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Basic Life Functions:
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Reproduction
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And God blessed them;
and God said to them,
“Be fruitful and multiply,
and fill the earth,
and subdue it; and rule over
the birds of the sky, and over
every living thing that moves
on the earth.”
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Genesis 1:28
BIO 100 John E. Silvius, Professor of Biology
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Cellular Reproduction - Overview
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Cellular Reproduction - Overview
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Fig. 11-5
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DNA Replication
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DNA Replication
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Condensing
into chromosome
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Chromatids
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Cellular Reproduction - Overview
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Fig. 11-7
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Cellular Reproduction - Mitosis
Centrioles
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Interphase
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Telophase
Prophase
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Anaphase
Cytoplasmic
Division
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Metaphase
Equatorial Plane
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Sexual Reproduction
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Three Hurdles:
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1. Gamete production
> MEIOSIS
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Sexual Reproduction
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Three Hurdles:
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1. Gamete production
> MEIOSIS
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2. Finding a Mate:
> FERTILIZATION
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3. Nurturing Offspring
> from ZYGOTE
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Reproducing Another Generation
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Fig. 11-1
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Gamete Production: What must meiosis do?
That is, Oops! Is there a problem here??
Fig. 11-1
46?
46?
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46
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46 chromosomes
92
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Accomplishments of Meiosis:
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1. Halving Chromosome Number
Fig. 11-1
23
23
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46
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46 chromosomes
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HUMAN CHROMOSOMES
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Human Chromosomes
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Exist in Homologous Pairs
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Fig. 11-4
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Each chromosome carries genes for different traits.
Fig. 12-6
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Red
Hair
Color
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Used by Permision of Susan Offner, Ph.D. Lexington H.S. Lexington, MA
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ABO
Blood
Types
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Accomplishments of Meiosis:
2. Homologous Pairing and Segregation
Carr n = 23
Birchard
n = 23
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2n = 46
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Andrew
2n = 46 chromosomes
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Carr
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Birchard
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Accomplishments of Meiosis:
3. Independent Assortment of Chromosomes
Carr n = 23
Birchard
n = 23
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Gametes include
both maternal and
paternal genes.
2n = 46
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Andrew
2n = 46 chromosomes
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Four diff.
gametes
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What Meiosis Accomplishes:
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1. Reduction of chromosome number by half.
2. Forms homologous pairs before separation so that
each chromosome pair is included in gametes.
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3. Independent Assortment -- homologous pairing
so that both paternal and maternal chromosomes
can be present in each resultant gamete.
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4. Crossing over -- some chromatids exchange
between paternal and maternal.
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Paternal
Maternal
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What Meiosis Accomplishes:
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1. Reduction of chromosome number by half.
2. Forms homologous pairs before separation so that
each chromosome pair is included in gametes.
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3. Independent Assortment -- homologous pairing
so that both paternal and maternal chromosomes
can be present in each resultant gamete.
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4. Crossing over -- some chromatids exchange
between paternal and maternal.
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RESULT: Genetic continuity across generations,
Genetic diversity among offspring.
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GREGOR MENDEL (Austrian Monk, 1822-1884)
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“Father of Genetics”
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From: MendelWeb by Roger B. Blumberg
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From: Simon Mawer.
http://www.aconet.it/private/SimonMawer /Photopage.htm
Table 12-1. Mendel’s Experiments with Garden Peas
Trait
Dominant
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Recessive
PRINCIPLES OF HEREDITY
Smooth
Observation #1:
“Many traits have two
expressions”
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TRAIT
A parameter such as
shape, color, or height
(Nouns)
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