Exponents/Logs

BDM, EAP 7/27/2016
Relationship between Logarithmic Functions & Exponential Functions
DEFINITION:
A logarithm is the inverse of an exponential function.
EXAMPLE:
Given:
𝒇(𝒙) = π’š = πŸ‘π’™
Find:
𝐈𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐨𝐫 π’‡βˆ’πŸ (𝒙)
Solution:
𝒙 = πŸ‘π’š
How do you solve for y? Use a logarithmic function: π’‡βˆ’πŸ (𝒙) = π’š = π₯𝐨𝐠 πŸ‘ 𝒙
Solving logarithmic functions: To solve logarithmic functions, one needs to know the following relationship
between exponents and logarithms.
FORMULAS:
π’‚π’š = 𝒙
⟺
π’š = π₯𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒙
EXAMPLES:
𝟏𝟎𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
⟺
𝟐 = π₯𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
The rules for simplifying and manipulating logarithmic expressions somewhat resemble the rules for exponents.
Operation
Laws of Exponents
Laws of Logarithms
π‘Žπ‘› = π‘Ž 𝑧
so 𝑛 = 𝑧
Identity
π‘™π‘œπ‘”π‘ π‘₯ = π‘™π‘œπ‘”π‘ 𝑦
so π‘₯ = 𝑦
Identity
π‘₯ =π‘₯
Division ↔ Subtraction
π‘₯𝑛
= π‘₯𝑛 βˆ’ π‘₯ 𝑧
𝑧
π‘₯
π‘™π‘œπ‘”π‘ 𝑏 = 1 (or π‘™π‘œπ‘”π‘ 𝑏1 = 1)
so π‘™π‘œπ‘”π‘ 𝑏 π‘₯ = π‘₯
π‘₯
π‘™π‘œπ‘”π‘ ( ) = π‘™π‘œπ‘”π‘ π‘₯ βˆ’ π‘™π‘œπ‘”π‘ 𝑦
𝑦
Multiplication ↔ Addition
π‘₯ 𝑛 βˆ— π‘₯ 𝑧 = π‘₯ 𝑛+𝑧
π‘™π‘œπ‘”π‘ ( π‘₯ βˆ— 𝑦) = π‘™π‘œπ‘”π‘ π‘₯ + π‘™π‘œπ‘”π‘ 𝑦
1
(π‘₯ 𝒏 )πŸ‘ = π‘₯ 3βˆ—π‘› = π‘₯ 3𝑛 π‘™π‘œπ‘”π‘ (𝑦 𝟏 )πŸ‘ = 3 βˆ— π‘™π‘œπ‘”π‘ 𝑦1 = 3 log 𝑏 𝑦
Power of a Power
(proved by Addition)
Proof:
(π‘₯ 𝒏 )πŸ‘ = π‘₯ 𝑛 βˆ— π‘₯ 𝑛 βˆ— π‘₯ 𝑛
= π‘₯ 𝑛+𝑛+𝑛
= π‘₯3𝑛
Proof:
π‘™π‘œπ‘”π‘ ( 𝑦 𝟏 )πŸ‘ = π‘™π‘œπ‘”π‘( 𝑦 βˆ— 𝑦 βˆ— 𝑦)
= π‘™π‘œπ‘”π‘ 𝑦 + π‘™π‘œπ‘”π‘ 𝑦 + π‘™π‘œπ‘”π‘ 𝑦
= 3 π‘™π‘œπ‘”π‘ 𝑦
The Change of base formula is useful because some calculators can only compute logarithms of base 10 (the
common logarithm, often written simply as log) or base e (the natural log, ln, for which base e is understood).
log 𝑏 𝑦 =
π‘™π‘œπ‘”10 𝑦
π‘™π‘œπ‘” 𝑦
𝑙𝑛 𝑦
(also
) or
π‘™π‘œπ‘”10 𝑏
π‘™π‘œπ‘” 𝑏
𝑙𝑛 𝑏
Find handouts and links to other math resources at http://www.lsco.edu/learningcenter/math.asp
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