fraga,M.V.G.
Fr aga,M.V.G.
1946
fndice da
da flora
flora dendrodend r o Ensaio de indice
logica do Brasil. Arguivos
Ar quivos do
do
Servio
Servi90 Florestal,
Florestal, So
Sao Paulo,
PaUlo,
2(2):
2(2) : 69-156.
6Y - 156 .
-- 366 --
Galvao,A,p.M.
1982
Contribuiyáo da EMBRAPA/IBDF
Contribuiyao
EMBRAPA/IBDF -a pesquisa
pesguisa com espécies
especies
PNPF para a
nativas e
e florestas
florestas naturais no
nativas
Brasil. Silvicult11ra
Brasil.
Silvicultura em Sao Paulo,
Sao Paulo,
Sal)
Paulo, 16A
16A (parte
(parte 1):
1): 291-304.
Gurgel Filho,O.A&
Filho,O.A&
Pasztor,Y.P.de C.
C.
Pasztor,Y.P.de
1963
1963
e comportamento em
Fenologia e
especies florestais
florestais
alfobre de especies
e ornamentais.
Silvicultura
e
em Sao
Paulo, So
SaoPaulo,
Paulo, 1:291-304.
1:291-304.
em
So Paulo,
Gurgel Filho,O.A.
Filho,O.A.
et alii
1982
1982
Espécies
Especies nativas euxilóforas.
euxi16foras.
Sjlvicultura em
Silvicultura
em Sao
So Paulo,
Paulo, Sao
So
Paulo, 16A (parte
(parte 2):
2), 890-4.
890-4.
Paulo,
Hoehne,F.C.
1941
Flora brasrlica:
brasilica: leguminosas,
leguminosas,
- genero Machaerium
papilionadas paramachaerim.
paramachaerim. Sa-b
Sao Paulo SecretaAgricultura, Industria e
ria da Agricultura,
e
Comercio. v.
v. 15
15 p.
p. 128-128a.
128-128a.
Comércio.
Hueck, K.
Hueck,K.
1972
1972
florestas da
da America do
do Sul.
Sul.
As florestas
Sao
Paulo, Polignono/Ed.
Polignono/Ed.
So Paulo,
Brasflia. 466
466 p.
p.
Universidade de Brasilia.
Mainieri,e.
Mainieri,C.
1958
Identifica9-Jo
das principais
principais
Identifica~ao das
de com6rcio
cornercio no
no Brasil.
Brasil.
madeiras de
Boletim
Boletim IPT,
IPT, Sao
Sao Paulo,
Paulo, (46):
1-189.
1-189.
Mainieri,C
Mainieri,e &&
Pereira,J.A.
1965
Madeiras do
do Brasil:
Brasil: caracteriza4áo
caracter iza~ao
macros(.;opica, usos
usos comuns
comuns ee
macrosuopica,
fisicos ee
indices qualitativos fisicos
mecanicos. Anuário
Anu~rio brasileiro
brasileiro de
de
mecánicos.
eco~nmia florestal.
florestal. Rio
Rio de
de Janeiro
Janeiro
econnmia
17(17): 1-282.
1-282.
Mainieri,C. i
Mainieri,C.;
Chimelo,J.P.&
ehimelo,J.P . &
Alfonso,V.A
1983
Manual de
de identifica9-So
identificec;'5'o das
cas prinprin -·
Manual
madeira~ brasiieiras.
brasileiras.
cipais madeiras
SdO
Secretaria da
da Industria,
Industria,
Sab Paulo, Secretaria
Comercio,
Tecnologia.
Comércio, Ciencia ee Tecnologia.
p.
241 p.
Nogueira,J.C.B.
Nogueira,J.C.B.
et alii
alii
1982
1982
Conservaqao
eonserva~~o genética
genetica de
de essências
essenc ia s
nativas através
atraves de
de ensaios
ensaios de
de
procedencia. Silvicultura
Silv i cultura
progenie procedencia.
16A (parte
(parte 2):957-69.
2) :9 57 -6 9.
em sao Paulo
Paulo,, 16A
no
-- 367 -
Nogueira,J.e.B.
Nogueira,J.C.B.
1977
heterog~neo com
com
Reflorestamento heterogéneo
essências indigenas.
essencias
1ndigenas. Boletim
Boletim
tecnico IF,
IF, Sao Paulo,
(24) :54-55.
técnico
Paulo, (24):54-55.
Pasztor
, Y.P.de C.
e.
Pasztor,Y.P.de
1963
Métodos
Metodos usados
usados na colheita de
sementes.
Silvicultura eM
em Sao
So
sementes. Silvicultura
Paulo,
Sao Paulo
, 1 1:303-23.
: 303-23.
S27-to
Paulo,
pereira,J.A.
Pereira,J.A.
1933
1933
Identificag-ao
Identifica~ao micrografica
micrográfica das
nosaas
Escola
nosaas madeiras.
madeiras. Boletim Escola
Politecnica,
Sao Paulo, (9)
:1-165.
Politécnica, S-50
(9):1-165.
Picke1,J.B.
Pickel,J.B.
1953
As principais
árvores que
que dao
do
principais arvores
madeira:metodo prático
pratico para seu
seu
madeira:método
reconhecimento.
Anuario brasileiro
brasileiro
reconhecimento. Anuário
de
florestal, Rio
Rio de
de
de economia florestal,
(6): 58-86.
58-86.
Janeiro, 66 (6):
Pickel,J.B.
1955
arvores que dao
dao
As principais grvores
madeira: método
metodo pratico para
para seu
seu
madeira:
reconhecimento.
Anuario brasileiro
brasileiID
de economia
economia flore'st.a1,
florestal, Rio de
8(8): 56-87.
56 - 87.
Janeiro, 8(8):
Record,S.J.&
Hess,R.W.
1949
Timbers of new world.
world. 44 ed.
ed. New
Yale University
universlty Press.
Press.
Haven, Yale
640 p.
p.
Rizzini,e.T.
Rizzini,C.T.
1971
~rvorp.s ee madeiLas
-Arvores
madeiras uteis
úteis do
Brasil:
Brasil: manual de dendrologia
dendrologia
brasileira. Sao
Paulo, Edgard
brasileira.
sao Paulo,
B1ucher/EDUSP. 294
294 p.
p.
Blücher/EDUSP.
Rizzini,e.T.&
Rizzini,C.T.&
Mors,W.B.
1976
Bot:~nica ecnn8mica
ecnnomica brasileira.
bra5 i le .i rt'l.
Botánica
So Paulo,
Sao
Paulo, EPU/EDUSP.
EPU/EDUSP. 207
207 p.
p.
Filho,D.V.&
Toledo Filho,D.V.&
Parente,P.R.
1982
Essencias indígenas
indigenas sombreadas.
sombreadas.
Essências
Silvicultura
em S~o
So Paulo,
Silvicultura em
Paulo. sao
Sao
Paulo,
16A (parte
(part~ 2):
2): 948-56.
948-56 .
Paulo, 16A
- 368
368 --
1/
1/
Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth.
Benth.-
FAMILY
Leguminosae Subfam.
Subfam. Mimosoideae
VERNACULAR NAME
Sabi~
Sabiâ
BOTANICAL
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
reaches up
up to
to 88 m
m in
in height,with
height, with branching
branching
Tree which reaches
from soil
level, and a
a crooked trunk;
trunk; the trunk when
from
soil level,
young,
young, has few
few thorns
thorns that
that disappear
disappear when
when the
the tree
tree
reaches adult
adult age.
age.The
reaches
The
rrootsystem
oo tsystem
no dules with
has nodules
fixation capacity.
capacity.
nitrogen fixation
Inflorescence
A
A cylindrical spike
spike of
of 55 to
to 10
10 cm
em in
in length,
length, consiconsisting of
of axillary
sting
and
panicules.
terminal panicules.
Flowers are
are white,small,and in a
Flowers
a capitulum,
capitulum, and are
.
rich in
rich
in nectar production.
production.
Flowering takes place
place
from
March
to
April
and
August
to
October;
however,
from March
April
October; however,
the seeds
seeds produced during this later period
the
period are the
most healthy.
Fruit
to 10 cm in
(pod), 7 to
The fruit
fruit is an articulated legume (pod),
The
in width,
stipe of
of
10 to 13 rom
mm in
width, with aa stipe
10 mm, segmented
segmented and
and held
held together
together by
by
approximately 10
length
length by
!1//
Based
of I.E.Pires
I.E.Pires && C.E. de
de S.
S.
Based on the work of
Nascimento, EMBRAPA/CPATA,
EMBRAPA/CPATA, P.O.
P.O. Box
Box 23,
23, Petrolina,
Petrolina,
Nascimento,
Pernambuco, Brazil.
Brazil.
- 369
369 --
fibrous
that bears the
the petiole
petiole at
at the
the end
end
fibrous filaments that
of the legume;
legume; one
one seed
seed in
in each
each segment.
segment.
Foliage
Leaves bipinnate with six opposite pinnae
pinnae and six
folioles sometimes 44 to
to 8,
8, with prominent
opposite folioles
ribs; petioles 22 to
to 5 cm
em in
in length,
length, with winged
ribs;
about 33 mm
mm long
long with
with or
or without
without curved
curved thorns.
thorns.
stipules about
The leaves have a high forage value,
value, containing
17% protein.
protein.
approximately 17%
Bark
Bark
The bark is
is 33 to
in colour, with
to 55 mm
mm thick,
thick, light brown in
parallel fissures
fissures that
that show lengthwise bands,
bands, which
slowly.
scale off slowly.
PRODUCTS
WOOD PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
It
dark purple
purple coloured
coloured heartwood
heartwood
It has
has aa yellow-brown to dark
and
time to
and aa cream
cream coloured
coloured sapwood;
sapwood; darkens
darkens with
with time
to
red-brown.
The surface is
is shiny
shiny and
and smooth.
smooth.
Appropriate for external use for stakes,
stakes, and pillars
pillars
due
in contact with
due to its high durability even when in
the soil;
the
soil; suitable also for the
the production of fuel
fuel wood
and
its high calorific value.
value.
and charcoal due to its
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
The "sabia" grows in Northeastern Brazil, in
in the
the
State of Ceara,
Ceara, and is also found from
from Maranhao to
to
Bahia.
- 370
370 --
CLIMATE
The dry climate of Northeastern Brazil is
is the most
for the
the "sabi5".
"sabia".
appropriate for
Climate varies however
from
from dry
dry subhumid
subhumid tropical
tropical or
or subtropitcal
subtropitcal to
to semisemisubtropical, with average
average temperatuarid tropical or subtropical,
res
2SoC, yearly
res between
between 20
20 and
and 28°C,
yearly average
average precipitation
between 500 to 1 300
300 mm,
mm, with a
a dry period of 6 to
12 months,
months, and
and water
water deficit
deficit varying
varying between
between 200
200 and
12
1000 mm.
rnm.
SOIL
Grows
Grm
... s preferably in deep soils,
soils, principally in
in the
the
aluvials,
in the
the deep
deep sandy
sandy alluvials.
al luvials.
Good
aluyials, and in
performance in
in shallow soils is
is observed,
observed , in accoraccor dance with
with the
the low
low nutrient
nutrient requirements
requirementsofofthe
thespecies.
species.
HABITAT
"Sabia" developes
"Sabiá"
developes naturally
naturally in association
association with
with other
xerophytic species such
such as
as Anadenanthera
Anadenan thera sp.,
sp.,
sp., Astronium
Astronium sp.,
sp., and
and Torresea
Torresea sp.
sp.
Tabebuia sp.,
SEED HANDLING
The
seeds are
light, with about
The seeds
are tiny
tiny and light,
about 12,000
seeds/kg. Care must be taken
taken with regard to the
the
harvesting time,
time, due to
to attack
attack of
of the
the seeds
seeds by
by the
the
Coleopteran,
L . , while the seeds are
Coleopteran, Bruchus
Bruchus pisorus L.,
the tree.
tree. In
maintains
still on the
In nature the seeds maintains
viability till
till the first
first winter after the seed fall.
fall.
Germination takes
takes places 5 to 10 days after the
the first
first
Althou~h the coat dormancy of the usabián
"sabia"
rains.
Although
seeds is
is not
a problem.
recommenrtp.rt that
t.hrtt. they
t.hp.v
seeds
not a
problem, it is recommended
hp.
t.reated
in
boiling
watp.r
for
1
t.o
2
minutes
to
he treated
water
to
obtain the
the most uniform
uniform germination.
germination.
- 371
371 --
SILVICULTURE
this species
species is
is not
not intensively
intensively cultivated,
cultivated,
Although this
existing experiments show its potential for
afforestation
afforestation for
for the
the production
production of
of wood
wood for
for stakes,fuelstakes, fuelwood and
and charcoal.
charcoal.
Results obtained in the
the swamp
swamp
region
region of
of Paraiba,
Paraiba, demonstrate that the most convenient
planting spacings
spacings are
are 2.0
2.0 xx 2.0
2.0 and
and 3.0
3.0 xx 1.5
1.5 m,
m,
the
latter being the most appropriate when planted
the latter
with Vigna sinensis
sinensis Endl.
Endl. during
during the
the first
first year.
year.
On fertile
fertile soils,
soils, trees
trees may
may be
be cut
cut when
when three
three to
to four
four
years old.
old. In
regeneration system,
system, it is
In aa coppice regeneration
possible to
to carry
carry out
out four
four cuttings
cuttings (rotations).
(rotations).
Natural regeneration after cutting from
from the stumps,
stumps, as
as
Natural
well as through root
root sprouting
sprouting and seed
seed germination
germination
is reported. The need
need for
for thinning
thinning in
in order
order to
to manage
manage
the stands for regeneration
regeneration is
is stressed.
stressed.
.STATUS
--species is
is suffering
suffering aa slow
slow decline.
decline.
The species
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN AND RECOMMENDED
RECOMMENDED
No
for ex situ nor
No measures
measures have been taken neither for
in situ conservation of
of the
the original
original genetic
genetic pool.
pool.
The
studies
limited to
to studying
studying
studies underway
underway on this species are limited
its behaviour in
in pure
pure stands.
stands. In-situ preservation,
is
preservation, is
recommended. However,
However, the fact
fact that
that the
the geogrageograhighly recommended.
of this
this species
species is
is widespread,
widespread,
phical distribution of
along with the non-existence
non- existence of homogeneous and/or
and/or
continuous
that, this
this would require
require very
very
continuous stands means that,
vast areas.
areas. Studies of the
the reproductive
reproductive system
system of
of this
this
species and
establishment of
are
species
and establishment
of base
base populations
populations are
recommended,
recommended, to
to preserve the
the original
original genetic
genetic variation
variation
and to provide reproductive material.
and
material.
- 372
372 -
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Braga
Braga,R.
,R.
1976
Plantas do
do Nordeste,
Nordeste, especialmente
especialrnentedodo
Cear~.
Cear4.-.
3 ed.
Superior de
de Agricultura.
Agricultura.
p.
3
ed. Escola Superior
540 p.
Brune,A.
1975
Preserva<y'ao
Preservag"go das
das reservas
reservas geneticas
genéticas de
de arvores
irvores
brasileiras. Brasil Florestal,
Florestal, Rio
Rio
nativas brasileiras.
(24),
19-21.
de Janeiro, (24):
Brune,A.
1981
Implantayáo de populagóes
Implantayao
popula90es bases
bases de
de espacies
espec1es
florestais.
Documentos,
Documentos, EMBRAPA/URPFCS,
Curitiba: 1-9.
1-9.
Corréa,M.P.
Correa,M.P, Dicionário
Dicionario das
das plantas Gteis
uteis do
do Brasil
Brasil e
e das
das
exotlcas cultivadas.
cultlvadas.
Riu de Janeiro,IBDF.
Janeiro,IBDF.
exóticas
Rio
1975
v.6.,
p.l.
Costa,
M.G. da
M.G.
da
1983
o0
Ducke,A.
1979
Estudos botánicos
Mossor6 Escola
botanicos no
no Ceará..
Ceara. Mossor6
de Agricultura
Agricultura -- CE.
CEo 130
130 p.
p.
Superior de
Sabiá.
Sabia. Boletim
Boletim Te-cnico,
Tecnico, UFPB,
UPPB , Areia,
Areia,
1-16.
(4):
Golfari,L.& Zoneamento
Nordeste para
Golfari,L.&
Zoneamento ecologico
ecológico da
da regiao
regio Nordeste
Caser,R.L.
experimentayao florestal.
Serie Tacnica,
Tecnica,
experimentagáro
florestal. Sarie
Brasil1a. (10):
(10), 1-116.
1-116.
PRODEPEF, Brasilia.
1977
Rizzini,C.T. Arvores
Brasil: Manual
Manual
Rizzini,C.T.
Árvores ee madeiras
madeiras uteis
úteis do Brasil:
1971
Edgard Blucher
Blucher
de dendrologia brasileira. Edgard
Ltda.,
Paulo.
Ltda., Sao
So Paulo.
p.
294 p.
Silva,H.D.
da et
et al.
al.
1980
Comportamento de
de esséncias
essencias florestais
florestais nas
nas
regióes
regioes grida
arida e semi-grida
semi-arida do
do Nordeste
Nordeste
(Resultados
(Resultados preliminares).
Documentos,
Brasilia: 1-25.
1-25.
DID-EMBRAPA, Brasilia:
Souza,
S.M. de
S.M.
de
1983
Curso sobre
sobre produOAD
produc;:'ao de
de sementes
sementes ee mudas,
mudas,
Petrolina. EMBRAPA
EMBRAPA - CPATSA,
CPATSA, 33 aa 14
14 de
de
Petrolina.
outubro.
outubra. 27
27 p.
p.
Tigre,C.B.
1976
silvicu.1tura especializada
especializada do
do
Estudos de silvicultura
Norde~te. Mossoro
Massaro Escola
Escola Superior
Superior de
de
Nordeste.
Agricultura.
p.
176 p.
-- 373 --
Mimosa
Benth.~/
Mimosa verrucosa Benth.1/
SYNONYMS
Pithecolobium diversifolium
diversifolium Benth.
Benth. (1844)
(1844)
Pithecolobiurn
foliosum Benth.
Benth.
Pithecolobium foliosum
(1844)
FAMILY
Subfam. Mimosoideae
Mimosoideae
Leguminosae Subfam.
VERNACULAR NAMES
Jurema branca,
branca, jurema
jurerna de
de oieiras
oieiras
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
A bush
bush tree
tree with
with aa height
height of
of 22 to
to 55 meters,
meters , with
with stem
stem
A
multiple; bark
bark dark
dark impregnated
impregnated with
with
that is generally multiple;
thorns, with verrucose
verrucose and
and tomentose
tomentose branches.
branches. Crown
thorns,
dense, providing
providing 90%
90 % shade
shade in
in the
the winter,
winter,
relatively dense,
50% in
in the
the summer.
summer. Rapid growth.
growth .
and approximately 50%
Inflorescence
A spike
spike of
of c.
c. six
six flowers,
flowers , each
each with
with four
four sepals,
sepals, four
four
A
eight stamens.
stamens. Calyx 11 mm
mm in
in length,
length,
petals and eight
corolla c.
c. 3mm,
3mm, tomentose,
tomentose , whitish or
or pink
pink in
in colour;
colour;
stamens 10-12 mm long;
long; ovary
ova r y sessile
sessile with
with long
long hairs.
hairs.
flaweringoccurs
occursfrom
fromOctober
October to
to December.
December.
flowering
Fruit
A small,
small , thin,
thin, tegumented
tegumented pod,
pod , articulated
articulated and
and spirally
spirally
A
shaped, 10 cm or more in
shaped,
in length,
length , single.
single.
17
1/
Based
I.E.Pires and
and C.E.Nascimento,
C.E.Nascimento,
Based on
on the work of I.E.Pires
EMBRAPA/CPATA,
P . O. Box 23,
23, Petrolina,
Petrolina , PE,Brazil.
PE,Brazil.
EMBRAPA/CPATA, P.O.
-- 374
374 --
Foliage
Leaves
9 pinnae,
Leaves with 7 to 9
pinnae, each one with 10 to 12 pairs
folioles; petiole
petiole winged,
7 . 5 cm
em in length stipulate;
of folioles;
winged, 7.5
dilated at
at the
the base.
base.
Folioles
4 to
to
Folioles 4
to 6 rnm
mm long by 33 to
44 mm
oblique, obtuse
obtuse and
and coarse.
coarse.
mm wide,
wide, ovate
ovate or oblong, oblique,
Bark
Dark,
thorns; smooth,
smooth, greyish
greyish in
in colour,
colour,
Dark, with rigid thorns;
with lengthwise
lengthwise open stripes;
stripes; has
has sedative,
sedative, narcotic,
narcotic,
astringent and bitter properties.
properties.
WOOD PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
Little is known about the
the wood
wood characteristics.
characteristics.
is
It is
stated that
has great durability when in contact
stated
that it
it has
with the
the soil.
soil.
for stakes,
stakes, fuel
fuel and
and charcoal.
charcoal.
Used for
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
Occurs in
in the
the "caatinga",
"caatinga", more
morecommonly
commonlyininthe
the"Sert-a-o"
"Sertao"
of Paraiba
Paraiba on
on midslopes.
midslopes.
It is also found
found on
on the
the
"Sertao" of
of Ceari
Ceara and
and on
on the
the"Sert'a-o"
IISertao" of
"Sertáo"
of Pernambuco
Pernambuco
and Rio Grande do
do Norte.
Norte.
CLI MATE
CLIMATE
The climate
cli mate of the areas
areas where
where the
the "Jurema"
"Jurema" grows
grows
sub-humid tropical
tropical to
to semi-arid
semi - arid tropical
tropical
vary from sub-humid
or arid,
arid~ with a
a dry period of
of 6 to
to 12 months and a
a
water deficit reaching
reaching 11 300
300 mm.
mm.
-- 375 --
SOIL
The "SertZo"
" Sertao" species prefers
prefers tableland
tableland soils.
soils.
HABITAT
The species is common in
in hills,
hills, with
with tableland
tableland
The
salls,
the humid
humid midslopes.
midslopes . It is
is not
not
soils, and
and on the
as
the Mimosa
Mimosa hostilis;
hostilis; it
it is
is always
always
as dominant as the
the Bauhinia
Bauhinia sp.,
sp., and
and sometimes
sometimes
associates with the
Anadenanthera sp.,Torresia
sp. ,Torresla sp.
sp. and
and Astronium
Astronium sp.
sp.
SEED HANDLING
been carried
carried out
out on
on seed
seed technology.
technology.
No
No studies
studies have been
Seeds, when dispersed, germinate
germinate naturally
naturally within
within 5
Seeds,
days,
are favourable.
favourable.
sowing in
in
Direct sowing
days, if
if conditions are
clearings,
the rains commences is
is
clearings, soon before the
rrecommended.
ecommended.
SILVICULTURE
forest through
through direct
direct
Enrichment plantings of natural forest
sowing and out-planting
out-planting of
of seedlings
seedlings are recommended;
recommended;
plantations.
also through plantations.
STATUS
STATUS AND
AND REASONS
REASONS FOR DECLINE
In
in the
the arid and
In view
view of
of the
the scarcity
scarcity of
of wood
wood in
semi-arid regions
regions of
of the
Northeast, as
as well
semi-arid
the Northeast,
well as
as in the
the
Central
regions of Brazil,
Brazil, each
each and
and
Central and Southern regions
every native forest
forest species
species is
is subject
subject to
to exploitation,
exploitation,
especially those which produce
produce timber
timber for
for commercial
comrr.ercial
purposes.
-- 376
376 --
species presented
presented here
here is
is now
now suffering
suffering aa slow
slow
The species
decline.
now the
the replacement
replacement of
of this
this species
species
Till now
is
regeneration only.
only.
is by natural regeneration
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN AND RECOMMENDED
RECOMMENDED
have been
been taken
taken at
at present,
presen~ neither for
for
No measures have
the species
species into
into cultivation
cultivation nor
nor for
for
bringing the
the original gene
gene pool.
pool. The studies
preserving the
this species
species are limited
lim"i ted to
to studying
studying
underway on this
behaviour in
in pure
pure stands.
stands.
its behaviour
preservation is
is highly
highly recommended.
recommended. However,
In-situ preservation
the geographical distribution
distribution of
of this
this
the fact
fact that the
species
species is
is widespread,
widespread, along with the non-existence
of homogeneous and/or continuous stands,
stands, means,
means, that
that
this would require very vast
this
vast areas.
areas.
Studies of
of the
the reproductive
reproductive system of this species and
Studies
establishment
recommended, to
establishment of
of base
base populations are recommended,
preserve the original genetic variation
variation and
and to
to
provide reproductive
reproductive material.
material.
- 377
377 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Braga,R.
1976
Plantas
nordeste, especialmente do
Plantas do nordeste,
Ceara.
3.ed.
Escola Superior
3.ed. Massaro,
Mossoró, Escala
Ceard.
de
de Agricultura. 540.
Brune,A.
1975
preserva9ao
reservas genéticas
genetic as de
Preservayáo das reservas
arvores
árvores nativas brasileiras. Brasil
florestal,
Rio de
de Janeiro,
Janeiro , (24):
(24,:
florestal, Rio
19-21.
19-21.
Brune,A.
1981
Implantayáo de populayóes
bases de
Implanta9ao
popula~oes bases
especies florestais.
florestais.
Documentos.
espdeies
EMBRAPA/URPFCS,
EMBRAPA/URPFCS, Curitiba: 1-9.
1-9.
Correa,M,p.
Corrêa,M.P.
1969
Dicion~rio das
das plantas
plantaslíteis
uteis do
do BrFAsil
Br~~il e
Dicionario
cultivadas. Rio
Rio de
de Janeiro,
Janeiro,
das exoticas cultivadas.
IBDF.
p . 582.
582.
IBDF. v.4 p.
Golfari,L.&
Caser,R.L.
1977
Zoneamento ecologico
ecológico da
da reg
regio
Zoneamento
lao nordeste
nor~este
experirnentafao florestal.
f1oresta1.
Serie
para experimentuao
tecnica.
Brasilia, (10):
(10):
tëcnica. PRODEPEF, Brasilia,
1-116
1-116..
Tigre,
C.B.
Tigre,C.B.
1976
silvicultura especializada
esoecializada
Estudos de silvicultura
nurdeste. Massaro,
do nordeste.
Mossoró, Escula
Escola Superior
de Agricultura.
Ag ricu ltur a .
176 p.
p.
-
378
378--
1/
Nesogordonia papaverifera
papaverifera (A.
(A. Chev.)R.Capuron
Chev.}R .CapuronNesogordonia
SYNONYM
Cistanthera papaverifera
papaverifera A.Chev.
A.Chev.
(1912)
FAMILY
Sterculiaceae.
In
In earlier
earlier taxonomic
taxonomic texts,
texts, and
and even
even as
as recently as
1959,
(Aubreville
(Aubréville 1959),
1959), this
this species has been
considered a member of
of the
the Tiliaceae.
Tiliaceae.
VERNACULAR NAMES
Kotibe
(Attie, Ivory Coast);
Coast); Danta (Twi
(Twi and Wassaw,
Kotibe (Attie,
Ghana);
' Or6'
Ghana); opepe-lra,
4epe-Ira, 'Cir6
(Yoruba, Nigeria),
(Yoruba,
Oanta
Danta
(Trade name Nigeria).
Nigeria).
(Trade
DESCRIPTION
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
deciduous, secondary
secondary forest
forest species
species capable
capable of
of
A deciduous,
attaining a
a height of 45 rn,
frequently
m, though more frequently
little over 30
30 m.
m.
Bole slender and fairly
fairly straight
slightly angular,
angular, free
free of
of branches
branches to
to
but often slightly
20
mi above the buttresses
buttresses
20 m or
or exceptionally to 25 m;
the
1.2 m
m but
but
the diameter of
of the bole may be as much as 1.2
0.8 -- 0.9 mm is
The buttresses reach
is more
more common.
common. The
reach
3-4 m in
in height and are prominent though narrow, thin
thin
3-4
and steep.
steep.
small and
and irregularly
irregularly rounded.
rounded.
Crown small
Seedling germination is epigeal;
epigeal; hypocotyl 3-5cm
3-scrn long,
long,
and puberulous with simple
simple hairs.
hairs.
green and
Cotyledons
1/ Based on
!I
on the
the work
work of
of John
John B.Hall,
B.Hall, Department
Department of
of
Forestry,
North Wales,
Wales, Bangor,
Bangor,
Forestry, University College of North
U.K,
Nigeria.
U.K, and D.A.Ovat. Nigeria.
FAO also acknowledge the assistance of
of P.R.O.
P . R.O. Kio,
Kia,
Forest Research
Institute of
of Nigeria,
Nigeria, Ibadan,
Ibadan, Nigeria.
- 379
379 --
sp
r eading , foliaceous
fol i aceous and reniform,
reniform , 7-10
7-10 mm lona
long and
and
spreading,
16-24 mm wide,with 55 faint,
16-24
faint, palmately
palmately arranged
arranged nerves,
nerves,
sparsely
base; petioles 1-2
1-2 mm long
long
sparsely pubescent at the base;
pubescent with
with simple
simple hairs.
hairs.
and pubescent
juvenile
First juvenile
leaves
elliptic,
16
mm
long
and
7
mm
wide,
leaves elliptic,
rnrn long
7
wide, borne on
a petiole about 44 mm long;
long; margin
margin dentate,
dentate, petiole
petiole and
and
a
simple and
and scattered
scattered stellate
stellate
midrib pubescent, with simple
hairs.
Subsequent leaves progressively larger
larger with
increasing numbers of
of stellate
stellate hairs.
hairs .
Inflorescence
axillary cyme,
cyme, borne
borne near
near the
the ends
ends of
of the
the branches;
branches:
An axillary
stellate-puberulolls, usually
usually aa little
little
peduncles densely stellate-puberulous,
longer
leaf; bracts present but
longer than
than the
the subtending leaf;
early caducous;
caducous; 1-6
1- 6 flowers
flowers per
per cyme;
cyme; buds
buds ovoid,
ovoid,
79 rnrn
long and
a pedicel up
up to
to 20
20 mm
7-9
mm long
and puberulous,
puberulous, on a
long,
6-10 mm
mm below
below apex.
apex.
long, articulate 6-10
pentameFlowers pentame-
rous; calyx slightly imbricate
imbricate in
in bud,
bud, spreading
spreading at
at
rous;
anthesisi
lanceolate and
and acute,
acute, 8-10
8-10 mm
mm long
long
anthesis; sepals lanceolate
and 3-4
3-4 mm
rnm wide,
wide, with a
a dense
dense external
external reddish
reddish covering
covering
of small stellate hairsicorolla
hairsjcorolla consisting
consisting of
of 55 free
free
petals, contorted in
in the
the bud but
but later
later spreading;
spreading;
petals,
yellowish- white, glabrous,
glabrous , obovate
obovate and
and slightly
slightly
petals yellowish-white,
longer than the sepals;
sepals; stamens
stamens 15-20,
15-20, separated
separated into
int o
the petals;
petals; filaments
filaments short
short
5 bundles alternating with the
(0.5
, almost
free; anthers 44 mm
rnm long
long and
and linear,
linear,
(0.5 rom)
mm),
almost free;
opening extrorsely;
each petal
petal is
is aa strapstrapextrorsely; opposite each
shaped staminode 7-8
7-8 mm long,
long, its
its margin
margin rolled
rolled
inwards; ovary 55 -- angled,
ang l ed, obconical,
obconical , minutely
minutely
slightly inwards;
puberulous, sessile and about 3
3 mm
rom in
in length;
length; adjacent
adjacent
puberulous,
faces
ribs; top
top of
of ovary
ovary depressed
depressed
faces separated by grooved ribs;
- 380
380 -
with a short style
style surmounted
surmounted by
by 5
5 stigmas
stigmas 33 mm
rom long;
lon~;
stigmas
lanceolate, fleshy,
fleshy, with a
a longitudinal range
stigmas lanceolate,
on the external face;
face; there
there are
are 55 carpels;
carpels; each
each locule
l ocule
contains 22 ovules.
ovules.
Fruit
A yellowish-green,
yellowish-green, densely
densely puberulous,
puberulous, pentagonal
pentagonal woody
woody
capsule,
long, bell-shaped,
bell-shaped, with a flattened
flattened
capsule, 20-28 rom
mm long,
apex
apex about 18 rnm
mm across and tapered at the base where
the
is about
about 22 mm.
mm.
distinctly
the diameter is
Capsules distinctly
5-ridged
,
splitting
down
the
centre
of
each ridge
ridge at
5-ridged,
maturity into
releasing up to 22 winged
into 55 valves,
valves, releasing
winged seeds
seeds
from
from each of 5 compartments;
compartments; valves remain attached
to
the pedicel.
pedicel.
to the tip of the
The seed
seed is
is attached
attached to
to the
the central
central axis
axis of
of the
the fruit
fruit
close to the apex,
close
apex, elliptic in
in shape,
shape, flattened
flattened on one
one
face,
face, about 6 rom
mm long,
long, with a
a thin papery wing 10-15mm
lO-l5rnm
long and up to 7
7 mm
rnm wide,
wide, extending downwards from
from the
the
long
seed's lower end to a point midway
mid~ay up
up its
its outer
outer edae.
edge.
seed's
Foliage
Crown dense,
leaves borne in
in loose
l oose tufts
tufts at
at the
the
dense, the leaves
ends of the branches.
Branchlets densely covered
covered with
with
small
stipulate leaves;
leaves;
small stellate hairs and alternate, stipulate
stipules paired,
paired, linear
linear and pubescent, acutely
acutely pointed,
pointed,
4-9
mm long,
4-9 mrn
long, prominent around the
the terminal
terminal buds;
buds;
petioles slender and densely puberulous, 10-50
10 -50 mm
mm long,
long,
pulvinus at each end,
end, the lamina,
lamina, medium green
with a pulvinus
and glossy with the
the only pubescence confined
confined to
to the
the
the upper surface;
surface; lower
lower surface
surface
impressed midrib on the
-- 381 -
and initially
initially sparsely
sparsely pubescent;
pubescent; midrib
midrib
paler and
prominent, remaining
remaining densely
densely puberulous,
puberulous, with
with
beneath prominent,
slightly-raised, lax
lax reticulation
reticulation of
of veins.
veins.
elliptic to
to obovate
obovate in
in shape,
shape, rarely
rarely ovate,
ovate ,
Leaves elliptic
55-13
-13 cm
em long and 2.5 - 6 cm
em broad;
broad; base
base obtuse or
or
rounded (exceptionally
(exceptionally cuneate
cuneate or
or slightly
slightly cordate);
cordate);
acuminate with
with an
an apical
apical mucro;
mucro; leaf
leaf margin
margin entire;
entire;
apex acuminate
lateral nerves in
in 5-10
5-10 pairs,
pairs, with axillary
axillary tufts
tufts of
of
hairs; the basal pair of nerves
long hairs;
nerves ascendina
ascending the
the
lamina more steeply than
than those
those above,
above, but
but rather
rather short.
short.
Bark
or grey,
grey, darker
darker on
on trees
trees growing
growing in
in
Yellowish-brown or
conditions, and
and scaly;
scalYi the
the scales
scales form
form vertical
vertical
exposed conditions,
lines and eventually
lines
eventually flake
flake off,
off, leaving
leaving darkerdarkercoloured patches.
patches.
coloured
HOOD PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
WOOD
Produces high-quality timber.
The main uses
tirnbe~.
uses of the
the
species
are
in
flooring,
in
boat
and
vehicle
building
species
flooring, in
and vehicle building
and for
for tool
tool handles;
handlesi it
it is
is also
also an
an attractive
attractive but
but
rather heavy furniture
furniture wood.
wood.
The species is listed
among the
the 20
20 main export
export species
species in
in Ghana;
Ghana; in
in Nigeria,
Nigeria,
it
i
t is
is mainly used locally for
for carcassing
carcassing (shuttering),
(shuttering),
door and window frames,roof
frames,roof rafters
rafters and
and purlins.
purlins.
DISTRIBUTION
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
species has
has two
two main areas
areas of
of concentration;
concentration; one
one
The species
Ghana and the
the Ivory Coast,
Coast, and the other
othe r one
across Ghana
in
forest zone.
zone. Outlying
in the western part of Nigeria's forest
populations further
further west occur in
in Liberia and in
central Sierra
Sierra Leone.
Leone.
Towards the
the east,
east, isolated
isolated
- 382
382 --
occurrences are found in
in northern Gabon and in
in
Central African
African Republic;
Republic;
western Central
also
there are also
reports
reports of isolated occurrences in Cameroon and
Benin.
species occurs
occurs at
at altitudes
altitudes up to 1000
1000 mm
The species
occurrences above
above 500m
SCOrn are
are rare.
rare .
but occurrences
CLIMATE
Climatically, the species is
Climatically,
is found
found in areas with a mean
mean
annual
rainfall of 1 200 to 1
1 800
800 mmm,
mmm, with only some
some
annual rainfall
outlying
in higher rainfall areas
areas
outlying populations
populations occurring in
(L
iberia, 22 000
Leone, 33 200
200 mm/an).Tempemm/an) .Tempe(Liberia,
000 rom/an;
mm/an; Sierra Leone,
rature variation is
is small
small over
over the
the range
range of
of the
the species.
species.
daily minima
minima are
are almost
almost continually
continually
Monthly means of daily
above
20 c e while the corresponding maxima are consisconsisabove 20°C
tently below 35°C.
35°C.
as
SoC
as high as 8°C
The range
range between these
these means is
is
in
in the
the dry
dry season
season but may
may be as low as
0
33°C
e in
the rainy season.
season.
in the
SOILS
N.papaverifera
N.papaverifera
grows principally on well-drained
grows
fertile
tropical soils
soils derived
derived from rocks
fertile ferruginous tropical
of the
the basement complex,
of
complex, and on soils
soils from
from cretaceous
cretaceous
sediments which
which are
are rather
rather similar in fertility
sediments
fertility where
the mean
mean annual
annual rainfall
rainfall is
or moderate «( < 2000mm)
the
is low
low or
It
southern limit of the
It is
is considered
considered that
that the
the southern
species' distribution
distribution in Nigeria
Nigeria reflects a
species'
a change in
soil
a change in
in climate.
climate.
soil rather
rather than a
of the
the
species
in
The low
The
lowfre.quency
frequency
Ghana in the dry semi-deciduous
Ghana
semi - deciduous
forest
a change
change in
in soil
forest may
may also
also reflect a
in
in climate.
rather than
rather
- 383
383 -
HABITAT
Present distribution of N.papaverifera suggests
suggests that
it is
is almost confined to areas where savannas
savannas have in
in
it
it
does not appear
the past replaced
replaced forest:
forest:
it does
appear to
to have
have
the
older (>
(> 20000
20000 years old)
old) forests
forests that
that have
have
penetrated older
in climate
climate in the last
changes
in
last few
few
withstood changes
years.
Density of the species in
in the
the forests
forests
thousand years.
is
, but
concentrations
is variable
variable,
but where
where best
best represented,
represented, concentrations
are
in the
the Nesogordonia
Nesogordonia papaverifera/Khaya
are high
high,, as in
ivorensis zone
the Celtis spp./Triplochiton sclerosc l erozone of
of the
In these areas,
cylon forest type
type in
in Ivory
Ivory Coast.
Coast.
areas , the
the
species
species accounts for
for 3-12%
3 -1 2% of the
the stems
stems of
of over
over 60
60 cm
em
(dbh).
i n girth (dbh).
in
In Ghana the species occurs
occurs throughthrough-
out the moist semi-deciduous
semi-deciduous forest
forest type
type but
but is
is less
less
semi-deciduous forest
forest type.
type.
frequent in the dry semi-deciduous
SEED HANDLING
Flowers and fruits are found
Flowers
found throughout
throughout the
the year,
year,
although the main period
period of flowering
flowering
different parts of the
the species
species range.
range.
varies in
in
Seed
viability is
is short.
short.
SILVICULTURE
Being
species ,
Being aa secondary,
secondary, shade-tolerant species,
N.papaverifera
has not
not been
been used
used as
as a
has
a plantation
spec
ie s.
species.
STATUS
Further study is
is needed.
needed .
Endangered
En
dangered in
in parts
parts of
of its
its
geographic range,
range , and subject to
to genetic
genetic impoverishment
impoverishment
in outly
outlying
in g populations in Gabon,
Gabon, Central African
African
Republic,
Cameroon,
Liberia
and
Sierra
Leone.
Republic, Cameroon, Liber ia
Sierra Leone.
-- 384
384 -
DECLINE
REASONS FOR DECLINE
Logging and utilization
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN AND RECOMMENDED
density of populations,
populations, the
the tendency
tendency
The frequently high density
to
the association with hillsides
to grow
grow in
in groups
groups and the
factors which favour
favour the
the survival
survival of the
the
are all factors
species.
With legally gazetted forest
forest reserves the
importance
keeping disturbance
importance of,
of,keeping
disturbance minimal
minimal on slopes
in
favours
in order
order to
to enhance
enhance watershed
watershed protection also favours
the species.
species.
Furthermore, the likelihood of such sites
Furthermore,
being used for plantation establishment is
is small
small
as these do not have the most suitable
suitable growing
as
for the species
species normally used
used
utilisation conditions for
in plantations.
However, special attention
attention needs
needs to
to
However,
conservation of endangered
provenances
threatened with overprovenances and of populations threatened
use and genetic impoverishment.
impoverishment.
use
be given
given to
to in-situ
- 385
385 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adeyoju,S.K.
1970
economy and
and the
the landscape,
landscape,
The timber economy
University of Ibadan,
Ibadan, Department of
Forestry,
Bulletin 2.
2.
Forestry, Bulletin
Aubreville,A.
1936
flare forestière
forestiere de
de la
la Cate
Cote d'Ivoire,
d'Ivoire,
La flore
Rose, Paris.
Paris.
La Rose,
Aubre'ville, A.
Aubre'Ville,
1959
1959
La ·flore
flore forestire
forestiere de
de la
la Cate
C6te d'Ivoire,
d I Ivoire,
~arne
2nd edn.
edn. C.T.F.T. Novent-Sur Marne
France.
Bakare,S . A.
Bakare,S.A.
1953
Forest Reserve
Reserve 5%
5% enumeration
enumeration
Olokemiji Forest
report
Ms. Federal
Federal Dept.,
Dept.,
report.. Unpublished Ms.
of
Research, Ibadan.
Ibadan.
of Forest Research,
FAO
1981
Data Book on Endangered Forest Tree
Data
Species
Provenances, FO:MISC/81/11,
FO:MISC/81/11,
Species and Provenances,
FAO,Rome, p. 42-45.
42-45.
Foggie,A.&
Piasecki,B.
1962
1962
Timber, fuel and
Timber,
and minor
minor forest
forest products.
product s .
Agriculture and
and land
land use
use in
in Ghana
Ghana
(Ed.
(Ed. by
by J.B.Wi11s)
J.B.Wills) 236-251.
236-251. Oxford
University Press,
Press, Oxford.
Oxford.
Hall,J.B.
Hall,J.B. &&
Swaine
, M.D.
Swaine,M.D.
1974
1974
Classification and ecology of forests
forests
in
., Department
in Ghana.
Ghana. Unpublished
Unpublished Ms
Ms.,
of
of Botany,
Botany, University of Ghana,Legon.
Halle,
N.
Halle, N.
1961
Sterculiaceas. Flore du Gabon (ed.by
Sterculiaceas.
(ed.by
A.Aubr6vil1e)
2.
A.Aubr6ville) 2.
Hutchinson,
Hutchinson, J.&
Dalziel,J.F.
1958
1958
Flora of West Tropical
Tropical Africa.
Africa. 2nd
2nd Edn.
Edn.
Vol.
(2) .(Ed. by R.W.J.Keay).
R.W.J.Keay). Crown
Crown
Vol. 1 (2).(Ed.
Agents,
Agen ts, London.
London.
Keay
, R.W.J. ;
Keay,R.W.J.;
Onochie,C.F.A.&
Stanfield,D.P
Stanfield,D.P..
1960
1960
Nigerian trees,
trees, Vol.
Vol. 1.
1. Federal DepartDepartForest Research,
Research, Ibadan.
Ibadan.
ment of Forest
Okigbo,
1965
Building Timbersin
Timbersin Nigeria.
Nigeria
A guide
guide to
A
Federal Department of Forest Research,
Federal
Research,
Ibadan.
- 386
386 --
Redhead,J.F.
1964
Stand
Stand tables
tables of
of Nigerian
Nigerian forest reserves.
Ms., University
University of
of Ibadan,
Ibadan,
Unpublished Ms.,
Department of Forestry,
Forestry, Ibadan.
Ibadan.
Redhead,J.F.
1971
1971
The timber resources
resources of
of Nigeria.
Nigeria.
Nigerian Journal
Journal of
of Forestry,
Forestry, 1:
7-11 .
1: 7-11.
Roberts, H.
H.
1969
Forest insects
insects of
of Nigeria.
Nigeria. Commonwealth
Institute, Oxford.
Oxford.
Forestry Institute,
Taylor,G.J.
1960
19-60
Syneocology and silviculture
silviculture in
in Ghana.
Ghana.
Nelson,
Nelson, London
London && Edinburgh.
Edinburgh.
Voorhoeve,
A. G.
Voorhoeve,A.G.
1965
Liberian high
high forest
forest trees.
trees. Centre for
for
Agricultural
Publications and
Agricultural Publications
and
Documentation, Wageningen.
Wageningen.
-- 387 --
Ocotea porosa (Nees
(Nees and
and Mart.)
Mart . ) Barroso!/
Barroso/
SYNONYMS
(Nees and
and Mart.)
Mart . ) Mez
Mez (1889)
(1889)
Phoebe porosa (Nees
Cinnamomonum porosum (Nees
(Nees and
and Mart.)
Mart.) Kostermans
Kostermans (1961)
(1961)
FAMILY
Lauraceae
NAMES
VERNACULAR NAMES
Imbu{a, canela imbuia,
imbuia, imbula
imbuia amarela,
amarela, imbula
imbuia ciara,
clara,
Imbula,
imbuia
irnbuia rajada,
rajada, imbuía
imbuia preta,
preta, imbufa
imbuia
imbuia parda,
parda, imbufa
zebrina, canela imbuía
imbuia escura,
escura, canela
canela imbla
imbia vermelha.
vermelha.
zebrina,
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
Tall straight
straight tree,
tree , 15-20
15-20 mm heigh
heigh
with a
a diameter .of
of
between 0.5-1.50
0.5 - 1.50 m;
mi bole
bole with
with evident
evident nodal
swellings;
swellings; crown of ascending
ascending branches.
branches.
Inflorescence
Flowers
the form
form of
of pilose
pilose axillary
axillary panicles,
panicles,
Flowers borne in the
few flowers,
flowers, white,
white, pedicels
pedicels articulate,
articulate, small
small
with few
(3
- 4 mrn
l ace between
(3-4
mm in
in length);
length); flowering
flowering takes
takes pplace
and February.
February.
October and
Fruit
- shaped drupe;
drupe; calyx growing in the
A globose or ovoid
ovoid-shaped
shape
of aa shallow goblet,
shape of
goblet, pericarp
pericarp thin,
thin, surface
surface
R. Chiaranda , I.E.Pires
I.E . Pires and
and
1/ Based
Based on
on the
the work of R.Chiaranda,
M.Tomazello Fo.
FO. Forestry Department, ESALQ/USP,
ESALQ/USP,
P.O Box 9,
9 , Piracicaba, SP.
SP. Brazil.
Brazil.
-- 388 -
13-17 mm
rom in
in diameter.
diameter.
brown, 13-17
Fructification takes
takes place
place
Fructification
the month
month of
of January.
January.
during the
Foliage
Leaves simple,
elliptical, oobtuse,
acuminate
simple, alternate,
alternate, elliptical,
btuse, acuminate
two more developed
developed ribs,
ribs, having
having
and penninerved with two
the underside, shiny
shiny on
on top,
top, and
and opaque
opaque
domatia on the
petiole flat.
flat.
Commonly measuring 6-10 cm
em
underneath, petiole
in
ern in
in width.
width.
in length by 15-20 cm
round, thin,
thin, flexible,
flexible, rough.
rough.
Branches round,
Bark
Trunk with a grey coloured bark,
bark , thin
thin cracks,
cracks, and
and
surface. On older trees
trees the
the trunk
trunk is generally
scaly surface.
thick,
with large
large globose
globose excrescences.
excrescences
thick, crooked, with
a
PROPERTIES AND
AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
WOOD PROPERTIES
3
Moderately heavy wood (0.60
(0.60 to
to 0.70
0.70 g/cm3);
g/cm ); heartwood,
heartwood,
from brownish yellow
yellow to
to grey-brown,
grey-brown,
extremely variable from
and dark greyish brown;
brown; generally
generally with
with parallel
parallel veins
veins
spots; the
the surface
surface has
has an
an irregular
irregular shine;
shine;
or dark spots;
a characteristic scent;
scent; taste
taste is
is somewhat
somewhat bitter
bitter and
and
a
astringent; medium texture,
texture , uniform;
uniform; grain
grain straight,
straight,
astringent;
irregular to interlocked.
interlocked. Heartwood reported to be
durable , it is
is easy to
to work, finishes
finishes very
very smoothly,
smoothly,
durable,
well after manufacture.
and keeps well
Used for fine
fine furniture,
furniture, panels
panels and
and interior
interior decoradecora-
tions,
tions, lambrins,
larnbrins, tiles,
t i les, constructions,
constructions, stairs,
stairs,
fences,
etc.
fences, etc.
-- 389 -
NATURAL
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
This species occurs naturally
naturally in
in the
the highlands
highlands of
of the
the
States of Paraná
Parana and Northern
Northern Santa
Santa Catarina,
Catarina, Brazil.
Brazil.
SOILS
SOILS AND CLIMATE
Ocotea porosa is
is uniformly
uniformly distributed
distributed throughout
throughout
several
from the
the bottom of valleys
valleys
several edaphic
edaphic conditions,
conditions, from
to the
the tops of
to
of ridges.
ridges.
found between 500
500 and
and
It is found
11 200
in altitude,
altitude, mainly in
in soils
soils of basaltic
200 meters
meters in
rocks.
rocks.
The
The predominant climate of
of the
the region
region is
is
sub-humid,
sub-humid, with temperatures
ISDe
frequent frosts
frosts in
in
18°C with
with frequent
between
precipitation varies between
evenly distributed;
distributed; there
there is
is
temperate
12° and
and
varying between 120
winter; annual average
average
the winter;
250 and
and 22 500
500 mm,
mm,
11 250
no
no water
water deficit.
deficit.
HABITAT
0.porosa
Q
. porosa may be found evenly distributed and in high
as the
the dominant
dominant species
species of
of the
the understorey
under storey
frequency as
of the rain
rain forest
forest (mixed
(mixed Araucaria
Araucaria and
and hardwood
hardwood
forest); associated
associated with
with other
other species;
species; or
or as
as aa
forest);
dominant species
species in
in later
later successional
successional stages.
stages.
It also grows
grows in
in isolated
isolated clusters
clusters in
in the
the coastal
coastal
tropical forest.
forest.
Here its behaviour
behaviour is that of a
a
pioneer species
species penetrating
penetrating in
in the
the more
more open
open Ocotea
Ocotea
pulchella
pulchella forests.
forests.
SEED HANDLING
It was observed that
that the
the greatest
greatest seedling
seedling survival
survival
rate was obtained when seeds
seeds were
were sown
sown at
at aa depth
depth of
of
0.5 cm
em in
in shade
shade conditions.
conditions.
-- 390 -
SILVICULTURE
In
In aa trial
trial carried out in Santa Rita do Passa Quatro -SP,
of 7.81
7.81 m
m and
and aa dbh
dbh of
of 99 cm
ern were
were
SP, and average height of
No
observed in
in aa 23
23 years old stand.
observed
in height
height and
and dbh
dbh were
were found
found in
in
significant differences in
a spacing trial with this
this species
species at
at seven
seven years
years of
of
a
set up
up in
in Angatuba -- SP.
SP.
age in experiments set
In a
a native forest
forest of the
the highlands
highlands of
of Santa
Santa Catarina,
Catarina,
a volume of 59 m3
m3 of imbuía
imbula wood/ha
wQod/ha is
is reported.
reported.
a
STATUS
REASONS FOR DECLINE
STATUS AND REASONS
The regions where
this
this species
species occurs
occurs naturally are
intense clearing
clearing of the
those that have undergone most intense
this century,
natural vegetation during this
century, to
to give
give way
way for
for
agriculture,
agriculture, livestock
livestock and
and plantation
plantation projects
projects using
using
fast growing
growing species.
species. Presently the last
last trees
trees of
of
Ocotea porosa are being gradually
gradually cut
cut down,
down, as
as aa
their economic
economic value.
value.
result of their
PROTECTIVE ~ffiASURES
RECOMMENDED
MEASURES RECOMMENDED
Reforestation trials
trials are
are recommended
recommended in
in
open
woodland,
woodland , mainly in
in the
the regions
regions where this tree
tree occurs
naturally.
naturally .
This
This should be carried out along with
attempts to conserve the genetic reserves
reserves in
in and
and
ex situ.
- 391
391 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Associa9ao
Paulista
Associ4áo Paulista
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Normas Te-cnicas.
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1964
semin;rio de
de madeira.
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Rio de
de
Seminario
Janeiro . 258
258 p.
p.
Janeiro.
Boutelje,J.B.
1980
1980
Encyclopedia of world timbers
timbers names and
and technical
technical literature.
literature.
Stockholm,
Forest Products
Products
Stockholm, Swedish Forest
Research Laboratory. 398
398 p.
p.
British Standards
1955
1955
commercial timbersNomenclature of commercial
including
including sources
sources of
of supply.
supply. Londo~
Londom
144 p.
p.
,W. H.
Brown,W.H.
1978
1978
of the
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America.
London, Timber Research
Research
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Development Association
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TRAD~
121 p.
p.
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Alqumas caracteritrcas
caracteriticas ecológicas
ecologicas
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de quatro
quatro especies
e
florestais do
do Estado
Estado do
do Paraná-.
ParaneC
Curit iba. (Tese
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1978
Corra,, M.P.
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1926
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Diclonario
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Farrner,R.H.
Farmer,R.H.
1975
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Londo~
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243p.
Fraga,M.V.G.
1946
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Ensaio
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Sao Paulo,
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16 p.
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Zonearnento ecológico
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392 --
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.&
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Espécies nativas enxilóferas.
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Seitz,R.A.
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Expressáo
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espa~arnento de
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canela
Ensaio de espagamento
irnbuia
- Ocotea porosa
(Ness)
imbula (Ness)
L.Barroso, em
em Angatuba
Angatuba -- SP.
SP.
Silvicultura em Sao
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Influ~ncia
serneaduInfluéncia da
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ra, cobertura do
do canteiro
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formas::'ao de
de mudas de
de Ocotea
Ocotea
mento
porosa (Ness)
(Ness) Liberato Barroso
(imbuia).
Silvicultura
Sao Paulo,
Paulo,
Silvicultura,. Sao
!!.8 (28): 513-6.
Commercial timbers of
of the
the world.
world.
ed. London,
London, Technical Press.
44 ed.
Press. 351
351 p.
p.
- 394
394 --
1/
1/
elata (Harms)
(Harms) van
van Meeuwen)
Meeuwen) Pericopsis elata
SYNONYMS
Afrarmasia elata Harms
Harms
Afrormosia
FAMILY
Subfare.Papilionoideae
Leguminosae Subfam.Papilionoideae
NAMES
VERNACULAR NAMES
Kokrodua
(Ghana),Assamela (Ivory
(Ivory Coast)/Afrormosia
Kokrodua (Ghana),Assamela
Coast),Afrormosia
(trade name).
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTION
General
A
tree in
in the
the moist semi-deciduous
semi-deciduous
A tall dominant tree
forest
a height of about 50
50 m
m
forest of
of Ghana,
Ghana, growing to a
and
in girth at
at breast
breast height.
height.
and about
about 5 m
m in
fan-shaped.
Crown fan-shaped.
fluted at
at the
the base,
base, rather
rather than
than
Bole straight and fluted
buttressed .
buttressed.
Inflorescence
Flowers borne
borne in
Flowers
in short
shcrt terminal panicles on slender,
slender,
hairy raches,
raches, white,
white, usually
usually 15mm
lSmm long
long and
and 13-14mm
13-14mrn
broad; calyx pubescent
pubescent outside,
outside, finely-toothed.
finely-toothed.
broad;
Ten
free
sub sessile or shortly
free stamens I gynoecium of aa subsessile
stalked ovary.
ovary.
1/
!/
Based on
on the
the work
work of S.P.K.Britwum,
FPRI, University
Based
S.P.K.Britwuffi, FPRI,
University
Technology, Kumasi,
Kumasi , Ghana.
Ghana.
of Science and Technology,
-- 395 --
Fruit
17 cm
em long
long and
and 2.5
2.5 cm
em broad;
broad; flat,
flat, thin
thin and
and
Pod about 17
light
usually with
with 11 to
to 33 seeds.
seeds. Seed reddish
redd ish
light brown,
brown, usually
brown,
rectangular and
and about
about 15mm
lSrnm across.
across.
brown, almost rectangular
takes place
place in
in April
April to
to May.
May. The
The pods
pods
Flowering takes
in May
May but
but they
they are
are not
not ripe
ripe until
until
are to be seen in
October to
to January.
January.
Foliage
Leaf
- rhachis glabrous,
glabrous, 8-15
8-15 cm
em long;
long; leaflets
leaflets 8-12,
8-12,
Leaf-rhachis
alternate,
rounded at
at base,
base, shortly
shortly
alternate, ovate elliptic, rounded
acuminate,
acuminate,
3-7crn
long, 1.5-3cm
1.S-3cm broad,
broad, upper
upper leaflets
leaflets
3-7cm long,
the lower,
lower, glabrous;
glabrous; stipels
stlpels sublate,
sublate, 3mm
3rnm
longer than the
long.
Leaves
juvenile trees are usually
usually larger
larger than
than
Leaves in juvenile
long.
those in
in mature trees.
trees.
Bark
Conspicuous, smooth
Conspicuous,
smooth brownish-grey
brownish - grey to
to grey,
grey, peeling
peeling off
off
bright red-brown
red-brown patches
patches hence
hence
readily and leaving bright
"Kokrodua
"Kokrodua-red
- red tree".
tree".
WOOD PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
Heartwood yellow-brown,
yellow - brown, turning
turning to
to dark
dark brown
brown on
on
exposure; sapwood narrow,
exposure;
narrow , lighter
lighter in
in colour
colour and
and clearly
clearly
demarcated.
Texture moderately fine;
Texture
finei grain straight
straight
interlocked; some
some resemblance
resemblance to
to teak.
teak .
to interlocked;
Basic
specific gravity (oven-dry
(oven-dry weight/green
weight/green volume)
volume) 0.57.
0.57.
The species has been
been popular
popular on
on the
the world
world timber
timber market
market
1948.
since 1948.
The
is a
a good substitute for
for teak
teak
The wood is
(Tectona
and rails.
rails.
(Tectona grandis)
grandis) in ship decking and
-- 396 -
include cabinet
cabinet making;
making;
Other uses of the
the wood include
furniture
joinery. The species has been
furniture panelling and joinery.
exported
exported from West Africa either as log
log or sawn
sawn timber.
It
important in
in the
and the species
It is important
the timber
tintertrade,
trade,andthe
species fetches
fetches
higher
than the world known African Mahogany on
higher prices
prices than
the
the world timber market.
NATURAL
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
is known
known to
to occur
occur in
in many
many West
West African
African
The species is
countries and in
countries
in Cameroon and
and Zaire.
Zaire. The West
~~est African
Ivory Coast,
Coast, Ghana
Ghana and
and Nigeria.
Nigeria.
In
countries are Ivory
Ivory
it occurs on
the eastern frontier and is
is
Ivory Coast,
Coast, it
on the
range in
in Ghana
Ghana where it
it is
is found
found
continuous with the range
in
in the
the west
west of
of the
the vegetation type described as the
Antiaris- Chlorophora association.
association.
Antiaris-Chlorophora
In Nigeria it is
is
known
P . elata occurs in
in Ifon,
Ifon, Owo,
Owo, Afi
Afi River
River and
and
known that P.
Eggua Forest Reserves.
Reserves.
The species
species occurs
occurs in
in the
the mid-west
mid-west of
of Ghana
Ghana between
between
0
6°45' and 7°30'N
7 30'N and between longitude
longitude
latitudes 6°45'
3°0'
3°0 ' and 10
1° 30'W.
30'W.
It
distribution
It has
has aa restricted distribution
which occupies the
the general shape of a
a triangle
triangle with
with its
the western
western frontier
frontier from
from about
about 7°
7° 40'N
40'N
base along the
0
to about 6°
to
6 45
45' north latitude.
latitude. The apex of this
this
triangle isisininthe
west
triangle
theBounfum
Bounfum Forest
Forest Reserve,
Reserve, about
abJut 10
1° 30'
.30 ' \'Jest
longitude
lonqituc.e and
and 70
7° north
north latitude.
latitude. Two groups have been
0
found in the Worobong Forest Reserve,
Reserve, about
about 00
0 25'
25'
found
west and 60
6° 30'N.
30'N. These trees
trees are however shorter and
poorer and
and are
are likely
likely to
to be
be outliers.
outliers . No specimens
have been seen
seen so
so far
far between
between the
the Bounfum
Bounfum and
and Worobong
Worobong
Forest Reserves.
Reserves.
-- 397
397 --
CLIMATE
The
the species
species is
is found
found lies
lies in
in aa tropical
tropical
The area where the
humid climate characterised by
by aa two-peak
two - peak rainy
rainy season
season
from
from April to
to October, and
and aa dry
dry season
season from
from November
November
The
annual
rainfall
ranges
from
1
270
to March.
from 1 270 to
to
1
two peaks
peaks occuring in
in May-June
May-June and
and
1 500 mm with two
September-October
un i formal l y high
September-October.. Temperatures are uniformally
and
from 250
25° to
to 26°C.
26°C.
South
- westerly moisturernoisture South-westerly
and range from
laden winds prevail during the
the rainy
rainy season.
season.
laden
In the
the
dry season,
season, the
the dry north-easterly
north- easterly Harmattan
Harmattan winds
winds
prevail.
SOILS
Clay soils in connection with
with two
two outcrops
outcrops of
of acid
acid
igneous intrusions in
in the
the form
form of
of latholiths
latholiths and
and
igneous
consisting of gramites and
and veins
veins of
of biotite
biotite schists
schists
which give rise
rise to
to gritty sandy
sandy loams.
loarns .
On the summits
summits
and upper slopes,
slo pes, aa red
red gritty
gritty liaht
light loam
loam with
with clay
clay
subsoil containing varying
varying quantities
quantities of
of quartz
quartz stones
stones
Humus layer has
and iron concretions
concretions are
are found.
found.
has aa
depth of 180-210mm.
In
the
lowlands
soils
of
colluvial
180-210rnm. In the lowlands soils of colluvial
or alluvial origin occur.
HABITAT
This
grows in restriced
restriced areas
areas within the
the
This species grows
Antiaris-Chlorophora
of the
Antiaris
- Chlorophora association of
the moist semisemi It is
is sometimes
sometimes semi-gregarious but
deciduous
forest.
It
deciduous forest.
generally scattered.
scattered.
locality.
It is
dominant tree in
It
is aa dominant
in its
its
-- 398 --
SEED HANDLING
The species is
is presently not
not being
being planted
planted on
o n aa large
large
scale to warrant increased
increased seed
seed collection.
collection.
enough scale
However,
small
quantities
of
seed
are
collected
However,
of seed a re collected every
every
for the establishment of
of small
small plantations
plantations and
and
year for
growth trials.
trials.
Germination takes place on 8-10
8-10 days.
days.
growth
SILVICULT
URE
SILVICULTURE
It
from
It can
can be
be easily
easily propagated from seed and also from
stern cuttings.
cuttings.
In small direct plantations
plantations
rooted stem
which have been established in
in Ghana,
Ghana, the
the trees
trees branch
branch
and develop
develop poor
poor stem
stem form.
form.
at an early age and
It has
It
been tried in enrichment planting
planting in
in a
a Forest
Forest Reserve
Reserve
where the species does not occur
occur naturally
naturally and
and it
it has
has
performed better in branching,
branching, stem
stem form,
form, and
and arowth,
growth,
and the incidence of attack by
by caterpillars
caterpillars of
of
Lamprosema lateritialis Hampson,a
Larnprosema
Hampson , a defoliator,
defoliator, has
has not
not
been severe (personal
(personal observation).
observation).
Seedlings and
sapplings of the species are
are seriously
seriously attacked
attacked by
by the
the
defoliator L.
L. lateritialis.
lateritialis. The entire set
set of leaves
leaves
on a
a seedling may be attacked and
and bundled
bundled together
together in
in
a loosely knit nest
a
on which the caterpillars feed
feed
leaves are
are depleted.
depleted.
gregariously until the leaves
The
defoliation has
has a
a marked effect
effect on
on both
both height
height and
and
~.elata trees.
trees.
girth increment of young P.elata
STATUS
Endangered in parts of its
its geographical
geographical range.
range.
danger
impoverishment throughout
throughout the
the
danger of
of genetic
genetic impoverishment
entire range.
range.
In
-- 399
399 -
DECLINE
REASONS FOR DECLINE
poor natural
natural regeneration
regeneration of
of the
the species
species
Lumbering and poor
reasons for
for the
the decline.
decline. The price of the wood
are the reasons
is
is one
one of
of the
the highest among the tropical hardwoods of
the result
result that
that the
the
the world timber market with the
species
in the
the form
form of
species is
is being heavily cut for export in
logs
timber.
logs and saw timber.
RECOMMENDED
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN AND RECOMMENDED
In
the species occurs,
occurs ,
In forest
forest reserves
reserves in Ghana where the
is on the
the basis
basis of
of the
the "Modified
"Modified
exploitation is
ll
Selection System"
System and
and trees
trees of
of the
the species
species of
of 2.1m
2.1m
girth and above are
are exploited
exploited leaving
leaving the
the lower
l ower girth
q irth
classes.
It is
is recommended that in each of the
It
forest
the species
species occur,
occur , an
an area
area
forest reserves in which the
of 60-250 hectares should
should be
be conserved
conserved in
in situ
situ
---
expl oitation. Establishment of plantations of
without exploitation.
the species is necessary
necessary to
to increase
increase the
the resources.
resources.
- 400 --
SELECTED
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Atuhene,S.K.W.
1983
Lamproserna lateritialis
lateritialis
The biology of Lamprosema
(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Pyralidae)
Hampson (Lepidoptera:
A pest of Afrormosia (Pericopsis)
(Pericopsis) elata
A
(Harms)
in Ghana (Unpubli(Unpubli(Harms) van
van Meeuwen
Meeuwen in
shed Ph.D.
Ph.D. Thesis).
Thesis).
Aubreville,
A.
Aubréville, A.
1938
La
foret coloniale:
coloniale: les forets
forets de
La forét
Ann. occid
Qccid Sci.
Sci.
l'Afrique Francaise. Ann.
Colon.
Paris.
Colon. Paris.
Aubréville, A.
Aubreville,
A.
La flore
flare forestire
forestiere de
de la
la Cate
C~te d'Ivoire.
d'lvoire.
Centre Technique Forestier
Forestier Tropical,
Tropical,
Nogent-sur - Marne.
Nogent-sur-Marne.
FAO
FAa
1981
Data Book
Book on
on Endangered Forest Tree
Data
Species and Provenances F0:MISC/81/11.
FO:MISC/81/11.
FAO, Rome,R
46-47.
FAa,
Rome.P'46-47.
Hutchinson, J
J &
& Flora of West
West Tropical
Tropical Africa.
Africa. pt.
pt. 11 (2).
(2) .
Hutchinson,
Dalziel, J.M.
J.M.
Crown Agents,
London.
Agents, London.
Revised
J(eay,
R.N.J.
Keay, R.W.J.
1958
Keay,R
. hl'.J. ;
Keay,R.W.J.;
Onochie,C.F.A.&
Stanfield,D.J.
1964
1964
Trees.
Nigerian Trees.
Ibadan.
Irvine,F.R.
Irvine/F.R.
1961
Woody plants of Ghana,
Ghana, London.
London. Oxford.
Oxford.
Press.
University Press.
Quist Arcton,E.
Arctan,E.
Some
Some observations
observations on Afrormosia elata
(Unpublished) ..
(Unpublished)
Taylor, C.J.
Taylor,
Synecology and
and Silviculture
Silviculture in
in Ghana.
Ghana.
Edinburgh,
Edinburgh, Nelson.
Nelson.
1960
of Forestry,
Forestry,
Department of
on Afrormosia
Twum Ampofo,
Ampefo, J.
J . . Autecological Studies on
MSc . Thesis).
Thesis).
elata
(Unpublished MSc.
1969
-- 401 --
1/
1/
var. amamiana
amamiana Hatusima
HatusimaPinus armandii Franchet var.
This is
is recognized
recognized as
as aa distinct
distinct species
species P.
P. amamiana
Koidzumi by
by some
some authorities.
SYNONYMS
Pinus amamiana Koidzumi
FAMILY
Pinaceae
Pinaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
Yakutane-goyo, Amami-goyo
Yakutane-goyo,
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
Genera l
General
Tree up to 25 m
m in
in height and
and 11 m
m in
in diameter,
diameter, branches
branches
widespreading, horizontal
horizontal and
and whitish.
whitish.
Branchlets
widespreading,
brown or black,
black, glabrous;
glabrous; buds oblong-ovoid with brown
brown
scales.
scales.
Inflorescence
Staminate flowers
flowers 2 cm
ern long.
long.
Fruit
short stalked,
stalked, oblong-ovoid,
oblong-ovoid, 5-8
5-8 cm
em long,
long,
Cones short
peduncle c.1
c.l cm
ern long.
long.
peduncle
1/
!!
Seeds about
about 12
12 mm
mrn long,
long, wingless.
wingless.
Based on
on the
the work
work of H.Takehara
Based
H.Takehara and
and G.Asakawa.
G.Asakawa.
Forestry
Forestry and Forest Products Research
Research Institute,
Institute,
Tsukuba Morin Kenku,
Kenku, Ibaraki,
Ibaraki, Japan.
Japan.
-- 402
402 --
Foliage
Needles : five
5-8 cm
em
five in
in aa deciduous
deciduous basal
basal sheath,
sheath, 5-8
:
long;
canals 3.
3. Needles of this variety are
are
long; resin canals
shorter than
than those
those of
of the
the P.armandii
~.armandii type
type and
and more
more rigid.
Bark
Bark
smooth; scaly on older
Bark of young
young tree greyish,
greyish, smooth;
trees.
\-/000 PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
WOOD
The variety produces a
a good
good quality
quality timber;
timber; however,
however,
limited occurrence,
occurrence, its
its importance
importance is
is
because of its limited
minor.
Other Uses
Uses
It is an important
important source of genetic material for
for
forest
forest tree
tree breeding of the
the white pine
pine group
group and
and is
is
also of phyto-geographical
phyta-geographical and
and taxonomical
taxonomical interest.
interest.
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
Natural
this tree
tree is
is limited
limited to
to
Natural distribution of this
Yaku-shima and Tanega-shima,
two small islands
islands off
off
Tanega-shima, two
southern Kyushu,
Kyushu, Japan.
Japan. The original
o ri ginal type
type of
of Pinus
Pinus
armandii is
is found in
in continental China
China and
and Formosa.
Formosa.
CLIMATE
Moist temperate
temperate zone:
zone:
ca. 20°C.
ca.
20°C.
annual temperature:
temperature:
Average annual
Lowest and highest
highe~t average
average monthly
mont~ly
temperatures are 7°C
7°C (January)
(January) and
and 28°C
2SoC (July)
(July)
rainfall more
more than
than 33 000
000 mm.
rnm.
Annual rainfall
- 403
403 --
SOILS
Drier
Drier types
types of
of brown
brown forest
forest soils
soils and podzolized
soil.
HABITAT
var i ety grows
grows in
in mixture
mixture with
with evergreen
evergreen broadbroadThe variety
leaved trees
trees (Machilus
(Machilus thunbergii,
thunbergii, Castanopsis
cuspidata and evergreen
evergreen Quercus
Quercus spp.)
spp.) or
or with
with deciduous
deciduous
broad-leaved trees
trees (Alnus
(Alnus firma,
firma, Kalopanax
Kalopanax pictum,
pictum,
Cornus kousa,
etc.).
It
is
scattered
in
the
kousa,
It is scattered in the forest,
forest, but
but
does not form
It is almost completely
form pure
pure forests.
forests.
completely
confined to hill ridges
ridges or
or rocky
rocky sites.
sites.
SEED
Around 5
5 000
000 seeds/kg.
seeds/kg.
SILVICULTURE
Propagation from
from seed
seed is
is not
not difficult
difficult and
and nursery
nursery
work is similar to
to that
that for
for other
other white
white pines.
pines.
STATUS
Endangered
REASONS
REASONS FOR DECLINE
Lumbering has been a
a major reason
reason for
for the
the decreasing
decreasing
population of this species.
species.
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN AND RECOMMENDED
RECOMMENDED
In
this variety
variety is
is
In Yaku-shima,
Yaku-shima, Japan
Japan,, the habitat of this
included in a
a national park.
park.
However, action
action is
is needed
needed
However,
in othe
other
areas of
of the species'
in
r areas
species' natural distribution
- 404 --
range.
It
It
range.
individual
in
in Japan.
Japan.
is recommended that
that populations
populations and
and
specimens of
of the
the variety
variety be
be protected
protected by law
specimens
No information
information on action
action taken
taken to
t o conserve
conserve
P.
its variety is
is available
available from
from areas
areas
P. armandii and its
outside Japan.
- 405
405 --
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
FAO
1981
1981
on Endangered
Endangered Tree
Tree Species
Species and
and
Data Book on
FO:MISC /8 1 / 11. FAO,
FAO, Rome,p.
Rome ,p . 48.
48 .
Provenances FO:MISC/81/11.
Hayashi,
Yasaka
1960
1960
and phytogeographical
phytogeographical study
study of
of
Taxonomical and
conifers, p.
p. 38,
38, 147.
147.
Japanese conifers,
Iwata,
Iwata,
Toshiharu
& Masao
Masao
&
Kuasaka
1952
1952
Coni ferae Japonicae
Japonicae Illustratae
Illustratae
Coniferae
p . 150.
150 .
p.
Yato,
Kenichi
1964
1964
Dendrology, 11 -- Conifers,
Conifers,
Illustrated Dendrology,
122 p.
p.
Uehara
Uehara,,
of Trees
Trees with
with Illustrations.
Illustrations.
Encyclopedia of
Vol. 1,
vol.
1 , p.
p . 156.
156.
Keiji
1959
1959
- 406
406 --
eldarica Medw.
Medw.
Pinus eldarica
1/
11
Some authors
authors have classified
Some
class i fied this pine as a
a variant of
of
Pinus brutia.
brutia.
SYNONYM
Pinus brutia Ten.
Ten.
(1815)
FAMILY
Pinaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
Eldar
pine, Mandell
Pine, Eldar kiefer,
kiefer, Quetta
Quetta Pine
Pine
Eldar pine,
Mondell Pine,
and Afghanistan Pine.
Pine .
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
P.eldarica is
is conical in shape with a
P.eldarica
a rounded
rounded crown at
at
maturity.
Branches occur in
in whorls on both
both the
the mainmain -
stem and laterals.
Colour is deep green or
Colour
or blue
blue green.
green.
The tree exhibits aa modified taproot
The
taproot system.
system.
Fruit
Cones spreading or
or pointing
pointing forwards,
forwards, sometimes
sometimes borne.
borne.
in
3-6; 5-6
5- 6 cm
em long,
long , and 4-5
4 - 5 cm
ern wide.
wide.
in whorls
whorls of
of 3-6;
Foliage
A
A two
two needle
needle pine
pine,, needles slightly
slightly contorted,
contorted, 10
10 to
to
15
15 ern
cm long.
l!
1/
FAO
the assistance
assistance of
of R.Morandini,
R.Morandini,
FAO acknowledges the
Istituto Sperimentale
Sperimentale per
per 1a
la Selvicoltura,
Selvicoltura, Viale S.
Istituto
s.
Margherita
80- 82, Arezzo,
Arezzo, Italy.
Italy.
Margherita 80-82,
-- 407 --
WOOD PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
The
is useful
useful for
for lumber
lumber and
and fuel,
fuel, but
but is
is only
on ly
The timber is
considered of medium
medium quality.
quality.
Other Uses
purposes it
it could
could be
be used
used for
for
For environmental purposes
windbreaks,
shelterbelts and
and the
the reclamation
reclamation of
of
windbreaks, shelterbelts
desertified regions.
regions.
desertified
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
The only documented naturally-occurring
naturally-occurring stands
stands of
of
P.eldarica
are
in aa geographically isolated
are located
located in
the Caucasus mountains
mountains (appr.
(appr. latitude
latitude
area south of the
o
o N, longitude 45°E)
41
4S E) near the border between the
the
41°N,
republics of
of Azerbaydzhan
Azerbaydzhan and
and Georgia.
Georgia. The
Russian republics
altitudinal range
range is
is from
from 200
200 to
to 600
600 mm and
and the
the total
total
area is about 550
550 ha.
ha. Natural stands
stands in
in Afganistan
Afganistan and
and
northern Pakistan,
Pakistan, have been reported
reported recently.
recently.
CLIMATE
Semi-arid,
hot summers
summers and
and cold
cold winters;
winters; the
the total
total
Semi-arid, with hot
precipitation is
is fairly
fairly even
even distributed
distributed throughout
throughout the
the
year, and amounts
year,
amounts to
to 250-300
250 - 300 mm.
mm.
SOILS
The tree thrives
thrives normally
normally where
where soils
soils are
are alkaline
alkaline and
and
not very
very rich in
not
in nutrients;
nutrients; it
it is
is also
also reported
reported to
to
show some resistance to
to salty
salty soils.
soils.
HABITAT
Semi-arid, lower
lower mountain
mountain region.
region.
- 408
408 --
SEED HANDLING
11-25 000 seeds/kg;
seeds/kg;
stratification has
has been used as
pretreatment.
SILVICULTURE
Useful
for afforestation in
in mountainous semi-arid
semi-arid zones,
zones,
Useful for
and
a tremendous potential to
to improve
improve the
the economic
and has
has a
and
in arid zones.
zones.
In
and environmental conditions in
In the
nursery P.eldarica
~.eldarica shows
shows excellent
excellent germination
germination and
and
fast initial
initial growth of
of the
the upper
upper parts.
parts.
Usually
very fast
the
the field after the
the
the trees
trees are
are transplanted to the
second year.
year.
The
is fast during 15-20 years,
years,
The growth is
afterwards it
it slows
slows down.
down.
In
Iran it has
has been
In Iran
after 20-25
20-25 years.
years.
advised to clearcut after
STATUS
Endangered in
in the
the URSS,
URSS , only
only one
one native
native endemic
endemic stand
stand
is left in the Eliar-Ugi mountain
is
mountain range.
range.
DECLINE
REASONS FOR DECLINE
It
is considered to
to be
be an
an Oligocene
Oligocene relic.
relic.
It is
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
MEASURES TAKEN
The last known natural stand
stand in
in URSS
URSS has
has been
been declared
declared
a natural reserve.
reserve.
a
The species has been extensively
extensively
its natural
natural site.
site.
planted as an exotic outside its
International seed
seed collections and provenance trials
International
trials
have been organized jointly
jOintly by
by FAO
FAO and
and the
the Istituto
Istituto
Sperimentale per la
la Selvicoltura in
in Italy.
Italy.
- 409 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anon.
Information on coniferous species of
Iran.
Iran.
Dallirnore,W.&
Dallimore,W.&
Jackson.A.B.
Jackson,A.B.
A Handbook
Handbook of
of Con
Ooniferae
A
iferae &
& Ginkgonceae.
Ginkgonceae. Ed.4
Edward Arnold
Arnold (Publishers).
(Publishers)· Ltd.
Ltd.
~ev.Harrison,S.G.
Rev.Harrison,S.G.
1966
FAO
1976
Mediterranean
conifers.
Mediterranean conifers.
In Forest
Genetic Resources
Resources Information
Information No.
No.5:
5:
12-18.
Bertzea,
Hertzea, B.
B.
Tupper Tree Farms Inc.,
Inc., Marketing
Division 9701
9701 Wilshire Blvd.,
Blvd., Beverly
Beverly
Hills, CA 90212
Hills,
Malejeff, W.
w.
1929
Pinus pithyusa Stev.
eldarica
Stev. and Pinus eldarica
Medw., Zwei Relikt-Kiefern der TaurischMedw.,
TaurischKaukasischen Flora.
Kaukasischen
Flora. Mitteilungen der
der
deutsche dendrologischen
dendrologischen Gesellschaft.
Gesellschaft.
Jahrbuch 1929.
1929.
Mirov, N.T.
N.T.
1967
The
Pinus.
The genus Pinus.
Company, N.Y.
N-:Y-:--
Weber, E.J.
E.J.
1981
Pinus
Pinus eldarica,
eldarica.. aa valuable
valuable resource
arid zones.
zones.
Arid Lands Newsletter.
for arid
41-44.
No.
13, March 1981,
1981, pp.
pp.
No. 13,
The Ronald Press
Press
- 41r)
410 --
y1/
Pinus koraiensis Sob.
Scb. et.Zucc.
et.Zucc.
SYNONYMS
Pinus mandshurica
Ruprecht
Ruprecht
(1857)
( 18 57)
FAMILY
Pinaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
Chosen- goyo , Chosen-matsu
Chosen - mats u (Japan),
(Japan),
Chosen-goyo,
Korean
Nut pine .
Korean Mut
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
Pyramidal tree
Pyramidal
tree of 20-25 m
m height and 40
40 - 70
70 cm
em
diameter.
brown tomentose
diameter. Branchlets
Branchlets with
with yellowyellow-brown
pubescence
Buds oblong-ovoid,
oblong-ovoid , dark
darkchestnut-brown.
chestnut-b~ .
pubescence.. Buds
Fruit
Cones short-stalked, 9-14
Cones
9- 1 4 cm
em long,
long, conic-ovoid
conic-ovoid or
or
conic
- oblong, yellow-brown,
yellm.,-brown, on
on short
short peduncles;
peduncles;
conic-oblong,
scales
obtuse apex.
apex .
scales with
with recurved
recurved,, obtuse
Seeds wingless,
obvoid,
10- 18 mm
mm long.
long.
obvoid, 10-18
Foliage
Needles
in fives
fives,, glaucous green 8-12
8-12 cm
ern long,
10n0, serru
serru -Needles in
late with 3 internal resin
resin channels.
channels.
l1/Based
/Based on
Takemara and
and G.Asakawa,
G.Asakawa,
on the
the work of Takemara
- Forestry and Forest
Fores t Products
Products Research
Research Institute,
Institute ,
Tsukula Norin,
Norin, Kenkyu Ibaraki,
Ibaraki, Japan.
Japan.
- 411
411 -
Bark
Bark
Scaly,
thin/peeling off in irregular
irregular
Scaly, grey-brown,
grey-brown, thin,peeling
flakes;
beneath.
flakes; reddish-brown beneath.
WOOD PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
produces good
good constructional
constructional timber.
timber.
The species produces
it is
is one
one
North Korea it
species on the market.
species
In
of the
the most
most important timber
In
In Japan,
Japan, where
where the
the amount of
timber
is smaller,
smaller, the species is
is of minor
timber available is
commercial importance.
importance.
Other Uses
It
It is
is widely
widely used as an ornamental tree,
tree, and some
some
have been
been developed
developed for
for this
this use.
use.
special varieties have
NATURAL
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
The species is
is distributed through the mountainous
areas
areas of central Honshu
Honshu (Nagano,
(Nagano, Yamanashi,
Yamanashi, Tochigi,
Tochigi,
prefectures) and
and Shikoku
Shikoku in
in
Gunma and some adjacent prefectures)
Japan,
to the
the Korean peninsula
peninsula from
from the
the
Japan, and extends to
South Korea
Korea to
to North
North Korea
Kore a and
and
north-eastern part of South
the border area between North
North Korea
Korea and
and China.
China.
to the
CLIMATE
temperate zone,
zone, average
average annual
annual temperature:
temperature:
Cool temperate
c.
10°C.
ca. 2 000 mm.
rom.
c.
10oC.
Annual precipitation: ca.
SOILS
podsolized soils.
soils.
Frequently, podsolized
sites of
of Pinus
Pinus pentaphylla,
pentaphylla, but
but slighly
slighly
Similar to sites
wetter.
- 412
412 --
HABITAT
In central
central Honshu,
In
Honshu, the
the species occurs from 1 050 m
m to
to
22 600 m
m a.s.l.
a.s.l.
sub-alpine
In
In this
this area,
area, it
it is
is found
found both
both in the
conifer zone and in
in the
the higher parts of
broad-leaved zone.
zone.
In
former, it
it is
is associated
the broad-leaved
In the
the former,
associated
with Abies
Abies veitchii,
veitchii, Tsuga
Tsuga diversifolia
diversifolia and Picea
jezoensis var.
var. hondoensis.
In the
latter, it
it grows in
In
the latter,
mixture with Sciadopitys
Sciadopitys verticillata, Thuja
Thuja standishii,
standishii,
Thujopsis dolabrata and
and Quercus crisoula.
crispula. The
The species
species
does not form
form pure
pure forests.
forests.
SEED HANDLING
seeds/kg; warm stratification followed
followed by
Around 22 000 seeds/kg;
is needed
needed for
for germination.
germination.
Air-dried
cold is
Air-dried seed can
can be
low temperature.
temperature.
stored at low
SILVICULTURE
The species is
is usually propagated by
by seed.
seed.
Vegetative
propagation of the species
species is
is also
also possible.
possible.
STATUS
Not endangered,
in danger
endangered, but in
danger of
of depletion
depletion in
in parts
parts of
its geographic
geographic range.
range.
FOR DECLINE
DECLINE
REASONS FOR
Logging operations and cutting
cutting of
of the
the natural
natural forest.
forest .
MEASURES TAKEN
TAKEN AND
AND RECOMMENDED
RECOMMENDED
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
The populations
in central
populations in
central Honshu are
are represented
represented in
in
national
parks and
thus protected from
from logging
national parks
and thus
logging
operations.
In
In addition,
addition, experimental plantations
and Tokyo
Tokyo Prefectures
Prefectures by
by District
established in
in Iwate
Iwate and
- 413
413 --
Offices and
and the
the Forestry
Forestry and
and Forest
FOrest Products
Products
Forest Offices
Research Institute will help
help ensure
ensure the
the conservation
conservation
the resource.
resource.
of the
No infolmation
information is
is available
available from
from N.
N. && S.
S. Korea
Korea on
on
protective measures for
for the
the conservation
c onservation of
of the
the
genetic resources
resources of
of the
the species.
species.
-- 414 -
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
FAO
1981
Data Book on Endangered Forest Tree
Species
FO: MISC/81/11.
MISe/BI/II.
Species and Provenances FO:
FAD,
Rome, p. 49-50.
49-50.
FAO, Rome,p
Forest Agency
Illustrated important forest
forest trees
trees of
Japan, p.
p. 16.
16.
of Japan
1964
Hayashi,
Yaska
1960
Taxonomical
Taxonomical and phytogeographical study
of
40 (152).
(152) .
of Japanese conifers, 40
Iwata,
Tshiharu
& Kusaka,
&
Masao
1952
Coniferae Japonicae Illustratae 148
Coniferae
148 pp.
pp.
Shirasawa,
Yashumi
1911
leones of the forest
forest trees
trees of
of Japan,
Japan,
Icones
1.
I. Tab.
Tab. 22
Uehara ,
Uehara,
Encyclopedia of
of Trees
Trees with
with Illustrations.
Illustrations.
Encyclopedia
Vol.
Vol. 1,
1, p.
p. 147-151
147-1 51
Keiji
1959
-- 415 --
Schiede && Deppe
Deppe subsp.
subsp. tecunumanii
tecunumanii
Pinus patula Schiede
Perry) Styles
Styles 1/
~I
(Eguiluz && Perry)
SYNONYMS
Pinus tecunumanii Eguiluz && Perry
Perry
Pinus
(1983)
P. tecumunanii Schwerdtf.
Schwerdtf. Nom.
Nom. invalid.
invalid.
P.
(1953)
P. oocarpa var. tecumumanii
tecumumanii (Schwerdtf.)
(Schwerdtf.) Aguilar
Aguilar (1962)
(1962)
P.
P. oocarpa var. ochoterenae
ochoterenae Mart.
Mart. (1948)
(1948)
P.
FAMILY
Pinaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
Tecun Umân
Uman Pine,
Pine, 'Tec
'Tee' pine (Eng.)
(Eng.)
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
Very large,
large, straight-boled,
straight-boled , evergreen
evergreen tree
tree reaching
reaching
35-400 m;
50
usually 35-4
mj bole with a
a
50 rn
m or more in
in height,
height, usually
diameter of 40-80
40 - 80 cm
em or
or more.
more .
Crown light,
light, conical
or
or rounded
rounded,, consisting
consisting of few slender ascending
branches.
Inflorescence
Trees
flowers yellowish,
yellowish, sometimes
sometimes
Trees monoeciolls;
monoecious; male flowers
with a purplish tinge;
tingej quickly
qu i ckly deciduous.
deciduous.
.T .Styles (Oxford
(Oxford Forestry
1/ Based
Based on
on the
the work
work of
of B
B.T.Styles
Institute, University of Oxford,
Institute,
Oxford , Oxford - 0X1
OXl 3RD,
3RD,
Eng
l and) .
England).
- 416
416 --
Foliage
brownish, 1-1.5
1-1.5 cm
em long,
long,
Buds ovoid-cylindrical, brownish,
slightly resinous. Needles light
light green,
green, spreading
spreading or
or
pendulous, usually
but sometimes
usually 44 per
per fascicle,
fasclcle,but
sometimes 33 or
or 5;
5;
from
from 12-25 cm
em long,
long, sheaths slender,
slender, 10-25 mm
rnm long.
long.
Resin canals 2-3(-5),
2-3(-5), usually
usually medial,
medial, rarely
rarely with
with one
one
internal (never
(never septal).
septal).
Fruit
Female cones strongly persistent,
persistent, slightly
slightly asymmetrical
asymmetrical
small,
conoidal with
with aa pOinted
pointed apex
apex and
small, hard,
hard, narrowly
narrowly conoidal
from 4-9
4-9 cm
em long
long and
and 3-6(-8)
3-6(-8) cm
ern broad;
broad:
rounded base; from
light
sessile, or with aa
light brown,
brown, varnished;
varnished; sometimes sessile,
ern long;
long; cone
peduncle up to 3.0 cm
cone scales
scales narrow,
narrow, lS-25mrn
15-25mm
wide,
on ripening,
ripening, apophysis
apophysis raised,
raised,
wide, opening quickly on
slightly ridged.
r in
ridged. Cones
Cones borne
borne singly,
singly, in
in pairs
pairs oor
in
up to
to 8.
8.
clusters up
the crop
crop is
is
In some localities the
very sparse.
sparse.
always very
Seeds
em
Seeds light
light brown,
brown, up to 2.0 cm
long (including
(including wing). They mature between October and
February.
Bark
Distinctive, rough
rough at
at the
the base,
base, but
but smooth
smooth above,
above,
Distinctive,
or orange,
orange, exfoliating
exfoliating in
in thin
thin papery
papery
reddish-brown or
scales or strips.
strips.
WOOD PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTION
This pine has
has the
the best
best form
form of
of any
any Latin
Latin American
American
species.
Its
Its boles
boles are
are among
among the
the straightest and
largest yet
yet encountered.
encountered. This,
This, plus
plus the
the small
small crown,
crown,
results in a
results
a maximum amount of convertible
convertible timber.
ti~ber.
It
is
use in
in the
the form
form of
of general
general
is important for industrial use
-- 417 -
constructional
constructional timber.
timber.
Its
Its mechanical characteristics
yet to
to be
be investigated.
investigated.
have yet
Other Uses
Uses
It is
It
is recognized to be a
a better producer of resin than
than
all of its
its closest
closest relatives.
relatives.
DISTRIBUTION
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
This pine has a
a large
large but very
very scattered
scattered and
and disjunct
disjunct
distribution in
in S.Mexico and
and C.America.
C.America.
A few
few small
small
stands occur in
in Oaxaca and
and Chiapas,
Chiapas, but
but some
some of
of the
the
best trees are seen in
in pure forests
forests in
in Guatemala,
Guatemala,
Honduras and
and Nicaragua.
Nicaragua.
The
in
The species also occurs in
Belize and
and in
in El
El Salvador.
Salvador.
is very great,
great, occurring
occurring at
at 550m
550m
Its altitudinal range is
alt, in the southern part of
alt.
of the
the range
range but can
can be
be found
found
growing at altitudes of up to
to 22 700m
7aOm in
in Guatemala.
Guatemala.
CLIMATE
Areas with
with higher
higher rainfall
rainfall are
are preferred
preferred within
within the
the
range of between 11 500-2
500-2 500
500 mm
rnm p.a.
p.a.
SOILS
patula subsp.
subsp. tecunumanii normally occurs
occurs on
on the
the
pátula
richer and deeper fertile soils
sOils of
of upland
upland valleys
valleys and
and
~.
P.
plateaux.
HABITAT
It
It sometimes grows
grows in association
associat i on with other
other pines
pines
including ~.ayacahuite,
P.ayacahuite, P.00carpa,
~.oocarpa, P.
~. maximinoi,
maximinoi ,
~.pseudostrobus
P.pseudostrobus
and the
the broad-leaved
broad-leaved Liquidambar
Liquidambar
and
styraciflua.
is
styraciflua. Associated understorey vegetation is
dense, reflecting
reflecting the
the richer
richer site
site conditions.
condit i ons.
generally dense,
-- 418 --
SEED
SEED HANDLING
HANDLING
Seed
to that
that for
for other species of
Seed extraction
extraction is similar to
pine. However seed production per cone is
is generally
generally very
very
pine.
low.
per tree
tree is
frequently also
low. The
The number
number of cones
cones per
is frequently
low.
reasons for
low. Both
Both factors
factors are
are reasons
for the
the high
high cost of seed
on the commercial market.
market.
SILVICULTURE
This is
is presumably
presumablysimilar
similartotoother
other
related
pine
species
related
pine
six?.cies
for
for which abundant literature
literature is
is available.
available.
Some diffi-
culties
culties with
with germination have apparently been
encountered in
in Nepal.
Nepal.
STATUS
The
is under threat throughout
throughout its
its
The species
species as
as aa whole is
entire range
range and more so than anY
entire
any other Latin American
Pine.
in
Some populations have already been destroyed in
have been
been severely
severely depleted
depleted and
and
C.America and others have
reduced in
in area.
area.
REASONS FOR
FOR DECLINE
DECLINE
Because this pine grows on
on the
the most fertile
fertile sites,
sites,
forests in
in which
which it occurs are
forests
are being felled and
and cleared
for agriculture
agriculture (slash
for
(slash and burn).
burn). Such areas near
centres of population e.g.
e.g. Siguatepeque
Siguatepeque in
in central
central
Honduras
Honduras have now been totally
totally deforested for
for maize
maize
cultivation.
cultivation. Forests in
in Guatemala have
have also
also suffered
suffered
particularly
fromattacks
attacks
Dendroctonus
(Darkbeetle).
beetle).
particularly from
by by
Dendroctonus
sp. sp.
(Bark
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN
PROTECTIVE
Institute, Oxford,
Oxford, England,
England, and
and
The Oxford Forestry Institute,
CAMCORE, School of Forest
Forest Resources,
Resources, N.Carolina
N.Carolina State
State
CAMCORE,
University, Raleigh, N.C.,
N.C., USA
USA and
and National
National Seed
Seed
University,
-- 419 --
American Countries
Countries have
have made
made seed
seed
Centres of Central American
collections of many of the
the important
i mportant provenances
provenances of the
the
species throughout the
the entire
entire natural
natural range.
range.
These have
now
plantations, conservation
now been
been planted as ex situ plantations,
stands
stands and research trials
trials throughout
throughout the
the tropics.
tropics .
Conservation of indigenous forests
forests of the
the species
species will
prove
prove difficult
difficult,, even impossible,
impossib l e , for the
the reasons
reasons
stated.
- 420
420 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Eguiluz,T.
Eguiluz,T.
1982
Natural variation
varlation and taxonomy of Pinus
tecunumanii from
from Guatemala.
Guatemala.
Unpublished
Ph.D. Thesis,
Thesis, North
North Carolina
Carolina State
State
Ph.D.
University, Raleigh,
Raleigh, USA,
USA, 74
74 p.
p.
University,
Eguiluz,
Eguiluz, T.&
Perry,J.P.
1983
especie nueva
una especie
nueva de
Pinus tecunumanii;
tecunumaniii
Forestal 88 (4):
(4);
Guatemala. Ciencia Forestal
Guatemala.
3-22
3-22..
McCarter,P.S.
1983-4
Pinus patula
patula subsp.
subsp.
Data sheets on Pinus
tecunumanii, C.F.I., Oxford
Oxford (Unpublished)
(Unpublishe~
tecunumanii,
sabre
Schwerdtfeger,F. Informe al Gobierno de Guatemala sobre
la entornologia
forestal de
de Guatemala
Guatemala I.
I.
la
entomologia forestal
1953
Los
Guatemala.
Informe
Los pinos de Guatemala.
FAO/ETAP,FAO,
Rome No.
No. 202
202 58 p.
p.
FAO/ETAP,FAO, Rome
B.T.
Styles, B.T.
1976
Studies
American
Studies of variation of Central American
Pines
Pines I.,
I., The identity of Pinus oocarpa
var.
Mart{nez Silvae
Silvae
var. ochoterenae Martinez
Genetica
Styles, B.T.&
Styles,
Hughes,C.E.
1983
25:109-118.
25109-118.
Studies
C.Arnerican Pines
Studies of variation in C.American
the taxonomy
taxonomy and
and
III.
Notes on the
nomenclature of the pines and related
gymnosperms
gymnosperms in Honduras and adjacent
Latin American Republics.
Republics.
Brenesia
21: 269-291.
21:269-291.
B.T.
Styles, B.T.
1985
The
The identity of Schwerdtfeger's Central
Pine. For. Gen. Res.
Res. Inf.
Inf.
13:
American Pine.For.Gen.
47-51, FAO, Rome.
Rome.
- 421 --
Mayrll
Pinus pentaphylla Mayr1/
is considerable
considerable disagreement
disagreement about
about the
the classificaclassificaThere is
the 5-needled
5-needled pines
pines of
of Japan.
Japan.
In
tion nomenclature of the
are following
following the
the work of
of 0.Jisaburo
O.Jisaburo
this account we are
(1972):
of Japan.
Japan.
Flora of
SYNONYMS
Pinus parviflora
p~rviflora Sieb.
Sieb. && Zucc.var.pentaphylla
Zucc.var.pentaphylla Mayr
May r
(Henry)
(1909)
(northern type).
type).
parviflora Sieb.
Sieb. &&Zucc.
ZUCCo
Pinus parviflora
(1842)
Pinus himekomatsu
himekomatsu Miyabe
Miyabe && Kudo
Kudo
FAMILY
Pinaceae
Pinaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
Goyoomatsu (southern
{southern type),Kita-goyoo
type), Kita-goyoo
Himekomatsu, Goyoomatsu
(rnatsu)
type).
(matsu) (northern type).
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
to 30m
30m in
in height
em in diamter,
diamter, with
Tree up to
height,, 80 cm
pyramidal habit.
habit. Branchlets
Branchlets
slender branches and dense, pyramidal
puberulous when
when young.
young.
Buds ovoid,
ovo id,
greenish brown, puberulous
resinous, outer scales
scales free
free at
at the
the tips.
tips.
scarcely resinous,
FRUIT
avoid to
to oblong-ovoid,(5)
oblong-ovaid,{S) 6-10
6-10 cm
ern long
long and
and 6-7.5
6-7.5
Cones avoid
em
(northern type);
type); nearly
nearlysessile;
sessile;scales
scalesabruptly
abruptly
cm wide (northern
l/Based
n the work of H.Takehara
H.Takehara and G.Asakawa.
G.Asakawa.
1/Based oon
- Forestry and Forest
Forest Products
Products Research
Research Institute,
Institute,
Tsukuba Morin Kenku,
Kenku, Ibaraki,
Ibaraki, Japan.
Japan.
- 422
422 --
convex
irregu l ar l y warped,
the umbo
umbo
convex near
near the
the apex or irregularly
warped, the
confluent with thin
thin margin.
margin.
Seed about 1-1.2 cm
ern long,
long,
longer than
than seed
seed itself.
itself.
with the wing longer
The original
type found
found at
Shikohu, is distinguished by
by
type
at Kyushu and Shikohu,
aa short wing (wing
(wing shorter
shorter than
than seed).
seed). Seeds/kg varies
between
type
andand
9000
between 88 000
000for
forsouthern
southern
type
9CXX:>for
fornorthern
northern type.
type.
Foliage
Needles in
ly
Needles
in fours
fours or
or fives,
fives, slender,
slender, 4-8cm
4-8cm long;
long; fine
finely
serrulate;
serrulate; bluish
bluish green,
green, conspicuously
conspicuously whitened
whitened on
on the
the
ventral surface,
surface, with 22 external
external resin
resin canals.
canals.
Bark
Bark of
into
Bark
of young
young trees
trees smooth,
smooth, of
of older
older trees
trees fissured into
thin
scales, red-brown
red- brown underneath.
underneath.
thin flaky scales,
PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
WOOD PROPERTIES
good construction
construct i on timber
timber and
and is
is
The species produces good
However, its use in
also used for long
long fibre
fibre pulp.
pulp.
However,
plantations is
is negligible,
because of
plantations
negligible, because
of the
the existence
existence of
alternative species.
species.
better alternative
Other Uses
Uses
It is
used widely
widely as an ornamental and in
It
is used
in "Bonsai"
"Bonsai"
cultivations, for
cultivations,
for which many varieties with special
special
been developed.
developed. The
The species
species has
has
characteristics have been
potential in hybridization work
work within
within the
the white
white pine
pine
group.
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTION
the northern
northern
The species including the
the
ty p e
type
occurs
occurs from
Oshima
districts of
of Hokkaido through
through
Oshima and Hidaka districts
the
Honshu, Shikoku,
Shikoku, and
and Kyushu,
Kyushu,
the mountainous
mountainous areas of Honshu,
-- 423 -
Japan.
Outside Japan,
Japan, the
the species is found on the
the
island of Querpaert (Ullung-do),
(Ullung-do), Korea.
Korea.
CLIMATE
Cool
temperate zone.
zone.
Cool temperate
little
The species occurs at a little
lower elevation than Pinus koraiensis,
koraiensis, meaning that
that the
the
lower
climate
it occurs would be a
a little
little
climate of
of the area where it
milder.
SOILS
Podzolized
Podzolized soil and sometimes drier types of brown
forest
150 forest soil.
soil. The tree is found at altitudes of 150
(southern type)
type) and
and 60
60 -- 22 500
500 mma.s.l.
a.s.l.
22 000
000 m
m a.s.l.
a.s.l. (southern
(northern type),
variable due
due to
to latitude.
latitude.
(northern
type), although variable
HABITAT
It generally
generally grows
grows in small groups in
It
in mixed stands
stands on
hilltops and rocky
rocky outcrops
outcrops in
in the
the deciduous
deciduous broadbroadleaved zone
zone (Fagus
leaved
(Fagus zone)
zone) and the sub-alpine conifer
conifer
zone
(Abies picea).
picea).
In
it is
is associated
associated
zone (Abies
In the
the former it
with Sciadopitys verticillata,
verticillata, Thuja
Thuja standishii,
standishii,
Thujopsis dolabrata and
and Chamaecyparis
Chamaecyparis obtusa
obtusa or
or
Quercus crispuls,
crispuls, Tilia
Tilia japonica,
japonica,
alternatively with Quercus
Betula grossa,
grossa, etc.
etc. In
In the
the latter
latter zone,
zone, it
it grows
grows in
in
mixture with Abies veitchii,
veitchii , Tsuga
Tsuga diversifolia
diversifolia and
and
jezoensis var.
var. hondoensis.
hondoensis.
Picea jezoensis
SEED HANDLING
000 88 000
- 9 000 seeds/kg.
seeds/kg. For
a warm
warm
For germination,
germination, a
stratification
stratification followed
followed by
by aa cold one is needed for
the
the northern type and cold stratification
stratification alone
alone is
is
needed for the
the southern
southern type.
type.
-- 424 --
SILVICULTURE
The species is
is propagated without difficulty
difficulty by seed
seed
in nurseries in
in the
the same
same way as
as other
other pine
pine
and grown in
Vegetative propagation is
is often used for the
the
species.
varieties developed
developed for
for amenity
amenity and
and ornamental
ornamental purposes.
purposes.
Grafting has been successful using
using 2-4
2-4 year-old
year-old
rootstocks of Pinus
Pinus thunbergii.
thunbergii.
STATUS
Not
in danger of depletion
depletion in
in parts of
of
Not endangered,
endangered, but in
its geographic range,
range, especially in
in its
its northern and
and
its
south-western parts.
south-western
parts.
REASONS FOR DECLINE
Logging operations and cutting of the
Logging
the natural forest.
forest.
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN AND RECOMMENDED
RECOMMENDED
the populations
populations growing
growing in
in Japan
Japan are
are
The majority of the
represented in national parks and thus
thus protected
protected from
from
logging operations.
germpSystematic collections of germp1a5m
in the
the northern
northern and
and southlasm should be undertaken in
limits of the
the species'
species I distribution
distribution for
for
western limits
conservation, utilization and
conservation,
breeding purposes.
- 425
425 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
FAO
1981
on Endangered
Endangered Forest
Forest Tree
Tree
Data Book on
Species
FO:MISC/8 1 /11.
Species and Provenances F0:MISC/81/11.
p. 51-52.
51 -52.
p.
Forest Agency
of Japan
1964
Illustrated important forest trees of
Japan, 34,
34, PI.
PI. 17.
17.
Japan,
Hayashi
Hayashi,,
Yasaka
1960
1960
Taxonomical and
and phytogeographical study
study
of Japanese conifers,
conifers, 40,p.
40,p. 154.
154.
Iwata,
Toshiharu &&
Masao Kusaka
1952
Coniferae Japonicae
Japonicae Illustratae
Illustratae
p.
p. 152-156.
152-156.
Kingo &&
Miyabe, Kingo
Yushun Kudo
1920-23
Icones
leones of the
the essential
essential forest
forest trees
trees of
of
Hokkaido, I.,
I. , tab.
tab. 8.
8.
Rehger
Rehger,, Alfred
1940
Cultivated trees
trees and
and shrubs
shrubs hardy
hardy in
in
Cultivated
(2nd ed.).
ed.).
North America (2nd
Shirasawa,
Yasumi
11912
912
leones of the
the forest
forest trees
trees of
of Japan,
Japan , II.
II .
Icones
Tab.
2.
Tab. 2.
Uehara,
Uehara, Keiji
1959
Illustrations
Encyclopedia of Trees with Illustrations
Vol . I,
I, p.
p . 140-147.
140- 147.
Vol.
- 426
426 --
Pinus pseudostrobus
pseudostrobus Lind1.1/
Lindl.!/
SYNONYMS
SYNONYMS
Pinus orizabae
orizabae Gord.
Gord. (1846)
(1846)
~.protuberans
Roezl (1847)
(1847)
P.protuberans Roezl
~.pseudostrobus
P.pseudostrobus
f. protuberans(Roez1)
protuberans(Roezl) Mart.
Mart.
f.
~.pseudostrobus
f. megacarpa
megacarpa Loock
Loack (1977)
(1977)
P.pseudostrobus f.
(1948)
FAMILY
Pinaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
Pinabete (Honduras);
(Honduras)i pino blanco (Guatemala,
(Guatemala, Mexico);
Mexico);
Pino ortiguillo (Mexico);
(Mexico); False Weymouth Pine
Pine
(England)
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
Medium size to large,
large, evergreen tree up
up to
to 45
45 m
m tall,
tall,
bole with
SOem, normally less.
less.
with aa dimater of up to 80cm,
Crown of several thick,
thick, whorled
whor l ed branches.
branches. Branches
horizontal or ascending.
ascending.
Inflorescence
Trees
flowers yellowish,
yellowish, 1-2.5cm
1 - 2.sam long;
long;
Trees rnonoeciousi
monoecious; male flowers
deciduous.
Foliage
Buds ovoid
apex; brownish-yellow,
brown i sh-yellow, 1-2.0
1- 2.0
ovoid,, with
with an acute apex;
Needles
dark
green,
sometimes
em
resinous.
Needles
sometimes
cm long,
long, resinous.
glaucous,, pendulous or spreading,
glaucous
spreading, stiff;
stiff; usually
usually 55 per
per
fascicle, very
very rarely
rarely 44 or
or 6;
6; from
from 118.0-33.0
fascicle,
8.0-33.0 cm
em long
1/
II
Based on
on the
the work
work of
of B.T.Styles,
B.T.Styles, (Oxford
Forestry
Based
(Oxford Forestry
Institute, University
University of
of Oxford -- OXl
0X1 3RD
Institute,
3RD England).
England) .
- 427 --
and up to
to 1.25
1.25 mm
rom wide.
wide.
long.
15-25 mm long.
persistent, scaly,
scaly ,
Sheaths persistent,
Resin canals 2-4
2 - 4 (rarely
(rarely 5
5 or 6),usually
6) ,usually
medial, very rarely
rarely external,internal
external,internal or
, or septal.
septal.
medial,
Hypodermal intrusions
intrusions into
into chlorenchyma
chlorenchyma absent.
absent.
Fruit
Female cones persistent,
persistent, ovoid to
to cylindrical,
cylindrical, 7-14
7-14 cm
em
long , 5-11
5 - 11 cm
em wide,
wide, robust
robust and
and very
very woody;
woody; dark
dark brown;
brown;
long,
sessile or with a peduncle up to
to 1.0
1.0 cm
ern long;
long; aa few
few
scales remain
remain attached
attached to
to it
it when
when the
the cone
cone
basal scales
eventually falls;
fallsi cone-scales broad, 1.0
1.0 - 2.2
2.2 cm
em
widei apoplyses
apoplyses flattened,
flattened, sometimes
sometimes raised
raised and
and ridged.
ridged.
wide;
lS-20rnrn high.
high . Cones are mature from
from November
November to
to
15-20mm
February.
Bark
Thick,
grey, platey;
plateYi reddish-orange
reddish-orange in
in the
the cracks.
cracks .
Thick, dark grey,
Bark of branchlets, distinctly
distinctly pruinose.
pruinose.
WOOD PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
The timber is
is white and of good
good quality.
quality.
It is
It
is used in
in
industrial work
work for
general construction and joinery.
industrial
for general
joinery.
Other Uses
Uses
The
is very rarely tapped
tapped for
for resin.
resin.
The tree is
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTION
This
a scattered distribution
distribution in
in Mexico
Mexico
This pine has a
(particularly
states), on
on the
the Central
Central
(particularly in
in the
the western states),
further south
south in
in Oaxaca
Oaxaca and
and Chiapas.
Chiapas.
plateau and further
It is
is
'fairly
common in
in Guatemala,
Guatemala, but
but is rare in El Salvador
fairly common
Salvador
and
and Honduras.
Honduras. It does not occur further
further south.
south .
-- 428 -
CLIMATE
Growth is
is best where rainfall
rainfall is
is between 11 000-1 600
600 mm
rom
per year.
yean
SOILS
SOILS
poor, shallow
shallow soils
soils on
on drier
drier sites,
sites,
Frequently on poor,
especially exposed
exposed ridges.
ridges.
HABITAT
It grows most commonly
commonly and
and best at
at altitudes
altitudes between
between
22 CCX)
- 2500
In
In Central
Central America it sometimes
0002500 mm a.s.l.
a.s.l.
occurs in
in a mixture with P.
P. maximinoi and
and in
in Mexico
Mexico
~.montezurnae, P.
P. douglasiana
douglasiana and
and P.00carpa.
~.oocarpa.
with P.montezumae,
SEED HANDLING
per related
related species
species e.g.
e.g. P.00carpa.
~.oocarpa.
As per
Seed production
is
is plentiful and there
there is
is normally
normally a
a good
good yield
yield from
from
cone.
each cone.
Seed extraction follows
follows methods used for
for
other pines.
pines.
SILVICULTURE
Straight forward;
forward; as
as for
for other
other pines.
pines.
STATUS
This pine does not
not normally
normally have
have aa good
good form
form since
since the
the
tends to
to have aa large
large crown
crown of
of many
many whorled,
whorled,
tree often tends
branches; heavy branching occurs
occurs low
low down
down the
the
coarse branches;
bole,
bole, even when grown
grown at
at close
close spacing
spacing in
in plantations.
plantations.
However, some
some provenances particularly
particularly from
from Oaxaca
Oaxaca in
in
However,
south
south Mexico and Guatemala have trees with lighter
lighter
crowns and
and longer,
longer, straighter
straighter boles
boles of
of superb
superb shape.
shape .
These are being felled
felled on
on aa large
large scale,
scale, during
during
exploitation of
of the
the indigenous
indigenous forest.
forest. A
A
commercial exploitation
-- 429 -
~. pseudostrobus var.
var. oaxacana (as
(as
variety of P.
~.
is listed as a
a taxon vulnerable to extincexti ncP. oaxacana)
oaxacana) is
tion
the International Dendrology Society
tion by
by the
Committee (Kew).
(Kew).
wide-spread
It is fairly wide-spread
Conservation Committee
in south Mexico,
Mexico, Guatemala
Guatemala and
and El
E1 Salvador.
Sa lvador. cnly
Only
in
some
con5idered as
some provenances
provenances of
of better form are considered
endangered.
DECLINE
REASONS FOR DECLINE
Selective logging
logging of
of best
best phenotypes
phenotypes as
as indicated
indicated above,
above,
particularly
in Guatemala where population
population pressure
pressure is
is
particularly in
greatest.
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN
Seed collections of selected provenances
provenances have been
been made
Oxford
by the Oxfo
rd Forestry Institute,
Institute, Oxford,
Oxford, England
England and
and
Investigacio nes Forestales,
Forestales,
the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones
These will enable provenenace
(INIF),
These
provenenace trials,
trials,
(INIF), Mexico.
conservation stands and ex
~ situ
situ plantations
plantations to
to be
be set
set
up in tropical countries where conditions
conditions are
are suitable
suitable
for the
the growth
growth of this species.
for
species.
-- 430 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
FAO
1960
of Latin
Latin American
American
Seminar Study Tour of
Conifers, Mexico.
Mexico.
Loock,E.E.M.
1977
The Pines of Mexico and
and British
British
Ed. 2.
2 . Bull.
Bull. 35.
35 .
South
Honduras. Ed.
South Africa
Dept.
Forestry.
Dept. of Forestry.
~
Martinez, M.
M.
1948
1948
Pinos Mexicanos.
Mexicanos .
Los Pinos
Mexico
Mirov,N.T.
Mirov,N
. T.
1967
The genus Pinus.
Pinus.
New York.
York.
Stead, J.W.
J.W.
1983a
A study of variation
variat i on and taxonomy of
the Pinus
Pinus pseudostrobus complex.
the
complex.
Press Co.
Co.
Ronald Press
Comm.
For. Rev.
Rev. 62:
62: 25-35.
25-35.
Comm. For.
Stead,J
Stead,J.W.
.W.
1983b
Studies in
in Central American
American Pines
Pines V:
V:
Stead,
Stead, J.W.&
Styles, B.T.
B.T.
1984
in Central American
American Pines:
Pines:
Studies in
aa revision of the 'Pseudostrobus'
'Pseudostrobus' group
g r oup
(Pinaceae). Bot.
Bot. Journ. Linn.
Linn. Soc.
Soc. 88:
88:
249-275.
249 - 275.
in the
the
a numerical study of variation in
group.
Silvae Genetica
Ge n etica
Pseudostrobus group.
32 (3-4):
32
101-115.
- 931
431 --
Pinus radiata
radiata D.Doni/
0.Don11
SYNONYMS
in5i9ni5 Dougl.
Dougl. (1838)
(1838)
Pinus insignis
FAMILY
Pinaceae
NAMES
VERNACULAR NAMES
1n51gn15 pine,
pine, monterey pine,
pine, radiata
radiata pine
pine
Insignis
DESCRIPTION
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
A medium-sized
medium-sized tree
tree up
up to
to 60
60 mrn in
in height,
height, usually
usually
A
between 30
30 and
and 50
50 m.
m.
It
branched, with
It is
is regularly branched,
long, actively-growing side
side branches and
and tip,
tip, producing
producing
long,
aa narrow crown.
crown. Old or mature trees
trees usually
usually develop an
an
open or irregular crown with a
a few
few large
large branches,with
branches,wlth
the lower
lower trunk
the
trunk and
and lower
lower part of each branch quite
bare of living
living foliage
foliage or
or side
side branches.
branches.
Foliage
dense
near
the ends of the
the living
living branches.
branches.
near the
Inflorescence
Male
in spikes;
spikesi female
female dark
dark purple.
purple.
Male yellow in
Fruit
Cone
21 cm
em long,
long, 3.5
3.5 to
to 10
10 cm
em wide;
wide; apophyses
apophyses
Cone 5 to 21
rounded and
and protuberant;
protuberant; prickle
prickle on
on umbo
umbo
generally rounded
0.5
l o ng, becomina
becoming partly
partly or
or completely
completely
0.5 to 1.5 mm long,
Cones contain up to
weathered away
away as the
the cone
cone ages.
ages.
l/Sased on the
the work
work of
o f W.B.Libby
W.B .Libby (School
(School of
of Forestry
Forestry
1/Based
Conservation, University of
and Conservation,
of California,
California , Berkeley,
Berkeley,
California, 54720 USA).
-- 432 --
seeds, 4.5
4.5 to
to 10.5
10.5 mm
mm long
long and
and 2.5
2.5 to
to 66 mm
rom wide.
wide.
200 seeds,
The cones remain on the tree
tree for several years after
maturity.
Foliage
in clusters of 33 in
in the native
Needles generally in
American stands;
stands; mostly in
in clusters of 2 in
in the island
island
populations; 77 to
to 12
12 cm
em long,
long, 11 to
to 2 mm wide; dark
dark
bluish to
to yellowish-green
yellowish-green in
in colour.
colour.
Bark
The bark
The
bark of
of young trees or actively growing branches
is dull
grey, but mature trunks become reddish or very
is
dull grey,
dark
narrow ridges
ridges and
and furrows.
furrows.
dark brown-black with narrow
WOOD PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES AND
AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
Fast-growing trees
trees produce wood of excellent commercial
quality.
Wood variously used
used for
for pulp,
pulp, plywood,
plywood,
building and packaging
packaging materials.
materials.
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
Five
the species
species are known -:
-:
Five natural
natural populations of the
3 on the coast in
in California
California in
in the
the USA.
USA.
22 island
populations
(Mexico).
populations off the coast of Baja California (Mexico).
CLIMATE
In its natural range the climate is
is temperate
temperate to
to mild
In
with aa rainfall
rainfall of
of 330-457
330-457 mm,
mm, concentrated
concentrated in
in winter
winter
and early spring.
spring.
The summer
summer fogs,
fogs, however,
however, play
play an
an
important part in
in preventing
preventing any
any excessive
excessive drought.
drought.
Mean annual
annual temperature of about 13°C
13oC,, absolute
minimum
-loCo
minimum -1°C.
-- 433 -
SOILS
In its
its natural
natural range
range the
the tree
tree thrives
thrives on
on almost
almost pure
pure
In
sand, sandy
sandy loam,
loam, gravelly
gravelly and
and sandy
sandy clays;
clays; elsewhere
elsewhere
sand,
it grows
a great variety of soils - practically
it
grows in a
any deep soil.
soil.
Friable soils
soils are
are the
the best,
best, as
as long as
as
there is sufficient moisture.
moisture.
there
HABITAT
in areas
areas of
of fog
fog where
where other
other factors
factors are
are not
not
Occurring in
Associates include
include live
live oak,
oak, mazanita,
mazanita,
limiting.
Ceanothus
Cupressus , and
and in
in the
the northern
northernpopulation,
populatio~
and Cupressus,
Douglas fir
fir and redwood.
redwood.
SEED HANDLING
Around 30
30 000
000 seeds/kg;
seeds/kg; no
no special
special pre-treatment
pre-treatment
recommended;
recommended; germination high (more
(more than
than 60%),
60%), normally
normally
good seed crops every
every year.
year.
SILVICULTURE
l"TopaYnted from
seed or via rooted
rooted cuttings.
cuttings.
Easily propagated
from seed
Hedged trees maintain juvenile
juvenile characters
characters and
and produce
produce
vigorous cuttings.
The
The tree has
has been successfully
as a
a timber species
species in
in many MediterraneanMediterraneanplanted as
Especially
successful
climate countries.
countries.
successful in
in Chile,
Chile,
New Zealand
Zealand and
and Australia.
Australia.
STATUS
Island population -:
-: endangered.
endangered. Monterey
Monterey and
and
Guadalupe Island
Cambria population -:
Cambria
-: genetic integrity
integrity endangered.
endangered.
Cedros
Island and Ano
Nuevo
Cedros Island
A5o Nuevo
presently endangered.
populations are
are not
not
--:
; populations
- 434
434 --
REASONS FOR DECLINE
Island: grazing of
o f seedlings by goats
Guadalupe Island:
introduced by sailors in
in mid 1800s.
All regeneration
1800s.
precluded; population
population is
is becoming
has effectively been precluded;
extinct.
and Cambria
Cambria populations:
populations:
Monterey and
highly
Ornamental
Ornamental planting of f.radiata
P.radiata derived
urbanized.
from
is contaminating the
the native
from the
the other
other populations
populations is
native
pools.
gene pools.
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN AND RECOMMENDED
Cuttings from
from nine trees
trees from
from each of 10
10 stands
stands in
in each
each
the 33 mainland
mainland populations
populations were
were rooted
rooted in
in 1962.
1962.
of the
Seeds were collected from
from 98
98 and
and 77
77 trees
trees in
in Cedros and
and
Seeds
Collections
were
repeated
Islands in
in 1964.
1964.
repeated
Guadalupe Islands
CSIRO, Australia in
in 1979.
1979.
by CSIRO,
Replicate plantations
in a
a number
number of countries,
countries, using
using
have been established in
seed from these collections.
collections.
A programme
prograMme complementing
the
collections was
was started
started in
in the
the 1964 seed collections
the winter of
1973,
1973, when
when pollen
pollen was
was collected from several hundred
trees.
The pollen was used partly for
for controlled
controlled
pollinations and partly
partly placed
placed in
in long-term
long-term storage.
storage.
These activities will ensure
ensure that
that samples
samples of
of the
the
unselected, native
native gene pools are maintained for
unselected,
for
future use.
use.
the possible
possible exception
exception of
of the
the Cedros
Cedros
With the
Island
pools cannot be maintained via
Island,, the
the native
native gene pools
protection of in
in situ
situ populations.
populations.
Ex situ
conservation as
as seed,
conservation
seed, pollen and ex situ conservation
stands
to maintain
seems the
the most
stands to
maintain these gene pools seems
l ogical alternative and
and is
is recommended.
recommended.
logical
- 435 -
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Eldridge,K.G.
1979
1979
FAO
FAD
1981
Seed
llections of
Pinus radiata
radiata
Seed Co
Collections
of Pinus
P.muricata in
P.rnuricata
in California.
California.
Forest
Genetic Resources Information
Information No.
No .
Forestry
Paper 1979/1,
1979/1,
Forestry Occasional Paper
FAD,
Rome.
FAO, Rome.
and
and
9J
9/
p. 44
p.
Endangered Forest
Forest Tree
Data Book on Endangered
and Provenances
Provenances FO:MISC/81/11,
FO :MISC /81/11,
Species and
FAO, . Rome,p.
FAD,
Rome, p. 53-54.
53 -54 .
Scott,c.W.
Scott,C.W.
1960
Pinus radiata.
Pinus
radiata. Food and Agriculture
Agriculture
Organization
Organizat i on of
of the
the United
United Nations,
Nations,
Rome.
-- 436 --
peregrina (L.)
(L.) Benth.
Benth.
Piptadenia peregrina
SYNONYMS
Acacia angustifolia
angustifolia DC.
DC.
(1825)
(1825)
(1806)
Acacia
(1806)
Acacia microphylla
microphylla Willd.
Wind.
Acacia niopa
niopa H.B.K.
H.B.K.
(1820)
(1820)
(1806)
Acacia 'peregrina
Willd.
peregrina Willd.
(1810)
niopa Poir.
Poir.
Mimosa niopa
(1810)
Mimosa parvifolia
parvifolia Poir.
Poir. (1810)
Mimosa peregrina
peregrina L.
L. (1753)
(1753)
FAMILY
Leguminosae Subfam.
Subfam. Mimosoideae
VERNACULAR NAMES
NAMES
AngieD
Branco , Angico,
Angieo , Angico
AngieD de Curtume,
Curturne, Angico
Angieo do
do
Angico Branco,
Cerrado,
AngieD Niopo,
Niopo, Caubi,
Caubi, Curuparba,
Curupa[ba, Curupari,
Cerrado, Angico
Niopo, Paricl
Niopo,
Parica da
da Terra
Terra Firme,
Firme, Angico
AngieD Vermelho.
Vermelho.
BOTANICAL DESCRIPITION
DESCRIPITION
General
A tree which reach up to
to 20
20 m
m in
in height
height and
and aa diameter
diameter
above 0.50
0.50 m.
m.
Inflorescence
Inflorescence aa globose
globose capitulum consisting of many
Inflorescence
terminal panicules
panicules of
of white flowers.
terminal
flowers. Flowers appear
~rpear
in the
the period from October
in
October to
to December.
December.
Fruit
A dehiscent dry,long,
dry, long, legume,
legume, up
up to
to 16
16 cm
em in
in length.
length.
Fructification occurs from
from August
August to
to September.
September.
Seeds:
long, dark
dark brown,
brown, shiny.
shiny .
Seeds: Circular,
Circular, long,
l!
1/
Based on
the work of M.Tomazello Fo
FO, R.Chiaranda and
and
on the
Forestry Department,
M.L.Marques.
Forestry
Department, ESALQ/USP ,
PO Box 9,
9, Piracicaba,
Piracicaba, SP,
SP, Brazil.
Brazil.
-- 437 -
Foliage
bipinnate, about
about 20
20 cm
em in
in length.
length.
Leaves alternate, bipinnate,
wide base
base and
and sessile
sessile glands;
glands; pinnae,
pinnae ,
Petiole with aa wide
1030 jugate;
jugate; opposite
oppos i te or
or sub-opposite,
sub - opposite, linear,
linear , glands
glands
10-30
the five
five pairs
pairs of
of pinnas.
pinnas.
between the
Branches: rough
rough and
and lenticellate.
lenticellate .
Branches:
Bark
Trunk bark rough,
rough, thorny
thorny when
when young;
young; with
with age
age the
the thorns
thorns
to the
the base
base of
of the
the trunk.
trunk.
are restricted to
\,000 PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
WOOD
Moderately heavy,heartwood light
light pink,
pink, uniform,
uniform, darkedarke-
ning on the
the surface;
surface ; shiny
shiny finish,
finish, smooth;
smooth; aa medium
medium to
to
rough
indistinct aroma,
aroma , taste
rough texture;
texture; straight
straight grain:
grain; indistinct
It is
is
It
is considered highly
is slightly adstringent.
durable
conditions. Fibers have reduced
reduced
durable under
under natural conditions.
lumen
clogged by
by resin
resin oil
oil and
and tyloses,
tyloses,
lumen and
and pores are clogged
with
of preservative solution in
in
with low
low permeability of
experimental
under pressure.
pressure.
experimental treatments under
Recommended
the construction of outside structures,
structures,
Recommended for
for the
stakes,
poles,fence
stakes
, poles,
fence posts,
posts, sleepers,
sleepers, etc.,
etc., as well as
for
for civil
civil construct
construction,
i on, as rafters,
rafters, door-posts,
door-posts, tiles
tiles
and
floor boards,
fuel wood and
and charcoal.
charcoal.
and floor
boards, etc.,
etc., and for fuel
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
This
is scattered throughout
throughout all of Southern
Southern
This species
species is
Brazil
, in
in the
the states of Minas
Mi nas Gerais ("Zona
("Zona da
da mata"),
mata"),
Brazil,
Sao
Rio Grande
Grande do
do
Sao Paulo,
Paulo, Parana,
Paraná, Santa Catariana and Rio
SuI
Sul..
It
in the
the Amazon
a n d on
It is
is also
also found
found in
Amazon region and
the
the State
State of Rio
Rio Grande
Grande do
do Norte
Norte
the coastal
coastal strip from the
to the
the State of Espirito
Espf rito Santo.
Santo.
- 438 -
SOILS AND CLIMATE
indicated by
by its
its wide
wide geographical distribution,
distribution, it
it
As indicated
is found in
in several
several soil
soil and
and climate
clir:late types;
t,,?es; however,
however,
is
detailed informationin
information inthis
thisrespect
respectdoes
does not
not exist.
exist.
more detailed
HABITAT
in several
several types
types of
of forest
forest formations,
formations,
Occurs in
coastal woodlands
woodlands to
to the
the Amazon.
Amazon.
riparian conditions.
from
from the
Prefers
Prefers swampy and
SILVICULTURE
In
the Parque
Estadual do
showed an average
In the
Parque Estadual
do Rio Doce it showed
at two
two years
years of
of age.
age.
height of 88 mm at
good
Although aa good
in pure
pure stands
stands is
is reported,
reported, reliable
reliable data
data
development in
is not yet available from
from the
the few
few existing
existing experiments.
experiments.
STATUS AND REASONS FOR DECLINE
There are no precise
precise
species.
data as to
to the
the status of this
this
data
However,
However, the
the forests
forests of the
the Northern
Northern region
region
where it
it is
is found
found are being devastated for
for the
the
expansion of agriculture and cattle rearing.
rearing.
This
This
species is very rare
rare in
in the
the South,
South, and
and is
is being
being reduced
reduced
further,
further, due
due to
to its
its economic
economic value.
value.
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN
The species occurs in the
the Reserva
Reserva Biológica
Biologica da
da Mata
Mata do
do
Acaua,
the Parque
Parque Florestal
Florestal de Jaiba
Jaiba and
and in
in the
the
Acauá, in the
Parque
Florestal do
do Rio
Rio da
da On9a.
On9a.
Planting of
of seven
sevenbase
basepopulations
populations
frCJTI
trees, through
through
Planting
from
75 75trees,
aa contract
contract with
with the
the Conselho
ConselhoNacional
NacionaldedeDesenvolvirremto
Desenvolvllrento
Cientifico e
e Tecnológico
Tecnologico (CNPq)
(CNPq) and
and the
the Programa
Programa NacioNacional
(PNPF) in
in collaboration
collaboration with
with
nal de
de Pesquisa Florestal (PNPF)
SociedadededeInvestiga966s
Investigacroes
Florestais
(SIF~is reported.
repJrted.
the Sociedade
Florestais
(SIF),is
-- 439 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Associa930 Paulista
Paulista
Associa0o
de Normas Técnicas
Tecnicas
Seminario
madeiras. Rio
Rio de
de
Seminário de madeiras.
Janeiro.
Janeiro. 258
258 p.
p.
1964
As Made
iras
Madeiras
Brasileiras
1971
Suas
Suas caracteristicas
caracteristicas ee aplica9~es
aplicapes
industriais.
So Paulo,
industriais. Sao
Paulo, Editora
Editora
Teeo. 93
93 p.
p.
Industrial Teco.
Boutelje,J.B.
Boutelje,J.B.
1980
Encyclopedia of world timbers
Encyr.lopedia
tirnber~ names
technical literature.
literature.
names and technical
StockholI'l,
S·.... edish Forest
Stockholm, Swedish
Products Research Laboratory.398p.
Laboratory. 398p.
Correa, M.P.
M.P.
1926
Dicion§rio
das plantas
pla~tas ilteis
uteis do
do
DicionSrio das
Brasilia, IBDF,
180F, 5v.
Sv. 678
678 P.
p.
Brasil. Brasilia,
Fraga,M.V.G.
Ensaio de indice
[ndice da flora
flora dendrodendrologica do Brasil.
Brasil. Arquivos do
do
lógica
1946
Ser"i90
Servi5o FlorestaJ,
Floresta], Sao
So Paulo,
Paulo,
2
2
(2): 69-156.
(2):
Galvao,A.P.M.
1982
Contribuiyao da
Contribui9-SC
da EMBRAPA/IBDF-PNPF
EMBRAPA/IBDF-PNPF
para aa pésquisa
pesguisa com
com especies natinatiflorestas naturais
naturais no
no Brasil.
Brasil.
vas ee florestas
Sil"icultllra
Silvicultura em
emSao
So Paulo,
Paulo, Sao
So
Paulo,
(parte 1):
1): 150-159.
150-159.
Paulo, 16A (parte
Golfari,L.
1972
Comunidades vegetais
vegetais do
do Brasil.
Brasil.
In.; II
II Curso
r.urSQ de Zoneamento
Zoneamento
In.;
Florestal.
Hoeizonte. 16
16 p.
p.
Florestal. Belo Hoeizonte.
Hueck,K.
1972
F]nrp.sta~ da
da América
America do
dn Sul.
SuI.
As Florestas
Sao
Paulo,Poligono/Ed. UniversiUniversiSo Paulo,Poligono/Ed.
de Brasilia.
Brasilia.
466 n.
p.
dade de
Lopes,A.C.
1983
1983
Estudo comparativo entre esséncias
essgncias
nativas e
nativas
e exóticas.
exoticas. Silvicultura,
Silvic ultura,
So Paulo,
Sao
Paulo, 8/281:
8/281: 87-89.
87-89.
Maiyner,A.E.et alii
alii
1976
1976
Contribui9Zo
Contribui~ao ao
ao estudo
estudo das
das ~
essencias florestais
florestais e frutiferas
frutiferas
essências
no Estado
Estado do
do Rio
Rio Grande do
do
nativas no
SUl. Trigo ee Soja,
Soja, Porto
Porto Alegre,
Alegre ,
Sul.
(18):
(18) : 3-20,
3- 20, novembro/dezembro.
- 44n
440 --
Mainieri,e.
Mainieri,C.
1958
Identifica9ao das principais
princ1pais madeiras
rnadeiras de
de
Identificagáo
comercio no
no Brasil.
Brasil. Boletim
Bolet1m 1PT , Sao
(46): 1-189.
Paulo, (46):
Mainieri
IC , &
Mainieri,C.&
Pereira,J.A
1965
Madeiras do
do Brasi
Brasil:
caracterizaáo microMadeiras
l : caracterizayao
~icro­
scopica,
uses comuns ee ndices
ndices qualitativos
qualitativos
scopica, usos
f{sicos e
e mecanicos.
físicos
mec2nicos. Anuario
Anuário Brasileiro
de
Eccnomia Florestal,
Plorestal, Rio
Rio de
de Janeiro,
Janeirv,
de Economia
17 (17):
117): 1-282.
1 - 282.
17
Manieri
, C.
Manieri,C.
1978
Picha de características
caracterlsticas das
das madeiras
madeiras
Ficha
brasileiras.
Sao Paulo,
v.n .
8-go
Paulo, IPT.
IPT. v.U.
Pesquisas Tecnol6gicas.197p.
Tecnol6gicas.197p.
Instituto de Pesquisas
Mainieri
,e. ;
Mainieri,C.;
Chimelo,J.P.&
Afonso,V.S.
1983.
1983.
identifica~ao das principais
Manual de identificagáó
comerciais brasileiras.
brasileiras. Sao
SaoPaulo,
Paulo,
madeiras comerciais
Secretaria
1ndustria,Comercio , Ciencia
Secretaria da
da Industria,Comercio,
e
e Tecnologia.
241 p.
p.
Ramalho,R.S.
1973
Dendrolo9ia: notas
notas de
de aula.
aula. Vigosa.
Vi9osa. UFV.
UFV.
Dendrologia:
95 p.
p.
Record,S
. J.&
Record,S.J.&
Hess,R.W.
1949
1949
of new
new world.
world. 44 ed.
Haven,Yale
Timbers of
ed. New Haven,Yale
Un1v~rsity
Press. 640
640 p.
p.
University Press.
Rezende,G.C
.&
Rezende,G.C.&
Fonseca ,A.
Fonseca,A.
1982
eonsidera~oes
Considerages
sobre essncias
essencias nativas
nativas em
em
sobre
reflorestamento. Silvicultura
Silvicultura
projetos de reflorestamento.
Paulo, 16A
16A (parte
(parte 2):
2):
em Sao
Sab Paulo,
Paulo, Sao
So Paulo,
1512
- 1518.
1512-1518.
Rizzini,C.T&
Mors,N.B.
Mors,W.B.
Botanica Econornica
Paulo,
Botanica
Economica Brasileira.
Brasileira. Sao
So Paulo,
EPU/ed . Universicade de
de Sao
Sao Paulo.207
Faulo.207 p.
p.
EPU/ed.Universidade
1976
Rizzini,C.T.
1971
Arvores
uteis do
do Brasil:
Brasil: manual
manum
Krvores e madeiras ûteis
de
de dendrologia brasileira.
brasileira. Editora
Editora Edgard
Edgard
Blucher/EDUSP . 294
294 p.
p.
Blücher/EDUSP.
P.A .
Sanford, P.A.
arboreas do
do Cearg.
Ceara.
Servi90
Forrageiras arböreas
Servigo
de Informag-go
Agrícola. Rio de Janeiro,
1nforma9ao Aqricola.
Janeiro,
M1nisterio da
da Agricultura.
Agricultura. 24
24 p.
p.
Minist6rio
1961
Stran
g , H.E.;
H. E. ;
Strang,
Lanna Sobrinho,
Sobrinho,
J.deP.&
J.
de P. &
Tosetti,L.D.
1982
Brasil , sua
sua caractecaracteParques Estaduais do Brasil,
rizaÇ'go
essências nativas mais
riza9ao ee essencias
mais imporirnportantes.
Silvicultura em
em Sao
Säb Paulo,
Paulo, Sao
So
tantes
. Silvicultura
Paulo, 16A
16A
(parte
Paulo,
(parte 3):
3): 1583-1712.
- 491
441 --
L.1I
Platanus orientalis L.1/
Platanus oriental
is hybridizes with P.
~. occidentalis
occidental is
Platanus
orientalis
(the
in contact
contact and
and
(the American
American sycamore)
sycamore) when they come in
pro duce vigorous
vigor o u s and fertile
fertile hybrids,
hybrids, with normal
n o r mal
produce
meiosis.
Fossils indicate
indicate that the
the two
two species were
Fossils
isolated
for at
at least
least 20
20 million years.
years.
isolated for
FAMILY
Platanaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
Chenar, Platanos (IT>scAT.,Los)
Chenar,
(",>.<.\. T",, \,<OS'
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
A large deciduous
deciduous tree up to
to 30
30 m
m tall,
tall, with large
large
crown, which can attain great age
age and
and
spreading crown,
In Greece the platanum of Hippocrates
diameter.
Hippocrates
(400 h.C.)
in the
the island
island Kos.
Kos.
(400
b.C.) is
is still
still alive in
Inflorescence
Many minute greenish flowers,
flowers, tinged
tinged with
with red,
red, are
are
leaves, on long-stalked
long-stalked
borne in spring with the leaves,
heads, male and
and female
female (monoecious).
(monoecious).
drooping balls or heads,
Fruit
Drooping, ball
- like fruits,
maturing in
in SeptemberDrooping,
ball-like
fruits, maturing
shedding untill
untill autum
autum or
or spring.
spring. They
October and shedding
are
are composed
composed of
of many
many crowded,
crowded, minute nutles
surrounded by
by hairs.
hairs.
1/ FAD
K.Panetsos (Aristotelian
(Aristotelian
FAO acknowledge
acknowledge the
the assistance
assistance of
of K.Panetsos
- University
wniversity of
of Thessaloniki,School
Thessaloniki,School of
of Agric.
Agric. and
and Forestry,
Forestry,
Thessaloniki, Greece).
Greece).
- 442
442 --
Foliage
Foliage
The alternate,
alternate, long-petioled
long-petioled leaves
leaves are
are palmately
pabmately 33 to
to 9-lobed
9-1Obed and
and
palmately veined,
veined, usually
usually broad,
broad, often toothed.
toothed. A large,
large,
surrounds the
the twig of the leaf
leaf base and
toothed stipule surrounds
The slender
slender zig
zig zag
zag
early, forming
forming aa ring
ring scar.
scar . The
sheds early,
tWigs without terminal
terminal buds bear short-pointed
short-pointed lateral
lateral
twigs
buds
a scale
scale and hidden inside
inside the petiole
buds covered by a
base.
Bark
is easily recognized by the
the whitish
Platanus orientalis is
hark which separates
separates into
into large
large thin
thin flakes.
flakes.
These
bark
fall irregularly and expose patches of brown,
brown, green and
fall
Bark at the
grey
with aa mottled
mottled appearance.
appearance.
the
grey inner bark with
base
trunks becomes thick,
thick, dark brown and
base of
of large trunks
deeply
into broad,
broad, scaly ridges.
ridges.
deeply furrowed into
WOOD PROPERTIES AND
AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
General
The
important uses
uses are
are for
for veneer,
veneer, carpentry,
carpentry,
The most important
box-making,, door
box-making
door and
and window
window frames,
frames, and
and joinery.
joinery.
It
also
a good
good fuelwood.
fuelwood.
also makes a
Other Uses
Uses
Used for
for roadside plantings
Used
plantings and
and as
as aa shade
shade tree.
tree.
NATURAL
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
Platanus
is
Platanus oriental
orientalis
is the
the only
only species
species of
of Plane in
is
the
Its distribution
range embraces
embraces the
the
the old
old world.
world. Its
distribution range
East Mediterranean
Mediterranean countries
countries (viz.Balkan
East
(viz.Balkan Peninsula,
Peninsula, to
42o N,
N, Crete,
Crete, Turkey,
Turkey, Syria,
Syria, Lebanon
Lebanon and Palestine)
42°
Palestine) and
some
countries (viz.E.Turkey,
(viz.E.Turkey, Iraq,
Iraq ,
some W.Irano-Turanian
W.Irano-Turanian countries
Iran, Pakistan
Pakistan and
and Afghanistan)
Afghanistan) as
as well as some
Iran,
-- 443 --
districts of
of the
the Himalayan
Himalayan Province
Province and
and the
the S.E.Province
S.E.Province
of
region.
of the Euro-Siberian region.
pattern
This distribution pattern
suggests that it
it is an element of the ancient
E.Mediterranean
and North
North'frican
.\frican
E.Mediterranean and
flora, but this
this is
is not
not
flora,
fully
fully understood.
CLIMATE
This
plasticity, with
This species exhibits remarkable plasticity,
respect to
t o temperature fluctuations,
fluctuations, growing
growing from
from sea
sea
level to
to high
high altitudes
altitudes (1400
(1400 m).
m).
It seems that,at
that, at
It
higher altitudes,
altitudes) the
ors are temperatures
temperatures
the limiting
limiting fact
factors
It experiences
below -- 25°C,
25°C, and
experiences extronely
extrerrely
and strong winds.
variable
precipitation,
variable precipitztion,
but
in Iran generally between 100
100
but in
and
maximum in
in winter
winter or
or spring.
spring.
and 500 mm with aa maximum
At
At
least
total drought,
drought, extending
least three summer months of total
up to nine
nine months
months in
in the
the most
most arid
arid regions,
region~ occur
occ ur in
in
some areas.
areas.
In Greece
Greece it
In
it is not considered aa drought
drought
species .
resistant species.
resista~t
SOILS
It can
can grow on soils derived from
from a
a variety
variety of
of parent
parent
It
Its occurence,
occurence, however,
however, is
related directly
Its
is related
materials. '
to
to availability of
o f soil
soil moisture
moisture during
during the
the dry
dry summer
summer
months .
For this
this reason Platanus grows
grows in
in small
s mall
months.
oor
r large populations in areas where
wher e ground
ground or surface
wat er is
is available throughout
throughout the
the growing
gro wing season.
season .
water
HABITAT
Usually Platanus
Platanus orientalis
orientali s forms
forms narrow
narrow bands
bands along
along
In Iran
moist, ephemeral,
moist,
ephemeral, stony
stony or gravelly
gravelly ravines.
ravines.
In
it
is often
Sali~, Tamarix,
Tamarix,
it is
often accompanied
accompanied by species of Salix,
Elaeagnus, Fraxinus,
Fraxinus, Vitex and
and especially
especially Nerium
Nerium
Elaeagnus,
In Crete
Crete the
the other main species
oleander
In
species are
are
oleander..
- 444
444 --
P. nigra
var. pubescencens
pubescencens Alnus
, Alnusglutinosa
glutinosa and
and
Populus nigra,
n~,~.
nigra var.
I
alba.
Populus alba.
SEED HANDLING
200-260 000
kg. Fruiting heads
200-260
000 seeds
seeds per kg.
heads of
of oriental
any time
time after
after they
they turn
turn brown,
brown,
plane can be collected any
the task
task is
is easiest
easiest soon
soon after
after leaf
leaf fall.
fall.
but the
Since the
Since
persistent, collection
collection can be made into
into the
the
heads are persistent,
spring.
next spring.
As heads begin to
to fall
fall apart in
in the
the
spring, they
they may
may be
be stripped
stripped onto
onto canvas
canvas sheets.
sheets .
early spring,
Heads should be dried in
in well-ventilated trays
Heads
trays until
they
they can
can be
be broken apart. Seeds
Seeds should
should be
be extracted by
crushing the dried fruiting
fruiting heads
heads and removing
rewoving the
the dust
dust
and fine
fine hairs that are attached
attached to
to the
the individual
individual seeds.
seeds.
If
sown soon
soon after
If the
the seeds
seeds are
are to
to be
be sown
after collection,
collection, they
may be stored in
in a
a cool,
cool, well-ventilated place
place in
in openopenmesh bacrs
bags or
or spread
spread out
out on shelves.
For
For storage longer
than 1I year,
year, seeds
seeds should be
dried to 10 to 15 percent
than
be dried
moisture and stored
stored in
in air-tight
air-tight containers
containers at
at
0
0
_6 to
to ++ 14oC.
14 C.
-60
Pregermination treatments are not
required.
Normal germination of seeds from
from natural
natural
Normal
varies between
between 40-60
40-60 percent.
percent. Only 1-2
1-2
populations varies
seeds, however,
however, from
from self-pollination
self-pollination
percent of seeds,
germinated, indicating that
that the
the species
species is
is self-sterile.
self-sterile.
germinated,
SILVICULTURE
The seedlings grow slowly
slowly at
at first
first and it
it is
is
them out until
unti 1 they
they are
are at
at least
least
preferable not to plant them
years old.
old.
two years
tree can
can be
be raised
raised successfully
successfully
The tree
from
thick stakes
from layers
layers and
and cuttings,
cuttings, even large thick
successfully.
rooting successfully.
In
plantaIn irrigated commercial planta-
in the Soviet Unionia
Union,a planting
planting density
density of
of
tions in
-- 445 --
3 000 stems/ha is
is recommended.
recommended.
It
is important
important to
to do
do
3
It is
deep soil
soil cultivation
cultivation before
before planting.
planting.
In Iran,
Iran,
P. orientalis is
is pruned
pruned every
every year
year in
in such
such a
a way
way that
that
P.
2/3rds
2/3
rds of the
the crown is
is left.
left. In
In Greece P.orientalis
is
is considered as a
a species
species able
able to occupy any
available
availableniche,
niche,due
due to
to its
its advantage
advantage of
of wide
wide seed
seed disse-
mination by
by wind.
wind.
Moreover, the
the seeds
seeds can
can be
be carried
carried
Moreover,
or
on
mudflats
or
by
deposited
by water and are
are often
often deposited
sandbars
conditions are favourable
favourable for
for germinagerminasandbars,, where conditions
tion.
STATUS
Endangered in
in parts
parts of
of its
its natural
natural range.
range.
REASONS
REASONS FOR DECLINE
Perhaps the
the hiah
high mortality caused in
in Platanus
Platanus
Perhaps
plantatio n s in
in Italy
Italy and
and France
France by
by Ceratocystis
Ceratocystis fibrifibri plantations
ata may be the
the reason
reason to
to consider
consider P.orientalis
E.orientalis as
as an
an
endangered
endangered species.
species.
It is
is also true
true that
that Platanus
Platanus is
is
continuously restricted
in distribution, especially
restricted in
especially
changing water
water courses,
courses, in
to use
use the
the water
by changina
in order to
for irrigation -- also
for
also by
by the
the expansion
expansion of agriculture
to
to river banks where
where it
it grows.
grows . A variety named cretica
cretica
grows on the
the island
island of
of Crete.
Crete.
The variety is
is everever-
green and grows together
together with typical
typical trees
trees of
of
~.orientalis.
P.orientalis.
variety was known
known from
from the
the ancient
ancient
This variety
times since
since it
it is
is described
described by
by Theophrastus
Theophrastus in
in his
his book
book
(Enquiry into Plants).
Plants).
Experiments
it
(Enquiry
Experiments have shown that it
senSitive to
to low
low temperatures
temperatures and
and can
can not
not grow
grow
is sensitive
below -- 5°C.
SoC.
normally below
In
the temperatemperaIn the
the north,
north, when the
ture falls
falls abruptly,
abruptly, it
it is
is severely
severely damaged,
damaged , losing
losing
leaves,
even the whole part of the
the tree
tree
leaves, twigs
twigs and
and even
ground.
above ground.
Depending upon the
the severity
severity of
of the
the frost
frost
-- 446 --
it
from sprouts
sp r outs in
in the
the next
next spring.
spring .
it may
may regenerate from
Under
it grows
grows well
well all
all the
the
Under greenhouse condition it
winter
winter..
In
20 - 30 trees have
have been
been found
found of
of
In Crete
Crete only 20-30
this
, which
that it
it is
is under
under great
this variety
variety,
which shows
shows that
great danger
of becoming extinct.
of
extinct .
PROTECTIVE
RECOMMENDED
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN AND RECOMMENDED
For
it is
is a
a matter of
For the
the variety
variety growing
growing on
on Crete it
of
urgency
to protect the
the last
last trees
trees of
of the
the natural
natural
urgency to
population.
this rare
rare variety
variety might
might
Preservation of this
be
important in
in breeding
breeding programmes
programmes of
of the
the genus
genus
be important
Platanus.
-- 447
447 -
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Mossadegh,A
1979
1979
Mini
- monograph on Platanus
Platanus orientalis
orientalis L.
L.
Mini-monograph
in Iran.
in
Iran.
Technical
on
Technical Consultation on
Fast
- Growing Plantation Broadleaved
Broadleaved Trees
Trees
Fast-Growing
for
Zones,
for Mediterranean and Temperate Zones,
Lisbon
16 - 20 October 1979.
1979 .
Lisbon,, Portugal 16-20
FO:
- 79 - 8/2, June
June 1979,
1979, FAO.
FAO.
FO: FGB
FGB-79-8/2,
Panetsos
, K.
Panetsos,K.
1984
Comments
in letter
letter to
to the
the Director,
Director,
Comments given in
Forest
Div ision, FAO,Rome,
FAC,Rome,
Forest Resources
Resources Division,
dated
October 1984.
1984.
dated 19 October
-- 448 --
foliolosa Benth.1/
Benth.!/
Platymenia foliolosa
FAMILY
Subfarn. Mimosoideae
Mimosoideae
Leguminosae Subfam.
VERNACULAR NAMES
NAMES
Vinhatico da mata,
Vinhatico Rajado,
Rajado, Vinhgtico
Vinh&tico Amarelo,
Vinhático
mata, Vinhático
Amarelinho, Amarelo,
Amarelo, Pau
Pau Amarelo,
Amarelo, Candeia,
Candeia, Paricazinho,
Paricazinho,
Amarelinho,
Oiteira,
Pau
de
Candeia,
Acende
Candeia,
Vinhático
Oiteira,
Candeia,
Candeia, Vinhatico do
Campo,
Campo, Vinhático,
Vinhatico, Candeia de Folha
Folha Grande,
Grande, Vinhático
Vinhatico
Cabeleira, Vinhático
Vinhatico pe
pe dé
de Boj.
Boi.
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
tree, reaching a
a height of 30
30 m
rn and a
a diameter
A tall tree,
approximately 11 m.
m.
of approximately
Inflorescence
Flowers
light yellow
yellow in
in rounded
rounded spikes,
spikes,
Flowers white
white or light
short, shorter than the
the leavesfabout
leaves, about
penduncles short,
10
flowering occurs
10 -- 13
13 em
cm in
in length;
length; flowering
occurs in November
December.
and December.
Fruit
flat, redish brown,
brown, smooth,
smooth, pointed,
pOinted, 15
15 to
to 25
25 cm
em
Legume flat,
in length
length by
by 3.5
3.5 to
to 4.5
4.5 em
cm in width;
width; stipe 2 in
- 3 cm
em
long.
in October
October and
and November.
November.
Fructification occurs in
Seeds covered by the endocarp which is
is subcoriaceous
subcoriaceous
rest of
of the
the fruit;
fruit; it
it has
has the
the
and separated from the rest
appearance of an elliptical wing,
wing, measuring 3.5
3.5 -- 4.5
4.5
cm in
in length.
length.
l/
1/
Based on the
the work
R.Chiaranda, I.E.Pires
I.E.Pires and
and
work of R.Chiaranda,
M.Tomazello
FO.
Department, ESALQ/USP,
ESALQ/USP,
M.Tomazello F°.
Forestry Department,
P.O.Box 9,
9, Piracicaba,
Piracicaba, SP,
SP, Brazil.
Brazil.
- 449
449 --
Foliage
Leaves
alternate, bipinnate,
bipinnate, with
with 88 to
to 14
14
Leaves compound, alternate,
opposite
and 11-19
11-19 folioles,
folicles, alternate,
alternate,
opposite pinnae and
oblong-ovate to
to elliptical,
elliptical, membranaceous,
membranaceous, emarginate,
emarginate,
to slightly
slightly pilose,
pilose, 10-20
10-20 mm
varying from glabrous to
in
10 mm
mm in
in width.
width.
in length by 44 -- 10
Branches: greyish,
greyish, normally greenish with lenticels
lenticels
Branches:
that
not easily distinguishable.
distinguishable.
that are
are not
Bark
Trunk straight,
straight, cylinder-shaped with small
small expansions
expansions
the base.
base.
at the
brownish, cracked
cracked in
in plates
plates
Bark hard, brownish,
sheets, somewhat rectangular,
rectangular, loose
loose on the
the upper
upper
or sheets,
part of the tree.
tree.
PRODUCTS
WOOD PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
Wood light,
light, the heartwood varying from
from aa golden-vellow
golden-yellow
golden ton;
ton;
to burnt yellow or brownish yellow with aa golden
sapwood well
defined,
whitish-yellow;
a
very
shiny
well defined, whitish-yellow;
shiny
surface, moderate roughness to the
the touch,
touch, medium
surface,
texture;
Presents aa
texture; straight or
or irregular
irregular grain.
grain.
natural high resistance
resistance to
to rot.
rot.
The
treatments using
using
The vinhatico wood,
wood, in experimental treatments
pressure, revealed a
a low permeability to
to preservative
preservative
pressure,
solutions.
It has
It
has aa low retractability and mechanical
mechanical
resistance.
It is
is recommended for veneer sheets for
for decorative
It
covers,
covers, furniture,
furniture, panels,
panels, topographic tripods,
tripods, etc.
etca
In civil
civil construction it may be used for
for internal
internal
- 45r)
4sn --
finishings,
for panel,
panel , frames,
frames , shutters
shutters etc.
etc.
finishinas, for
It is
is
in plywood
plywood production,naval
production /naval constructions,
constructions,
still used in
and for wine
wine barrels,
barrels, etc.
etc,
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
The
tree occurs in the Fluminense
Fluminens e coast,
coast, in
in the "zona
"zona
The tree
da
the State of Minas
Gerais, in the
the valley
da mata"
mata" of the
Minas Gerais,
of the
of
the Rio Doce,
Doce, in the North of the State of
Espirito Santo and
and Southern
Southern Babia,
Bahia, where
where it
it is
is rare.
rare.
It also
regions more
It
also sporadically appears
appears in other regions
more to
the
the North,
North, up
up to
to the
the State
State of
of Pernambuco.
Pernambuco.
SOILS AND CLIMATE
It
occurs in
It occurs
in the
the most diverse
diverse types
types of
of soil
soil and
and
climate, confer its
climate,
its wide geographical
geographical distribution.
distribution.
from a dry sub-humid
sub-humid tropical
tropical type
type
The climate varies from
with periodical rains,
rains, to
to sub-tropical humid,
humid, with
annual precipitation
precipitation up
up to
to 22 000
000 mm.
mm.
HABITAT
is found
found in
in the
the more humid
humid zones
zones of
of the
the
The species is
low
rainforest, as
as well
well as
as in
in the
the tropical
tropical
low altitude rainforest,
riparian
forest,
and
in
the
mountain
ridges
of the
the
riparian forest,
in the
ridges of
of Pernambuco
Pernambuco and
and Ceare,
Ceare, and
and on
on the
the "cerrados".
"cerrados"
States of
a
SEED HANDLING
Not recorded
re corded
SILVICULTURE
No results
resultsonongrowth
growthare
areavailable
available from
fra:l experimnts
exr:eri.rrEnts carried
carrie:i out
with this
this species.
species. In a
a mixed stand
stand of native
species, planted in the State of Minas
Minas Gerais over
species,
ago, this
this species produces a straight
straight trunk
trunk
20 years ago,
- 451 --
with a
a diameter of over 20
20 cm,
em, and
and aa crown
crown reaching
reaching
layer of
of the
the forest.
forest.
the superior layer
STATUS
STATUS AND REASONS FOR DECLINE
Due to the
the selective exploitation of all the
the
species, and mainly those
those of
of economic
economic value
value such
such
native species,
as
one, as well as the
the inability
inability of
of natural
natural regeregeas this one,
neration, this
this species is
is undergoing
undergoing a
a slow
slow extinction.
neration,
This
is evident
evident in
in the
areas of
of the
the State
This is
the coastal
coastal areas
of Espirito
Espirito Santo.
Santo.
MEASURES TAKEN
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
Five base populations have
have been
been established
established with
with
seeds collected from a
seeds
a total
total of 115 selected trees.
trees.
This work
work has
has been
been undertaken
undertaken through
through aa contract
contract
between the
the Conselho Nacional
Nacional de
de Desenvolvimento
Desenvolvimento
(CNPq) and
and the
the Programa
Programa
Cientifico ee Tecnologico (CNPq)
Nacional de Pesquisa Plorestal
Nacional
Florestal (PNPF)
(PNPF) in collaboration
with
(SIF).
with the Sociedade de Investigacoes Florestais (SIF).
A planting of
of aa base population conSisting
consisting of 403
trees
- ES is
is reported.
reported.
trees in Aracruz -
-- 452 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Associay-áo
Paulista
Associa9ao Paulista
Normas Técnicas.
Tecnicas.
de Normas
1964
1964
de madeiras.
madeiras. Rio
Seminario de
Rio de
de
258 p.
p.
Janeiro.
Boutelje,J.B.
1980
Encyclopedia of world timbers
timbers --
Corra,
Correa, M.P.
M.P.
1926
1926
names
literature .
names and technical literature.
Stockholm,
Stockholm, Swedish
Swedish Forest
Forest Products
Research Laboratory. 398
398 p.
p.
Dicionario
das plantas 6teis
uteis do
do
Dicionário das
Brasfl.
Bras!l.
Brasilia, IBDF,
IBDF, 66 v.
v.
Fraga,M.V.G.
1946
1946
Ensaio
indice da
flora dendroEnsaio de
de indice
da flora
lógica do Brasil.
16gica
Brasil. Arquivos
Ar~uivos do
do
Servi~o
Servigo Florestal,
Florestal, Sao Paulo,
Paulo,
2 (2):
(21: 69-156.
2
Galvaa,A.P.M.
Galvao,A.P.M.
Contribuicao da
da EMBRAPA/IBDF
EMBRAPA/IBDF -Contribui0o
PNPF para~a
para a pesquisa com especies
florestas naturais
naturais no
no
nativas e florestas
Brasil. Siivicultura
SiJvtcu!tura em
Paulo,
em S~O
So Paulo,
Sao Paulo,
IbA (parte
(parte 1):
1): 150-9.
150-9.
Paulo, 16A
1982
1982
Golfari
,L.;
Golfari,L.;
Caser,R.L. &&
Moura,V.P.G.
Zoneamento esquem;tico
Zoneamento
esquemático para reflorestament o no
Serie técnitecni restamento
no Brasil.
Brasil. Série
ca.
Brasilia, (11):
ca. PRODEPEF, Brasilia,
1978
1978
1-66.
1-66.
Heringer,E.P.&
Ferreira,M.B.
Ferreira,M.B .
Arvores aeis
uteis do
do cerrado
cerrado (I)
(I) -Arvores
Vinhatico. Cerrado,
Ce~rado, Brasília,
Bras11ia,
Vinhático.
1972
S
5
Ikemori,Y . K. &&
Ikemori,Y.K.
Campinhos JR.,E.
JR. IE.
Campinhos
Informa95es
1nforma~oes preliminares sobre
sobre o°
comportamento do jacarandá
jacaranda da
Bahia,
Bahia, peroba-amarela,
peroba-amarela, pau-ferro
ee arariba,
costeira
araribg, na
na regiao
regio costeira
do
Esp1rito Santo.
Santo.
do norte
norte do Espirito
In:
Congresso Brasileiro de Florestas
Tropicais, Viyosa,
vi9osa, 1971.
1971. Anais.
Anais.
p.
425.
p. 425.
1971
Kribs, D.A.
D.A.
Kribs,
1970
(17):
(17): 28-34.
Commercial
the
Commercial foreign wood~
woods on the
American Market.
Market.
Park,
American
University Park,
State University.
University .
Pennsylvania State
p.
203 p.
-- 453 --
Mainieri,C &&
Pereira,J.A.
1965
Madeiras do
do Brasil:
Brasil: caracterizao.5o
caracterizay~o
macr6scopica,
usos comuns
comuns ee indices
Indices
macr6scopica, usos
ffsicos ee mecânicos.
mecanicos.
qualitativos físicos
Anuario brasileiro
brasileiro de
de economia
economia florestal,
florestal,
Hio
Janelru, 17
17 (17):
(17): 1-282.
1-282.
Rio ae
ce Janeiro,
Mainieri,e.
Mainieri,C.
1978
caracter{sticas das
das madeiras
madeiras
Ficha de caracter(sticas
brasileiras . sab
Sao Paulo,
InsLituto de
de
brasileiras.
Paulo, Instituto
Pesqulsas
Tecnologicas. 2v.
2v.
Pesquisas Tecnologicas.
C.;
Mainieri, C.;
Chimelo,J.P &&
Alfonso,
Manual
das principais
principais
Manual de
de identificayao
identifica0o das
madeiras comerciais
cornerciais brasileiras.
brasileiras.
Sao
So
~aulo,
Inaustria,
Paulo, Secretaria da Industria,
Comercio, Ciencia
Ciencia ee Tecnologia.
Tecnologia. 24
24 p.
p.
Comercio,
Pereira,A
. J.
Pereira,A.J.
do R.et
R.et al.
al.
1970
1970
tecnologicos de 25
25 especies
Caracteres tecnológicos
do nordeste
nordeste do
do Brasil.
Brasil.
de madeiras do
Bolp.tim de
de recursos
reCllrsos naturais,
naturais, Recife,
Recife,
Boletim
8
K
(1/2):
(1/2): 5-148.
Ramalho,R.S .
Ramalho,R.S.
1973
Dendrologia: notas
UFV.
Dendrologia:
notas de
de aula.
aula. Virosa,
Vipsa, UFV.
Record,S.J.&
Hess,R.W.
1949
new world.
world. 44 ed.
ed. New
New Haven,
Haven,
Timbers of new
Yale University
University Press.
Press. 640
640 p.
p.
Rizzini,C.T.
1971
1971
Árvores e
Arvores
e madeiras
madeiras dtais
utais do
do Brasil:
Brasil:
manual de
de dendrologia
dendrologia brasileira.
brasileira.
Sao
So
Paulo,Edgard Blücher.
Blucher. 294
294 p.
p.
Rizzini,C . T.
Rizzini,C.T.
1979
Tratado de fitogeografia
Tsatado
fitogeografia do
do Brasil.
Brasil.
Paulo, MUCITEC/EDUSP. 374
Sao
374 p.
p.
SEO Paulo,
Rizzini,C.T
Rizzini, C.T &&
Mors, W.B.
Mors,
W.B.
1976
Botanica econ6mica
economica brasileira.
brasileira. So
SaoPaulo,
Paulo,
207 p.
p.
EPU/EDUSP. 207
Trang , ~. E. ;
Trang,H.E.;
S.,
Lana S?,
J.de
P. &
&
J.de P.
Tosetti,L.D.
1982
Parques
Estaduais do
Brasil, sua
Parques Estaduais
do Brasil,
caracterizas-ab ee essencias
essências nativas mais
caracteriza9ao
mais
importantes.
Silvicultura em
em SEO
Sao Paulo,
Paulo,
Sao
So Paulo,
Paulo, 16A
16A (parte
(parte 2):
2): 1583-712.
1583-712.
95 p.
p.
^
- 454 --
ilicifolia (Engl.)
(Engl . ) Rouleul/
Rauleu!/
Populus ilicifolia
Populus ilicifolia is
is the
the most puzzling species within
Populus
At first
Salicaceae.
first it
it was classified in
in a totally
totally
the Salicaceae.
family , (Ulmaceae),
(Ulmaceae), and
and described
described as
as aa species
species
different family,
in the
the genus Celtis.
Celtis . Recently,
Recently, there
there has been no doubt
in
belongs to
the Salicaceae
Salicaceae family.
family.
whatever that
that it
it belongs
to the
I
t
It
separate, monotypic
rnonotypic genus
has been recognized
recognized as
as aa separate,
genus
Tsavo Jarm.
Jarm.
SYNONYMS
Engl.
illicifolia Engl.
Celtis illicifolia
(1895)
Populus euphratica
euphratica Oliv.
Oliv osubsp.
subsp.denhardtiorum
denhardtiorum
Engl.
o.S98)
Engl.
0_898)
Populus denhardtiorum
denhardtiorum Dode
Dode (1909)
(1909)
Turanga illicifolia (Engl.)
(Engl.) Kimura
Kimura (1938)
(1938)
Balsamiflua illicifolia
illicifolia (Engl.)
(Engl . ) Kimura
Kimura (1939)
(1939)
Tsavo illicifolia (Engl.)
(Engl.) Jarmol (1949)
(1949)
FAMILY
FAM:MY
Sal
icaceae
Salicaceae
\lERNACUIlIR NAt,E
NAMES
VERNACCLAR
Kenya:
Kenya: Tana
Tana River
River Poplar
Poplar;i Malala; (Galla);
(Galla); Lalaftu(Pok.);
Lalaftu (Pok.);
Mugai, Makini (Kamba);
(Kamba); Siricha (Boni.)
(Bani.) Gucuba
Gucuba
Mugai,
(~oran).
(Boran),Guduma (Boran).
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
Tall
Tall deciduous,
deciduous, riparian
riparian tree
(7(7-))
15-27 m
m tall.
tall.
Crown columnar when young,
young, later
later conical.
conical.
Stem rough,
rough,
longitudinally fissured.
fissured.
l1/Based
/ Basedononthethework
""rkofofJ.J.A.Odera
A.Odem(Forestry
(Forestry Research
Research Dept.,
Dept., Kenya
Kerwa
A.gr icul tura l Resenrch
Research Instituto,
Institute, Kikuyu
,Kenya) cU')(-1 I"ms.C.Kabuye
;S . C. Kabuye
Agricultural
Kikuyu,Kenya)and
(East i1.fric.:m
f Kenya,
Kenya, Nairobi,Kenva).
Nairobi,KenyA.) .
(East
African Herbariurr:,National
Herbarium,National ~!use\..lTlS
Museurs o
of
- 455
455 --
Inflorescence
8-10 flowers,up
flowers, up to
to 2.5
2.5 cm
em longiarising
long/arising
Male catkins 8-10
from
previous year's
year ' s growth
flowers with about 30
30
from previous
growth:: flowers
stamens and a
a deeply laciniate
laciniate membranous
membranous disc.
disc.
4-14 flowered,
flowered, on
on terminate
terminate short
short 1-3
1- 3
Female catkins 4-14
leaved
shoots, up
up to
to 2.5
2.5 cm
em long,
long, arising from
from previous
leaved shoots,
previous
year's shoots.
shoots.
Ovary grey,
grey, tomentose
tomentose and sessile
sessile on
on the
the
Ovary
2-3 partite
partite or filiform segmented
segmented disc;
disc; stigmas
stigmas 2-lid.
2-fid.
Fruit
A capsule,
capsule, ovoid
ovoid 77 -- 15 mm long and 4 -8 mm wide with
A
pedicel up
up to
to 77 mm,
rnm, glabrous:
glabrous;
surface rough with pale
pale
lenticels
4-furrowedi splitting
lenticels visible,
visible, longitudinally 4-furrowed;
along furrows
furrows into
into 2-4
2-4 valves.
valves.
When the
the seed
seed is
is ripe
ripe
the whole branchlet with 22 leaves
leaves and
and 2-5
2-5 capsules is
is
the
shed.
shed.
Foliage
Leaves ovate or elliptic (linear
(linear on
on seedlings,
seedlings, young
young
plants and coppice shoots),
shoots), deeply toothed
toothed up
up to
to 7.6
7.6 cm
cm
long . (usually
broad , acute or
or
long,
(usually to
to 5.0
5.0 cm)
cm) and
and 3.2
3.2 cm broad,
rounded at apex,
apex, cuneate to
to truncate
truncate at
at base;
base; margin
coarsely and acutely toothed;
toothed; lamina
lamina coriaceous,
coriaceous,
at base;
base; petiole
petiole
somewhat glaucous and with 22 glands at
3.8 cm
crn long and usually
usually twisted
twisted so
so that
that the
the
slender to 3.8
hang vertically.
vertically.
leaves hang
Bark
Bark
Smooth and white becoming dark and
and rough
rough with deep
deep
fissures.
-- 456 --
WX>D PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
WOOD
Timber dark brown,
brown, soft
soft and
and white,
white, somewhat
somewhat coarse.
coarse.
It
seasons
is easy
easy to
to work
logs are
are favoured
favou r ed
seasons well
well and
and is
work.. The
The logs
for dug
dug-out
for
- out canoes.
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
NATURAL
Kenya:
Kenya : Ta
Tana,
n a , Athi and Uaso
Uasa Nyiro
Nyiro River
River systems;
systems; from
fro~
level to
to 11 200
200 m.
m.
Four large
la r ge trees of unknown
u n known
sea level
Four
history have been reported along the
the Nyando river
river
basin in
in western Kenya.
Kenya.
In
in the
the
In Tanzania
Tanzania it occurs in
Ruvu
rive r systems.
systems.
Ruvu river
CLIMATE
ra i nfall c.
c . 250
250 mm.
mm.
Annual rainfall
SOILS
Alluvial,, sandy
(1) Alluvial
Grey-brown,
(2) Grey
- brown , sandy
sandy mud.
mud .
HABITAT
parian , wi
th Acacia,
Acacia , Ficus,
Ficus, Antidesma
Ant i desma and
and Borassus
Borasslis
Ri
Riparian,
with
spp.
spp. appearing in
in patches.
patches.
SEED HANDLING
HANDL I NG
Not recorded
SILVICULTURE
S
ILVICUL TURE
Reported cultivated in
in Tanzania,
Tanzania , N.Kiria
N . Kiria village,
village, Ruvu
Ruvu
rivers,
rivers, Same District
District in
in the
the 1960's.
1960 ' s.
- 457
457 --
STATUS
Endangered, only known from
from a few
few very scattered
scattered
Endangered,
localities.
REASONS FOR
FOR DECLINE
DECLINE
Clearing of vegetation.
vegetation.
Most of
of the seeds get washed
Host
is
in October while the
the
is in
away
floods.
Seeding
away during floods.
floods come
come in
in November.
November.
highest floods
In
In Kenya
Kenya the
the irrigation
irrigation and
and settlement
settlement programmes
programmes along
along
Uasa-Nyiro, Tana and Athi river
river basins pose
pose aa
the Uaso-Nyiro,
threat to
to this
this species.
species.
looming threat
TAKEN AND RECOMMENDED
No
protective measures
measures have
have been
been taken.
taken.
No recorded protective
PROT~CTIVE
PROTECTIVE ~lliASURES
MEASURES
Protective measures proposed:
proposed:
(1) Detailed local surveys of existing sites
sites are
needed
that
needed to assess
assess population sizes so that
conservation measures can
can be
be formulated.
formulated.
( 2 ) Protection of the
the existing
existing trees.
trees.
(3) Protection of
of the
the habitat.
habitat.
(4) Bringing the
the species
species into
into cultivation.
cultivation.
-- 458 -
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Browicz,K.
1966
(Engler) Rouleau
Populus illicifolia (Engler)
and its
its taxonomic
taxonomic position.
position.
Acta
Poloniae
Societatis Botanicum Poloniae
35 (2):
(2): 325-335.
325-335.
Dale,I.R.&
Dale,I.R.&
Greenway, P.J.
P.J.
1961
Kenya
Shrubs. Hatchards,
Hatchards,
Kenya Trees and Shrubs.
London
London..
In
In Preparation
Flora of Tropical East
East Africa,
Africa,
Salicaceae
Sa1icaceae (Typescript).
(Typescript).
- 459
459 --
1/
(L . ) DruceDruce!!
Prosopis cineraria (L.)
SYNONYMS
spicigera L.
L.
Prosopis spicigera
(1753)
(1753)
FAMILY
Leauminosae subfam.Mimosoideae.
subfam. Mimosoideae.
NAMES
VERNACULAR NAMES
Jand,
Khejiri , Shami
Shami (India);
(India); Thand,
Thand, Kandi,
Kandi, Jandi
Jandi
Jand, Khejiri,
(Pakistan) ; Ghaf (Arabia).
(Arabia) .
(Pakistan);
DESCRIPTION
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
medium-sized, deciduous,
deciduous , spiny
spiny tree,
tree , 5-9
5 - 9 mm
Small to medium-sized,
high,
crooked trunk
trunk up to
to 30
30 cm
e m in
in diameter;
diameter; thin,
thi n,
high, with crooked
open crown of many irregular
irregular branches,and
branches , and larae
large very
very
taproot; leafless
leafless for
for aa short
short time
time before
before
deep taproot;
flowering
locally evergreen.
evergreen.
flowering or locally
Inflorescence
Flower
r s (spikelike
(spikelike racemes)
racemes) appearina
appea r ing after the
the
Flower cluste
clusters
new
leaves , several
several along
new leaves,
55-13
- 13 cm
em long.
long.
each stalk
each
stalk at
at the
the leaf
leaf base,
base,
Flowers many
many,, almost sessile,small,
Flowers
seSSile/small ,
mm long,
glabrous,composed
55 mm
long , yellow,
yellow , glabrous
, composed of a
a short cuplike
corolla of 5 narrow petals 3.5
calyx 11 mm
mm long,
long , corolla
3.5 mm
long,
reflexed ; with 10
10 separate,
separate , threadlike,
threadlike,
long, becoming reflexed;
spreading stamens
spreading
stamens 5 mm long,
lo ng , and pistil with a cylindcylindrical
r ous ovary,
ovarYt long threadlike style,
style , and
rical glab
glabrous
inconspicuous
inconsp
i cuous stigma.
stigma.
-- 460 -
Fruit
Fruits or pods
pods (legumes)
(legwnes) short-stalked,
short-stalked, beanlike,
beanlike,
almost cylindrical,
cylindrical, 8-9
8-9cmemlong,
long,4-7
4-7mmnun
diar.-eter·,
narrow, almost
diameter.,
between seeds,
seeds, long-pointed
long-pointed at
at apex;
apex;
slightly narrowed between
with
thin brittle wall and mealy sweetish pulp,
pulp, not
with thin
dehiscing.
Seeds
several, bean-shaped, 66 mm
mm long,
long,
Seeds several,
flattened.
Foliage
Leaves
compound, glabrous or
Leaves alternate,
alternate, bipinnately compound,
sparsely hairy,
hairy, with
with main axis 0.5-4
0.5-4 cm
em long and 1-3
1- 3
pairs
(pinnae) , 2-7
2-7 cm
em long.
long.
Leaflets
pairs of side branches (pinnae),
7-14
pairs on
on each
each side of axis,
7-14 pairs
axis, stalkless;
stalkless; narrowly
oblong,
4-15 mm long,
long, 2-4.5 mm
nun broad,
broad, straight or
oblong, 4-15
slightly curved,
curved, end
ing in
in a
a short sharp point,
pOint, with
slightly
ending
on side
side and
and without
without side
side veins,
veins, grey-areen.
grey - green.
midvein on
Bark
"
grey, rough
rough thick,
thick, with
furr o ws and
and
Ash grey,
with deep
deep long
long furrows
horizontal cracks.
cracks .
WOOD PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
Wood with
with thick
Wood
thick sapwood and
a nd smaller irregular
irregular masses
of
purplish-brown heartwood,
heartwood, heavy (sp.gr.1.15),
(sp.gr.I.15), finefineof purplish-brown
textured, straight-grained,
straight - grained, with small
small to
to medium-sized
textured,
pores
rings, very hard,
hard, tough.
tough.
pores and
and growth
growth rings,
to
Easy to
work but
but not
not durable
durable,, susceptible to
work
to dry rot
rot and
insects.
fuelwood, preferred
preferred locally
locally for
for
An excellent fuelwood,
cooking and heating.
heating .
Used also
in locomotives and
Used
also in
steamers.
river steamers.
high-quality charcoal.
charcoal.
Produces high-quality
Wood is
is used for
for house
house construction,
construction, posts,
posts, tool
tool
handles
frames, and
and occasionally for
for furniture,
furniture,
handles,, boat
boat frames,
though trunks often have
have poor
poor form.
form.
though
-- 461 -
Other Uses
Uses
from wounds
wounds in
in bark
bark not
not used.
used.
are
Gum exuding from
Pods are
valued for
for fodder
fodder or
or forage.
forage . Branches also cut
cut or
or
for forage.
forage.
Species
is locally classed among
among
lopped for
Species is
the best browse plants
plants for
for cattle,
cattle, sheep,
sheep, goats
goats and
and
camels.
Mealy
Mealy nutritious pulp of immature
immature pods is
is
high in
in protein.
protein.
It can
can be
be ground
ground and eaten raw
It
raw or
boiled to
to enrich
enrich the
the diet.
diet.
NATURAL
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
southwestern Asia
Asia from
from northwestern
northwestern
Arid regions of southwestern
India
(P un jab, West
Uttar Pradesh)
Pradesh)
India (Punjab,
West Rajasthan,
Rajasthan, Gujarat
Gujarat,, Uttar
dry parts of central and
and southern
southern India,
India, also
also
to dry
Pakistan,
Pakistan , Afghanistan, Iran,
Iran, Arabia.
Arabia. At low
low altitudes.
altitudes .
N~t widely
Not
widelyintroduced
introduced elsewhere.
elsewhere.
CLIMATE
tropical with long
long dry
dry seasons
seasons and
and hot
hot winds.
winds.
Dry tropical
o
both slight
slight frost
frost (-6°C
( _ 6 e minimum)
minimum) and
and
Plants withstand both
o
temperatures (40-50°C
(40-50 C maximum).
maximum) . Annual rainfall
rainfall
high temperatures
mm.
75-850 mm.
SOILS
from alluvial and
and course
course sands
sands often
often
Soils vary from
alkaline (as
(as high as
as pH
pH 9.8)
9 . 8) to
to moderately
moderately saline,
saline,
dry stony,
stony, and
and black
black cotton
cotton soil.
soil .
HABITAT
Species is
is scattered
scattered in
in rocky
rocky uplands
uplands or found
found pure
pure or
or
mixed with other species
species in
in open
open groves
groves in
in the
the
tropical thorn
thorn forest.
forest.
25
Where rainfall
rainfall is
is less
less than
than
plants are
are confined
confined to
to stream
stream banks.
banks.
mm plants
- 462 --
SEED HANDLING
The seeds require
25 000
000 seeds/kg.
seeds/kg. The
require soaking in
About 25
water 24
24 hours
h o urs prior
pri o r to
to sowing.
sowing. They
for
They remain
remain viable
viable for
decades.
SILVICULTURE
SILVICULTURE
freely by root
root suckers
suckers and
P.cineraria reproduces freely
establishes well
well from
from seed.
seed.
The tree
tree has
has been seeded
directly in
in the
the field
field with
with success.
success.
However,
However, it would
be better to sow it in
in a
a nursery and transplant
transplant it
it to
to
the
2-3 months
months old.
old.
trees should
should be
be
the field when 2-3
Young trees
planted in spring immediately
after
the
last
frost-free
immediately
the last frost-free
date
date or at the
the onset
onset of
of the
the rainy
rainy season.
season.
STATUS
STATUS
Endangered in
in parts
parts of
of its
its geographical
geographical range.
range.
REASONS FOR DECLINE
REASONS
Increasing human
human pressure
pressure and
and changing
changing land-use
Increasing
land-use
patterns.
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
MEASURES TAKEN AND RECOMMENDED
Is
the FAO/IBPGR Project
Is one
one of
of the
the species
species included in the
on Genetic Resources
Resources of Arid and Semi-Arid
Semi-Arid Zone
Zone
Arboreal
for the
the Improvement
Improvement of
of Rural
Rural Living.
Living.
Arboreal Species for
Seed
for evaluation and conservation have
Seed collections
collections for
been made in
in India
India and
and PDR
PDR Yemen.
Yemen.
in
in situ
recently .
recently.
Action towards
towards
conservation in
in PDR Yemen has
has been taken
taken
conservation
-- 463 --
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Cossalter, C.
C.
1985
Proposition pour
pour la
la conservation
conservat~on de
de
ressources genetiques
de Prcsopis
ressources
genetigues de
Pr o sopis
cineraria en Republique Democratioue
Denocratioue et Populaire
Du Yemen.
Yaren . CI'FT
/FAD.
(..711-1/FAO.
FAO
1980
Genetic Resources of
of Tree
Tree Species
Species in
in
Arid
Areas.
on the
the
Based on
Arid and Semi-Arid Areas.
work
F.B.Armitage, P.A.Joustra and
work of
of F.B.Armitage,
B.Ben Salem. FAO,
FAO, Rome.
Rome .
Little,E.L.jr.
1983
Common Fuelwood
Fuelwood Crops.
Crops.
Communi-Tech Associates, Morgantown,
Morgantown,
\vest
Virginia .
West Virginia.
N.A.S.
N
.A. S.
1980
Firewood Crops - Shrub
Shrub and
and Tree
Tree
Species for
for Energy
Energy Production.
Production.
National
Academy of Sciences,
Sciences, Washington,
Washington , D.C.
D.C .
Palmberg, C.
c.
1981
A Vital Fuelwood Gene
Gene Pool
Pool is
is in
in Danger.
Danger.
22-30.
Unasv1va, 33
33 (133):
(133):
22
- 30.
Unasvlva,
-- 464
464 --
1/
Pseudotsuga
Flous .!/
Pseudotsuga gausseni
gausseni Flons
SYNONYMS
Pseudotsuga
auct . non
non Dode
Dode
Pseudotsuga sinensis auct.
FAMILY
Pinaceae
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTION
General
evergreen coniferous tree,
tree , up
up to
to 40
40 m
m in
in height
height and
and
An evergreen
11 m
in diameter
m in
diameter..
Fruit
Cone
to 55 cm
em long
long by
by 33 to
to 44 cm
em wide.
wide .
Cone globular,
globular, ovoid 44. to
Scales large.
large.
Bracts
a short median
median point,
pOint ,
Bracts curved with a
3 to 44 mm
nun long.
winged, rounded
rounded at
at the
the top.
top.
Seed winged,
matures in
in October.
October .
Cone
Foliage
rounded, notched at the
the top,
top, straight
straight or slightly
slightly
Leaf rounded,
falcate
20 to
to 30
30 mm in
in length,
l ength, on
falcate,, not
not perSistent;
persistent; 20
pubescent
pubescent twigs.
twigs.
Bark
Bark dark-grey,
dark-grey, fissured
fissured into
into irregular
irregular plates.
plates.
WOOD PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
The wood is
is considered as rot-resistant
rot-resistant and
and of a
a
The
superior quality.
quality.
Sapwood is
is light
light brown,
brown , heartwood
heartwood is
is
reddish brown,
brown, grain is
is straight.
straight.
for
Normally used for
construction and furniture.
furniture .
!1//
FAO ackno
acknovledge
Chih Kang.
FAD
. . led g e the
the assistance
assistance of
of Pan
Pan Chih
Arboretum,Chinese Academy
AcadeDY of
of Forestry,
Forestry, Beijing,
Beijing,
The Arboretum,Chinese
China .
China.
- 465 --
NATURAL
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
Localized
in eastern China in the
the provinces of Chekiang
Localized in
and
(at elevations between
between 1 500-2
500-2 800 rn
and Ngan-Hoei
Ngan-Hoei (at
m in
eastern Szechuan and
and north-eastern
north-eastern Yunan,
Yunan, 100
100 -- 11 500 m
m
in Anhwei
Anhwei and Chekiang Province).
in
Province).
SOILS
Normally found on acid, yellow
yellow mountain
mountain soils.
soils.
HABITAT
In mixed coniferous/broad
coniferous/broad leaved
leaved forests
forests together
together with
with
In
Pinus
Fagus spp.
spp. and
and Tsuga
Tsuga spp.
spp.
Pinus hwangshanensis,
hwangshanensis, Fagus
STATUS
Endangered
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN AND RECOMMENDED
PROTECTIVE
In
programmes on
on distribution
distribution
In need
need of
of basic research programmes
and genetical variation.
and
variation.
-- 466
466 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Fious,
F.
Flous, F.
1936
Especes
Pseudotsuqa
Espèces Nouvelles de Pseudotsuga
Asiatiques . Extrait du
du Bulletin
Bulletin
Asiatiques.Extrait
de
la Societe
de la
Sociét6 d'Histoire
Naturelle de Toulouse.
Toulouse. 22 (13)
(13)::
1-3.
1-3.
In
Chinese :
In Chinese:
Agendae Academiae
Sinicae
Edita, 1978
Edita,
1978
Flora
Flora Reipublicae Popularis
Sinicae
I Tomus 7,
7,
p. 101-102.
101-102 .
Sinicae,Tomus
p.
Chena Wan-Chun
Cheng
1982
1982
Sylva
Vol. 1
1 p.
p. 199-201.
199-201.
Sylva sinica Vol.
--467467 -
1/
Pseudotsuga sinensis Dode.1/
Dode.SYNONYMS
Keteleeria fortunei
fortunei Carr.
Carr.
(1855)
(1855)
FAMILY
Pinaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
Chinese Douglas Fir
Fir
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTION
General
A tree about 50
50 m
m in
in height
height and
and 11 m
m in
in girth;
g irth; young
young
shoots
first, becoming
becoming grey
grey with
with age,
age ,
shoots reddish-brown at first,
covered with minute
minute hairs.
hairs.
Fruit
Cone ovoid,
ovoid, cylindrical,
cylindrical, composed of
of about
about 20
20 rounded
rounded
scales,
thick, woody
large, each subtended by a
a
scales, thick,
woody and
and large,
33-cleft
- cleft exserted,
exserted, reflexed
reflexed bract.
bract.
2-2 . 5 cm
em long,
l ong ,
Seed 2-2.5
including the
the wing.
wing.
Foliage
Leaves,
Leave s , 22 -- 22! cm
em long,
long, light
light green
green above
above and
and
whitish beneath;
beneath; upper surface
surface furrowed
furrowed from
from the
the base
base
to apex,
apex, lower surface
to
surface with
with aa raised
raised midrib.
midrib.
Bark
Deeply furrowed
furrowed bark,
bark, dark
dark grey
grey colour,
colour, twisted,
twisted,
fibrous, fissured.
fibrous,
fissured.
l /FAO acknowledge
ackn ow ledge the
the assistance of Pan
Pan Chih Kang,
Kang, The
The
1/FAO
- Arboretum,
Acade~y of Forestry,
Forestry, Beijing,
Be~ ing, China.
China.
Arboretum, Chinese Academy
--468468 -
PRODUCTS
WOOD PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
The
of wood is superior;
superior; sapwood
sa~wood is light brown,
The quality of
. heartwood is
is reddish
reddish brown.
brown. The timber is
is used
used for
for
construction,
boat-building and
and furniture.
furniture.
construction, boat-building
Specific gravity: 0.6.
0.6.
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
It
In China in
in the
the provinces
provinces of
of Chekiang
Chekiang and
and Anhwei.
Anhwei.
In
is usually
usually found
found at elevations between 800-1 200
200 m
m in
in
is
western Hupeh,
Hupeh, Hunan
Hunan province;
province; 11 500-2
500-2 800
BOO m
m in
in
south-west Szechuan
Szechuan and
and central
central Yunan.
Yunan.
CLIMATE
CLI MATE
and humid.
humid.
Warm and
P sinensis can
can endure
endure drought
drought during
during
spring
spring and winter.
SOILS
The tree
The
tree normally grows on red
red mountain
mo untain soils,
soils, yellow
soils or
or brown
brown forest
forest soils,
soils, also
also on
on limestone
soils
limestone
formations.
formations.
HABITAT
Mixed coniferous broadleaved
broad leaved forest.
forest.
STATUS
This
is a
a rare
rare species,
species, even
even in
in its
its nature
nature habitat.
habitat.
This is
specimen s are
are known
known in
in the
the west.
west.
No specimens
- 469 -469-
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
SELECTED
1966
1966
A Handbook of Coniferae
Coni ferae and
and Ginkgonceae
Ginkgonceae
(Rev . S . G.Harrison) Edward
Edward Arnold
Arnold
(Rev.S.G.Harrison)
(Publishers) London.
London.
(Publishers)
Lee,S.C.
1935
Botany of
of China.
China.
The Commercial
Forest Botany
Press,
Limited, Shanghai,
Shanghai, China.
China.
Press, Limited,
Dallimore,W.&
A.B.Jackson
In Chinese:
Wan - Chun
Cheng Wan-Chun
1982
Sinica -- vol.
vol.
Sylva Sinica
Agendae
Academiae
Flora Reipublicae
Reipublicae Popularis
Popularis
Sinicae - Tomus 77 I p.
97-101.
p. 97-101.
Sinica Edlta
Edita
Sinica
1978
11 p.
199 .
p. 199.
-- 1470
470 --
pterooyne nitens Tu1.1/
Tul.!/
Pteroayne
SYNONYMS
Machaerium pseudotipe
pseudotipe Griseb.
Griseb .
Tipuana pseudotipa Griseb.
Griseb.
(1879)
(1879)
FAMILY
Leguminosae
Subfam. Caesalpinioideae
Leguminosae Subfam.
VERNACULAR NAMES
bravo, candeirgo,
candeirao, madeira nova,
nova, óleo
oleo branco,
branco ,
Amendoim bravo,
pau
pau de
fava, madeira nova,
nova, carne
carne de
vaca,
pau amendoim,
amendoim, pau
de faya,
de vaca,
viraro,
jacutinga.
viraró, jacutinga.
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
bole, with a grey
Tree of medium size and crooked bole,
Tree
rough,
lenticellate bark,
bark, about
about 10 mm
mm thick,
thick, and
and with
with aa
rough, lenticellate
bitter
with round
r ound ascending
ascending branches.
branches.
taste; crown with
bitter taste;crown
Inflorescence
An
small
An axillary panicle made up of 33 racemes of small
flowers, with
yellmv, pubescent peduncles,
peduncles, brown at the
the
flowers,
with yelloa,
base,
base, white on top,
top, with a
a deciduous bract at the
the
Flowering occurs
insertion of each
each pedicel.
pedicel.
occurs from
from
January to
to March.
March.
Fruit
A winged achene with the pedicel on the
the seminiferous
seminiferous
thick side;
side; the wing is
is connate to
to the
the pericarp
pericarp by an
an
thick
oblique slit.
slit. The back
back side
side of
of the
the seed
seed has
has protruding
protruding
11/
/ Based on the work of M.L
M.L.Marques,M.Tomazello
.Marqu:;'!s,M.Tana.zello Fo
FO and
and I.E.Pires.
I.E. Pires .
- Forestry
Dept.
,
ESAI.J.2lUSP
,P.
O
Box
9,Piracicaba
SP , Brazil.
Forestry Dept., ESALQ/USP,P.0 Box 9,Piracicaba,, SP,Brazil.
- 1471
471 --
ribsi
also has
has curved
curved ribs.
ribs.
ribs; the wing also
from May
May to
to June.
June.
place from
Ripening takes
takes
is generally recognized
recognized
It is
seeds must
must be
be collected
coll~ted from
from April
April to
to May.
May.
that seeds
to some
some authorithies
authorithies the
the best
best harvest
harvest season
season
According to
1s,
however, the
the month
month of
of August.
Au gust . Seed
Seed elliptical,
elliptical ,
is, however,
long,
dark yellow.
yellow.
long, dark
Foliage
Leaves alternate,
~lternate, pinnate,
pinnate I with 66 pairs
pairs of alternate
alternate
fall
o les, petiole sulcate
sulcate in
in the
the upper
upper part,
part, with
with aa
folioles,
strong pulvinus
pu!vinus at
at the
the base;
[olloles,
base; short
short petloled
petioled folioles,
oblong, entire,
entire, shiny
shiny above
above and
and opaque
opaque below,
below,
protruding ribs
ribs and
and veins.
veins.
with protruding
Branches: Grey,
Grey, round,
round, wrinkled
wrinkled and
and lenticellate.
lentlcellate.
Branches:
PRODUCTS
WOOD PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
heavy with
with aa dark
dark beige-pink
beige-pink or
o r uniform
uniform light
light
Wood heavy
brown heartwood;
heartwood; distinct sapwood,
sapwood, slightly
slightly yellow
yellow to
to
'l
ight be
i ge; with
ny uniform surface;
surface; grain
-light
beige;
with aa shi
shiny
straight to
to irregular;
straight
irregular; medium texture;
texturei sslight
light odor in
ModeAs the heartwood of
As
of
the
layer; a
a slightly
slightly astringent
astringent taste.
taste.
the sapwood layer;
rate
resistance to
to rot.
rot.
rate natural resistance
amendoim
pa rtially
amendoim wood
wood presents
presents veins that are partially
obstructed
obstructed by
by oil-resin
oil-resin that
that reduce the lumen of the
the
fibers, it
it probably has
fibers,
has a
a low permeability
permeability to
to
preservative solutions
solutions under
under pressure.
press ur e.
The
is recommended
recommended for
for fine
fine furniture,
furniture,
The amendoim wood is
veneers for
for lambrins,
lambrins , interior
interior decorating,
decorating, etc.,
etc. , as
as well
well
as
in civil construction for
for beams,
beams , rafters,
rafters, laths,
laths,
as in
tiles and
and boards
boards for
etc. It has
tiles
for floors
floors etc.
has a
a low retractibility,
bility, a handsome appearance and
and aa medium mechanical
resistanc
e . It
It is
lso rec
ommended for
for the construction
resistance.
is aalso
recommended
of truck
truck bodies,
bodies, the
the interior
interior of
of railway
railway wagons,
wagons,
-- 472 --
It
agricultural
etc.
It is
is widely used
used in
in the
the
agricultural implements,
implements, etc.
of large
large barrels,
barrels, water
water kegs
kegs and
and tanks
tanks
manufacturing of
for drinks,
drinks, and also
also for
for tanks
tanks for
for acid
acid solutions.
solutions.
for
DISTRIBUTION
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
This species occurs in
in Argentina,
Argentin a , Paraguay
Par ag uay and Brazil
(from
of Ceara'
Ceara to
Parana,
(from the
the state of
to the
the state
state of Paraná,
reaching the
the Central-eastern
Central - eastern region).
region).
HABITAT
P.nitens
grows in
in the dry deciduous forests
forests of
of the
the
P.nitens grows
"sert5es" where there is
is aa well
well defined
defined dry
dry season.
season.
"sert3es"
As
by its wide distribution,
distribution, this
this species
species
As indicated by
occurs in several soil
soil and
and climatit
climatit conditions.
conditions.
SEED HANDLING
on the tree for
The fruit
fruit stays
stays on
for a
a long period.
time of seed collection, see
see above.
above.
For
When stored
stored in
in
the open
open it
it is
the
is frequently attacked by
by fungi
fungi and
and should
should
45
be treated accordingly. A 75% germination after 45
days storage in the
the open
open has
has been
been observed.
observed. The
days
germination period is
is from
rrom 33 to
to 47
41 days
days after
after sowing.
sowing.
Germination at
at 10 days
Germination
days after sowing without breaking
seed dormancy
dormancy 1s
is resported;
and a
resported; and
a 5% germination
According
Lo
for untreated seeds.
seeds.
to several authors
11 kg contains approximately 55 500
500 seeds.
seeds.
SILVICULTURE
An average height growth of
of 0.68 m
m for
for aa one
one year old
old
trial set up in Pederneiras - SP is
provenance trial
In
In Sao Simao - SP a
a height
height growth
growth of
of 9.02
9.02 m,
m,
recorded.
DBH of 10.71
10.71 cm and aa survival of 94.7% for a
aa DBH
a stand
established in 1968
1968 was
was reported
reported in
in 1982.
1982.
-- 473
473 --
STATUS AND
AND REASONS FOR DECLINE
tree has been very much in
in demand,
demand, as
as its
its wood has
The tree
characteristics that
that are
are very
very favourable
favourable for
for industrial
industrial
use.
The species is
is becoming
becoming rare,
rare, because
because of
of
The
in the
the areas
areas of
of natural
natural
continued exploitation in
occurrence.
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN
the collaboration of IFSP,
IFSP, maintains
The CNPq/PNPF with the
44 base
populations
and
100
selected
trees.
base
100 selected trees. The
"Instituto Florestal
Paulo" (IFSP)
(IFSP) established
established
"Instituto
Florestal de
de Sao
So Paulo"
a
a trial
trial in Pederneiras
Pederneiras in
in 1981 using
using 44 provenances
and 36 progenies,
progenies, and has
has observed
observed aa high
high genetic
genetic
variation.
--47)4
474 -
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Associa y80 Paulista
Associay-go
Paulista
de
de Normas Técnicas,
Tecnicas ,
1964
Seminario
Rio de
de
Semingrio de
de madeiras.
madeiras. Rio
258 p.
p.
258
Jane~ro.
Janeiro.
Barbosa
, J.M.
Barbosa,J.M.
1982
Germina9ao
Sementes de 77 essencias
Germinag-o de Seméntes
nativas.
Silvicultura em
em S-60
Sao Paulo,
Paulo,
Silvicultura
Sao
16A (parte
(parte 1);
1);
Sao Paulo,
Paulo, vol. 16A
322
- 328 p.
p.
322-328
Biella,L . C.&
Biella,L.C.&
Capelanes,T.M.C.
Capelanes,T
.M .C .
1984
1984
Produ9ao
Produya-o e e Tecnologia
Tecnologia de
de Sementes
Sementes de
Especies
na
Especies Florestais Nativas na
Cornpanhia
Paulo .
Companhia Energetica
Energética de
de Sao
So Paulo.
In:
l~ Sirnposio
Sabre
In: 1?
Simpósio Brasileiro Sobre
Tecno!ogia
Semen Tes
Tes Florestais,
Florestais,
Tecnologia de Semen
Bela Horizonte.
Horizonte.
Belo
Boutelje,J.B.
1980
1980
Encylopaedia of world timbers
timhers names
names
and
literature . Stockholm,
Stockholm,
and technical
technical literature.
Swedish
Research
Swedish Forest Products Research
Laboratory 398
398 p.
p.
Kribs,D.A.
1970
Commercial foreign
foreign woods
woods on
on the
the
American Market. University
Unive.rsi ty Park,
Park,
State University.
University. 203
203 p.
p.
Pennsylvania State
Fraga,M.V.G.
de i'ndice
{ndice da
Ensaio de
da flora
flora dendrolodendrológica do
gica
do Brasil.
Brasil. Arquivos
Arquivos do
do Servi~o
Servio
F1oresta1. 2(2):
2(2): 69-156.
69-156.
Florestal.
1946
1946
Galvac/A.p.M.
Galváo,A.P.M.
1982
1982
Contribuigao de EMBRAPA/IBDF-PNPF -Contribui9ao
para a
a pesquisa com espécies
especies nativas
florestais
no Brasil.
Brasil.
florestais naturais no
Silvicultura
Paulo, So
Sao Paulo,
Paul~
Silvicultura ern
em Sao
So Paulo,
vol.
vol. 16A
16A
(parte
(parte 1)p.
1)1'.150
150-159
- 159·
Gurgel Filho,
Filho,
0.A.
O . A. et
et al.
al.
e comportamento
cornportarnento em Alfobre
Fenologia e
especies florestais
florestais ee ornamentais.
ornamentais.
de espécies
Silvicultura
em Sao
Sao Paulo,
Paulo, Sdb
Sao Paulo,
Paulo,
Silvicultura em
vo1.J. p.291-304.
p. 291 - 304 .
1963
1963
Gurgel Filho,O.A.;
Gurgel
Filho,O . A.;
Moraes,L.T.&
Mora.es,L.T . &
Moraes,E.
Moraes , E.
1982
1982
Caracteres
e compeCaracteres Silviculturais e
ti~ao
entre espécies
especies folhosas.
folhosas.
tiOo entre
Silvicultura em
em So
SaoPaulo,
Paulo,Sa-6
Sao Paulo,
Paulo ,
vol.
16A (parte2);
(parte 2), p.
p. 895-900
vol. )6A
895-900..
- 1475
475 -
-
Jesus,R.M. ;
Jesus,R.M.;
Menandro,M.J. &&
Rodriques , F.C . M.P.
Rodriques,F.C.M.P.
1984
Tecnologia
de espébies
especies
Tecnologia ee produ9ao
produao de
florestais
nativas desenvolvidas na
na
florestais nativas"desenvolvidas
floresta Rio Doce S/A.
floresta
S/A . 19
19 Simpósio
Simposio
Brasileiro Sobre Tecnologis de
Semen Tes Florestais.
Florestais.
Semen
Mainieri,C.
1958
1dentificaGao
madeiras
Identificaqao das principais madeiras
no Brasil.
Brasil. Boletim
Boletim IPT,
1PT,
de comercio no
Sao Paulo,
Paulo , (46):
(46): 1-189.
Mainieri, C.&
C.&
Pereira,
Pereira , J.A.
J.A.
Madeiras do
Madeiras
do Brasil:
Brasil: caracteriza9ao
caracterizapo
macroscopica,
macroscópica, usos
usos comuns e
e indices
indices
qualitativos fi'Sicos
flsicos e
e mecánicos.
mecanicos.
qualitativos
Anuario brasileiro de economia
economia
florestal,
florestal, Rio
Rio de Janeiro 17
17 (17):
1-282.
1965
Mainieri,C.
1970
1970
Madeiras brasileiras:
brasileiras: caracterlsticas
caracterlsticas
gerais, zonas
zonas de
de maior
maior °correncia,
oco rrencia,
dados botánicos
botanicos ee usos.
usos .
Sao Paulo,
Ag ricultura do Estado
Estado
Secretaria da Agricultura
de
So Paulo.
de Sao
Paulo . 109
109 p.
p.
Mainieri,C.
1978
1978
Ficha de caracteristicas das
madeiras brasileire,s:
brasilp.lra~: Sao
Paulo, IPT.
1PT.
Sao Paulo,
v . 1.
197 P.
p.
1ngtituto
v.
1. 197
Instituto de
de Pesquisas
Tecnologica do
do Estado
Estado de
de Sao
Sao Paulo.
Paulo.
Mainieri, C.;
C.;
J.P. &
Chimelo, J.P.
&
V.A.
Alfonso, V.A.
Manual de
de identifica9ao
identifica0o das
Manual
das
principajs madeiras comerciais
comerciais
principais
brasileiras.
So Paulo,
brasi
leira s . Sao
Paulo, Secretaria
Secretaria
da Industria,
Industria, Comércio,
Comercio, Ciencia e
e
da
Tecno1ogia.
241 P.
p.
Tecnologia.
1983
1983
Nogueira,J.C . B .
Noqueira,J.C.B.
et.
al.
et.al.
1982
1982
Conserva9áo
Conse
rva~ao genetica
genet ica de Essencias
Essencias
atraves de
de ensaios
ensaios de
de
nativas através
Progénie
progenie eprocedéncia.
eprocedencia .
Silvicu1tura
Silvicultura
Paulo, So
SaoPaulo,
Paulo, Campos
Campos do
do
em Sao
So Paulo,
"ordao , vol.
vol. 16A
l6A (parte
(parte 2):
2) : 957-969p.
957-969p.
Tordo,
Nogueira
Nogueira,, J.C.B.
J . C.B.
et
. al.
et.al.
1983
^
Conserva9ao genetica de essencias
nativas atraves de
de ensaios
ensaios de
de
progênies
progenies ee procedencias.
procedencias.
Silvicultura , Sa-o
S'ao Paulo,
Paulo , 88 (28):
(28)
Silvicultura,
,91-397
391-397..
-
476 1476
Pazstor,Y
. P.C.
Pazstor,Y.P.C.
1983
1983
Metodos
us~dns
na colheita
de
Métodos usados
na colheita
de
Sementes
Paulo ,
Sementes.. Silvicultura em Sao Paulo,
Sao
. vol
. 1.
1. p.
!'. 303-323.
Sá-o Paulo
Paulo.
vol.
Pickel,J.B.
1953
As
principais árvores
arvores que
que da-b
dao
As principais
madeira,
madeira, metodo
método prat~co
prático para 0o seu
reconhecimento.
brasilei ro
reconhecImento. Anuario brasileiro
de
florestal, Rio
Rio de
de economia
economia florestal,
de
Janeiw
58 - 86.
Janeiro 66 (6),
(6): 58-86.
Pickel,J .B.
Pickel,J.B.
As
As principais
principais arvores
árvores que
que dao
dáb
madeira
metoda pratico
madeira:: me'todo
pratico para
para seu
reconhecimento.
reconhecimento. Anuario
Anuário brasileiro
de
florestal, Rio de
de economja
economia florestal,
Janeiro
(8), 16-87.
16 - 87.
Janeiro,, 88 (8):
1955
Record, S.J.&
S.J . &
Record,
Hess
, R.W .
Hess,R.W.
1949
Timbers
New
Timbers of
of new
new world.
world. 4 ed
ed.. New
Haven
Yale University Press.
Press.
Haven,, Yale
640 p.
p.
Rizzini,C.T.
Rizzini
, C.T.
1979
de fitogeografia
fitogeografia do
do Brasil.
Brasil.
Tratado de
Paulo, fluatec/Ed.
fluatec /Ed.
Sao Paulo,
Un i versidade de
Paulo. 274
274 p.
p.
Universidade
de Sao
So Paulo.
Rizzini,C.T.
Rizzini,C
.T .
Mors, W.B.
Mors,
W. B.
1976
&
&
Botanicn Economica Brasileira.
Brasilp.ira.
Botanica
Sao Paulo
, EPU/Ed.
Universidade
Sa-b
Paulo,
EPU/Ed. Universidade
de Sib
Sao Paulo.
Paulo. 207
207 p.
p.
- 477 -
schinopsis
Engl.!!
Schinopsis brasiliensis Eng1.1/
FAMILY
Anacardiaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
Barauna,, brauna.
Barauna
brauna.
BOTANICAL DISCRIPTION
General
One
the largest trees
trees found
found in
in the semi-arid reaion
region
One of
of the
of
of Northeastern Brazil.
There
from 12
12 to
to
There are trees from
20m in
in height and from
from 30
30 to
to 60
60 cm
em in
in diameter.
diameter.
Inflorescence
In
In panicles
panicles of
of white,
white, small
small flowers,
flowers , occuring
occu ring from
from
November to
to December
December and
and November
November to
to February.
February.
Fruit
A samara or drupe of light
light brown
brown colour,
colour , measuring
measuring 30
30
to 40 mm in
to
in length.
length.
Foliaae
Foliage
petiolate , subcoriaceous,
subcoriaceous , dark green
green on
on the
the upper
upper
Leaf petiolate,
surface and
and light
coloured oon
surface
light coloured
n the
the under side,
side , with 10
pairs of oblong folioles,
falleles , tip
tip obtuse and
and obliaue-acute
oblique - acute
at the
the base.
base.
Bark
The
bark is approximately 17.0
17 . 0 mm thick
thick with aa dead
dead
The bark
external layer,
layer, rough,
rough , rigid,
rigid, light
light grey
grey to
to black.
black .
1/
!/
Based on the
the work of
of I.E.Pires
I.E . Pires and
a nd C.E.S.Nascimento.
C . E.S.Nascirnento .
EMBRAPA/CPATSA,
EMBRAPA
/ CPATSA, P.O.Box
P.D . Box 23,
23, Petrolina,
Petrolina , PE,
PE , Brazil.
Brazil .
- 478 -
''''hen
it shows
shows aa resinous
resinous exudate,
exudate, which is
is
When injured it
and without odor.
odor .
transparent and
WOOD PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
HOOD
PRODUCTS
Hard
a brownish-yellow colour,
colour, becoming
Hard and
and heavy,
heavy, with
with a
dark brown with
with age
age and
and when
when exposed
exposed to
to air.
air.
dark
The
presence of resin
resin and tannin
tannin renders
renders aa large
large durability
when it
when
it is
is submitted
submitted to
to adverse
adverse conditions.
conditions.
The wood is
is appropriate
appropriate for
for construction,
construction, rafters,
rafters,
pillars, beams,
beams, sleepers,
sleepers, fuel,
fuel, charcoal,
charcoal, etc.
etc.
pillars,
DISTRIBUTION
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
A
typical of
of the
the "Serta'o"
" Sertao" and "Agreste"
"Agreste" of
of the
the
A species typical
state
and Bahia.
Bahia.
state of
of Pernambuco and
It has
in
It
has been found in
the
paraiba, Rio Grande
Norte , Ceará
Ceara and
the states
states of
of Pararba,
Grande do Norte,
Piaui.
Piaul.
Trees are
are generally
generally found
the "caatingas"
"c aat ingas "
in the
Northeastern Brazil.
Brazil .
of Northeastern
CLIMATE
The
i-Ihere
The cliJ'l'lC\te
climate where
sub
- humid
sub-humid
tropical
gro\o1s
barauna grows
to
dry
is
is dry
tropical,
where
the dry period
may reach
reach up
up to
to 12
12 months
months,
with a
the
period may
, with
a water
level of
of 11 300
300 mm.
mm .
deficit reaching a level
SOILS
This
is found
found in
in all
all soil
soil types
types with
with the
the
This species is
those that
that are deep
deep and
and sandyipreference
sandy;preference
exception of those
for
fertile soils
soils has
has also
also been
been noted.
noted.
for deep
deep and fertile
HABITAT
The
tree thrives
thrives bestin
bestin the
the high
high lands
lands of the
the
The tree
"caatinga",
t' caa tlnga", and
and does
does not appear in
in pure
pure formations;
formations ;
-479- 479 it is
is found mixed with species such
such as
as
Astronium sp.
Tabebuia
sp.
Caesalpinia
sp. Tabebuia Spa Caesalpinia sp.
sp.
Ziziphus sp.
SPa and
and Bombax
Bombax sp.
sp.
SEED HANDLING
available; however,
however, it is
1s
Little information is available;
known that the seeds are susceptible to borer
attacks while stiil
still on
on the
the tree.
tree. Studies are
are
required on the
the physiological
physiological maturation.
maturation. The
seeds present coat dormancy which will also need
seeds
studied. The weight of 1000 seeds
seeds is
is
to be studied.
about 106
106 g.
g.
SILVICULTURE
This species is
is normally
normally not
not planted.
planted. A
A review
of the forest
experiments
in
the
Northeast
and
forest
the
other studies under semi-arid
semi - arid conditions,
conditions, show
an average survival of approximately 60%,
60%, with
aa very slow
slow growth.
growth.
The seedlings are raised by employing traditional
The
traditional
methods. The seed dormancy causes delay and
irregular germination.
STATUS
s.
is suffering a slow
slow decline.
S. brasiliensis is
The studies underway on the species
species are limited
limited
to studying its behaviour in pure stands.
stands.
AND RECOMMENDED
RECOMMENDED
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN AND
In situ conservation is highly recommended.
In
recommended.
Studies of the reproductive system
system and the
the
establishment of base populations should
should also
be
the genetic variation
variation
be undertaken to preserve the
and
and to provide reproductive material.
-- 1480
480 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Braga,R.
1976
1976
nordeste , especlalmente
Plantas do nordeste,
especialmente do
Ceara.
ed . Mossoro,
Masson), Escola
Escola Superior de
Ceara. 33 ed.
Agricultura
p.
Agricultura.. 540 p.
Brune, A.
A.
1975
preserva9ao das reservas
reservas genéticas
geneticas de
de
Preserva9ao
arvores
nativas brasileiras.
brasileiras .
Ervores nativas
Brasil
florestal
Janeiro, (24):
(24): 19-21.
19-21 .
florestal,, Rio de Janeiro,
A.
Brune, A.
1981
Implanta9ao
populaGoes base de
de
Implantacâb de populagoes
especies florestais.
florestais.
Documentos.
Curitiba: 1-9.
1 - 9.
EMBRAPA/URPFCS, Curitiba:
Carr€a, M.P.
M.P.
Corra,
1926
Dicionário
Dicionaria das
das plantas
plantas Uteis
uteis do Brasil
ee das ex6i-icas
ex6ticas cultivadas.
Rio de_
de
Rio
Janeiro,
Janeiro, Servico
Servico de
de Informa9ao
Informa9ao Agricola.
Agricola.
v. 1
1 p.
p. 127, 326.
326 .
Golfari , L &&
Golfari,L
Caser,R.L.
1977
1977
Zoneamento
ecológico da
da reg1ao
regio nordeste
Zoneamento ecologico
nOsdeste
Serie
para experimenta9ao
experirnenta9ao florestal.
florestal. Serje
D.de A.
A.
Lima, D.de
s.d.
Contribution to the study of the flora
flora
of Pernambuco, Brazil.
Brazil. New
New York.
York . 154
154 p.
p.
(Tese
(Tese -- Mestrado
Mestrado -- State
State University of
New York).
Lima,J.L.S . de
Lima,J.L.S.de
1982
de trinta
trinta espécies
especies
Reconhecimento de
arboreas
e arbustivas
arbustivRS da caatinga,
caating~. atraatr.~ ­
arbóreas e
ves
da morfologia da
da casca.
casca. Recife.
~ecife . 144p.
144p.
ves da
tecnica .
técnica.
1-116
1-116..
PRODEP
F. F , Brasilia,
Bras{lia,
PRODEPEF,
(10):
(10):
(Tese
- UFRPE).
UFRPE) .
(Tese -- Mestrado
Mesttado Lima,P.C.F. ;
Lima,P.C.F.;
Souza,S.M.de
Souza, S. M. de &&
Drumond , M. A.
Drumond,M.A.
1982
1982
Competisao de
de espe-cies
especies florestais
Competi9a)
florestais nativas
em
em Petrolina
Petrolina -- PE.
PE. Silvicultura
Silvicultura em
em Sao
So
Paulo
Sao Paulo,
Paulo , 16A
l6A (parte
(parte 2):
2):
Paulo,, SEo
1139
- 48 .
1139-48.
Moraes,G.J .
Moraes,G.J.
et al.
a1.
de et
1981
Insetos
a sementes de
de
Insetos associados
associados a
forrageiras e
e essêhcias
essen cias florestais
flo r estais no
forrageiras
trdpico
semi-arido do
do Brasil.
Brasil.
troPico semi-árido
Pesquisa
andamento. EMBRAPA,
EMBRAPA, Petrolina
Petrol ina (11):
(11):
em andamento.
1-2.
1-2.
-481 -
- 481 -
Silva, H.B.
da
Silva,
H.B.da
et alii
alii
1980
Comportamento de esséncias
essencias florestais
florestais nas
nas
regi oes árida
arida ee semi-a.rida
semi - arida do
regioes
do nordeste
(resultados preliminares).
(resultados
pre li ~ina res). Documentos
Documentos
EMBRAPA/D ID, Brasilia:
Brasilia: 1-25.
1-25.
EMBRAPA/DID,
Souza,S.M.de &&
Souza,S.M.de
Lima,P.C . F.
Lima,P.C.F.
1982
Caracterizagáo de sementes
Caracteriza9ao
sementes de
de algumas
algumas
especies
florestais nativas
n at ivas do
do nordeste.
nordeste.
espéeies florestais
Silvicultura em
pnulo, Sao Paulo,
Si]vicultura
em S~o
So paulo,
16A
(parte 2):
2), 1156-67.
1156 - 67 .
16A (parte
Tigre,C.B
Tigre,C.B..
1976
Estudos de silvicultura
silvicultura especializada
especializada do
do
Estudos
nordeste.
Messoro,
Esco1a Superior de
de
Messóro, Escola
176 p.
p.
Agricultura.
Vasconcelos
Sobrinho,
Sobrinho , J.
J.
1970
regioes naturais
naturais do nordeste,
nordeste, o
0 meio
As regióes
ee a c1valizaga"6.
Cl.viliza9ao. Recife,
l ho do
Recife, Conse
Conselho
Pernambuco . 441
441 p.
p.
uesenvolvimento de Pernambuco.
-- 1482
482 -Stuhlmannia Moavi Taub.1/
Taub. 11
~.moavi
S.moavi
is
species of
of the
the genus.
genus.
is the
the only known species
FAMILY
Leguminosae
Suhfam.
Subfam. Caesalpinioideae
VERNACULAR NAMES
NAMES
Tanzania:
Mkwizingi
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
Tree 7.5
7.5 - 99 m
m highiapparently
high/apparently evergreen.
evergreen.
Young
tomentellous.
branchlets tomentellous.
Inflorescence
Racemes
- 13 cm
em
Racemes 99 -
long
(up to
em in fruit);
fruit); outside
long (up
to 20 cm
of calyx with a
a dense tomentellus
tomentellus brownish indumentum
indumentum
like
also with
some scattered
like that
that of
of the
the branchlets,
branchlets, also
with some
round red sessile
sessile glands
glands in
in addition.
addition .
Petals yellow,
unguiculate, obovate - spathulate,
spathulate , 1.6
1.6 - 2
2 cm
em long
long
unguiculate,
and 66 -- 99 mm wide.
Pods
5 em
Pods obliquely oblanceolate
oblanceolate ++ 5
cm
long and
and 2 em
cm wide,
long
wide, olive-brown, glabrous
glabrous and
and rather
rather
Seeds
elliptic, + 14
14 mm
Seeds broadly obovate to elliptic,
glossy.
long and
and 10 mm wide,
wide, brown and
long
and glossy.
glossy .
Foliage
Leaves with Cia petiole
(0.6 - -)1-1.7
)1-1.7 cm
long, rhachis
petiole (0.6
cm long,
(3.5 -- ) 66 (3.5
- 12 cm long,
long, at
at first
first with
with aa sparse
sparse
)
indumentum like
like that
that of
of the
the branchlets.
branchlets.
Leaflets
Leaflets
on the work of J.A.Odera (Forestry Res.
l1/Based
/Based on
Res. Dept.,
Dept.,
Kenya
Agric. Research Institute,
Kenya Agric.
Institute, Kikuyu,Kenya)
Kikuyu,Kenya) and
Ms.C.Kabuye (East
Hs.C.Kabuye
(East African Herbarium,National Museums
of
Kenya, Nairobi,
Nairobi, Kenya).
Kenya).
of Kenya,
-
483 483
33 -- 55 ((-6)
- 6) pai
rs, ovateelliptic
to elliptic,
pairs,
ovateelliptic to
elliptic, usually
with aa subrhombic
cm long
subrhomb i c tendency.
tendency . 2.5
2 . 5 -- 99 ((-12.5)
-1 2.5) ern
10n9 and
1.3 - 55 - 6.5
6.5 cm
em wide,
wide, obtuse
obtuse to
to rounded
rounded at
at apex,
apex ,
asymmetric at base,
base , glabrous (except
(except on midrib
midr ib when
young); venation prominent
young);
prominent on
on both
both surfaces.
surfaces .
DISTRIBUTION
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
Pangani District in
in Tanzania
Tanzan i a (Mkwaja,
(Mkwaja , Mkaramo,
Mkaramo ,
Wachenya
23 Nov.,
Nov. , 1955).
1955).
Wachenya,, 23
CL
IMATE
CLIMATE
r ainfall varies
varies widely,
widely, from
from 32
32 -- 240
240
The mean annual rainfall
em
a year.
cm a
The re is
is a
a long
long dry
dry spell
spell with rain
rain
There
restricted to the period from
fr o m November
November to
to May.
May.
HABITAT
evergreen and
and riverine
riverine forests
forests of
of the
the
Lowland dry evergreen
Pa
ng ani area in
in Tanzania.
Tanzania.
Pangani
SILVICULTURE
S ILVI CULTURE
r ecorded
Not recorded
STATUS
Endangered
REASONS
REASONS FOR DECLINE
Settlement and clearing
clearing of
of forests.
forests.
RECOMMENDED
PROTECTIVE MEASURES RECOMMENDED
The forests
forests in which
which the
the species
species occurs
occurs are
are in
in the
the
Reserve . Research
Research is
i s required
required to
to
Central Government Reserve.
study and document:
document :
the flora and ecology
ecology of
of the
the region,
region,
1 . the
2. the
the requirements
require~ents of the
the species
species so
so that
that it
it can
can be
be
brOu0ht into
i nt o cultivation.
cultivotion.
brouaht
- 484 -
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Brenan , J.P.M.
Brenan,J.P.M.
1967
1967
sub -f amily CaesalpiCaesalpi Leguminosae sub-family
nioideae.
In Milne
- Redhead,
Redhead, E.&
E.&
nioideae.
In
Milne Polhill,
Po1hi11, R.M.
R.M. (eds.).
(eds. ) .
of Tropical
Tropical East
East Africa.
Africa.
Flora of
Agents, London.
London.
Crown Agents,
Brenan
Brenan,, J.P.M. &&
Greenway
P . J.
Greenway,, P.J.
1949
1949
list s of the Forest Trees and
Check lists
the British
British Empire,
Empire,
Shrubs of the
No . 5,
5, Imp.
Imp.
Tanganyika Territory, No.
Forestry Institute
Institute Oxford.
Oxford.
Po1hi11, R.M.
R .M.
Polhill,
1968
1968
Conservation of Vegetation,
Vegetat i o n, in
in
Africa South of the
the Sahara by
by Inga
Inga
Olav Hedberg
Hedberg (eds.).
(eds.) .
and Olov
phytogeogr . suec.
suec.
Acta phytogeogr.
-- 485
485 -
Tabebuia impetiginosa
impetiginosa (Mart.)
(Mart.) Stand1.1/
Standl , l /
SYNONYMS
impetiginosa Mart
Mart (1845)
(1845)
Tecoma impetiginosa
Tebebuia impetiginosa
impetiginosa (Mart.
(t-1art . ex
ex DC.)
DC.) Tol.
Tol . (1952)
FAMILY
Bignoniaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
.
~
Pau
' arco , ipg-roxo,
ipe-ro xo, pau
pau d'arco-roxo,
d ' arco-roxo, ipé-una,
1pe - una,
Pau dd'arco,
ipe-preto,
d'arco-rasa.
ipé-preto, pau d'arco-rosa.
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
A tree
tree which reaches
reaches 8
8 to
to 10
10 meters in
in height
height when
isolated;
the forest
forest it reaches
reaches a
a height up to 30m
isolated; in
in the
with
a 100
with a
eM
cm
diameter.
is long
long and
and
The crown is
irregular,
the dominant
dominant stratum;
stratum; the
irregular, always
always reaching the
straight .
trunk is generally straight.
Inflorescence
Inflorescence
In
triads in
in sub-umbellate
sub-umbellate panicles
panic~s
In clusters
clusters of ordinate triads
axes branch out dichotomously,
dichotomously, and are
are thick
thick and
and
the axes
heavily
a yellow-white
yellow - white layer
layer which
which also
also
heavily covered with a
the pedicels
pedicels
covers the
and the
the calyx;
calyx;bracts
bracts
yello-l- pi.l o!:'e,.
and
yello.4-pi1ose,
calyx/ bellshaped,scaly,
bellshaped/scaly , tomentose,
tomentose ,
generally deciduous; calyx,
55 to
pink-violet , 6 to 7
7 cm in
to 88 mm
mm in
in length;
length; corolla
corolla pink-violet,
length;
elliptical, 33 to
in length.
length.
length; ovary elliptical,
to 5 mm in
in September;
September; or earlier
earlier in
in July
July to
to
Flowering begins in
August..
August
1/
!/
occurs in
in September.
SepSember .
Fructification occurs
Based on
on the
work of I.E.Pires and C.E.S.Nascimento,
Based
the work
C.E.S.Nascimento,
23, Petrolina,
Petrolina, PE,
PE, Brazil.
Braz il .
EMBRAPA/CPATSA 23,
--486486 Fruit
Fruit
A long
long linear,
linear, coriaceous,
coriaceous, pointed,
pOinted, capsule
capsule measuring
~easuring
A
25 to
to 30
30 cm
em in
in length
length and
and 15
15 to
to 20
20 mm
r'1TI1 in
in width.
'N'idth.
25
Foliage
The leaves are opposite,
opposite, digitate,
digitate, large,
large, with 5
5
pubescent folioles;
falieles;
pubescent
coriaceous, oblong-ovate,
coriaceous,
nblon9-ov~te, with
l~ith a
a
rounded
shortly wedged
f'Jedqed apex,
apex,
rounded base and shortly
margin entire,
entire,
margin
somewhat
lateral ribs 66 to
somewhat pubescent;
pubescent; lateral
to 10
10 mm
mm apart,
apart,
measuring
4 to 12 in
in width.
'.... idth.
measurincj 88 to
to 22
22 mm
mm in
in length
length and
and 4
Bark
22 to
em in thickness,
thickness, rigid,
rigid, dark
dark brown
brown on
on the
the
to 3 cm
insioe, with lengthwise
lengthwise furrows
furrows and
and transtrans outside and inside,
fissures, with
with no
no detaching
detaching plagues.
plaques. The bark
bark
verse fissures,
is
and mucilaginous.
~ucilaginous .
is bitter,
bitter, astringent and
1;000
PRODUCTS
WOOD PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
Light
to dark
dark greyish-brown
greyish-brown in
in colour,
colour, very
very heavy
heavy
Light brown to
and
conditions; the
the sapwood
sa~wood
and hard,
hard, resistant to adverse conditions;
brown.
is light brown.
The specific gravity is
is 11.083.
. 083.
Wood is
is used
used for
for carved
carved pieces,
pieces, construction,
construction, hydraulic
hydraulic
projects, sleepers,
projects,
sleepers, fence
fence posts,
posts, pillars,
pillars, etc.
etc.
DISTRIBUTION
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
It
Piaul to
found in the
the
It grows
grows from PiauT_
to Sao
Sgo Paulo,
Paulo, and
and is
is found
region of
and on
on the
the "cerrados"
of "Cariri"
"Cariri" in
in Ceara.'
cearG and
"cerrados" of
of
central Brazil.
Brazil .
CLI'lATE
CLIMATE
This
tree grows
from aa humid
humid sub-tropical
sub-tropical climate,
This tree
grows from
climate, with
periodical rains,
an arid
arid tropical
subject
periodical
rains, to
to an
tropical climate
climate subject
to
to prolonged dry
dry periods
periods of
of up
up to
to 12
12 months.
months.
-- 487
487--
SOILS
tree has a
a preference
preference for
for deeper
deeper aluvial
aluvial soils
soils in
in
The tree
for~sts, ridges
ridges and
and tablelands;
tablelands;
i t is rarely
rarely
gallery forests,
it
found in
found
in shallow rocky
rocky soils.
soils.
HABITAT
In Cear~
it is
is found
fou nd in
in the rain
rain
In
Ceara and
and Rio
Rio de
de Janeiro it
fforest,
orest , while
in Minas
i t is
is foUnd
found in
in forest,
forest, as
as
while in
Minas Gerais
Gerais it
well as on
o n pasture
pasture land,
land, as
as solitary
solitary trees.
trees .
There
There
exists no pure natural stands
stands and
and it
it is
is usually
usually found
found
among other
species
such
as
Astronium
sp.,
Anadenanthera
othe r
Astronium sp .,
sp. and
and Torresia
sp.
To;resia sp.,
~. , etc.
etc.
HANDLING
SEED HANDLING
seeds are
are winged and
and easily
easily dispersed
dispersed by
by the
the wind.
wind.
The seeds
requires care
care in
in collecting
collecting them
them before
before the
the fruits
fruits
This requires
open
\'1hen
in the open germination
germination percentage
When stored in
open..
is reduced by 30%
30% within 66 months.
months.
is
However, when
However,
in cold chambers,
chambers , the
the germination
germinatio n percentage
percentaqe
stored in
is maintained above
above 70%
70 % up to
to 77 months
months..
is
takes place during aa period
period of
of 15
1 5 days.
days .
takes
Germination
SILVICULTURE
species is
is normally
no r mally not
not cultivated
cultivated on
on aa commercial
commercial
This species
scale
but is
is frequently
frequently grown
g rown as
as an
a n ornamental tree
tree
scale but
(for parks
avenues) .
(for
parks and avenues).
Its
r ow th in
in pure stands is
is
Its ggrowth
slow,
satisfacto r y when compared to
to the
the majority
slow, but satisfactory
native species.
species.
of native
It
r esents aa high
rate
It ppresents
high survival rate
in regions
regi ons where there
there is
is aa high
high water
water deficit
deficit
even in
e . g . in
in Petrolina
Petro lina -- PE.
PE.
e.g.
- 488
488 -
STATUS
The species is
is suffering
suffering aa slow
slow decline.
decline.
MEASURES TAKEN
TAKEN
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
measures have
have been
beentaken
takenatatpresent
present
~ ~ithe r for
for
No measures
I-either
ex
in situ
situ conservation.
conservation.
ex situ nor in
The studies underway
this species
species are
are limited
limited to
to studying
studying the
the behaviour
behaviour
on this
of
in pure
pure stands.
stands .
of trees in
rec ommended .
highly recommended.
In
is
In situ
situ preservation is
Studies
the reproductive
Studies of the
system
establishme n t of base populations
populations is
is
system and
and the establishment
recommend ed, to
to preserve
preserve the
the genetic
genetic variation
variation
also recommended,
to provide
provide reproduction
reproduction material.
material.
and to
-
489
409 -
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
R.
Braga, R.
11976
976
Plantas
Plantas do nordeste, especialmente
especia!mente do
do
Ceara:
Cearal 3.ed.
3.ed . Mossoro,
Mossoro, Escola
Escola Superior
Superior de
de
Agricultura. 540
540 p.
p.
Brune, A.
A.
1975
1975
Preservaygó
Preserva~ao das
das reservas
reservas gene'ticas
geneticas de
arvores
arvores nativas brasileiras. Brasil
Brasil
florestal
Janeiro , (24):
19-21.
florestal,, Rio de Janeiro,
(24): 19-21.
Brune, A.
A.
1981
Implantaql-o
de popu
populaqoes
base de espécies
Implanta~ao de
la9oes base
especies
florestais.
florestais. Documentos EMBRAPA/URPFCS,
EMBRAPA /U RPFCS,
Curi tiba: 1-9.
1 - 9.
Curitiba:
M.P.
Correa, M.P.
1974
Dicionario das plantas Gte
utei~ do Brasil e
e
exotir.as cultivadas.
cult1vadas.
Janeiro,
das exóticas
Rio de Janeiro,
IBDF.
IBDF. v.
v . 55 385 p.
p.
L.
Gofari, L.
easer, R.L.
R . L.
Caser,
1977
Zoneamento
nordeste
Zoneamento ecologico
ecológico da
da regiao
regio nordeste
experimenta~ao florestal.
florestal. Serie
Serie
para experimentagáb
tecnica
PRODEPEF, Bel°
Bel0 Horizonte,
Ho riz on te, (10):
técnica.. PRODEPEF,
.
&
&
116 p.
p.
Golfari , L.;
Golfari,L.;
Caser,R.L.&
Moura , V . P.G .
Moura,V.P.G.
1978
Zoenamento
tico para
para
Zoenamento ecologico
ecológico esquema tico
reflorestamento no Brasil.
Brasil . Serie
Serie téCnica.
tecnica.
Lima , P.C.F.;
p.e.F.;
Lima,
Competigao de especies florestais
Competi9ao
florestais nativas
em Petrolina - PE.
PE . Silvicultura
Silvi cul tura em Sao
Paulo, Sao Paulo,
Paulo, 16A
16A (parte
(pa rte 2):
2): 1139-48
1139-48
Souza, S .M. ae &&
Souza,S.M.de
Drwnond,M.A .
Drumond,M.A.
19B2
1982
PRODEPEF,
(11): 66
66 p.
p.
PRODEPFF, Bel0
Belo Horizonte, (11):
Rizzini,C.T.
1971
4rvores
Arvores e
e madeiras dteis
uteis do
do Brasil:
Bra si l:
Manual
brasileira .
Sao
Manual de dendrologia brasileira.
Sdo
Paulo, Edgard
Edga rd Blucher.
Blucher . 294
294 p.
p.
Paulo,
Souza , S . M.de;
Souza,S.M.de:
Pires,I . E . &
Pires,I.E.&
Lima,p.e
.F.
Lima,P.C.F.
1980
Inf
Influência
l uencia da
da ambalagem
ambalagem ee condiyoes
condiOes de
de
armazenamento na
na longevidade
longevidade de
de sementes
sementes
florestais.
~
olp.t im de pesquisa.
pesquisa.
Roletim
EMBRAPA/CPATSA, Petrolina,
Petrolina, (2)
(2):
: 15-24.
15 - 24.
Tigre,
C.B.
Tigre, C.B.
1976
EstuQoS de
de silvicultura
silvicu1tura especializada no
Estudos
nordeste.
oro . Escola Superior
Superior
nordeste. Moss
Mossoro.
de
Agricultur a . 176
176 p.
p.
de Agricultura.
- 1490
490 --
cryptomerioides Hayatal/
Hayata!/
Taiwania cryptomerioides
resembles Cryptomeria in
in its
its
This species strongly resembles
habit.
growth habit.
FAMILY
Taxodiaceae
NAMES
VERNACULAR NAMES
Tajwan-Sah
(Japan)
Taiwan-Sah (Japan)
(En91ish in
in Taiwan)
Taiwan)
Taiwania (Enalish
DESCRIPTION
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
An
tree with a
a conical form,
form, up
up to
to
An evergreen coniferous tree
60
in height
and 2-3
2-3 m in
in diameter,
a clear bole
60 m
m in
height and
diameter, with
with a
up to 20
up
20 m.
m.
FruJt
Fruit
Cones small,
small, terminal
terminal on the
the young twigs,
twigs, cylindrical,
cylindrical ,
composed of
of 12-20 scales;
scales; mature
mature cones
composed
cones 10-12
10-12 mm long
and 3-6
mm wide,
and
3- 6 mm
wide, tapering
tapering at
at the
the base,
base, brown
brown in
in
colour;
samara-like, oblong,
colour; seeds
seeds winged
winged or
or samara-like,
oblong, two under
each scale.
scale.
Foliage
Leaves dimorphic,
dimorphic, scale-like on
on the
Leaves
the older branches/
branches
/
imbricate and
and incurved,
imbricate
incurved, and short needled,
need led, falcate
falcate or
subulate, on
on young
with an
subulate,
young branches,
branches , with
an acute
acute apex and
broad base;
base; leaves
broad
leaves arranged
arranged opposite
opposite in
in alternate
alternate pairs,
pairs,
pale
in colour.
colour.
pale green in
~AO
1/ FAO
-
acknowledge the
the assistance
assistance of
of Pan
Pan Chih
Chih Kang.
Kang.
(The
ChineseAcademy
Academy
Forestry,Beijing ,China).
(The Arboretum,
Arboretum, Chinese
of of
Forestry,Beijing,alira).
491 -- 491
Bark
Bark greyish brown with very
Bark
very long
long longitudinal
longitudinal furrows,
furrows ,
breaking off into long
breaking
long narrow
narrow strips.
strips.
WOOD PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
The
is considered to
to be moderately strong and to
to
The !'>lOod
wood is
some
resistant to
to termites.
termites.
some extent resistant
The
timber is
is very
The timber
easy
operate with tools
tools and machines and is
is princieasy to operate
pally used
used for
for general
general construction
construction and
and furniture,
furniture, it
it is
especially
especially good
good for
for products
products of
of saw-timber
saw- timber and
and veneer.
veneer.
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTION
Taiwan, Chinaiand
ChinaJand possibly
possibly North
North Burma.
Burma.
A native of Taiwan,
HABITAT
In
Taiwan, China,
In Taiwan,
China, it is found in
in the
the central
central mountain
ranges. There it
usually occurs at
at elevations
elevations
between 1 800 m
m and 2 600 m
between
m and is
is usually
usually found
found in
in
scattered stands
stands mixed with
with cypresses
cypresses and
and hardwoods.
hardwoods.
SEED HANDLING
Normally a low
low germination rate,
rate, ranging
ranging from
from 11
11 to
to 18%
18 %
(Taiwan).
Germination after
after 24-26
24-26 days.
days .
SILVICULTURE
In
In Taiwan,
Taiwan, China,
China, it
it is
is recommended that a
a heavy grade
first thinning
thinning should
should be carried
carried out
out at
at about
about the
the age
age
first
of 14 years,
years, when the
the stands appear
appear too
too dense
dense in
in crown
crown
cover.
Five
years after first
Five years
first thinning,
thinning, another
another
thining of moderate grade should
should be
be carried
carried out
out again.
again.
The rotation
rotation age
age ranges
ranges from
from 60 to
to 80
80 years.
years.
-- 1192
492 --
STATUS
STATUS
Endangered in
in certain
certain areas.
areas.
Endangered
REASONS
REASONS FOR DECLINE
Large
clear - cuttings during the
t h e past
past several
several
Large scale clear-cuttings
decades (Taiwan).
(Taiwan) .
MEASURES RECOMMENDED
RECOMMENDED
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
In
rec ommendatio n s to
to preserve
preserve
In Taiwan,
Taiwan, China
China,, recommendations
~
c ryptome rioides
T.cryptomerioides
hav e been
be e n made.
mad e.
have
-493- 493 BIBLIOGRAPHY
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Hung, L.P
L.P
Hung,
1974
on Stand
Stand Growth
Growth of
of Taiwania
Taiwania PlantaPlantaStudy on
tions
tions Established by Testing Plantina
Planting in
in
Forest Districts
Districts in
in Taiwan.
Taiwan.
Different Forest
Forestry Research
Research Institute
Institute No.226,
No.226,
Taiwan Forestry
p.
p.
Lu
Chin-Mirv]
Lu, I Chi_n
-Ming
973
Shun-Ching,
11.L.
M.L.
11 - 26.
26.
in Seedling
Seedling Characters
Characters of
of
Variations in
Taiwania cryptomerioides
cryptomerioides from
from various
various
Forest Research
Research
provenances. Taiwan Forest
No. 246,
246, P.
p. 1 - 18.
18.
Institute, No.
The Commercial
Botany of
of China.
China.
COmMercial
Forest Botany
Press, Ltd.
Ltd. Shangai,
Shangai, China.
China.
Press,
1935
Streets
I R.J.
Streets,R.J.
1962
Forest Trees in
in the
the British
Exotic Forest
Commonwealth. Clarendon Press,
Press, Oxford,U.K.
Oxford,U.K.
Wang
,Chi-h1u
Wang,Chi-Wu
Interactions of
of
Genotype-environment Interactions
provenances
(Cryptomeria) ,
provenances of Zin-Sah (Cryptomeria),
(Taiwania)
-Moo (Cunninghamia).
(Cunninghamia) .
(Taiwania) and
and Sah
Sah-Moo
Paper presented at the
Paper
the Eighth
Eighth World
{oJorld Forestry
Forestry
Congress, Jakarta 1978,
Congress,
1978 , FID-1/17-4.
FID- l/17-4.
In
In Chinese:
.a.gendCle AcaAcaAgendae
demiae
Sini demiae Sinicae Edita
Flora Reipublicae
Poplaris Sinicae
Tomus
Flora
Reipublicae Poplaris
Sinicae - Tomus
7. p.
p. 292-293
292-293..
Chen Wan-
Sylva
chun
1982
7.
Sinica Vol.1
Sinica
Vol.l p.
p. 311-313.
311 - 313.
- 4914 -
1/
!/
Ta i wania flousiana
flousiana GaussenGaussen
Taiwania
This
is doubtfully distinct from
from T.
T . crvptomericryptorneri This species is
oides.
aide
s.
SYNONYMS
Taiwania yunnanensis Koidz.
Koidz.
(1925)
FAMILY
Taxodiaceae
BOTANICAL
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
An
r green coniferous tree,
tree , up to 75
75 m
m (generally
(genera l ly
An eve
evergreen
30-40
30- 40 m)
m)
in height and 22 mm in
in
in diameter.
diameter .
Fruit
Cone oblong,
oblong, 14 to
Cone
to 21
21 mm
mm long
long (17
(17 mm
mm being
being the
the most
most
common
length) ; usually with
with about
about twenty
twenty scales;
scales;
common length);
purplish
- grey in
in colour;
fairly
purplish-grey
colour; edge of the scale fairly
clearly
long, with internal
internal lateral
lateral
clearly marked;
marked; scales 9 rnm
mm long,
edges slightly concave
edges
concave at
at the
the base,
base , 77 to
to 99 mm
mm wide.
wide.
Winged seed
seed 66 to
to 77 mm
mm lona.
long .
Foliage
Leaves almost touching
touching edge to
to edge
edge when
when the
the branch
branch
Leaves
is
is flattened;
flattened; 4
4 to
to 5
5 mm long,
long, fairly
fairly closely overlapping.
On 11 cm
em of branch
branch there
there are
are 12
12 to
to 14
14 leaves.
leaves.
Free end of the
the leaf
leaf a
a little
little bent,
bent, but
but heavily
heavily keeled
keeled
up to the apex,
apex, giving a auadrangular
quadrangular general
general section.
section .
!!
1/
FAO
the assistance
assistance of
of Pan
Pan Chih
Chih Kang,
Kang .
FAO acknowledge the
The
The Arboretum,Chi
Arboretum,Chinese
n ese Academy
Academy of
of Forestry
Forestry,Bei,China.
, 8eijing , China.
-- 495
495 --
Bark
grey - brown, fissured
fissured into
into irregular
irregular long
long plates.
plates.
Bark grey-brown,
WOOD PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
Sapwood light
light reddish-yellow.
reddish-yellow.
Heart-wood
brown.
Hcart-wood purplish
purplish brown.
Wood light
light and
and soft,
soft , with
with straight
straight grain.
grain.
The timber
is
to operate
tools and
and is
is used
used for
for general
is easy
easy to
operate with
with tools
construction and
and furniture.
furniture.
Other Uses
Uses
The
also been
been planted
planted for
for ornamental
ornamental purposes
purpose~
The tree has also
and
protection.
and watershed protection.
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTION
In the
the mountain chains which
In
which separate
separate the
the parallel
parallel
courses of the rivers
courses
rivers in
in Upper
Upper Burma
Burma and
and Yunnan:
Yunnan:
from
east, the
the upper Irrawaddy,
Irrawaddy, the
the
from west to east,
Salween, the
the upper Mekong
Mekong and the
the
upper Salween,
Kin-Cha
Kin-Cha-Kiang
- Kiang (upper
(upper Yang-Tse-Kiang).
Yang - Tse - Kiang). The species
species
appears to
to have originated in
in this
this mountainous zone
zone on
on
the frontier between Burma,
Burma , Tibet and
and Yunnan.
Yunnan.
the
Along
the
the tree
tree seems
far south
south as
as
the rivers
rivers the
seems to have come as far
Myitkyina.
Elevations: 1
I 700 - 2
2 700
700 m
m in
in western
western
Yunnan
800 m
m in
in western
western Hupeh.
Hupeh.
Yunnan,, 800
CLI MATE
CLIMATE
The
the Taiwania flousiana
flousiana range
range is
is warm
warm and
and
The climate of the
cool
cool..
Most rainfall
rainfall occurs
occurs in
in summer
summer and
and autumn.
autumn.
Spring and winter are
are normally
normally dry.
dry.
SOILS
SOILS
Prefers red
yellow mountain
mountain soil
soil oor
brown
forest
Prefers
red soil,
soil , yellow
r bro
wn forest
soil.
- 496 -496-
HABITAT
in mixture with Chinese
Chinese fir,
fir, Schima
Schima spp.
spp.
Found in
Castanopsis spp.
spp.
Lithocarpus and Castanopsis
SEED HANDLING
Seed
is measured to
to 11
Seed weight
weight is
556 gram/1000
gram/lOOO seeds.
seeds.
around 38%
Germination around
38%..
STATUS
Endangered
REASONS FOR DECLINE
REASONS
No information
information available
available
PROTECTIVE
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
MEASURES RECOMMENDED
In need
need of
of basic research programmes
In
programmes on
on distribution
distribution
and
variation.
and genetic variation.
1497 --- 497
SELECTED
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Agendae Academiae
Sinicae Edita
Sinicae
Edlta
1978
Flora
Popularis Sinicae
Sinicae
Flora Reipublicae Popularis
Tomus 7.
7. p.
p~
290- 292 (in
(in Chinese).
Chinese).
290-292
Cheng Wan-chun
1982
Sylva
Vol.l . p.311
p.3ll
Sylva Sinica,
Sinica, Vol.l.
(in
(in Chinese)
Chinese)
Gaussen, H.
H.
1939
Une
de Taiwania
Taiwania -Une Nouvelle
Nouvelle Espece
Espce de
T.
flousiana,Travaux du
du Laboratoire
Laboratoire
T. flousiana.Travaux
Forestler
Forestier de
de Toulouse,Tome
ToulouseTome II -- i i i
Art. II
p. 6.
Art.
II,p.
6.
-498- 498 Tectona hamiltoniana
hamiltoniana Wall
\'1a11
!/
1/
FAMILY
FAMI
LY
Vf>rbenaceae
Verbenaceae
VERNACULAR NAME
Dahat
(Burma)
Dahat (Burma)
BOTAN
ICAL DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPT I ON
BOTANICAL
Ge
General
neral
A moderate
- s iz ed , deciduous tree
tree with clean
clean bole
bo l e up
up to
to
moderate-sized,
88 m
m tall
tall and diameter
diamete r up
up to
to 70
70 cm.
em . Branchlets 6-8
6-8
angular,
the younger
younger parts
parts shortly
sho r t ly and
and densely
densely tommtose.
~tose.
angular, the
Inflorescence
Flowers
Flowers small,
small, pale blue or white,
white, indense
indense tomentose
tomentose
corymbose
panicles 15-30 cm
e m long,
long, borne at
a t the
the end of
of
corymbose panicles
the
the branchlets.
throat.
Co
r olla 8 mm long very hairy in
in the
the
Corolla
Flowering period
p eriod June
June to
to August
August (Troup
(Troup 1921),
1921),
before
""...
•.• befo
r e the
th e leaves are fully
full y developed"
developed II
(H ooker
(Hooker
1885), "March-May,
1885),
wi th the
the young
y o ung foliage"
foliage (Brandis
( Brandis
"March-May, with
1921), July (Kurz
1877). The inflorescences
1921),
(Kurz 1877).
inflorescenc es are
are
tl
normally
buds along the
the
normally developed from axillary buds
terminal
te rminal parts of the
the tree
t r ee branches.
branches.
Fruit
Fr
uit
Fruit
a small four
four celled drupe,
drupe, between
between 44 xx 88 mm
mm and
and
Fruit a
20 mm.
mm.
6 x 20
Fru i t ripening
ripenin g period
peri od (in
(in Lampang,
Lampang, Thailand)
Thailand)
Fruit
is
is between September-October.
Sep tember - October . There are
are 44 000 -- 4600
4600
fruits per
per 11 kkg.
g . (1
( l litre =" 0.1
0 .1 kg.).
kg.).
l/Based
1/Based on
on the
the work
work oof
f T.Hedegart
T .Hedegart (Saatvedt.
(Saatvedt. Skollenborg,
Skolle nbo rg,
- Norway)
Norway) and A.Kaoza-Ard
A.Kaoza - Ard (Teak
(Teak Imp.
Imp. Centre,
Centre , Royal
Royal
Forest
Fo rest Department,
Department , Bangkok,
Bangkok , Thailand).
Thailand).
-
1499 -499
Foliage
ovate , 10
10 to
to 20
20 cm
em long,
long. 4-6
4-6 cm
em wide, mostly
mostly in
in
Leaves ovate,
whorls
'i-lhorls of 3,sometimes
3,sometimes opposite,base
opposite , base rhomboid
rhomboid or
obtuse,
acuminate; white tomentose
tomentose beneath,
beneath, later
later
obtuse, apex acuminate;
hairy.
softly hairy.
Bark
Smooth, in
in younger trees
trees the
the outer-layer
outer-layer of
of the
the bark
bark
Smooth,
peel off
off and
and shed
shed naturally.
naturally.
will peel
PROPERTIES AND
AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
WOOD PROPERTIES
T.hamiltonia is
is not
not an important
important timber
timber species,
species, but
but its
its
potential value for
for plantations on
on dry
dry sites
sites and
and for
for
teak breeding should
should be
be investigated.
investigated.
The timber
timber has
has
aa different appearance from
from that
that of
of Tectona
Tectona grandis.
grandis.
The wood is
The
is of good quality,
qual ity, uniformly
uniformly pale
pale brown
brown or
or
yellow, streaked,
streaked, close-grained
c lose-grained and
and finely
finely fibrous.
fibrous_
yellow,
Heavier than Tectona grandis wood
wood (oven-dry
(oven-dry 0.90-0.95
0.90 - 0 .95
3
as compared to
It takes aa fine
as
to 0.60-0.65
0 .60 - 0.65 g/cm3).
g/cm ) .
It
fine polish.
polish.
Natural resistance to
Natural
to fungi
fungi and
and termites
termites has
has been
been
observed.
Other Uses
Locally the bark is
is
grinded with
with aa stone
stone and
and used
used as
as aa
dru~
drug, mainly
mainly against
against lung
lung deseases.
DISTRIBUTION
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
A limited
limited natural distribution range (about
(about 150
ISO by
A
by 80
km) in
in the
the dry zone of Burma (Prome
(Prome District
District and
and Upper
Upper
0
o
Burma).
Burma). Approximately 20°N
20 N latitude,
latitude , 95°E
9S E longitude.
longitude.
CLIMATE
Growing
l ocalities (rainfall
(rainfall 400
400 to
to 800
800 mm).
mm).
Growing in dry localities
- 500 --
SO ILS
SOILS
Of ten on poor,
poor, stony soil
soil (calcareous
(calcareous sandstone).
sandstone).
Often
HABITAT
A light
light demanding,
demanding, drought
drought resistant
resistant tree.
tree.
A
In
In open
stands,
it is associated with
with Terminalia
Terminalia cliveri,
ol iveri,
stands, it
Acacia catechu,
catechu , Acacia leucophloea,
leucophloea, Diospyros
Diospyros burmanica
burmanica
and
the dry
dry open
open scrub
sc ru b forest.
forest.
Seldom
and other species of the
in its
its distribution.
dist ri bution .
overlapping with Tectona grandis in
SEED HANDLING
40 000 seeds/kg;
seeds/kg; no
no special
special pre-treatment
pre - treatment is
is
About 40
recommended.
SILVICULTURE
from seeds
seeds harveharveIn Thailand
Thailand,, plants were easily grown from
from aa few
few specimens
specimens growing
growing at
at the
the Forest
ForestResearch
Research
sted from
Institute Dehra Dun,
Dun, India.
India.
The
trees
The resulting trees
(approximately
(approximately 100)
100) are
are on a
a relatively
relatively poor
poor site
site
showing an initial
initial development superior
superior to
to that
that of
of
grandis on
on the
the same
same site.
site .
Tectona grandis
seed sample
samp le
Another seed
obtained from Burma failed
failed to
to produce
produce any seedlinas.
seedlinqs.
It
from seed should
It is
is believed
believed that
that reproduction
reproduction from
normally be
be easy.
easy.
In
In Thailand grafting of T.hamiltoniT.hamiltoni -
ana
a na buds on
o n to T.
T. grandis root
root stocks
stocks has
has shown
shown some
some
success (approximately
(app r oximate ly 50%).
50%).
STATUS
STATUS
Further study is
is needed,
needed, but species
species is
is likely
likely to
to be
be
endangered
endangered..
-- 501 --
REASONS
REASONS FOR
FOR DECLINE
The wood is
is used locally for
for fuel
fuel and construction
(house
(house posts
posts and
and parts
parts of carts).
forest fires
fires
Annual forest
are
the existing
existing populations.
populations.
are also
also severely diminishing the
PROTECTIVE
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
MEASURES TAKEN AND RECOMMENDED
A few plantation plots
plots have
have been
been established
established in
in Burma.
BUrma.
plot of
of 66
One plot
66 trees planted in
in 1940 is
is reported
reported from
from
Indonesia.
It is
that a
a representative
representative seed
It
is recommended that
collection
is arranged in
in the
the natural distribution
collection is
range and that
that ex situ gene
range
gene conservation plots are
planted on
sites under full
full control in
in Burma,
Burma , India and
on sites
Thailand.
- 502 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Brandis, D.
D.
1921
FAO
1981
Trees.
Indian Trees.
London.
Constable and Company Ltd.,
Ltd.,
Data
Data Book
Book on
on Endangered
Endangered Forest
Forest Tree
Tree Species
Species
and
Provenances. F0:MISC/81/11,
FO:MISC/81/11, FAO,
FAO, Rome,
Rome,
and Provenances.
p . 55
55 -- 56.
56.
p.
T.
Hedgart, T.
1976
1976
Trees, Ed.
Ed. J.Burley
J.Burley and
and B.T.Styles.
B.T.Styles.
Tropical Trees,
Linnean Society
2.
Society Symposium
Symposium Series
Series No.
No.2.
Press, London.
London.
Academic Press,
Hooker,
J.D.
Hooker, J.D.
1885
1885
Flora
India.
Flora of British India.
London.
Kurz, S.
S.
1887
1887
Flora of British
British Burma,
Burma, Calcutta.
Calcutta.
Forest Flora
Troup,
R.S.
Troup, B.S.
1921
of Indian
Indian Trees.
Trees .
The Silviculture of
Clarendon Press,
Press, Oxford.
Oxford .
Clarendon
L . Reeve and
and Co.
Co.
L.Reeve
503 -- 503
1/
Tectona
. && Hcdc.
Tectona {*lilippinensis
philippinensis Benth
Benth.
Hook.f.f.
FAMILY
Verbenaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
NAMES
Bunglas,
(Phil.)
Bunglas, Malapangit (Phil.)
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
A moderate sized tree
tree reaching
reaching aa height
height of
of
15m.
about 15m.
Inflorescence
Inflorescence
Flowers
mm long
long and
and 10
10 mm
mm in
in diameter,
diameter,
Flowers approximately 88 mm
throat
inside .
throat of corolla hairy inside.
terminal , at
at
Cymes terminal,
rather dense,
dense, becoming
becoming rather
rather diffuse
diffuse in
in fruit.
fruit.
anthesis rather
Fruit
Drupe:
Drupe : about 88 mm
mm long,
long, enclosed
enclosed in
in persistent
persistent calyx.
calyx .
Foliage
Leaves
Leaves elliptic-ovate
elliptic - ovate to
to ovate-lanceolate,
ovate -l anceolate, 88 to
to 15
15 cm
em
long, 3 to 6
6 cm
em wide.
wide.
The
The upper surface
surface glabrous,
glabrous,
paler beneath
beneath and
and
rather densely white-verrucose, paler
stellate-pube rulent. Nerves
Nerves 55 to
to 77 on
on each
each
densely stellate-puberulent.
side of the
the midrib.
midrib . Petioles densely puberulent,
puberulent, 55 to
to
77 mm long.
long.
T.Hedgart, Saatvedt,
1/ Based on the work of T.Hedgart,
Saatvedt , Skollenborg,
Skollenborg,
Norway.
-- 504
504 -
WOOD PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
The
timber is
is of
the same type
type as
as that
that of !.hamiltoniana,
The timber
of the
T.hamiltoniana,
i.e. pale
yellow , close-grained and heavier
i.e.
pale brown
brown or yellow,
than
wood.
It
than !.grandis
T.grandis wood.
It is
is not
not an
an important timber
species
for !.hamiltoniana,
its potential value
species,, but
but as
as for
T.hamiltoniana, its
for
sites and
and for
for teak breeding
for plantations
plantations on
on dry sites
should be
be investigated.
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
Endemic
to the
the Iling
11in9 Island near
Endemic to
the Batangas
Batangas and the
0
Mindoro,
the Philippines, approximately
approximately 14°N
14 N latitude,
latitude,
Mindoro, the
0
12
1 E longitude.
1210E
HABITAT
Occurs
dry, exposed ridges
ridges in
in thickets
thickets and
and secondary
secondary
Occurs in dry,
forests at
at low
low altitude.
altitude.
SILVICULTURE
Reproduction from seed most probably easy
Reproduction
STATUS
Further study
needed, but species likely
Further
study needed,
likely to
to be
be
endangered.
REASONS FOR DECLINE
REASONS
The tree
tree is
is not common
common even
even in
in its
its natural
natural distribution
distribution
range. The wood is
is sought
sought after
after for
for house-posts
house - posts and
and
general constructions.
constructions .
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN AND RECOMMENDED
RECOMMENDED
have so
so far
far been
been taken.
taken.
Probably no protective measures have
It is
is recommended that a
It
a representative
representative seed
seed collection
collection
is
area, and
and that
that ex
~ situ
situ
is arranged in the natural distribution area,
gene conservation
oonservation plots
plots are
are planted
planted in
in the
the Philippines
Philippines && Thailand.
'Ihailand .
-
505-505
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
FAO
FAD
1981
1981
Data Book on Endangered Forest
Forest Tree Species
FO:MISC / 81 / 11, FAO,Rome,
FAD, Rome ,
and Provenances FO:MISC/81/11,
P
Q.. 57.
Merrill,
E,D. Philippine
Philippine Journal
Journal of
of Science
Science '(5)
(5) p.
p.
Merrill, E.D.
1910.
1910
Keyes,
L.
Keyes, L.
1938
1938
Woods.
Philippne Woods.
Technical Bulletin,
Bulletin, No.7.
No.7.
-
5o6-506
wallichiana Planch.I/
Planch.!/
Ulmus wallichiana
Two
subspecies have
have been
been identified:
identified:
Two different subspecies
subsp. wallichiana
and subsp.
subsp. xanthoderma
xanthoderma Melville
~·1elville &&
subsp.
wallichiana and
Heybroek.
Heybroek. Subsp.
Subsp. wallichiana has more or less
less roughly
r ough ly
hairy leaves and fruits
fruits that
that are sparingly
sparingly hairy over
hairy
seed. The var.
var. tomentosa
tomentos~ Melville
Melville && Heybroek
Heybroek has
has
the seed.
densely
leaves and branchlets,
branchlets, and
densely softly hairy leaves
fruits. Subsp.
Subsp. xanthoderma Melville
uniformly hairy fruits.
&
lets and
and hairless
& Heybroek
Heybroek has
has smooth
smooth yellowish
yellowish branch
branchlets
Related species,
species, with similarities
similarities in
in
fruits.
ecology,
~.glabra Huds.in
Huds.in Europe,
Europe, U.
g. laciniata,
laciniata,
ecology, are U.glabra
g.
U.
bergmanniana and U.
U. uyematsui
uyernatsui in
in Central and
and North-
eastern Asia.
SYNONYMS
sensu Wall.
Wall.
Ulmus erosa sensu
(1831)
FAMILY
Ulmaceae
VERNACULAR NAMES
Brare, himri,
himri , imroi,
imroi, mair,
mair, marai.
marai.
Brare,
BOTANICAL
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
A deciduous tree
tree up
up to
to 30
30 m
m high
high and
and over
over 1.25
1.25 m
m in
in
diameter.
!/
1/
Branches several,
several, ascending.
ascending.
Based on the
the work
work of
of H.M.Heybroek,
H.M.Heybroek, Dorschkamp
Dorschkamp
Research
Institute, Wageningen,
~"lageningen, Netherlands.
Netherlands.
Research Institute,
507 --- 507
Inflorescence
Inflorescence
leafless twias
twigs in
in spring,
spring, with
Flowers borne on leafless
axis 7-12
7-12 mm
mm long,
long, in
in groups
groups of
of 15-30;
15-30;
elongated axis
lobes 5-6,
5 - 6, stamens
sta~ens 5-6,
5-6, anthers
anthers red;
red; ovary
perianth lobes
hirsute.
densely hirsute.
Fruit
to broadly obovate;
ohovate; 10-13
10-13 mm
rom in
in
Samara orbicular to
diameter, seed
seed central;
central; wing
wing sparingly
sparingly pubescent.
pubescent.
diameter,
For
differences between
between subspecies
subspecies see
see the
the introduction.
introduct ion.
Foliage
Leaves
unequal
Leaves elliptic-acuminate with unequal
6-15 cm
em long
long and
and
6-15
base
2.5 -- 6
6 em
(longer and
Rnd broader
broader
cm wide
wide (longer
on coppiceshoots); margin
margin doubly-serrate.
doubly-serrate.
Bark
Bark
Grey
longitudinally furrowed
furrowed or reticulate
reticulate
Grey brown longitudinally
the ridges
ridges
with the
+ interweaving.
interweaving.
\;000 PROPERTIES AND
AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
WOOD
U. wallichiana produces
produces a
a good
good quality
quality timber
timber with
with many
many
U.
uses.
Other
Other Uses
The
is being used
used in
in programmes
programmes to
to breed
breed elms
elms for
for
The tree is
city and landscape
landscape use in
in the
the temperate
temperate climates,
climates, as
as it
it
exhibits a
degree of
of resistance
to Dutch
Dutch elm
elm
exhibits
a certain
certain degree
resistance to
disease.
disease.
Its
Its potential
potential to
to produce
produce a
a hiah
hiqh quality
fodder
fodder may
may still
still be
be utilized under certain conditions.
conditions.
-- 508508 -
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
The species extends from
from NE
NE Afghanistan
Af g hanistan through
thr o ugh Pakistan
Pakistan
aand
nd India
India into
in to Neapal,
Neap al, between
between 11 500
50 0 and
and 33 000
000 mm above
above
level.
sea level.
HABITAT
HABITAT
The
of the
the area
area is
is occupied
occupied by
by subsp.
subsp.
The western part of
xanthoderma
the eastern
eastern half
half by
by subsp.
subsp. wallichiana;
wallichiana;
xanthoderma,, the
var.
tomentosa is
is rare
rare and has been found in the upper
var. tomentosa
Ravi
only .
Ravi valley only.
The species occurs
occurs mainly
mainly as
as aa
specimen tree in
in mixed stands.
stands.
It
the
It is
is aa member of the
Temperate Oak and Coniferous Mixed
Mixed Forest,
Forest, of
o f the
the
Temperate
Tempe.rate Coniferous Forest
Forest and
and of
of the
the Cedrus
Cedrus deodara
deodara
In humid sites,
forest
the Nestern
Himalayas.
In
sites,
forest zones
zones in
in the
Western Himalayas.
it
it occurs
occurs mainly
mainly in
in mixture
mixture with
with many
many other
other deciduous
deciduous
species near
near streams;
streams; sometimes
species
sometimes as
as an admixture of
forest.
Abies forest.
SEED HANDLING
The
long and
The seeds
seeds do
do not
not retain their viability for long
should be
be ssown
should
o wn immediately;
immediately: they germinate within a
a
few
few days.
SILVICULTURE
Plants can
can easily
easily be
be grown
grown from
from seeds,
seeds, which,
which, however,
however, are
not available
available where
where trees are lopped regularly.
not
regularly. Various
methods of
of vegetative propagation are effective,
methods
effective, such
as grafting,
grafting, layering,
and rooted
rooted cuttings
cuttings under mist in
as
layerin~ and
in
the
the summer.
summer.
-
509 -509
STATUS
STATUS
Endangered
REASONS FOR DECLINE
REASONS
Elm is
is preferred over most other tree
tree species
species for
for use
as
for cattle,
cattle, sheep,
sheep, goats,
goats, and
and cows.
cows.
as fodder for
Wandering shepherds
shepherds lop
lop every
every elm
elm in
in the
the forest
forest severely,
severely,
which leads
leads to
to their
their destruction,
destruction, as they
they cannot
cannot
reproduce, because
because the
the developing
developing coppice-sprouts
coppice-sprouts bear
bear no
reproduce,
flowers.
This happens on a large-scale over the
the whole
distribution area.
area.
in game
game reserves
reserves and
and those
those at
at
Trees in
(cliffs etc.)
etc.) are the
the only
only ones to
to
inaccessible places (cliffs
escape
distruction. This used to
to be
be counteracted,
counteracted, in
in
escape distruction.
part,
part, by the fact
fact that
that villagers
villagers planted
planted elms
elms near
near
houses for a
a sustained
sustained yield of
of fodder,
fodder, which
which was
was
dried and kept
kept for
for winter
winter usage.
usage.
this purpose,
purpose,
For this
however,
however, hybrids are often
often used (U.
(~. x
x brandisiana);
brandisiana);
moreover,
moreover, new types
types of
of fodder will
will mostly
mostly replace
replace elm.
elm.
AND RECOMMENDED
RECOMMENDED
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN AND
fact that
that the
the species
species flourishes
flourishes and
and is
is able
able to
to
The fact
complete
its regeneration in
in the
the Dachigam Game
Game Reserve
Reserve
complete its
near
Kashmir, shows that
that protection from
from
near Srinagar,
Srinagar, Kashmir,
may suffice to
cattle may
to save
save the
the species.
species.
In
In establi-
shing
forest reserves in
in the
the Himalaysa,
Himalaysa,
shing new game and forest
attention should be paid to including
attention
including elms and
and elm
habitats.
Small
stands of elms
Small stands
elms could be planted near
foresters'
homes, where they
they are
are protected
protected
foresters' and
and wardens'
wardens' homes,
from lopping.
This
status
This would
would make
make their protected status
clear
the same
same time
time producing
producing seed
seed for
for
clear to
to all,
all, at the
fforestry
ores try use.
use.
-- 510 --
Such plantings should consist of at
least ten
seedlings (clones)
seedlings
(clones) of local origin
origin to
to provide
provide
possibility for
for sufficient cross-pollination.
cross-pollination.
Special
care should be taken to preserve a
a wide range of
forms in the upper Ravi valley area,
area, including the
forms
var.
tormentosa.
var. tormentosa.
A
of clones
clones of
of the
the
A small collection of
two
is being maintained
maintained at
at the
the
two main
main sub-species is
"Dorschkamp" Research Institute
"Dorschkamp"
Institute in
in Wageningen,
Wageningen,
Netherlands.
-- 511 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
FAO
1981
Data Book on Endangered Tree Species and
Provenances FO:MISC/81/11,
FO:MISC/8 1 /11, FAO,
FAD, Rome,
Rome,
p.58
- 59.
59.
p. 58 -
J.S.
Gamble, J.S.
1902
Manual of Indian
Indian Timbers.
Timbers. Sampson
Sampson Low,
Low,
Heybroek,H.M.
1981
Minimonograph on
o n elms
e lm s in
in agroforestry.
agroforestry.
FAO
FAD Techn.
Techn. Consult.
Consult. Fast-growing
Fast - growing
for
Plantation Broadleaved Trees for
Mediterranean and Temperate Zones,
Zones, 1979
1979
F0:FGB-79-8/7,
FO:FGB-79-8 /7 , p.
p. 423
423 -- 441.
441.
H.M.
Heybroek, H.M.
11963
963
and Lopping
Lopping for
for Fodder
Fodder as
as
Diseases and
Possible Causes of a Prehistoric Decline
of Ulmus,
Ulmus ,
Bot. Neerl.
Neerl. 12
12 (1):
Acta Bot.
1-1-1-.
1-11. -
IUCN
1978
The
(Ed .G.I·l1cas
The IUCN Plant Red Data Book (Ed.G.Incas
& H.Synge)
H.Synge) Morges,
Morges, Switzerland,p.527-528.
SWitzerland , p.527-528.
&
Melville, &&
Heybroek , H.M.
H.M.
Heybroek,
11971
971
The Elms of the
the Himalaya.
Himalaya.
Pearson , R.S.&
R.S.&
Pearson,
H.B.
Brown, H.B.
1932
Commercial Timbers of
of India,
India, 2:
2:
Marston
Mars ton && Co.
Co.
Bull.
Kew Bull.
(1 ): 5-28.
5-28.
26 (1):
894-902.
- 512
512 --
1/
(Hoyle &
& Leakey)
Leakey) Kokwaro
KokwaroVepris glandulosa (Hoyle
Hoyle and Leakey placed this
this species in a
a new genus
Tecleopsis which
which they did not compare directly with
Vepris.
inference they probably thought
thought it
it differed
By inference
in
in the
the hermaphrodite
hermaphrodite flowers
flowers and
and the
the presence
presence of
of only
only
one ovule in
in each of
of the
the two
two locules
locules of
of the
the ovary.
ovary.
The
degree
degree of dioecism is
is unstable throughout the
Toddalieae and a
a single ovule per locule also occurs
(Engl.) Verdoorn,
Verdoorn, while the ovary is
in ~.
V. eugeniifolia (Engl.)
further
V. arushensis and ~.
V. glomerat
further reduced
reduced in
in ~.
(F. Hoffrn,)
Hoffm.) Engl.
Engl. to a
(F.
a single carpel.
carpel.
It seems
seems preferIt
able to
all species in Vepris
able
to retain
retain all
Vepris which is then
distingulished
from Teclea and Diphasia
distingulished from
the
solely by the
more numerous
numerous stamens
stamens and
and from
from Toddaliopsis
Toddaliopsis
Engl. by
Engl.
the smooth or bullate, not
not markedly
markedly verrucose
verrucose fruits.
fruits.
the
SYNONYMS
glandulosa Hoyle
Hoyle and
and Leakey
Leakey 1932.
1932.
Tecleopis glandulosa
FAMILY
Rutaceae
1/
.!/
Based on the
work of W.G.Dyson,
Based
the work
\·1.G.Dyson, U.K,
U.K, t.
-t.
the assistance of J.A.Odera
FAO also acknowledge the
(Forestry Research
Agricultural
(Forestry
Research Department,
Department, Kenya Agricultural
Institute, Kikuyu,
Kikuyu, Kenya)
Kenya) and
and Ms.C.Kabuye
Research Institute,
(East
of Kenya,
Kenya,
(East African
African Herbarium,
Herbarium, National Museums of
Nairobi,
Nairobi, Kenya).
Kenya).
-- 513
513 -VERNACULAR NAMES
MGnderendu itu (Kikuyu).
(Kikuyu). Winderendfi
Munderendu is
n ame
Manderend5-itu
is the Kikuyu name
for
for several
several species of Teclea.
Teclea. The
The suffix
suffix "itu"
"itu" serves
serves
to distinguish
distinguish Tecleopis
Tecleopis glandulosa
glandulosa ffrom
Teclea simpli
simplito
r om Teclea
cifolia
in the
the same
same locality
loca l ity and closely
cifolia which grows in
resembles
it in general appearance
appearance and
and habit.
habit.
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPT I ON
General
unarmed, evergreen tree
tree up
up to
to 66 m
m
An unarmed,
tall
tall..
Inflorescence
in axillarv
axillary and
and terminal
terminal panicles,
panicles,
Flowers clustered in
tomentose , hermaphrodite,
hermaphrodite
, sepals
sepals 4,
4,
branches densely tomentose,
,
halfway, +
~ 1
1 mm
united at the base or halfway,
lonq
broadly
lonu,, broadly
ovate to deltoid,
deltoid, glabrous,
glabrous, petals
petals 4,
4, broadly
broadly ovate
ovate -elliptic , 1.8
1.8 - 33 mm
rom long,
long, 1.5
1.5 -- 3 mm broad,
broad ,
oblong or elliptic,
obtuse.
Stamens (6-)
(6-) 8,
2- 3 . 8 mm long,
long, anthers 0.8-1mm
O.8 - 1mm
8, 2-3.8
long,
g l andular wooly;
long, pistils
pistils densely
densely glandular
wooly; ovary 1-1.5 mm
long
, bilocular,
1 ovule
in each
locule , style
long,
bilocular, with
with 1
ovule in
each locule,
very short
sho r t or absent,
absent, stigmas
st i gmas 2,
2 , obscured by
by simple
simp l e and
and
hairs .
glandular hairs.
Fruit
A ++ bilobed
bilobed drupe
drupe (lobes
(lobes sometimes
in size
size if
if
A
sometimes different in
is aborted),
aborted) , compressed
compressed elliptic
ellipt i c to
to somewhat
somewhat
one ovule is
quadrate,
quadrate , 12
1 2 -- 16
16 mm
mm long
l o n g and
and broad,
broad ,
glandular,
g l andu l ar, pilose
pi l ose
or strigose,
str i gose, bright
bri ght crimson
cr i mson red
r ed or
or brown
brown when
when ripe.
ripe.
compressed ellipsoidal,
ellipsoidal , 5S mm
mm long.
long.
The seed slightly compressed
Foliage
Leaves opposite to
to subopposite,
suboPPosite, trifoliate;
trifoliate; petiole
petiole
3.4 -- 6.5
glabrescent
3.4
6.5 cm long tomentose but becoming glabrescent
-- 5114
514 --
age, terete
terete and
and longitudinally
longitudinally furrowed
furrowed above.
above.
with age,
subsessile or
or with a
a short
short petiolule
petiolule up
up to
to
Leaflets subsessile
11 em
long, elliptic to elliptic-oblong 8-18 (-22)
(-22) cm
em
cm long,
long,
33 -- 6.5
- sided; acumi6.5 em
cm broad,
broad, sometimes
sometimes unequal
unequal-sided;
o ccasionally acute
acute at
at the
the apex,
apex, cuneate
cuneate and
and
nate or occasionally
sometimes
base; entire to shallowly and
sometimes oblique at the base;
crenate; generally
generally glabrous
glabrous except
except the
the midrib
midrib
broadly crenate;
is pubescent
pubescent or pilose
pilose beneath;
beneath; pellucid
pellucid gland
gland
which is
and conspicously
conspicously dark
dark beneath
beneath and
and furrowed
furrowed
dots numerous and
above; lateral
lateral nerves
nerves 14-22
14-22 pairs.
pairs.
above;
Bark
grey bark.
bark.
Smooth grey
WOOD PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES AND
AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
The
tree is
is now
now ton
too extremely
extre~el y rare
rare to
to have
h a ve any
o nomic
The tree
any ec
economic
In the past it was
was presumably utilized
utilized together
together
with
Teclea
simplicifolia,
for
walking
sticks,
spear
with
simplicifolia, for
sticks, spear
shafts, bows
bows and
and arrow
arrow shafts.
shafts.
judged from
from
shafts,
The wood as judged
value.
aa small
small branch,
branch, is
is similar to
to that
that of T.simplicifolia
!.simplicifolia
and is
is suitable for
f o r such
such purposes and
and small
small turned
turned tool
tool
handles.
DISTRIBUTION && CLIMATE
CLIMATE
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
Central Kenya (Muguga
(Muguga nature reserve).
reserve). Dry
Dry sub-humid
sub - humid to
to
semi-arid eco-zone,
eco -z one, mean annual rainfall
rainfall of
of 970
of 16°C.
160c. Rainfall
Rainfall
is bimodal but
but the
the 'short'
'short' rains
rains (October
(October to
to December)
December)
is
mm and mean monthly temperature
mm
temperature
are less
less reliable.
reliable .
-
515-515
SOILS
red, well drained, fertile
fertile volcanic
volcanic loams
loarns
The soils are red,
high clay
clay content
content at
at lower
lower depths.
depths. The soils
soils
but with high
content of
of 5.1
5.1 per
per cent
cent
have mean organic matter content
throughout
the profile
em depth and
and mean
throughout the
profile to 6.0 cm
mean topsoil
em)
(0-30 cm)
pH of
of 5.6.
5.6.
with pH
HABITAT
tree is
is one amongst numerous
numerous species
species of
of small
small evereverThe tree
understorey trees
trees occurring in
in the
the semisemigreen understorey
deciduous forest
This type
forest of Central Kenya.
Kenya.
This
type of forest
forest
occurs in
in scattered
scattered patches
patches at
at elevations
elevations of
of 11 550
550 to
to
22 150
the lower edge of the
the montane conifer
150 m,between
m between the
forest
the grass
found at lower
lower
forest and
and the
grass and open woodlands found
elevations.
forests were once
once abundant
abundant near
near
These forests
have now been
been cleared
cleared for
for settlement.
settlement.
Nairobi but many have
In
the main overstorey
over storey species are
In the
the Muguga
Muguga area,
area, the
Calodendrum capense,
capense, Croton megacarpus,
megacarpus, Olea
Olea africana
africana
ugandensis. Juniperus
Juniperus procera
procera was
was also
also
and Warburgia ugandensis.
formerly, but
but has
has now
now mostly
mostly been
been felled.Thetrees
felled.Thetrees
common formerly,
in the
the wet season
season but
but are
are more
more
are in dense shade in
exposed in
in dry weather when the
the Calodendrum
Calodendrum and
and Croton
Croton
of the overstorey are leafless.
leafless.
seedlings to
to 20
20 cm,
em,
A small
small number of
can
can be
be found growing under
under the
parent trees,
trees , but they
they are very
very sensitive
sensitive to
to sunsunand apparently
apparently only
only aa few
few survive
survive to
to become
become adult.
adult.
scorch and
SILVICULTURE
Raising seedlings
seedlings is
is difficult.
difficult.
Germination and
and field
field
being studied.
studied.
regeneration are beina
Measurements on growth
growth
are being taken
taken on one plot
plot in
in the
the Muguga
Muguga Research
Research
Arboretum
Arboretum..
for another
another plot
plot are
are being
being raised.
raised.
Seedlings for
516 --- 516
STATUS
Endangered.
Endangered.
DECLINE
REASONS FOR DECLINE
and clearing
clearing of
of forest.
forest.
Settlement and
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN
known only from
from a part
part
The species is presently known
Forest (Kenya),
(Kenya), where
where 15.5 ha of
of Muguga Forest
indigenous forest
forest has
has been retained
as aa nature
nature
indigenous
retained as
reserve
reserve on
on the
the estate
estate of
of the
the Kenya Agricultural
Agricultural
0
3.o0
Research Institute (1 13'S, 36o 38'E, 22 100
100 m
m
(lo 13,s,
a.s.l.).
a.s.1.).
Eight mature trees,
m tall,
trees, over 44 m
tall, are
known
have been marked. Small seedlings
known and have
can be found near the
the parent trees
trees but do
do not
not
appear to
to survive
survive the
the dry
dry season.
season.
Gichuiro Forest (Kijueru),
(Kijue ru), the
the typical
typical locality,
locality,
was situated
situated 33 km
kID to the South of Muguga but was
cleared in 1941.
1941.
The
type specimens
The two
two type
specimens from
there,
1961,
there, were
were the
the only
only known collections until 1967,
species was thought
thought to
to be
be extinct.
extinct.
and the species
1967, aa systematic
In 1967,
systematic collection was made by the
the
East African Herbarium in
in the
the Muguga
Muguga nature
nature
rreserve,
ese rve, and the species
species was
was rediscovered.
rediscovered.
A careful watch for ripe
ripe seed
seed was
was maintained
A
throughout 1972 and aa collection made in June
(E.A.A.F.R.O. Seed
Seed Batch
Batch No.
No. 2412)
1973 (E.A.A.F.R.O.
2412) from
140 seedlings
seedlings were
were raised.
raised. They are slow
slow
which 140
growing and very
liable
to
sun-scorch.
A
very liable to sun-scorch. A
plot has been established in
in Muguga
Muguga
preservation plot
using this
this seed.
seed.
arboretum using
517--- 517
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Burtt
Burtt-Davy,
- Davy , J.
J.
Hoyle,
Hoyle, A.C.
1932
&
8,
Kew Bulletin
Bulletin pp.
pp . 266-272
I.R. &&
Dale, I.R.
Greenway
P . J.
Greenway,, P.J.
1962
Kenya
Shrubs .
Kenya Trees && Shrubs.
Estates.
Nairobi.
FAO
FAa
1981
1981
Data
Forest
Data Book
Book of Endangered Forest
Tree Species and
and Provenances.
Provenances.
Fa,
SC/81/11. FAa,
Rome,
FO: MI
MISC/81/11.
FAO, Rome,
p. 60 -- 61.
r.
61.
Kokwaro,
J . D.
Kokwaro, J.O.
1978
1978
New Taxa and combinations
combinations in
in
Rutaceae of E.
E. &
Africa. Kew
Kew
& NE Africa.
Bulletin.
p . 795.
795 .
Bulletin. p.
Kokwaro,
. ~. in
in
Kokwaro, J
J.O.
Milne-Redhead,
Milne - Redhead ,
Polhill,
Po
l hill , R.M.(eds)
R.M . leds)
1982
Flo
r a of
Flora
of Tropical East Africa,
Rutaceae.
Trapnell,G.C.
Trapnell , G. C . &&
Langdale-Brown,
Langdale - B r own , I.
I .
1969
Natural Vegetation.
In Morgan
Vegetation.
Morga n (Ed),
(Ed),
East
Af r i ca : its
its peoples
peoples and
and
East Africa:
resou
r ces O.U.P.
O . U.P . Oxford.
Oxford.
resources
Buchanan
518 -- 518-
tuberculosa Bur.1/
Bur.!/
Zeyhera tuberculosa
SYNONYMS
81900"ia tuberculosa
tuberculosa Vell.
VeIl. (1835)
Bignonia
Zeyheria tuberculosa
tuberculosa Bur.
Bur. ex
ex Ver.
Ver. (1868)
(1868)
FAMILY
Bignoniaceae
NAMES
VERNACULAR NAMES
/
Ipe
felpude, bolsa-de-pastor,
bolsa - de-pastor, camaruv.i,
camaru~u, bucho-de-boi,
Ipé felpudo,
bucho-de-boi,
ipe
ipe tabaco,
tabaco, ipg
ipe bóia,
b6ia, ipé
ipg combuca,
combuca, ipé
ipe
ipé preto,
preto, ipé
cabeludo,
velame-do - mato.
cabeludo, velame-do-mato.
DESCRIPTION
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
General
Medium sized to large tree,
m in
Medium
tree, 20 - 25
25 m
in height and
SO
50 -- 80 em
cm in
in diameter;
diameter; crown cone or pyramid shaped
with
branches and
and racemose
racemose ramification.
ramification .
with ascendant branches
Inflorescence
A short,
short, erect,
erect. pyramid-shaped,
pyramid-shaped, terminal
terminal Panicle,
panicle , dense,
dense,
furry,
tiny flowers
flowers
furry, formed of many tiny
cm long,
22 em
long, furry;
furry;
calyx of two sepals,
sepals, corolla
corolla funnel
funnel shaped,
shaped, furry,
furry,
furrowed,
inside,with
furrowed, light brown outside and red-brown inside,with
aa yellow
throat; four
four stamens;
stamens; flowering
flowering from
from
yellow coloured throat;
December to
to February.
February .
l/
1/
Based
H.F.Luz , Forestry
Based on
on the
the work
work of
of M.Ferreira
M.Ferreira and
and H.F.Luz,
Forestry
Department,ESALQ/USP,
Department,
ESALQ/USP, P.O.Box
P . D . Box 9,
9, Piracicaba,SP,Brazil.
Piracicaba,SP,Brazil.
-- 519
519 -
Fruit
Fruit
large woody,
woody, ovoid
ovoid capsule,
capsule, 15
15 xx 10
10 cm;
em; on
on the
the outsic
outside
A large
densely covered with short
short hairs,
hairs, 11 cm
em thick,
thick, twisted,
t wisted,
smooth
inside; dehiscent,
two halves by a
a
smooth inside;
dehiscent, opening by two
lengthwise split,
sp li t, exposing the septualor
septum or replum;
rep!um; dark
smooth where the
the seeds
seeds are
are fixed
fixed (more
(more than
than 90),
90),
and smooth
Fructification is
on each
each side,
side, in
in layers.
layers. Fructific;ation
isfrom
from July
July
half on
to October
October,, and trees
to
trees shed all leaves
leaves when the
the fruits
fruits
are
are ripe,
ripe, facilitating
facilitating the dispersion of seeds by the
the
wind.
Seeds:
Seeds:Winced,
Winged, flat,
flat, heart-shaped,
heart-shaDed, 2
2 cm
em in diameter,
diameter,
rough, surrounded
surrounded by
by aa thin
thin and
and irregular
irregular
white, rough,
to 5
cm in
circular wing,
wing , 44 to
5 em
in diameter, generally
generally dark.
dark.
circular
Foliage
Leaves terminal,
terminal, opposite,
opposite , digitate,
digitate , with
with 55 folioles
folieles
petioles, large,
large, 50
50 xx 30
30 cm.
em.
thick,
with petioles,
Petiole thick,
25
long, round,
round, furry.
furry.
25 em
cm long,
Folioles obovoid with a
pOinted apex and
and sinuous
sinuous margins,
margins, sometimes
sometimes serrated;
serrated;
pointed
side is
is dark green,
green, opaque,
opaque, rough,
rough, with
with ribs
ribs
upper side
forming aa dense
network; beneath the
forming
dense network;
the leaves
leaves are
a re a pale
pale
green,
green, velvet-like,
velvet-like, with protruding
protruding veins.
veins.
Young
leaves
up to
to 90
90 xx 50
50 cm.
cm.
leaves reach up
Branches: Thick,
Thick, cracked,
cracked, rough;
rough; the
the younger
younger branches
branches
Branches:
felt pubescence,
pubescence, which
which
covered with a brown-grey felt
gradually becomes a
a tomentum
tomentum that
that is
is dense,
dense, dark
dark and
and
rusty, covering all the
the extremities and
and the
the leaves.
leaves.
rusty,
Bark
Cylinder-s
haped
Cylinder-shaped
trunk, erect,
trunk,erect,
long
lonn (more
(r.1ore than 2/3
2/3
tree); very
very thick
thick bark
bark (5
(5 cm),
cm) fissured,
fissured,
of each tree);
forming long lengthwise
forming
lengthwise crests.
crests.
-- 520 --
WOOD PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
3
Wood heavy
Nood
heavy (0.75
(O. 75 to 0.80 g/cm3);
g/cm ); burnt yellow heartwood,
heartwood,
sometimes with
highlights, which changes,
changes, when
sometimes
with green highlights,
exposed,
to a
a brown-ye
llow; uniform;
uniform; irregular surface,
surface,
exposed, to
brown-yellow;
shiny, smooth;
smooth; fibrous
shiny,
fibrous aspect,
aspect, lessening
lesseni ng in some
samples;
texture: grain straight,
straight, indistinct
indistinct
samples; medium texture;
odour,
a slightly bitter
bitter taste.
taste.
odour, a
Resistant and durable.
Commonly
in civil
civil construction.
construction. As this
this is
is aa tree
tree
Commonly used in
with a
a very resistant
resistant wood
wood with
with a
a long
long and
and very
very straight
straight
trunk,
recommended, such as for
for
trunk, several
several other
other uses are recommended,
also used for
fence posts,
posts, sleepers
sleepers etc.
etc. Is
Is also
for tool
tool
fence
handles,
handles , tiles,
tiles, fuel
fuel wood
wood etc.
etc.
Other Uses
Uses
trees are
are eaten
eaten by
by cattle
cattle during
during
Leaves of the young trees
They are non-poisenous to
to animals.
animal s .
dry periods.
periods.
DISTRIBUTION
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
The tree occurs in
in the
the southeastern
southeastern region
region of
of Brazil
Brazil
(States of
Paulo, Rio
Rio de
de Janeiro
Janeiro and
and
(States
of Minas
Minas Gerais,
Gerais, Sao
So Paulo,
Espirito Santo).
Santo) .
Espirito
SOIL AND CLIMATE
It
in various
such as
as tropical
tr op ical humid
It is
is found
found in
various climates,
climates, such
(rain forests),
and dry with
with rains
rains only
only
(rain
forests), tropical hot and
in
surruner (dry
(dry forests
forests and
and "cerrados"),
" cerra dos"~ and tropical
tropical
in the
the summer
frequent frosts
frosts (mountain
(mountain ridge
ridge and
at altitudes with frequent
to all soil
soil types,
types , but
but is
is
Adapted to
generally found in
in poor shallow
shallow soils,such
soils, such as
as lithosols
lithosols
merid
i onal forests).
forests).
meridional
and mu
much
ch eroded podzolic
p o dzolic
granite rock
rock regions.
regions.
soils,
soils, almost always in
in
-- 521
521 --
HABITAT
It
is a
a pioneer species
species in
in altered
altered ecosystems
ecosystems (pastures,
(pastures,
It is
secondary
forests), presenting
presenting abundant natural
natural vegetavegetasecondary forests),
tion,
forming large
large homoaeneous
homogeneous stands
stands (there
(there are
are no
tion, forming
known
known pests or diseases).
diseases) .
SEED HANDLING
stored in
last, at the
the most,
most, 18
18 months,
months,
when
in
Seeds last,at
when
a cool and dry chamber (18°C
(laGe and 60%
60% of relative
relative
a
hwnidi ty).
have dormancy;
dormancy; germinate
qerJTIinate easily
easily
humidity).
Do not have
within 10-20
10-20 days,
days, when
when placed
placed on
on aa shallow
shallow layer
layer of
of
soil
straw.
soil and/or straw.
SILVICULTURE
this species
species is
is not
not widely
widely cultivated
cultivated and
and studies
studies
As this
in the initial
initial phase,
phase, no information
information on
on
are only
only in
silviculture is
is available.
available.
STATUS
FOR DECLINE
DECLINE
AND REASONS FOR
Stands are being cut
down
cut down and even becoming
becoming extinct
extinct
due to advancing agricultural,
agricultural, livestock
livestock and
and charcoal
charcoal
activities, that
that are
are very
very intense
intense in
in the
the region
region
making activities,
of
this species.
species.
of natural
natural occurrence of this
PROTECTIVE
PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN
Through a
a contract between the
the Escola Superior
Superior de
de
"Luiz de
de Queiroz"
Queiroz lt ESALQ/USP,
ESALQ/USP, the
the Instituto
Instituto
Adgricultura "Luiz
de
de Pesquisas e
e Estudos Florestais (TPEF)
(:PEF) and the
the Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa
Pesquisa Agropecuária
Agropecuaria (EMBRAPA), 7
sa
populations were located
located and registered
registered in
in distinct
distinct
- 522 -
ecological regions
regions of
ecological
of the
the States
States of
of Minas
Minas Gerais,
Gerais, Sao
So
paulo, . Espirito
Espfrito Santo and Rio de Janeiro,
Janeiro, with
Paulo,
identification of 80
80 trees.
trees.
selection and identification
A trial
trial of 55 provenances
provenances with
with 55
55 progenies
progenies was
was
A
as aa genetic
genetic conservation measure
measure by
by ESALQ.
ESALQ.
established as
-523
- 523 --
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Correa
M.P.
Correa,, M.P.
1926
1926
Oicionario das
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plantas uteis
uteis do
do Brasil.
Brasil.
Dicionario
IBDF.
Brasilia, IBDF.
Fraga
, M.V.G.
Fraga,M.V.G.
1946
Ensaio de
{ndice da
da flora
flora dendrológica_do
dendrolocica do
Ensaio
de indice
Brasil.Arquivos do Servi90 Florestal,Sao
(2) , 69-156.
Paulo, 22 (2):
Lopes,A.C.
1983
1983
H.P.
Luz, H.F.
1984
comparativQ entre
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nativas
Estudo comparativo
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Silvicultura, Sao
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Paulo,
~ (28):
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87-89.
8
Conservaçsáo genetica
genética do
do ipe
ipê felpudo
Conserva9ao
£elpudo
(Zeyhera
IV Congresso BraBra (Zeyhera tuberculosa).
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Cientific~ em CienCien sileiro de
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Mainieri,C.
1958
Identifica9ao das principais
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Pereira , J.A
Pereira,J.A
Madeiras do Brasil:caracteriza9ao
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usos comuns
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comuns e
vos fisicos
vos
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leiro
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economia floresta',
Janeiro, 17 (17):
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1 - 282 .
1965
Mainieri Ie.
Mainieri,C.
1970
Made
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caracteristicas
Madeiras
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gerais, zonas
zonas de
de maier
maior ocorrencia,
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So Paulo.
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Paulo. Secretaria
Secretaria
de
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Sao Paulo.
J09p.
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Paulo. ]09p.
Manieri,C.;
Manieri , c. i
Ch
i melo,J.P . &
Chimelo,J.P.&
Alfonso,V.A
1983
de identifica91-o
identifica9ao das
Manual de
das principais
brasi1eiras.
Sao
madeiras comerciais brasileiras.
So
Paulo,
Paulo, Secretaria da
da Industria,
Industria, Comercio,
Comercio ,
e Tecnologia.
Tecno1ogia.
241 p.
p.
Ciencia e
Pickel, J.B.
J.B .
1953
principais arvores
madeira :
As principais
árvores que
que dao
do madeira:
método
metoda prático
pratico para
para seu
seu reconhecimento.
reconhecimento.
Anuario Brasileiro de Economia
Economia Florestal,
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Anuário
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(6): 58-86.
Rio
de Janeiro, 66 (6):
58 - 86.
-
524 524-
Pickel, J.B.
J.B.
1955
As principais
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do madeira:
principais arvores
madeira:
metoda prático
pratico para
para seu
seu reconhecimento,
reconhecimento,
método
Anuario Brasileiro
Brasileiro de
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Anuário
(8): 56-87.
56 - 87.
Rio de Janeiro, 88 (8):
Ramalho , R.S.
Ramalho,R.S.
1973
Dendrologia:
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de aula
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. vi9osa
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Souza, H.M
H.M de
de
Souza,
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6.
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1982
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genetica "ex
tt~ situ"
situ" do
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ipe
felp~do (Zeyhera
(Zeyhera tuberculosa).
tuberculosa).
felpudo
Silvicultura em
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Paulo, Sao Paulo,
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16A
(parte 2):
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Conserva9ao ee variabilidade
variabilidade genética
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Conserva0o
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ipé
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