1700 Diagonal Road, Suite 650
Alexandria, VA 22314
Ph: 703-647-4609
www.bottledwater.org
July 22, 2013
Mr. David Windmiller
Gwynne Five, LLC Technologies
399 Conklin St
Farmingdale, NY 11735
[email protected]
Dear Mr. Windmiller,
I read with interest the “Plastic Water Bottle Effect” infographic posted on your website. I wish to
draw your attention to several inaccurate and misleading claims contained in this infographic and on
your website, and provide you with facts about bottled water that will better inform your customers
and readers about this safe, healthy, and convenient product.
Bottled Water Regulations
Bottled water is comprehensively regulated by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
as a packaged food product and it provides a consistently safe and reliable source of drinking water.
By federal law, the FDA regulations governing the safety and quality of bottled water must be at least
as stringent as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations that govern tap water. And, in
some very important cases like lead, coliform bacteria, and E. coli, bottled water regulations are
substantially more stringent.
Quality and Safety
All bottled water products - whether from groundwater or public water sources - are produced utilizing
a multi-barrier approach. From source to finished product, a multi-barrier approach helps prevent
possible harmful contamination to the finished product as well as storage, production, and
transportation equipment. Many of the steps in a multi-barrier system are effective in safeguarding
bottled water from microbiological and other contamination. Measures in a multi-barrier approach
may include one or more of the following: source protection, source monitoring, reverse osmosis,
distillation, micro-filtration, carbon filtration, ozonation, and ultraviolet (UV) light.
Additionally, you clam that, “1 in 4 bottles of water contain tap water.” This statement is false.
Purified water, typically sourced from municipal water systems, is not just tap water in a bottle, as you
imply. Once the municipal source water enters the bottled water plant several processes are
employed to ensure that it meets the purified standard of the U.S. Pharmacopeia 23rd Revision. These
treatments can include utilizing a multi-barrier approach, as previously described. The finished water
product is then placed in a bottle under sanitary conditions and sold to the consumer.
Consumers who choose to drink bottled water can rely on its consistent record of safety and quality.
In a 2009 hearing before the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on Oversight and
Investigations, an FDA official testified that .the agency is aware of no major outbreaks of illness or
serious safety concerns associated with bottled water in the past decade. At that same hearing, the
Government Accountability Office (GAO) made public its report on bottled water, which found that
based on a survey of water quality and health protection officials in all 50 states and the District of
Columbia there was no evidence that bottled water caused any illnesses during the previous five years.
(United States Government Accountability Office Report on Bottled Water, GAO-09-610, June 2009)
In contrast, EPA researchers estimate that 16.4 million cases of acute gastrointestinal illness (vomiting
and diarrhea) per year are caused by tap water year (Messner M., et al., Journal of Water and Health,
2006; 4(Suppl 2):201-40).
Consumer Access to Bottled Water Information
IBWA supports a consumer’s right to clear, accurate and comprehensive information about the bottled
water products they purchase.
All packaged foods and beverages, including bottled water, are subject to extensive FDA labeling
requirements that provide consumers with a great deal of product quality information. In addition,
virtually all bottled water products include a telephone number on the label that consumers can use to
contact the company to obtain information about the product.
We believe that the most feasible mechanism for consumers to obtain information not already on the
label is through a request to the bottler.
Consumers have many options when deciding which bottled water brand to drink. If a bottled water
company does not provide the information that a consumer requests, he or she can choose another
brand. And that is the fundamental issue: consumer choice. Unfortunately, many people want to make
this a bottled-water versus tap-water issue. But we just don’t see it that way. If people are drinking
water – whether tap, filtered, or bottled – that is a good thing and consumers should be free to
choose. In fact, most consumers who drink bottled water also choose to drink tap water. Furthermore,
IBWA supports investments to improve the U.S. public drinking water system in order to maintain the
highest quality water for all citizens.
Bottled Water Containers are Safe
All plastics used for bottled water containers are safe. PET plastic bottles, commonly small, portable
16.9 (half-liter) and 24 ounce sizes, are safe and reliable for food contact use. PET is used in a variety
of packaging for many foods, including everything from peanut butter, soft drinks, and juices to beer,
wine, and spirits. PET is approved as safe for food and beverage contact by the FDA and similar
regulatory agencies throughout the world, and has been for over 30 years.
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Even for three- and five-gallon polycarbonate bottled water containers that contain bisphenol A (BPA),
regulatory agencies in several countries and the FDA have ruled favorably on the safety of BPA. The
consensus among these international regulatory agencies is that the current levels of exposure to BPA
through food packaging and does not pose a health risk. In fact, On June 4, 2013, the FDA clearly
confirmed the safety of BPA, stating that, “based on FDA’s ongoing safety review of scientific evidence,
the available information continues to support the safety of BPA for the currently approved uses in
food containers and packaging.”
(http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/FoodAdditivesIngredients/ucm355155.htm)
Recycling Rates Continue to Increase
All bottled water containers are 100 percent recyclable. And, according to the National Association for
PET Container Resources (NAPCOR), now at 38.6 percent, the recycling rate for single-serve PET plastic
bottled water containers more than doubled between 2003 and 2011. In fact, NAPCOR finds that
plastic bottled water containers are the most frequently recycled PET beverage container in curbside
recycling programs.
The industry also strives to reduce the amount of plastic in each bottled water container. According to
the Beverage Marketing Corporation (BMC), between 2000 and 2011, the average weight of a 16.9ounce PET plastic bottle has declined 47.7 percent to 9.89 grams, saving 3.3 billion pounds of PET resin
since 2000. Many bottled water companies are already using recycled plastic in their bottles and some
are producing 100 percent recycled PET water bottles.
EPA figures demonstrate that plastic water bottles make up less than one-third of one percent of the
U.S. waste stream. And, of all the plastics produced in the United States, PET plastic bottled water
packaging makes up only 0.91 percent – less than one percent.
Water Use
Your claim that it takes 6.74 gallons of water to make one liter of bottled water is completely
inaccurate. According to its 2012 annual industry benchmarking report, the Beverage Industry
Environmental Roundtable (BIER) finds that on average about 1.47 liters of water is used in the
production of one liter of bottled water. The bottled water industry’s water use ratio is the smallest of
all beverage production operations tracked by BIER, which includes beer, bottled water, carbonated
soft drinks, distilled spirits, juices, non-carbonated beverages, and wine.
Since 2007, BIER has completed an annual quantitative benchmark to evaluate water use in the
beverage industry. The link below leads to BIER’s 2012 report.
(http://www.bieroundtable.com/files/BIER%20Water%20Use%20Benchmarking%20Report%202012.p
df)
A Small Environmental Footprint
The bottled water industry is a strong supporter of our environment and our natural resources. In fact,
bottled water’s environmental footprint is the lowest of any packaged beverage according to a life
cycle assessment conducting by Quantis in 2010.
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In 2009, IBWA commissioned a life cycle inventory (LCI) by Franklin Associates to determine the
environmental footprint of the United States bottled water industry. The results show that the bottled
water industry has an extremely small environmental footprint.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
 The PET small pack and HOD bottled water industries combined emit 6.8 million tons of CO2 eq.
a year, which is equivalent to 0.08 percent of total United States emissions.
 The carbon footprint for a 500 ml PET soft drink bottle is reportedly 240 grams CO2 eq., and
the carbon footprint for a 500 ml PET diet soft drink bottle is reportedly 220 grams CO2 eq. At
111 grams CO2 eq. per 500 ml equivalent basis, small pack bottled water generates 46 percent
less CO2 eq. compared to those soft drinks.
Energy Use
 The production, packaging, and transportation of Home and Office Delivery (HOD) and small
pack bottled water consumed in the U.S. in 2007 required 107.4 trillion BTU. Thus, process and
transportation energy use for the bottled water industry was 0.07 percent of total U.S. primary
energy consumption.
 Of the 107.4 trillion BTU used in 2007 for bottled water, 102.6 trillion was for small pack water
(0.067 percent of the total energy use in the U.S. in 2007) and 4.8 trillion for HOD water (0.003
percent of the total energy used by the U.S. in 2007.
Solid Waste
 Based on data reported by IBWA members for PET small pack and HOD water, the total weight
of packaging materials used for bottled water packaging in 2007 was 1.64 million tons.
 After adjusting for recycling of containers and packaging, the net amount of bottled water
packaging disposed of in landfills was 1.08 million tons.
 At 1.08 million tons, bottled water packaging discards account for 0.64 percent of the 169
million tons of total U.S. municipal solid waste discards in 2007.
Additionally, your claim that 17 million barrels of oil are used annually to produce bottled water
containers is incorrect. The PET plastic used in single-serve bottled water containers is made using
naphtha, a petroleum byproduct, not barrels of virgin oil.
Cost of Bottled Water
As a popular retail food product, bottled water is available at many differing price points. When
calculating the differences in cost between tap and bottled water, critics typically use retail prices from
convenience or drug stores, where bottled water prices are typically higher. However, according to
BMC, the average wholesale price per gallon of domestic non-sparkling bottled water was $1.22 in
2011. BMC also notes that research shows consumers most often tend to buy bottled water in bulk
from supermarkets or large discount retailers, as they often prefer to purchase bottled water in costsaving volume.
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The Healthy Choice
Water, including bottled water, is a key element in reversing the obesity epidemic facing the United
States. People want convenience in their busy lives, so a majority (70 percent) of what they drink
comes out of a package. Bottled water is already making a difference, as people switch from
sweetened, caloric drinks. Replacing just one 12-ounce sugared beverage with a bottle of water each
day can trim more than 50,000 calories a year from a person’s diet. That’s a real contribution to a
healthier lifestyle.
From a safety standpoint, bottled water protects people and can even save lives. When tap water is
disrupted by anything from a power outage to a pipe breach to a natural disaster (e.g., floods,
hurricanes, tornados, earthquakes, or wildfires), bottled water provides a necessary and reliable source
of safe drinking water. In addition, the sealed container helps ensure quality. In fact, federal health
officials recommend bottled water for people with weakened immune systems.
From an environmental standpoint, when people choose a bottle of water instead of any other canned
or bottled beverage, they are choosing less packaging, less energy consumption, and less use of natural
resources. What’s more, recycling the bottle can cut that impact by an additional fifty percent, if it is
re-used to replace virgin PET.
The bottom line: People should be drinking more water, whether it comes from a bottle, a filter, or the
tap – but that choice should be theirs. Bottled water must therefore be available wherever packaged
beverages are sold. When people want a packaged beverage or have special needs, having easy access
to bottled water has real value for both health and safety.
You are misinforming consumers in a way that could deter them from consuming bottled water -- one
of the safest, healthiest and environmentally friendly packaged beverages on the shelf. I request that
you correct your infographic and remove the false information so that it does not mislead consumers
about bottled water.
I would welcome the opportunity to discuss with you any of the above points, or any other bottled
water-related issues.
Sincerely,
(sent electronically)
Chris Hogan
Vice President of Communications
International Bottled Water Association
703-647-4609
[email protected]
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