Sexual Violence and Health
Research brief
This research brief analyzes research articles on the relationship
between sexual violence, physical health, and mental health.
The research articles below, published between 2001 and 2010,
demonstrate that lifetime sexual victimization is correlated with
physical health problems, mental health problems and high-risk
behaviors (i.e., substance abuse, unprotected sex). Negative health
outcomes of sexual assault afflict all sexes, stemming from both
childhood and adult sexual traumas. This research brief can help
stakeholders, including sexual assault advocates and health care
providers, understand the ways that sexual victimization can trigger
or exacerbate physical and mental health conditions.
Campbell, R., Dworkin, E.,
& Cabral, G. (2009).
An ecological model of the
impact of sexual assault on
women’s mental health. Trauma,
Violence, & Abuse, 10, 225-246.
doi:10.1177/1524838009334456
Aims: K_`jXik`Zc\\oXd`e\[k_\
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2
Sexual Violence and Health
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spectrum of prevention: Towards a community
solution#_kkg1&&nnn%ejmiZ%fi^&glYc`ZXk`fej&
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Martin, S. L., & Macy, R. J. (2009). Sexual
violence against women: Impact on high-risk
health behaviors and reproductive health.
Retrieved from VAWnet: National Online
Resource Center on Violence Against
Women: http://new.vawnet.org/Assoc_Files_
VAWnet/AR_SVReproConsequences.pdf
Aims: K_`jXik`Zc\gifm`[\[Xefm\im`\nf]
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Research brief 3
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4
Sexual Violence and Health
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Choudhary, E., Coben, J., & Bossarte, R. M.
(2010). Adverse health outcomes,
perpetrator characteristics, and sexual
violence victimization among U.S. adult
males. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25,
1523-1541. doi:10.1177/0886260509346063
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Research brief 5
Key Findings:
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Summary: DXc\i\jgfe[\ekjn`k_X_`jkfip
f]Xkk\dgk\[Xe[&fiZfdgc\k\[j\olXc
m`Zk`d`qXk`fen\i\dfi\c`b\cpkfi\gfik
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jXk`j]XZk`fe#XZk`m`kpc`d`kXk`fej#Xe[cXZb
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Application: :c`e`Z`XejXe[fk_\ij\im`Z\
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Molnar, B. E., Buka, S. L., & Kessler, R. C.
(2001). Child sexual abuse and subsequent
psychopathology: Results from the National
Comorbidity Survey. American Journal of
Public Health, 91, 753-760. doi:10.2105/
AJPH.91.5.753 Retrieved from http://ajph.
aphapublications.org/cgi/reprint/91/5/753
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g_pj`ZXcXYlj\#gXi\ekXcgjpZ_fgXk_fcf^p#
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6
Sexual Violence and Health
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› J\olXccpXYlj\[i\jgfe[\ekjn\i\\`^_k
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› J`^e`ÓZXekXjjfZ`Xk`fej\d\i^\[Y\kn\\e
j\olXcXYlj\Xe[dlck`gc\dff[#Xeo`\kp#
Xe[jlYjkXeZ\XYlj\[`jfi[\ij]fi]\dXc\
i\jgfe[\ekj%I\j\XiZ_\ijXcjf]fle[
j`^e`ÓZXekXjjfZ`Xk`fejY\kn\\ej\olXc
XYlj\Xe[Óm\c`]\k`d\[`jfi[\ijXdfe^dXc\
i\jgfe[\ekj%:_`c[_ff[j\olXcm`Zk`d`qXk`fe
nXjjk`ccgfj`k`m\cpZfii\cXk\[n`k_gjpZ_`Xki`Z
[`jfi[\ij#\m\en_\efk_\iX[m\ij\Z_`c[_ff[
\og\i`\eZ\jn\i\efkgi\j\ek%
Summary: @eXEXk`feXc:fdfiY`[`kpJkl[p
f]/#'0/jlYa\Zkj]ifdk_\Zfek`e\ekXcL%J%#
i\j\XiZ_\ij]fle[Xjkife^i\cXk`fej_`g
Y\kn\\eZ_`c[_ff[j\olXcm`Zk`d`qXk`feXe[
mXi`fljgjpZ_fgXk_fcf^`\j#n_\k_\ifiefk
j\olXcXYlj\fZZlii\[Xcfe^j`[\fk_\iX[m\ij\
Z_`c[_ff[\og\i`\eZ\j%GjpZ_fgXk_fcf^`\jn\i\
XcjfZfii\cXk\[n`k_Z_`c[_ff[j\olXcXYlj\
Xcfe^j`[\gXi\ekXcgjpZ_fgXk_fcf^p#Xe[
g_pj`ZXcXe[&fiXYlj\%K_\d\Z_Xe`jdj
c`eb`e^Z_`c[_ff[j\olXcm`Zk`d`qXk`feXe[
Research brief 7
gjpZ_fgXk_fcf^pi\dX`ekfY\\ogcfi\[`e
]lkli\i\j\XiZ_%
Application: K_\Xlk_fijjki\jj\[k_\e\\[
]figlYc`Z_\Xck_gi\m\ek`fegif^iXdj`ek\e[\[
kfi\[lZ\Yfk_:J8gi\mXc\eZ\Xe[[\c`m\i
\]ÓZXZ`fljki\Xkd\ekfgk`fej%Gi`dXip
gi\m\ek`fegif^iXdjj_flc[`eZcl[\dlck`$c\m\c
Xe[dlck`[`jZ`gc`eXip\]]fikjk_Xkgi\m\ekZ_`c[
j\olXcXYlj\]ifdfZZlii`e^`ek_\ÓijkgcXZ\%
I\j\XiZ_Xe[\]]fikjXi\e\\[\[kfdfY`c`q\
X[lckj`e_\cg`e^kfb\\gZ_`c[i\ejX]\]ifd
j\olXcXYlj\Xe[`egifm`[`e^\]]\Zk`m\\Xicp
`ek\im\ek`fej\im`Z\jkfXd\c`fiXk\k_\gfjj`Yc\
cfe^$k\id\]]\Zkjf]Z_`c[_ff[j\olXcXYlj\
fm\ik_\c`]\jgXe%Gif^iXdjj_flc[Y\
i`^fifljcp\mXclXk\[%
Palm, K. M., & Follette, V. M. (2008). Sexual
victimization and physical health: An
examination of explanatory mechanisms.
Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 17, 117-132.
doi:10.1080/10538710801916309
Aims: I\j\XiZ_\ijjfl^_kkfleZfm\ik_\
i\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\ec`]\k`d\j\olXc
m`Zk`d`qXk`fe#jki\jj#\og\i`\ek`XcXmf`[XeZ\
XjXjki\jji\jgfej\#Xe[g_pj`ZXc_\Xck_
gifYc\dj%Jg\Z`ÓZXccp#i\j\XiZ_\ij\ogcfi\[
n_\k_\ijki\jjXe[\og\i`\ek`XcXmf`[XeZ\
XZkXjd\[`Xk`e^]XZkfijY\kn\\ej\olXc
m`Zk`d`qXk`feXe[cXk\i_\Xck_gifYc\dj%
Methods: I\j\XiZ_\ijZfe[lZk\[Xjkl[p
f]..]\dXc\le[\i^iX[lXk\jkl[\ekj]ifdX
n\jk\iejkXk\le`m\ij`kp%I\jgfe[\ekjn\i\
Xjb\[XYflkc`]\k`d\j\olXcm`Zk`d`qXk`fe#
lk`c`qXk`fef]_\Xck_j\im`Z\j#jki\jjc\m\cj#
Xe[g_pj`ZXcjpdgkfdj%I\jgfe[\ekj
Zfdgc\k\[k_\G\ee\YXb\i@em\ekfipf]C`dY`Z
CXe^l`[e\jjd\Xjli`e^legc\XjXekg_pj`ZXc
8
Sexual Violence and Health
jpdgkfdjjlZ_XjgX`e#[`^\jk`m\gifYc\dj#
Xe[Yi\Xk_`e^gifYc\dj #k_\8ZZ\gkXeZ\Xe[
8Zk`feHl\jk`feeX`i\88H d\Xjli`e^
k\e[\eZ`\jkf\e^X^\`e\dfk`feXcXmf`[XeZ\ #
Xe[k_\9i`\]Jki\jjXe[:fg`e^@em\ekfip
d\Xjli`e^jki\jjXe[Zfg`e^jkiXk\^`\j %
<og\i`\ek`XcXmf`[XeZ\nXj[\Óe\[Xj
len`cc`e^e\jjkf\og\i`\eZ\e\^Xk`m\Yf[`cp
j\ejXk`fej#\dfk`fej#Xe[k_fl^_kj#i\jlck`e^
`eY\_Xm`fijd\Xekkfk\dgfiXi`cpjffk_\k_\j\
e\^Xk`m\\og\i`\eZ\j%JlZ_Y\_Xm`fij`eZcl[\
YlkXi\efkc`d`k\[kfjlYjkXeZ\XYlj\#j\c]$
`ealip#Xe[\Xk`e^[`jfi[\ij%
Key Findings:
› I\j\XiZ_fek_\i\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\ej\olXc
m`Zk`d`qXk`feXe[g_pj`ZXc_\Xck_gifYc\dj_Xj
p`\c[\[d`o\[i\jlckj%Jfd\jkl[`\j_Xm\
[\dfejkiXk\[XZfii\cXk`feY\kn\\ek_\knf#
n_`c\fk_\ij_Xm\efk%?fn\m\i#jfd\jkl[`\j
_Xm\`[\ek`Ó\[d\[`Xk`e^]XZkfijZXlj\[Yp
j\olXcXjjXlck#jlZ_Xjjki\jjXe[\og\i`\ek`Xc
Xmf`[XeZ\#k_Xk`dgXZkg_pj`ZXc_\Xck_%
› @eXjkl[pf]..]\dXc\le[\i^iX[lXk\
jkl[\ekj#,.i\gfik\[Xkc\Xjkfe\]fidf]
c`]\k`d\j\olXcm`Zk`d`qXk`fe%K_`ikpg\iZ\ekf]
i\jgfe[\ekji\gfik\[X_`jkfipf]Z_`c[_ff[
j\olXcXYlj\#*,i\gfik\[X[fc\jZ\ekj\olXc
XjjXlck#Xe[).i\gfik\[X[lckj\olXcXjjXlck%
› ?\Xck_ZXi\lk`c`qXk`feYpi\jgfe[\ekjnXj
efkZfii\cXk\[n`k_j\olXcm`Zk`d`qXk`fe#jki\jj#
fi\og\i`\ek`XcXmf`[XeZ\%
› 8[fc\jZ\ekXe[X[lckj\olXcm`Zk`d`qXk`fe
n\i\j`^e`ÓZXekcpZfii\cXk\[n`k__`^_jki\jj
c\m\cj%8[lckj\olXcXjjXlckj`^e`ÓZXekcp
gi\[`Zk\[_`^_\i88HjZfi\j#`e[`ZXk`m\f]
^i\Xk\i\og\i`\ek`XcXmf`[XeZ\%
› 8[lckj\olXcXjjXlcknXjj`^e`ÓZXekcp
Zfii\cXk\[n`k_g_pj`ZXc_\Xck_ZfdgcX`ekj#
dfi\jfk_XeX[fc\jZ\ekfiZ_`c[_ff[j\olXc
m`Zk`d`qXk`fe%
› K_\Xlk_fij]fle[Xd\[`Xk`e^i\cXk`fej_`g
Y\kn\\e_`^_jki\jjc\m\cj#g_pj`ZXc_\Xck_
ZfdgcX`ekj#Xe[X[lckj\olXcXjjXlck%K_Xk`j#
k_\i\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\ej\olXcXjjXlckXe[
dfi\g_pj`ZXc_\Xck_ZfdgcX`ekjnXjXkc\Xjk
gXik`Xccp\ogcX`e\[Ypk_\c`ebY\kn\\ej\olXc
XjjXlckXe[_`^_\ig\iZ\`m\[jki\jj%
Summary: @eXjkl[pf]..]\dXc\le[\i
^iX[lXk\jkl[\ekj#i\j\XiZ_\ij]fle[X
Zfii\cXk`feY\kn\\eX[lckj\olXcm`Zk`d`qXk`fe#
g_pj`ZXc_\Xck_ZfdgcX`ekj#_`^_jki\jjc\m\cj#
Xe[\og\i`\ek`XcXmf`[XeZ\%K_\jkl[pXcjf
leZfm\i\[XZfii\cXk`feY\kn\\eX[fc\jZ\ek
Research brief 9
j\olXcm`Zk`d`qXk`feXe[_`^_jki\jjc\m\cj%
K_`jjl^^\jkjk_Xkjki\jjdXpd\[`Xk\k_\
i\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\ej\olXcm`Zk`d`qXk`fe
Xe[g_pj`ZXc_\Xck_gifYc\dj%
9\ZXlj\f]k_\jkl[pÊjjdXccjXdgc\j`q\Xe[
lj\f]Xele[\i^iX[lXk\gfglcXk`fe#`k`j
leZc\Xi`]k_\j\Óe[`e^jZXeY\^\e\iXc`q\[
kffk_\igfglcXk`fej%8[[`k`feXci\j\XiZ_`j
e\\[\[kf[\k\id`e\`]k_\j\i\jlckjZXeY\
i\gc`ZXk\[`efk_\ijkl[`\j%
Application: K_`jXik`Zc\ZXe_\cgd\[`ZXc
gif]\jj`feXcj#d\ekXc_\Xck_gif]\jj`feXcj#
Xe[j\olXcXjjXlckX[mfZXk\jle[\ijkXe[_fn
j\olXcXYlj\i\jlckj`ele_\Xck_pY\_Xm`fij
Xe[g_pj`ZXc_\Xck_ZfdgcX`ekj`ejfd\m`Zk`dj
Åk_ifl^_k_\`i\og\i`\eZ\f]X_`^_\ic\m\c
f]jki\jjk_Xeefe$m`Zk`dj#n_`Z_`eklie
ZXegif[lZ\fi\oXZ\iYXk\g_pj`ZXc_\Xck_
gifYc\dj%=fi_\Xck_ZXi\gif]\jj`feXcj
`egXik`ZlcXi#k_`ji\j\XiZ_le[\ic`e\jk_\
`dgfikXeZ\f]kiXldX$`e]fid\[_\Xck_j\i$
m`Z\jXe[f]Xjj\jjd\ekjk_XkXjbXYflkX
mXi`\kpf]jfliZ\jf]jki\jj`ek_\c`m\jf]k_\`i
gXk`\ekj%
Ratner, P. A., Johnson, J. L., Shoveller, J.
A., Chan, K., Martindale, S. L., Schilder,
A. J., Hogg, R. S. (2002). Non-consensual
sex experienced by men who have sex
with men: Prevalence and association
with mental health. Patient Education and
Counseling, 49, 67-74. doi:10.1016/S07383991(02)00055-1 Retrieved from the British
Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS:
Retrieved from ResearchGate: http://www.
researchgate.net/publication/10951571_Nonconsensual_sex_experienced_by_men_who_
have_sex_with_men_prevalence_and_association_with_mental_health
Aims: I\j\XiZ_\ijjfl^_kkf[\k\id`e\
n_\k_\ic`]\k`d\j\olXcm`Zk`d`qXk`feXe[
`emfcm\d\ek`ealm\e`c\gifjk`klk`fen\i\
Zfii\cXk\[n`k_XcZf_fcXYlj\#dff[[`jfi[\ij#
jl`Z`[Xc`[\Xk`fe#Xe[jl`Z`[\Xkk\dgkjXdfe^
X[lckd\en_f_Xm\j\on`k_d\e%
Methods: I\j\XiZ_\ijZfe[lZk\[Xjkl[p
f]*,/d\en_f_Xm\j\on`k_d\e]ifd
AXelXip(00/kfAXelXip)'''%GXik`Z`gXekj
n\i\Y\kn\\ek_\X^\jf](0Xe[*,Xe[n\i\
i\Zil`k\[k_ifl^_k_\MXe^lXi[Gifa\ZkX
jkl[pf]?@MXdfe^d\en_f_Xm\j\on`k_
d\e`ek_\^i\Xk\iMXeZflm\iXi\X %
GXik`Z`gXekjZfdgc\k\[Xhl\jk`feeX`i\XYflk
\og\i`\eZ\jn`k_alm\e`c\gifjk`klk`fe#c`]\k`d\
j\olXcm`Zk`d`qXk`fe#XcZf_fcXYlj\#jl`Z`[Xc
`[\Xk`fe#Xkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\#Xe[dff[
[`jfi[\ij`%\%#[\gi\jj`fe#Y`gfcXi[`jfi[\i %
10
Sexual Violence and Health
Key Findings:
› F]k_\*,/i\jgfe[\ekj#*,%)i\gfik\[
jfd\kpg\f]c`]\k`d\j\olXcm`Zk`d`qXk`fe%
=flik\\eg\iZ\ekf]i\jgfe[\ekji\gfik\[
j\olXcXYlj\Y\]fi\k_\X^\f](+#n_`c\(+%)
f]i\jgfe[\ekji\gfik\[j\olXcm`Zk`d`qXk`fe
X]k\ik_\X^\f](+%
› 8ggifo`dXk\cp('f]i\jgfe[\ekj_X[
\e^X^\[`ealm\e`c\gifjk`klk`fe%8cc*,/
i\jgfe[\ekj_X[Y\\e\ogcf`k\[Ypd\e#Ylk
k_i\\i\gfik\[Y\`e^\ogcf`k\[Ypnfd\e%
› K_\jkl[p]fle[k_Xk)/%-f]i\jgfe[\ekj
_X[XeXcZf_fcXYlj\gifYc\dXkjfd\gf`ek
`ek_\`ic`m\j%I\jgfe[\ekjn_f_X[Y\\e
jlYa\Zk\[kfj\olXcXjjXlckn\i\)%.k`d\j
dfi\c`b\cpkfi\gfikXcZf_fcXYlj\Xkjfd\
gf`ek`ek_\`ic`m\j%
› E\Xicpfe\$_Xc]+/%( f]i\jgfe[\ekj
i\gfik\[jl`Z`[Xc`[\Xk`feXkjfd\gf`ek`e
k_\`ic`m\j#Xe[(/%/i\gfik\[Xkc\Xjkfe\
jl`Z`[\Xkk\dgk%M`Zk`djf]Z_`c[_ff[j\olXc
XYlj\fiX[lckj\olXcm`Zk`d`qXk`fen\i\)%.
k`d\jdfi\c`b\cpkf_Xm\Zfej`[\i\[jl`Z`[\%
Alm\e`c\gifjk`klk`fenXjefkj`^e`ÓZXekcp
Zfii\cXk\[n`k_jl`Z`[Xc`[\Xk`fe%M`Zk`djf]
Z_`c[_ff[j\olXcXYlj\n\i\*%*k`d\jdfi\
c`b\cpkf_Xm\Xkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\%
› Dfi\k_Xefe\$Ó]k_)(%) f]i\jgfe[\ekj
[`jgcXp\[dff[[`jfi[\ij%;\gi\jj`feXe[
Y`gfcXi[`jfi[\in\i\k_\dfjkZfddfecp
i\gfik\[gjpZ_fgXk_fcf^`\j%J\olXc
m`Zk`d`qXk`fe#\jg\Z`XccpZ_`c[_ff[j\olXc
XYlj\#nXjZfii\cXk\[n`k_dff[[`jfi[\ij%
Alm\e`c\gifjk`klk`fenXjjkife^cpZfii\cXk\[
n`k_[\gi\jj`fe`egXik`ZlcXi%
Summary: @eXjkl[pf]*,/X[lckd\en_f
_Xm\j\on`k_d\e`ek_\>i\Xk\iMXeZflm\i
Xi\X#i\j\XiZ_\ij]fle[XZfii\cXk`feY\kn\\e
c`]\k`d\j\olXcm`Zk`d`qXk`fe`eZcl[`e^
`emfcm\d\ek`ealm\e`c\gifjk`klk`fe Xe[fej\k
f]gjpZ_fgXk_fcf^`\j#`eZcl[`e^XcZf_fcXYlj\#
jl`Z`[Xck_fl^_kj#jl`Z`[\Xkk\dgkj#Xe[dff[
[`jfi[\ijjlZ_Xj[\gi\jj`feXe[Y`gfcXi
[`jfi[\i%K_\Xlk_fiefk\jk_XkX[[`k`feXc
i\j\XiZ_`je\\[\[fek_\_\Xck_Zfej\hl\eZ\j
f]i\m`Zk`d`qXk`feXdfe^d\en_f_Xm\j\o
n`k_d\e%
Application: K_\Xlk_fiXi^l\jk_XkjlYjkXeZ\
XYlj\ki\Xkd\ekgif^iXdjXe[d\ekXc_\Xck_
j\im`Z\jnflc[Y\e\Ók]ifdi\Zf^e`q`e^c`ebj
Y\kn\\ej\olXcm`Zk`d`qXk`fe#jlYjkXeZ\XYlj\#
Xe[gjpZ_fgXk_fcf^p%M`Zk`dj\im`Z\j`ek\e[\[
Research brief 11
]fidXc\j\olXcXjjXlckm`Zk`djZflc[_\cgdXc\
jlim`mfijZfg\n`k_m`Zk`d`qXk`fe%=`eXccp#k_\
Xlk_fijkXk\jk_Xkgi`dXipgi\m\ek`fegif^iXdj
j_flc[Y\[\m\cfg\[]fidXc\Xl[`\eZ\j#
`eZcl[`e^j\olXcd`efi`kpXl[`\eZ\j%
Conclusion
K_\jkl[`\ji\m`\n\[`ek_`jYi`\]jl^^\jk
XZfej`jk\eki\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\ej\olXc
m`Zk`d`qXk`feÆXkmXi`fljgf`ekjf]k_\c`]\jgXeÅ
Xe[e\^Xk`m\_\Xck_flkZfd\j#`eZcl[`e^
g_pj`ZXcXe[d\ekXc_\Xck_gifYc\dj%
K_\\oXZkeXkli\f]k_`ji\cXk`fej_`gXgg\Xij
kfY\dlck`]XZ\k\[Xe[iffk\[`e`e[`m`[lXcXe[
jfZ`\kXc]XZkfij%K_\i\]fi\#X_fc`jk`Zi\jgfej\
kfj\olXcXjjXlck#X[[i\jj`e^`e[`m`[lXc
mXi`XYc\j#`ejk`klk`feXci\jgfej\j#Xe[ZlckliXc
Xkk`kl[\j#dXpY\k_\dfjkZfdgi\_\ej`m\nXp
kfgi\m\ekj\olXcm`fc\eZ\Xe[`kjXjjfZ`Xk\[
e\^Xk`m\_\Xck_flkZfd\j%
K_\i\j`c`\eZpf]j\olXcm`fc\eZ\jlim`mfij
ZXeefkY\le[\ijkXk\[%EfkXccjlim`mfijf]
j\olXcm`fc\eZ\n`cc[\m\cfg_\Xck_Xe[d\ekXc
_\Xck_gifYc\dj%?fn\m\i#_\Xck_ZXi\
gifm`[\ij#d\ekXc_\Xck_j\im`Z\j#Xe[
jlYjkXeZ\XYlj\ki\Xkd\ekgif^iXdjn`ccc`b\cp
\eZflek\igXk`\ekjn`k_g_pj`ZXcfid\ekXc
_\Xck_gifYc\djn_f_Xm\X_`jkfipf]j\olXc
m`Zk`d`qXk`fe#Xjn\ccXjj\olXcm`fc\eZ\
jlim`mfijn_fXi\Xki`jb]fig_pj`ZXcXe[
d\ekXc_\Xck_gifYc\dj%KiXldX$`e]fid\[ZXi\#
jZi\\e`e^#Xe[i\]\iiXcjkfi\c\mXekj\im`Z\j
gifm`[\ijXi\`dg\iXk`m\]fiYfk_gfglcXk`fej#
Xjjfd\g_pj`ZXcXe[d\ekXc_\Xck_gifYc\dj
dXpY\i\cXk\[kfgi`fij\olXcm`Zk`d`qXk`fe%
J\olXcXjjXlckX[mfZXk\j#d\[`ZXc
gif]\jj`feXcj#d\ekXc_\Xck_gif]\jj`feXcj#
Xe[[il^Xe[XcZf_fcki\Xkd\ekjkX]]ZXe
ZfccXYfiXk\n`k_k_\^fXcf]X[[i\jj`e^k_\
g_pj`ZXcXe[d\ekXc`dgXZkf]m`Zk`d`qXk`fe%
JkXb\_fc[\ij]ifdmXi`flj[`jZ`gc`e\jZXe
X]]\Zk`ejk`klk`feXcZ_Xe^\k_XkXjjli\j
XZZ\jj`Yc\j\im`Z\jXe[\dgXk_p]fij\olXc
XjjXlckm`Zk`djn`k__\Xck_ZfeZ\iej%=`eXccp#
i\j\XiZ_\ijZXe\ogcfi\n_Xkgifk\Zk`m\
]XZkfijgfk\ek`Xccpc\jj\ek_\i`jbjf]
gfjk$XjjXlckg_pj`ZXcXe[d\ekXc_\Xck_
gifYc\dj%9\ZXlj\efkXccj\olXcm`fc\eZ\
jlim`mfij[\m\cfgg_pj`ZXcfid\ekXc_\Xck_
gifYc\dj#]lkli\i\j\XiZ_ZXe[\k\id`e\
n_Xk`]Xepfk_\i`ek\ii\cXk\[mXi`XYc\jXi\
Zfii\cXk\[n`k__\Xck_[`]ÓZlck`\j%
@eZfeZclj`fe#Y\ZXlj\j\olXcm`fc\eZ\m`Zk`dj
_Xm\Xe`eZi\Xj\[i`jbf]g_pj`ZXcXe[d\ekXc
_\Xck_gifYc\dj#Xe[Y\ZXlj\`e[`m`[lXcXe[
jfZ`\kXc]XZkfijdXp\oXZ\iYXk\k_fj\_\Xck_
gifYc\dj#Xdlck`]XZ\k\[#`ek\i[`jZ`gc`eXip
gi\m\ek`feXggifXZ_Xe[i\jgfej\`jZilZ`Xc%
ŸEXk`feXcJ\olXcM`fc\eZ\I\jfliZ\:\ek\i)'()%8cci`^_kji\j\im\[%K_`j[fZld\eknXjjlggfik\[Yp
:ffg\iXk`m\8^i\\d\ek,M=(:<''(.,($'*]ifdk_\:\ek\ij]fi;`j\Xj\:fekifcXe[Gi\m\ek`fe:;: %@kj
Zfek\ekjXi\jfc\cpk_\i\jgfej`Y`c`kpf]k_\Xlk_fijXe[[fefke\Z\jjXi`cpi\gi\j\ekk_\f]ÓZ`Xcm`\njf]k_\:;:%