Nationalism and Sectionalism Interchangeable Parts: 1. This technique was demonstrated by Eli Whitney in 1801. a. He used muskets to demonstrate this technique to Washington D.C. officials. b. Purpose of creating this technique was to make muskets cheaper and easier to fix. i. Had all parts of a musket compatible to any other musket. ii. Replace any damaged part of a musket without having to make a special part. 2. The technique led to the creation of tools to manufacture interchangeable parts for other products. Mass Production: 1. The name given to the method of producing goods in large quantities at low cost. a. Allowing for lower purchase prices 2. Mass‐produced goods were standardized by precision‐manufactured, interchangeable parts. 3. The mass production process is characterized by mechanization in order to achieve a high volume of a particular good. a. Laborers were assigned a certain task in the production line vs. making the entire product. 4. First inventions were limited to cotton weaving (textiles). a. Used fast flowing streams to generate the energy needed to run the machines. b. First American factory was established by Samuel Slater in 1793. i. Only massed produced thread. Industrial Revolution:
1. Known as a social and economic reorganization. a. Both capitalism and mass production were born at the same time. 2. Began in England by 1750s. a. Replaced the “cottage system. i. Goods made at home. 3. Came to America when two events pushed America into this development. a. Embargo Act of 1807 b. War of 1812 i. British blockades along the American coast. 1. Ships were unable to get in or out of American harbors. 4. The heaviest push toward industrialization came from New England. a. They had relied heavily on shipping and foreign trade. 1. Forced Americans to invest in businesses that were not dependent on foreign shipping. 5. First inventions were limited to cotton weaving (textiles). Used fast flowing streams to generate the energy needed to run the machines. First American factory was established by Samuel Slater in 1793. i. Only massed produced thread. Textile industry in America revolutionized in 1813. a. Three men from Boston, Massachusetts mechanized all three stages of manufacturing cloth. i. Built a weaving machine that was power driven ii. Continued to expand the industry to form a company town. Industrialization in America involved three important developments. a. Transportation was expanded. b. Electricity was effectively harnessed. c. Improvements were made to industrial processes such as improving the refining process and accelerating production. a.
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Cotton Gin:
1. Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. a. Discovered the need when he took a position as a teacher on a cotton plantation. 2. Revolutionized the cotton industry in the United States. a. Reduced the man hours needed to separate cotton seeds from raw fibers. i. Could now clean up to 50 pounds of cotton per day. 3. Cotton becomes the most profitable produce due to the cotton gin. Eli Whitney:
1. Considered a manufacturing pioneer and a teacher. a. While visiting a plantation owned by General Nathanial Greene’s widow met over heard cotton planters talking about their problems with cotton. i. It was very hard to clean ii. Said how a machine that could clean cotton would be a miracle. 2. Began working on a machine to help cotton farmers. a. Within a week he had produced a tiny working model of his cotton gin. i. Produced a larger machine after months of work. 3. Began the building process of interchangeable parts in the United States. a. Began producing interchangeable parts for muskets. i. Hoped to provide a speedy method of repairing a musket at a cheaper cost. 4. His process helped the development of mass production. Henry Clay:
1. A western War Hawk a. Grew up on a backcountry farm in Kentucky. 2. He had built a national reputation for himself. a. Also known as a shrewd politician b. A skilled negotiator c. Very charming d. Excellent orator 3. Speaker of the House of Representatives a. Urged representatives to vote for John Quincy Adams for President when the election of 1824 did not have a majority in the electoral college and decision was moved to the House of Representatives. 5. Was named Secretary of State by Adams after becoming President. 6. Proposed the “American System” to Congress. a. Purpose was to promote economic growth in all sections of America. b. Called for high tariffs on imports. i. Wanted to help northern factories. 1. Believed the wealth in the north would help with the selling of farm products from the west and south. c. Wanted to reduce America’s dependence on foreign goods. d. Hoped to create internal improvements to expedite goods getting to market. i. Improve roads ii. Bridges iii. Canals iv. American System: 1. Proposed by Henry Clay a. Its purpose was to promote economic growth in all sections of America. b. Called for tariffs on imports a. Wanted to help Northern factories b. Assumed the wealth gained in the North would trickle down to the West and South. i. North would purchase products from the South and West. c. Plan was to reduce dependency on foreign goods. c. Money collected from tariffs would also help with internal improvements. a. Help get goods from the South and West to eastern markets faster and cheaper. b. Improvement goals were: i. Roads ii. Canals iii. Bridges 3. His program was never accepted and never used. National Road:
1. Approved by Congress in 1806. 2. Built between Cumberland, Maryland and Wheeling, West Virginia. a. Later was expanded to Vandalia, Illinois. 4. The first leg of the road began in 1811. a. Completed in 1818. 5. Was built as a toll road. 6. Built as an experiment. a. Looking at ways to connect different regions of the country by land. Eric Canal: 1. Designed to connect the Great Lakes with the Mohawk and Hudson Rivers. 2. Purpose was to help western farmer’s ship goods to the port of New York. a. Upside would be that businesses would grow in towns along the canal. 3. Many believed that such a canal was very farfetched. 4. Idea was supported by New York governor DeWitt Clinton a. Convinced his state lawmakers to invest in the project. 5. Construction began in 1817 and was completed in 1825. a. Construction began by manual labor digging. 6. New inventions helped speed up the construction. a. Stump‐puller i. Could pull 40 tree stumps per day is an example. 7. Upon completion, more than 50 boats used the canal daily. 8. Benefits of having the canal. a. Reduced travel time from the west to the east. b. Lowered the cost of shipping goods. c. A vital economic link between western farms and eastern cities. Tariff of 1816:
1. A protective tariff. a. Setup trade barriers to protect American industry from overseas competition. i. Raised the rate to approximately 25%. b. This is the first protectionist measure in America. 2. Helped the government with the financial means to help American industrialists. 3. Created a means of competitive pricing between American and European goods. McCulloch verses Maryland:
1. Extended the authority of federal laws over state laws. a. Maryland was taxing the Bank of the United State’s local branches. i. Purpose was to preserve a competitive advantage of state chartered banks. ii. Wanted to reign in the powers of the Second Bank to monitor reserves and regulate credit. 2.
Supreme Court Justice, John Marshall declared the actions taken by Maryland were not constitutional a. Stated that States could not overturn laws passed by Congress. b. Denied Maryland the right to tax a federal bank i. Stated: “The power to tax is the power to destroy” c. Declared the Bank of the United States constitutional. i. Based on the Federalist interpretation of the Constitution being a loose construction document. John Quincy Adams:
1. One of four candidates for the Presidential election of 1824. a. Strong candidate from New England. b. Tied in electoral votes in the election with Andrew Jackson. c. Made a deal with Speaker of the House, Henry Clay i. Result was Adams willing the election. 2. Son of John Adams a. Lived around politics his entire life. 3. Known as a talented diplomat 4. Served as Secretary of State a. Monroe’s Presidency 5. Admired by many people, but disliked a. Viewed as intelligent b. Had high morals c. Viewed as hard and cold 6. Pushed through internal improvement programs following the election. a. Wanted to pacify Americans after the sandaled election. i. Effort backfired when the people felt they should not pay for improvements in other states. 1. Feared the national government would become too powerful. b. Wanted national projects such as: i. National University ii. Science observatory iii. Promote farming projects iv. Promote science v. Promote the arts 7. Faced a battle in the election of 1828. a. Campaign was a bitter contest between Adams and Jackson. i. Attacked as an aristocrat b. Lost the election 8. The election resulted in the creation of two new political parties. Nationalism:
1. Nationalism goes through two different phases during this era. a. Economic nationalism which refers to the development of an economy that would benefit all sections of the nation. i. Best example would be Henry Clay’s American System. i. A form of protectionism with in a country. ii. Creation of internal improvements to benefit all citizens b. The second form of nationalism during this era is referred to as Jacksonian nationalism. i. This type of nationalism is associated with political parties and regional economics push nationalism into regional sectionalism. 3. Nationalism during this time will eventually lead to secession and the Civil War. Adams‐Onis Treaty:
1. Also referred to as the Florida Treaty of 1819. a. The treaty was named for John Quincy Adams of the United States and Louis de Onís of Spain. b. Renounced any claim of the United States to Texas. c. It fixed the western boundary of the Louisiana Purchase as beginning at the mouth of the Sabine River and running along its south and west bank to the thirty‐second parallel and thence directly north to the Red River. Monroe Doctrine:
1. Presented to Congress in 1823, by President James Monroe. a. The Message warned European powers to stay out of affairs in the Western Hemisphere. i. Do not try and create new colonies ii. Do not try and overthrow new independent republics. b. Any such aggressions would be considered a threat to the United States. c. Monroe also stated that the United States would not involve itself in any European affairs. i. This would include no interference with their colonies already in the Western Hemisphere. 2. Results of Monroe’s declaration angered European leaders. a. Shocked that a new nation would have the gall to lecture Europe on how to behave. 3. Doctrine established a major principle of American Foreign Policy. Missouri Compromise:
1. Slavery becomes an issue as the United States expands. a. Missouri Territory applied for admission to the United States in 1819. i. Proposed a Constitution that wanted the right to hold slaves. 1. This would set a precedent for the entire Louisiana Territory. ii. Northerner representation in Congress was against allowing slavery into the territories. iii. Southern representatives defended the right to slavery in the territory. 2. Stated it was as necessity. 2. Henry Clay led the Congress into passing a series of compromises to this issue. a. Called them the Missouri Compromise. i. Admitted Maine as a non‐slavery state. ii. Admit Missouri as a slave state. b. This kept the balance in the Senate and all sections of the nation happy. c. Louisiana Territory was split at 36° 30’ north latitude. i. North of this line would be territories free of slavery. 1. Exception was Missouri ii. South of this line would be territory allowing slavery. 3. The compromise was signed in 1820, by President Monroe. a. It settled the slavery issue in the federal territories for a period of time. Andrew Jackson:
1. Became President in the election of 1828. a. Saw himself as a man of the common people. b. He was the first president since George Washington to not be college educated. i. Grew up poor in the Carolina backcountry. ii. Built a successful career in Tennessee. 1. Became a very wealthy and diverse man. a. Practiced law b. Involved in politics c. Was a land speculator d. Was a cotton planter e. An officer in the American Army. 2. Elected into office due to sectionalist interests. 3. Was known for his suspicious nature. a. Disliked special interest groups b. Disliked men of power that came from privilege c. Had an anger control problem i. Carried a grudge ii. Killed a man in a duel 4. Nicknamed “Old Hickory” in the War of 1812. 5. Unique Presidential Cabinet: a. Chose undistinguished men to serve. i. Exception was his Secretary of State 1. Martian Van Buren b. Used trusted advisors and friends instead of his Cabinet. i. Would meet the President in the White House Kitchen. 1. Informal meetings, but would discuss policy. 2. Called the “Kitchen Cabinet.” 6.
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One of his first decisions as President was to fire approximately 10% of the government workers. a. Most were from Adams administration. b. Gave those jobs to loyal supporter to his campaign. i. This became a trend in rotating positions with each new administration. ii. Became known as the “Spoils System”. His methods he believed brought a better representation of the common man to government. a. This did nothing to stop corruption within the government. b. He did not approve legislation based on sectional beliefs. i. This angered Southerners. ii. Vetoed projects that they thought important 1. Kentucky’s Mayville Road is an example. Native American policies: a. Did not support extermination of Native Americans, but approved of assimilation into the white culture. i. Believed that moving the Native Americans away from the white settlements was for their own protection. b. Made the decision to move southeastern Native American tribes west of the Mississippi River to designated lands i. Congress passed his Indian Removal Act in 1830. ii. He believed the removal policy was a generous offer. 1. Offered them land and money 2. Allowed to maintain their own lifestyle Refused to renew the charter for the Bank of the United States. a. He believed the bank was a mistake that corrupted the government. i. He believed the concept would destroy the republic as an institution. b. Moved all the federal monies out of the bank and into state banks. i. Referred to as “Pet Banks.” c. The result of his closing the Bank of the United States as a federal bank was a depression. i. His “Pet Banks” produced currency that was almost worthless. ii. Many went bankrupt. Democratic‐Republican Party:
1. One of two Republican parties after the collapse of the Federalist Party. a. Also known as Jacksonian Democratic Party. i. Originally the Republican Party. ii. Original form of the party was created by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. b. The new party was started by Andrew Jackson c. In favor of a strong state government. 2. Became known as the Democratic Party after the election of 1828. a. Continued to want an agricultural economy. b. Increased direct popular control over government. c. Widened the right of suffrage. 3. A strict Constitutional Party. Spoils System:
1. Defined as the use of public office’s as a reward for political party work and support of their candidates. 2. First President to use this system was Andrew Jackson. a. Replaced approximately 10% to 20% of the government workers with individuals loyal to his campaign. 3. Individuals given these jobs were not necessarily qualified for the positions. a. Often were corrupt. Indian Removal Act:
1. Passed in 1830, to remove Native Americans from their lands. a. Main reason for the removal bill was greed of the American people. 2. Forced several Indian nations to give up their lands and move west of the Mississippi River. a. Cherokee b. Seminole c. Creek d. Chickasaw e. Choctaw Trail of Tears:
1. Indian removal occurred over a ten year period. 2. Removed over 70,000 Native Americans. a. Reassigned them to specified areas of Oklahoma. i. Exception was the use of the panhandle. ii. Lands in the area were inferior. iii. Did not replace the quality of lands forced to leave. 3. Promised tribes they would always have these lands. 4. Consisted of several trails that the five tribes were forced to traveled on. a. Traveled by steamship b. Traveled by Railroad c. Walked 5. Many died on the journey a. Hunger b. Disease c. Elements d. Trip was 800 miles long and given little rest when walking. 6. Started in Georgia when there were rumors of Gold in the Cherokee territory. a. Promised land and money. i. Money stolen by government officials ii. Livestock taken by outlaws. Daniel Webster:
1. Senator from Massachusetts. 2. Reputation as an excellent orator. 3. Participated in a famous debate with Robert Hayes. a. Debate was over the tariff issues. b. Sectionalism was a factor in the debate. 4. Supported the American Colonizational Society. 5. Selected as Secretary of State. 6. Originally favor state rights over strong federal government. e. Changed his mind when he moved to Boston in 1816. 7. Turned down the Vice Presidency 8. Known as a lawyer and statesman a. Argued the landmark case of Gibbons versus Ogden. 9. Ran for President twice a. Never winning. 10. Participated in writing of the Webster‐Ashburton Treaty in 1842. a. Settled a dispute over the location of the border between Maine and New Brunswick. i. Reaffirmed the border at the 49th parallel. ii. Called for a final end to slave trade on the seas. John C. Calhoun:
1. A “War Hawk” from South Carolina. 2. A member of the Democratic Party. 3. Introduced the Nullification Theory. a. Believed under the Constitution, each state had the right to determine if a law of Congress is Constitutional. i. Each state has the right to declare a law nullified within its borders if they find it offending. ii. If a state did not have that right, the federal government might trample on the rights of the minority. 4. Authored a document was called the “South Carolina Expositions”. i. It was written anonymously. ii. The document stated his personal belief that if nullification was not allowed in states, they had a right to secede from the Union. 5. Served as Vice‐President under the Adams and Jackson Presidencies. Tariff of Abominations: 1. Reference to the Tariffs of 1816, 1824, and 1828. a. Purpose was to make American manufacturing goods competitive with foreign goods. b. The South hated the tariffs. i. British purchase of cotton dropped off as a result of the new taxes. ii. Britain’s cheap goods were no longer selling. 1. Had become too expensive with the taxes. 2. Southerners were forced to purchase expensive American goods. iii. The South believed that Northern industry was getting rich as the expense of the southern farmer. Whig Party:
1. Political Party during the Jacksonian Democracy. a. It was integral to the Second Party System. b. It was formed to oppose policies of Andrew Jackson and the Democratic Party. c. It supported a Supremacy of Congress over the Executive Branch d. Favored modernization and economic development. 2. Won the Presidency in 1840. a. William Henry Harrison was placed in office. 3. Party backed the ideals of the “American System.” a. Wanted to use government money to complete internal improvements. b. Backed a federally controlled banking system. 4. Membership included: a. Daniel Webster b. William Lloyd Garrison c. Henry Clay. 5. The Political Party ended due to the question of expansion of slavery into the territories. Second Bank of the United States:
1. Was eliminated by Andrew Jackson when he vetoed the renewal of its charter. a. He claimed the bank was a threat to the republic because of its economic power. 2. Jackson put in the National Banks place “Pet Banks”. a.
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State banks that had no responsibility in answering to the federal government about how they were run. The Bank of the United States became another state bank as a result of Jackson’s decision to not renew the charter. This decision led to economic crises in the country. a. Banks closed due to incompetent management. b. Banks stopped accepting paper currency. c. Banks began closing. d. The federal credit system collapsed. i. Hundreds of businesses went out of business. ii. Over 1/3 of the population was unemployed. iii. People’s savings were lost. Martin VanBuren:
1. Ran on the Democratic ticket for President in 1836. a. He had been Jackson’s vice‐president i. Jackson indorsed him and his campaign. 2. Considered a common man. a. Grew up the son of a tavern owner. 3. Won the election and along with Jackson’s support, he inherited an economic nightmare. a. This was due to Jackson’s economic decisions. i. Bank war ii. Money policies. 4. Tried to help get the economy back on its feet by cutting federal spending. a. Backfired! i. Prices continued to drop with less federal spending. 5. Setup an independent treasury. a. It would only use gold and silver as currency. b. It did not help the economy. 6. Ran for reelection in 1840. a. Lost to William Henry Harrison. Panic of 1837: 1. This came about due to Jackson’s bank war and money policies. 2. New York banks stopped accepting paper money. a. Other banks followed their policy. b. This decision came when “Pet Banks” had been printing money without anything to back it. i. No gold or silver ii. Result was almost worthless money. 3. The result was bank closing through out the country. a. The American Credit System collapsed. 4. With the collapse of the American Credit System hundreds of banks were forced to close resulting in depression other areas in the economy of the country. a. Businesses went bankrupt b. Over 1/3 of the population were unemployed. 5.
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c. People lost their life savings. VanBuren tired to offset the problem. a. Tried by reducing federal spending i. Made things worse. b. Setup an independent treasury. i. It would use only gold and silver. c. Congress setup the independent treasury in 1840. i. Gold and silver demands only made matters worse. This depression ran into the 1840s. a. Under President Harrison and Tyler. William Henry Harrison:
1. Ran for President as the candidate from the Whig Party. 2. Used a new form of campaigning in the election. a. Used picnics b. Advertisements c. Parades d. Slogans e. Political buttons f. Dinner plates 3. He was portrayed as an old war hero and a man of the people. a. Reality: i. Lived in a 16 room mansion ii. Came from a wealthy family 4. Won the election of 1840. a. He ran against Martin VanBuren. i. Lost his bid for a second term. 5. Took immediate action, once in office, to revitalize the economy. a. Wanted to stop the depression. 6. Died of pneumonia one month after taking office. John Tyler:
1. Ran with Harrison on the 1840 Whig ticket as the candidate for Vice‐President. 2. Became President when Harrison died suddenly. a. Took office a month after the election. 3. He was chosen to run with Harrison in order for the Whig Party to gain southern votes. a. He opposed many of the Whigs programs for economic recovery. 4. He gained the nickname “His Accidency” during his Presidency.